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Legg Calve Perthes disease is a pediatric hip condition that leads to early hip degeneration. The efficacy of operative and nonoperative treatment is not well defined in the literature. Using the rate of total hip arthroplasty as a surrogate measure for symptomatic hip degeneration, the rate of total hip arthroplasty was compared in Legg Calve Perthes disease patients with and without previous surgical intervention in the province of Manitoba, Canada. A retrospective review was conducted using de-identified, individual-level administrative records of health services for the entire population of Manitoba. Codes for Legg Calve Perthes disease, femoral osteotomies, pelvic osteotomies, adductor tenotomies, and total hip arthroplasty were searched from 1984 to 2018. The rate of total hip arthroplasty in patients with Legg Calve Perthes disease was determined for two groups: (1) patients with earlier surgical intervention and (2) patients with no previous surgical intervention. Of the 202 patients included in the study, 180 had no prior surgery and 22 had prior surgery. The rate of total hip arthroplasty between the previous operative and nonoperative groups was found to be 32% and 40%, respectively (p = 0.458). There was no significant difference in rates of total hip arthroplasty in the operative and nonoperative groups. Further prospective studies are required to elucidate the differences in outcomes between operative and nonoperative treatment groups in patients with Legg Calve Perthes disease.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the association of entrepreneurship ecosystem with financial inclusion, and to explore the potential ways in which the ecosystem can be leveraged to improve access to financial services for marginalized communities. Theoretical framework: The study utilizes the ecosystem approach to entrepreneurship, which emphasizes the interdependence and interplay of various stakeholders in the entrepreneurial process. The study also draws on the concept of financial inclusion, which refers to the provision of affordable and accessible financial services to all individuals and businesses. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs a mixed-methods approach, including a literature review, case studies, and surveys, to collect data from a variety of stakeholders in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. Findings: The findings suggest that the entrepreneurship ecosystem plays a critical role in promoting financial inclusion. The ecosystem can be leveraged to increase access to financial services for marginalized communities through the development of innovative financial products and services, the creation of mentorship and networking opportunities, and the promotion of policies that encourage financial inclusion. Research, practical and social implications: The study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, and has implications for policymakers and practitioners seeking to promote financial inclusion through entrepreneurship. The findings can also inform the design and implementation of programs and policies aimed at promoting entrepreneurship and financial inclusion in marginalized communities. Originality/value: The study is among the first to examine the association of entrepreneurship ecosystem with financial inclusion and to explore the potential ways in which the ecosystem can be leveraged to improve access to financial services for marginalized communities.

Most financial statement analyses focus on firms belonging to industries that either contribute significantly to economic figures or posit in a highly competitive business environment. The objective of this paper is an analysis done to see the extent to which a company has implemented using rules financial performance is good and right. This study investigates performance of commercial banking sector for the period of April- 2011 to March -2014. Financial statements of Axis bank, ICICI bank, Federal bank and HDFC bank for the indicated periods were obtained from database such as CMIE, Prowess, money control and yahoo finance. Necessary information derived from these financial statements were summarized and used to compute the financial ratios for the four-year period. Financial ratios are tools used to measure the profitability, liquidity and solvency performance of four major Indian commercial banks. This research is to analyze the financial statements of these banks using liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. For liquidity, the following ratios were used: current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio. For activity, Inventory turnover ratio, debtor turnover ratio and working capital turnover ratios were used. For leverage, the following ratios were used i.e. debt ratio, equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio. For profitability, profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, return on shareholder’s equity, and earnings per share were used. For market value, price-earnings ratio and earning par share ratios were used. Keywords: Current Ratio, Acid ratio, Quick ratio, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Shareholder’s Equity (RONW), Earning per share (EPS).

Most financial statement analyses focus on firms belonging to industries that either contribute significantly to economic figures or posit in a highly competitive business environment. The objective of this paper is an analysis done to see the extent to which a company has implemented using rules financial performance is good and right. This study investigates performance of commercial banking sector for the period of April- 2011 to March -2014. Financial statements of Axis bank, ICICI bank, Federal bank and HDFC bank for the indicated periods were obtained from database such as CMIE, Prowess, money control and yahoo finance. Necessary information derived from these financial statements were summarized and used to compute the financial ratios for the four-year period. Financial ratios are tools used to measure the profitability, liquidity and solvency performance of four major Indian commercial banks. This research is to analyze the financial statements of these banks using liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. For liquidity, the following ratios were used: current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio. For activity, Inventory turnover ratio, debtor turnover ratio and working capital turnover ratios were used. For leverage, the following ratios were used i.e. debt ratio, equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio. For profitability, profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, return on shareholder’s equity, and earnings per share were used. For market value, price-earnings ratio and earning par share ratios were used. Keywords: Current Ratio, Acid ratio, Quick ratio, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Shareholder’s Equity (RONW), Earning per share (EPS).

Most financial statement analyses focus on firms belonging to industries that either contribute significantly to economic figures or posit in a highly competitive business environment. The objective of this paper is an analysis done to see the extent to which a company has implemented using rules financial performance is good and right. This study investigates performance of commercial banking sector for the period of April- 2011 to March -2014. Financial statements of Axis bank, ICICI bank, Federal bank and HDFC bank for the indicated periods were obtained from database such as CMIE, Prowess, money control and yahoo finance. Necessary information derived from these financial statements were summarized and used to compute the financial ratios for the four-year period. Financial ratios are tools used to measure the profitability, liquidity and solvency performance of four major Indian commercial banks. This research is to analyze the financial statements of these banks using liquidity ratios, activity ratios, leverage ratios, profitability ratios, and market value ratios. For liquidity, the following ratios were used: current ratio, quick or acid-test ratio. For activity, Inventory turnover ratio, debtor turnover ratio and working capital turnover ratios were used. For leverage, the following ratios were used i.e. debt ratio, equity ratio, and interest coverage ratio. For profitability, profit margin, net profit margin, return on assets, return on shareholder’s equity, and earnings per share were used. For market value, price-earnings ratio and earning par share ratios were used. Keywords: Current Ratio, Acid ratio, Quick ratio, Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Shareholder’s Equity (RONW), Earning per share (EPS).

This paper attempts to design for and tests empirical models, which integrate theoretical and firm’s economic capabilities. Which are interacting to explain financial efficiency, i.e. several financial & liquidity ratios at the level of underpricing after the Indian stock market crunch? The study is founded on IPO that listed at Bombay stock exchange given that April-2008 to Dec-2011. VAR (vector autoregressive analysis) is used to distinguish the relationship between all independent variables with the dependent variable, i.e. level of underpricing. The results of VAR display that variable of DEBTQ, APATM, ROCE and RONW have a consequential association at the level of Market adjusted return ratio (MARRO), AND VAR indicates 46% R2 and 30% adjusted R2. Nevertheless, ROCE and RONW have a significant difference in the level of traditional underpricing, and VAR indicates 49% R2 and 32% adjusted R2. However, in the mutually of a case i.e. LOGMAARO & LOGUNDER verified the assumptions of Akaike information criterion and Schwarz's criterion. We executed unit root testing to verify stationary of time series and autocorrelation function. Durbin Watson’s value subsisted 1.58. Which indicate, there is no heteroskedasticity problem exist for the model? Key words: IPOs, Post market crisis, ownership structure, share holding pattern, BSE, Underpricing, firm specific factors, market related variables.

This paper attempts to design for and tests empirical models, which integrate theoretical and firm’s economic capabilities. Which are interacting to explain financial efficiency, i.e. several financial & liquidity ratios at the level of underpricing after the Indian stock market crunch? The study is founded on IPO that listed at Bombay stock exchange given that April-2008 to Dec-2011. VAR (vector autoregressive analysis) is used to distinguish the relationship between all independent variables with the dependent variable, i.e. level of underpricing. The results of VAR display that variable of DEBTQ, APATM, ROCE and RONW have a consequential association at the level of Market adjusted return ratio (MARRO), AND VAR indicates 46% R2 and 30% adjusted R2. Nevertheless, ROCE and RONW have a significant difference in the level of traditional underpricing, and VAR indicates 49% R2 and 32% adjusted R2. However, in the mutually of a case i.e. LOGMAARO & LOGUNDER verified the assumptions of Akaike information criterion and Schwarz's criterion. We executed unit root testing to verify stationary of time series and autocorrelation function. Durbin Watson’s value subsisted 1.58. Which indicate, there is no heteroskedasticity problem exist for the model? Key words: IPOs, Post market crisis, ownership structure, share holding pattern, BSE, Underpricing, firm specific factors, market related variables.