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Clovamide and its analogues are N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids (HAA) that exhibit antioxidant activities. For environmental and economic reasons, biological synthesis of these plant-derived metabolites has garnered interest. In this study, we exploited HDT1, a BAHD acyltransferase recently isolated from red clover, for the production of clovamide and derivatives in S. cerevisiae and L. lactis. HDT1 catalyses the transfer of hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) onto aromatic amino acids. Therefore, by heterologously co-expressing HDT1 with 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), we succeeded in the biological production of clovamide and more than 20 other HAA, including halogenated ones, upon feeding the engineered micro-organisms with various combinations of cinnamates and amino acids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the biological synthesis of HAA and, more generally, on the synthesis of plant-derived antioxidant phenolic compounds in L. lactis. The production of these health beneficial metabolites in Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) micro-organisms such as S. cerevisiae and L. lactis provides new options for their delivery as therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids such as clovamide are bioactive plant-derived phenolic compounds with health beneficial effects. Relying on chemical synthesis or direct extraction from plant sources for the supply of these valuable molecules poses challenges to environmental sustainability. As an alternative route, this work demonstrates the potential for biological synthesis of N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids using engineered microbial hosts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactococcus lactis. Besides being more eco-friendly, this approach should also provide more structurally diverse compounds and offer new methods for their delivery to the human body.

Clovamide and its analogues are N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids (HAA) that exhibit antioxidant activities. For environmental and economic reasons, biological synthesis of these plant-derived metabolites has garnered interest. In this study, we exploited HDT1, a BAHD acyltransferase recently isolated from red clover, for the production of clovamide and derivatives in S. cerevisiae and L. lactis. HDT1 catalyses the transfer of hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) onto aromatic amino acids. Therefore, by heterologously co-expressing HDT1 with 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), we succeeded in the biological production of clovamide and more than 20 other HAA, including halogenated ones, upon feeding the engineered micro-organisms with various combinations of cinnamates and amino acids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the biological synthesis of HAA and, more generally, on the synthesis of plant-derived antioxidant phenolic compounds in L. lactis. The production of these health beneficial metabolites in Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) micro-organisms such as S. cerevisiae and L. lactis provides new options for their delivery as therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids such as clovamide are bioactive plant-derived phenolic compounds with health beneficial effects. Relying on chemical synthesis or direct extraction from plant sources for the supply of these valuable molecules poses challenges to environmental sustainability. As an alternative route, this work demonstrates the potential for biological synthesis of N-hydroxycinnamoyl-L-amino acids using engineered microbial hosts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactococcus lactis. Besides being more eco-friendly, this approach should also provide more structurally diverse compounds and offer new methods for their delivery to the human body.

Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto del Programa de Desayunos Escolares (PDE) sobre el rendimiento intelectual en alumnos pertenecientes al nivel inicial y primario, atendidos por el PDE en el año 2001. Materiales y métodos: En este estudio transversal descriptivo se evaluaron mediante las pruebas cognitivas Catell 1 (4-8 años) y Catell 2 (9-13 años) escolares de 4 a 13 años (seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico multietápico) de los distritos atendidos por el PDE, calculándose los promedios del puntaje total y puntajes de cada uno de los subtests incluidos en estas pruebas. Para identificar a los niños que recibieron la intervención, se usó dos modalidades: el testimonio del profesor de "consumo usual" del desayuno escolar y la observación del consumo el día de la evaluación. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 1787 escolares: 922 de inicial y 865 de primaria. La proporción de niñas y niños fue similar. El consumo reciente del desayuno mostró efectos positivos en el puntaje total y subtests específicos en escolares de inicial de Lima, la costa y la selva con el Catell 1 y en escolares de primaria de la costa con el Catell 2. El consumo usual mostró efectos positivos en el puntaje total y subtests específicos en escolares de inicial de la costa y la selva con el Catell 1. Conclusiones: Existen efectos positivos del consumo reciente y consumo regular de la ración del PDE sobre el rendimiento intelectual, siendo este efecto mayor en escolares del nivel inicial y en lugares de la costa y la selva, [Approach to the effect of a School Breakfast Program on the intellectual performance of children in elementary and primary schools of Peru] Objectives: To assess the effects of the School Breakfast Program (SBP) on the intellectual performance of elementary and primary level school students attended by SBP in Peru, during 2001. Materials and Methods: In this analytic cross-sectional study we assessed students of 4 to 13 years (chosen using multi-stage probabilistic sample) from districts attended by SBP, with the Catell 1 (4-8 years) and Catell 2 (9-13 years) cognitive tests, and we calculated the average of total scores and scores for each subtest included in this test. Two methods were used for the identification of children that received the intervention: teacher's evidence of "usual consumption" of the school breakfast and the observation of the consumption during the day of the assessment. Results: 1787 school students were evaluated: 922 of elementary and 865 of primary eduactional level. The proportion of girls and boys was similar. Recent consumption of breakfast showed positive effects in the total scores and specific subtests in Coast and Jungle students of elementary level, using Catell 1 test and in primary level students from the Coast, using Catell 2 test. Regular consumption showed positive effects in the total scores and in the specific tests in elementary school students of Coast and Jungle, using Catell 1 test. Conclusions: There are positive effects due to recent consumption and regular consumption of PDE ration on the intellectual performance, showing a greater effect in students of elementary level and in Coast and Jungle study sites.