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Optimizing research on the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) involves implementing initiatives maximizing the use of the available cohort study data; achieving sufficient statistical power to support subgroup analysis; and using participant data presenting adequate follow-up and exposure heterogeneity. It also involves being able to undertake comparison, cross-validation, or replication across data sets. To answer these requirements, cohort study data need to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR), and more particularly, it often needs to be harmonized. Harmonization is required to achieve or improve comparability of the putatively equivalent measures collected by different studies on different individuals. Although the characteristics of the research initiatives generating and using harmonized data vary extensively, all are confronted by similar issues. Having to collate, understand, process, host, and co-analyze data from individual cohort studies is particularly challenging. The scientific success and timely management of projects can be facilitated by an ensemble of factors. The current document provides an overview of the 'life course' of research projects requiring harmonization of existing data and highlights key elements to be considered from the inception to the end of the project.

Background: Preterm birth is one of the most important contributors to neonatal mortality and morbidity. Experiencing stress during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth. This association has been observed in previous studies, but differences in measures used limit comparability. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the association between two measures of maternal stress during pregnancy, life stress and emotional distress, and gestation duration. Methods: Women recruited in the Danish National Birth Cohort from 1996 to 2002, who provided information on their stress level during pregnancy and expecting a singleton baby, were included in the study. We assessed the associations between the level of life stress and emotional distress in quartiles, both collected at 31 weeks of pregnancy on average, and the rate of giving birth using Cox regression within intervals of the gestational period. Results: A total of 80,991 pregnancies were included. Women reporting moderate or high levels of life stress vs no stress had a higher rate of giving birth earlier within all intervals of gestational age (e.g. high level: 27–33 weeks: hazard ratio (HR) 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 1.84; 34–36 weeks: 1.10, 95% CI 0.97, 1.25; 37–38 weeks: 1.21, 95% CI 1.15, 1.28). These associations between life stress and preterm birth were mainly driven by pregnancy worries. For emotional distress, a high level of distress was associated with shorter length of gestation in the preterm (27–33 weeks: 1.38, 95% CI 1.02, 1.86; 34–36 weeks: 1.05, 95% CI 0.91, 1.19) and early term (1.11, 95% CI 1.04, 1.17) intervals. Conclusions: Emotional distress and life stress were shown to be associated with gestational age at birth, with pregnancy-related stress being the single stressor driving the association. This suggests that reverse causality may, at least in parts, explain the earlier findings of stress as a risk factor for preter

Optimizing research on the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) involves implementing initiatives maximizing the use of the available cohort study data; achieving sufficient statistical power to support subgroup analysis; and using participant data presenting adequate follow-up and exposure heterogeneity. It also involves being able to undertake comparison, cross-validation, or replication across data sets. To answer these requirements, cohort study data need to be findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR), and more particularly, it often needs to be harmonized. Harmonization is required to achieve or improve comparability of the putatively equivalent measures collected by different studies on different individuals. Although the characteristics of the research initiatives generating and using harmonized data vary extensively, all are confronted by similar issues. Having to collate, understand, process, host, and co-analyze data from individual cohort studies is particularly challenging. The scientific success and timely management of projects can be facilitated by an ensemble of factors. The current document provides an overview of the 'life course' of research projects requiring harmonization of existing data and highlights key elements to be considered from the inception to the end of the project.

Background: Preterm birth is one of the most important contributors to neonatal mortality and morbidity. Experiencing stress during pregnancy may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth. This association has been observed in previous studies, but differences in measures used limit comparability. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the association between two measures of maternal stress during pregnancy, life stress and emotional distress, and gestation duration. Methods: Women recruited in the Danish National Birth Cohort from 1996 to 2002, who provided information on their stress level during pregnancy and expecting a singleton baby, were included in the study. We assessed the associations between the level of life stress and emotional distress in quartiles, both collected at 31 weeks of pregnancy on average, and the rate of giving birth using Cox regression within intervals of the gestational period. Results: A total of 80,991 pregnancies were included. Women reporting moderate or high levels of life stress vs no stress had a higher rate of giving birth earlier within all intervals of gestational age (e.g. high level: 27–33 weeks: hazard ratio (HR) 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 1.84; 34–36 weeks: 1.10, 95% CI 0.97, 1.25; 37–38 weeks: 1.21, 95% CI 1.15, 1.28). These associations between life stress and preterm birth were mainly driven by pregnancy worries. For emotional distress, a high level of distress was associated with shorter length of gestation in the preterm (27–33 weeks: 1.38, 95% CI 1.02, 1.86; 34–36 weeks: 1.05, 95% CI 0.91, 1.19) and early term (1.11, 95% CI 1.04, 1.17) intervals. Conclusions: Emotional distress and life stress were shown to be associated with gestational age at birth, with pregnancy-related stress being the single stressor driving the association. This suggests that reverse causality may, at least in parts, explain the earlier findings of stress as a risk factor for preter

Objectives: Existing individual-level human data cover large populations on many dimensions such as lifestyle, demography, laboratory measures, clinical parameters, etc. Recent years have seen large investments in data catalogues to FAIRify data descriptions to capitalise on this great promise, i.e. make catalogue contents more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. However, their valuable diversity also created heterogeneity, which poses challenges to optimally exploit their richness. Methods: In this opinion review, we analyse catalogues for human subject research ranging from cohort studies to surveillance, administrative and healthcare records. Results: We observe that while these catalogues are heterogeneous, have various scopes, and use different terminologies, still the underlying concepts seem potentially harmonizable. We propose a unified framework to enable catalogue data sharing, with catalogues of multi-center cohorts nested as a special case in catalogues of real-world data sources. Moreover, we list recommendations to create an integrated community of metadata catalogues and an open catalogue ecosystem to sustain these efforts and maximise impact. Conclusions: We propose to embrace the autonomy of motivated catalogue teams and invest in their collaboration via minimal standardisation efforts such as clear data licensing, persistent identifiers for linking same records between catalogues, minimal metadata ‘common data elements’ using shared ontologies, symmetric architectures for data sharing (push/pull) with clear provenance tracks to process updates and acknowledge original contributors. And most importantly, we encourage the creation of environments for collaboration and resource sharing between catalogue developers, building on international networks such as OpenAIRE and research data alliance, as well as domain specific ESFRIs such as BBMRI and ELIXIR., OBJECTIVES: Existing individual-level human data cover large populations on many dimensions such as lifestyle, demography, laboratory measures, clinical parameters, etc. Recent years have seen large investments in data catalogues to FAIRify data descriptions to capitalise on this great promise, i.e. make catalogue contents more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. However, their valuable diversity also created heterogeneity, which poses challenges to optimally exploit their richness. METHODS: In this opinion review, we analyse catalogues for human subject research ranging from cohort studies to surveillance, administrative and healthcare records. RESULTS: We observe that while these catalogues are heterogeneous, have various scopes, and use different terminologies, still the underlying concepts seem potentially harmonizable. We propose a unified framework to enable catalogue data sharing, with catalogues of multi-center cohorts nested as a special case in catalogues of real-world data sources. Moreover, we list recommendations to create an integrated community of metadata catalogues and an open catalogue ecosystem to sustain these efforts and maximise impact. CONCLUSIONS: We propose to embrace the autonomy of motivated catalogue teams and invest in their collaboration via minimal standardisation efforts such as clear data licensing, persistent identifiers for linking same records between catalogues, minimal metadata 'common data elements' using shared ontologies, symmetric architectures for data sharing (push/pull) with clear provenance tracks to process updates and acknowledge original contributors. And most importantly, we encourage the creation of environments for collaboration and resource sharing between catalogue developers, building on international networks such as OpenAIRE and research data alliance, as well as domain specific ESFRIs such as BBMRI and ELIXIR.

Objectives: Existing individual-level human data cover large populations on many dimensions such as lifestyle, demography, laboratory measures, clinical parameters, etc. Recent years have seen large investments in data catalogues to FAIRify data descriptions to capitalise on this great promise, i.e. make catalogue contents more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. However, their valuable diversity also created heterogeneity, which poses challenges to optimally exploit their richness. Methods: In this opinion review, we analyse catalogues for human subject research ranging from cohort studies to surveillance, administrative and healthcare records. Results: We observe that while these catalogues are heterogeneous, have various scopes, and use different terminologies, still the underlying concepts seem potentially harmonizable. We propose a unified framework to enable catalogue data sharing, with catalogues of multi-center cohorts nested as a special case in catalogues of real-world data sources. Moreover, we list recommendations to create an integrated community of metadata catalogues and an open catalogue ecosystem to sustain these efforts and maximise impact. Conclusions: We propose to embrace the autonomy of motivated catalogue teams and invest in their collaboration via minimal standardisation efforts such as clear data licensing, persistent identifiers for linking same records between catalogues, minimal metadata ‘common data elements’ using shared ontologies, symmetric architectures for data sharing (push/pull) with clear provenance tracks to process updates and acknowledge original contributors. And most importantly, we encourage the creation of environments for collaboration and resource sharing between catalogue developers, building on international networks such as OpenAIRE and research data alliance, as well as domain specific ESFRIs such as BBMRI and ELIXIR., OBJECTIVES: Existing individual-level human data cover large populations on many dimensions such as lifestyle, demography, laboratory measures, clinical parameters, etc. Recent years have seen large investments in data catalogues to FAIRify data descriptions to capitalise on this great promise, i.e. make catalogue contents more Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable. However, their valuable diversity also created heterogeneity, which poses challenges to optimally exploit their richness. METHODS: In this opinion review, we analyse catalogues for human subject research ranging from cohort studies to surveillance, administrative and healthcare records. RESULTS: We observe that while these catalogues are heterogeneous, have various scopes, and use different terminologies, still the underlying concepts seem potentially harmonizable. We propose a unified framework to enable catalogue data sharing, with catalogues of multi-center cohorts nested as a special case in catalogues of real-world data sources. Moreover, we list recommendations to create an integrated community of metadata catalogues and an open catalogue ecosystem to sustain these efforts and maximise impact. CONCLUSIONS: We propose to embrace the autonomy of motivated catalogue teams and invest in their collaboration via minimal standardisation efforts such as clear data licensing, persistent identifiers for linking same records between catalogues, minimal metadata 'common data elements' using shared ontologies, symmetric architectures for data sharing (push/pull) with clear provenance tracks to process updates and acknowledge original contributors. And most importantly, we encourage the creation of environments for collaboration and resource sharing between catalogue developers, building on international networks such as OpenAIRE and research data alliance, as well as domain specific ESFRIs such as BBMRI and ELIXIR.

We previously shared results suggesting that the academic motivation of a sample of French-Canadian adolescents remained stable from few weeks before the first wave to the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We here examine if this pattern persisted using data collected at a third time point.

PR, IFPRI4; CRP4; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all, PHND; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

Organ transplantation has progressed rapidly during the last decades. Furthermore, tissue engineering has and will continue to enlarge the scope of organ grafting. Thus, severe skin wounds, as observed in large burn trauma patients, can now be permanently treated with cultured autologous epithelial sheets. However, the time required for autologous cell growth is a major limitation. We propose to alleviate this pitfall through a novel chimeric (allogeneic-syngeneic) epithelial cell culture technique. These chimeric epidermal grafts implanted in an animal model have been shown to allow the reappearance of a histologically normal epidermal coverage similar to simultaneously performed isografts. The regenerated epidermis contained only syngeneic keratinocytes. Thus, allogeneic cells were eliminated passively. This new culture technology could find multiple applications, notably in various skin disease therapies.

Depuis les dernières décennies, plusieurs études épidémiologiques montrent des associations entre l’infection/inflammation durant la grossesse, les accouchements prématurés, les lésions cérébrales périnatales et les troubles neuro-développementaux ultérieurs tels que l’autisme. Le pathogène le plus fréquemment rencontré durant la grossesse est le streptocoque de groupe B (SGB). Le SGB colonise le tractus gastro-intestinal et/ou vaginal de 10 à 30% des femmes enceintes et provoque une combinaison d’infection et d’inflammation dont la cible la plus fréquente est le placenta (chorioamnionite). Nous avions précédemment montré, à l’aide d’un modèle animal pré-clinique (rat), que l’exposition systémique au SGB inactivé en fin de gestation induit une chorioamnionite, des lésions cérébrales ainsi que des traits comportementaux de type autistique dans la progéniture mâle. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons précisé la nature de la réaction inflammatoire sous-jacente à l’exposition maternelle au SGB inactivé en fin de gestation. Cette réaction inflammatoire est caractérisée par une surexpression d’IL-1β à la fois dans le plasma maternel, le placenta et le plasma foetal. Les placentas présentent une chorioamnionite sévère, principalement caractérisée par des infiltrations de cellules inflammatoires (majoritairement des cellules polymorphonucléaires neutrophiles (PMN), s’étendant jusqu’au versant foetal placentaire. De manière générale, les tissus associés aux foetus mâles présentent des niveaux d’inflammation supérieurs, autant par le profil d’expression des cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IL-1β, IL-6 et TNF-α) que par les infiltrations de PMN. Puisque l’IL-1 est une cytokine pro-inflammatoire associée au travail préterme, aux lésions cérébrales ainsi qu’à l’autisme, nous avons tenté de valider son rôle dans la genèse des troubles neuro-développementaux SGB-induits dans notre modèle. Toutefois, le rôle de l’IL-1 n’a pu être élucidé. Ces résultats supportent les évidences cro, For the last decades, epidemiological studies have associated preterm birth, cerebral lesions and neurodevelopmental disorders to infection and/or inflammation during pregnancy. One of the most common pathogen encountered during gestation is Group B Streptococcus (GBS), which colonizes 10 to 30% of pregnant women’s gastro-intestinal and/or vaginal tracts. We have previously shown - with a preclinical rat model - that exposure to killed GBS at the end of gestation leads to placental and cerebral lesions. Moreover, only male offspring from mothers who experienced GBS-induced gestational inflammation displayed autistic-like behavior. In this work, we analyzed the inflammatory response to maternal inactivated GBS exposure at the end of gestation. This inflammatory response involves IL-1β, which is over expressed in maternal plasma, placenta and fetal plasma. Placentas displayed acute signs of histological chorioamnionitis, with polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) infiltrations even on the fetal side of placenta. Following GBS-induced inflammation, tissues associated to male fetuses generally showed increased inflammatory response as compared to females (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and higher PMN placental infiltrations. Because IL-1β is associated to preterm birth, cerebral damage and autism, we wanted to validate the role of IL-1 in the onset of GBS-induced autism-like behavior in our animal model. However, at this stage, we have not been able to demonstrate this role. These results support the evidences that fetal sex matters for fetal susceptibility to inflammatory aggressions during pregnancy. These results pave the way toward the identification of key molecules in chorioamnionitis, brain damage and subsequent neurobehavioral disorders. This will help to find new strategies to protect the placenta and the fetal brain.

Bien que le streptocoque de groupe B (SGB) soit une des bactéries les plus fréquentes au cours de la grossesse, l’impact de l’inflammation maternelle induite par le SGB sur le cerveau en développement n'a jamais été étudié. Selon notre hypothèse, l’activation immunitaire maternelle relevant de la présence du SGB en fin de grossesse joue un rôle dans la genèse des dommages cérébraux périnataux et des troubles neurodéveloppementaux qui en découlent, par exemple l’autisme. D'ailleurs, la génétique ne permet d'expliquer qu'environ 10 à 20% des cas d'autisme. De plus en plus d'études épidémiologiques tendent à montrer que les facteurs environnementaux sont aussi à considérer dans les origines de l’autisme. Nos résultats, issus d'un nouveau modèle animal pré-clinique d'inflammation maternelle induite chez le rat par le SGB, montrent des dommages à la fois placentaires et cérébraux ainsi que des troubles comportementaux dans la progéniture. Contrairement aux résultats obtenus à l’aide d'autres modèles d'inflammation prénatale induite par des bactéries Gram négatives (agissant principalement via le Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4) ou par des composants viraux (TLR-3), l’inflammation maternelle induite par la bactérie Gram positive (TLR-2) SGB entraîne un patron distinctif de chorioamnionite et de lésions cérébrales. Une dysmyélinisation sous-corticale est observée dans le prosencéphale mais toutefois, il n'y a aucune prolifération des cellules gliales. Des traits comportementaux associés à l’autisme, notamment des déficits de la communication et de la socialisation, ont été remarqués dans la progéniture exposée au SGB. Cette combinaison de traits associés à l’autisme est présente seulement chez les mâles. Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que la réponse inflammatoire maternofoetale au SGB joue un rôle dans l’induction de lésions placentaires et cérébrales, et récapitule plusieurs caractéristiques cardinales de l’autisme chez l’humain telle que la susceptibilité liée a

Organ transplantation has progressed rapidly during the last decades. Furthermore, tissue engineering has and will continue to enlarge the scope of organ grafting. Thus, severe skin wounds, as observed in large burn trauma patients, can now be permanently treated with cultured autologous epithelial sheets. However, the time required for autologous cell growth is a major limitation. We propose to alleviate this pitfall through a novel chimeric (allogeneic-syngeneic) epithelial cell culture technique. These chimeric epidermal grafts implanted in an animal model have been shown to allow the reappearance of a histologically normal epidermal coverage similar to simultaneously performed isografts. The regenerated epidermis contained only syngeneic keratinocytes. Thus, allogeneic cells were eliminated passively. This new culture technology could find multiple applications, notably in various skin disease therapies.