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We measured concentrations of SARS-CoV-2, influenza A and B virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), mpox virus, human metapneumovirus, norovirus GII, and pepper mild mottle virus nucleic acids in wastewater solids at twelve wastewater treatment plants in Central California, USA. Measurements were made daily for up to two years, depending on the wastewater treatment plant. Measurements were made using digital droplet (reverse-transcription-) polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) following best practices for making environmental molecular biology measurements. These data can be used to better understand disease occurrence in communities contributing to the wastewater.

We evaluated whether provision and promotion of improved sanitation hardware (toilets and child feces management tools) reduced rotavirus and human fecal contamination of drinking water, child hands, and soil among rural Bangladeshi compounds enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We also measured host-associated genetic markers of ruminant and avian feces. We found evidence of widespread ruminant and avian fecal contamination in the compound environment; non-human fecal marker occurrence scaled with animal ownership. Strategies for controlling non- human fecal waste should be considered when designing interventions to reduce exposure to fecal contamination in low-income settings. Detection of a human- associated fecal marker and rotavirus was rare and unchanged by provision and promotion of improved sanitation to intervention compounds. The sanitation intervention reduced ruminant fecal contamination in drinking water and general (non-host specific) fecal contamination in soil but overall had limited effects on reducing fecal contamination in the household environment.

We evaluated whether provision and promotion of improved sanitation hardware (toilets and child feces management tools) reduced rotavirus and human fecal contamination of drinking water, child hands, and soil among rural Bangladeshi compounds enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial. We also measured host-associated genetic markers of ruminant and avian feces. We found evidence of widespread ruminant and avian fecal contamination in the compound environment; non-human fecal marker occurrence scaled with animal ownership. Strategies for controlling non- human fecal waste should be considered when designing interventions to reduce exposure to fecal contamination in low-income settings. Detection of a human- associated fecal marker and rotavirus was rare and unchanged by provision and promotion of improved sanitation to intervention compounds. The sanitation intervention reduced ruminant fecal contamination in drinking water and general (non-host specific) fecal contamination in soil but overall had limited effects on reducing fecal contamination in the household environment.

We proposed directed field and modeling research to address the following hypotheses: (H1) Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), its quality, and the percentage that is fresh versus saline, is modulated by season, tides, and wave conditions; (H2) the chemical (nutrient, carbon, trace metal) and biological (human health indicators) composition of SGD is affected by land use and geology; (H3) human health indicators and nutrients can be freely transported through the beach aquifer and are not removed via interactions with the sediments, and (H4) SGD impacts the water quality of the nearshore environment at a level comparable to surficial runoff.

We proposed directed field and modeling research to address the following hypotheses: (H1) Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), its quality, and the percentage that is fresh versus saline, is modulated by season, tides, and wave conditions; (H2) the chemical (nutrient, carbon, trace metal) and biological (human health indicators) composition of SGD is affected by land use and geology; (H3) human health indicators and nutrients can be freely transported through the beach aquifer and are not removed via interactions with the sediments, and (H4) SGD impacts the water quality of the nearshore environment at a level comparable to surficial runoff.