Search

Your search keyword '"Bonora, Enzo"' showing total 39 results
Start Over Author "Bonora, Enzo" Publication Type Electronic Resources
39 results on '"Bonora, Enzo"'

1. Retinopathy as an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Author

Orsi, E, Solini, A, Bonora, E, Vitale, M, Garofolo, M, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Zerbini, G, Nicolucci, A, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Solini, Anna, Bonora, Enzo, Vitale, Martina, Garofolo, Monia, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Zerbini, Gianpaolo, Nicolucci, Antonio, Pugliese, Giuseppe, Orsi, E, Solini, A, Bonora, E, Vitale, M, Garofolo, M, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Zerbini, G, Nicolucci, A, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Solini, Anna, Bonora, Enzo, Vitale, Martina, Garofolo, Monia, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Zerbini, Gianpaolo, Nicolucci, Antonio, and Pugliese, Giuseppe

Abstract

Aims: To assess whether the presence and grade of diabetic retinopathy (DR) predict all-cause mortality, independent of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other complications, including diabetes-related kidney disease (DKD) and CVD, in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Prospective cohort study that enroled 15,773 patients in 19 Italian centers in 2006–2008. DR ascertained by fundoscopy, DKD by albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate, and prior CVD by hospital discharge records. All-cause mortality retrieved for 15,656 patients on 31 October 2015. Results: The adjusted risk of death was increased in patients with any DR (hazard ratio, 1.136 [95% confidence interval, 1.054;1.224] P < 0.0001), advanced DR, including severe non-proliferative and proliferative DR and diabetic macula edema (1.213 [1.097;1.340] P < 0.0001), and especially proliferative DR alone (1.381 [1.207;1.580] P < 0.0001), compared with those without DR. The impact of DR was more evident in patients without than in those with DKD or CVD. Mortality risk was increased in participants with DR alone, though much less than in those with DKD or CVD alone and particularly in those with both DR and DKD or CVD. DR grade was related to mortality in individuals without DKD or CVD, whereas it conferred no additional risk to those with albuminuric or nonalbuminuric DKD or established CVD. Conclusions: In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, the excess mortality risk conferred by DR is relatively small and higher in those without DKD and CVD, suggesting that it may be mediated by the concurrent presence of these complications, even at a subclinical level.

Published
2023

2. Body mass index versus surrogate measures of central adiposity as independent predictors of mortality in type 2 diabetes

Author

Orsi, E, Solini, A, Penno, G, Bonora, E, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Lamacchia, O, Haxhi, J, Nicolucci, A, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Solini, Anna, Penno, Giuseppe, Bonora, Enzo, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Lamacchia, Olga, Haxhi, Jonida, Nicolucci, Antonio, Pugliese, Giuseppe, Orsi, E, Solini, A, Penno, G, Bonora, E, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Lamacchia, O, Haxhi, J, Nicolucci, A, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Solini, Anna, Penno, Giuseppe, Bonora, Enzo, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Lamacchia, Olga, Haxhi, Jonida, Nicolucci, Antonio, and Pugliese, Giuseppe

Abstract

Background: An “obesity paradox” for mortality has been shown in chronic disorders such as diabetes, and attributed to methodological bias, including the use of body mass index (BMI) for obesity definition. This analysis investigated the independent association of BMI versus surrogate measures of central adiposity with all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events Italian Multicentre Study is a prospective cohort study that enrolled 15,773 patients in 19 Italian centres in 2006–2008. Exposures were BMI and the surrogate measures of central adiposity waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and A Body Shape Index (ABSI). Vital status was retrieved on 31 October 2015 for 15,656 patients (99.3%), Results: Age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were significantly higher in BMI-based underweight (1.729 [1.193–2.505), P = 0.004), moderately obese (1.214 [1.058–1.392), P = 0.006) and severely obese (1.703 [1.402–2.068), P < 0.0001), lower in overweight (0.842 [0.775–0.915), P < 0.0001) and similar in mildly obese (0.950 [0.864–1.045), P = 0.292), compared to normal-weight individuals. When further adjusting for smoking, physical activity (PA), and comorbidities, risk was lower also in mildly obese versus normal-weight patients. The BMI-mortality relationship did not change after sequentially excluding ever smokers, individuals with comorbidities, and those died within two years from enrollment and when analyzing separately participants below and above the median age. Conversely, a paradox relationship was observed among inactive/moderately inactive, but not moderately/highly active patients. Mortality risk adjusted for age, gender, smoking, PA and comorbidities was significantly higher in the highest tertile of WC (1.279 [1.089–1.501], P = 0.003), WHtR (1.372 [1.165–1.615], P < 0.0001), and ABSI (1.263 [1.067–1.495], P = 0.007) versus the lowest tertile.

Published
2022

3. Risk of all-cause mortality according to the European Society of Cardiology risk categories in individuals with type 2 diabetes: the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian Multicenter Study

Author

Orsi, E, Solini, A, Bonora, E, Vitale, M, Garofolo, M, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Laviola, L, Morano, S, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Solini, Anna, Bonora, Enzo, Vitale, Martina, Garofolo, Monia, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Laviola, Luigi, Morano, Susanna, Pugliese, Giuseppe, Orsi, E, Solini, A, Bonora, E, Vitale, M, Garofolo, M, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Laviola, L, Morano, S, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Solini, Anna, Bonora, Enzo, Vitale, Martina, Garofolo, Monia, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Laviola, Luigi, Morano, Susanna, and Pugliese, Giuseppe

Abstract

Aims: The 2019 and 2021 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) classifications stratified patients with type 2 diabetes into three categories according to the 10-year risk of death from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The very high-risk category included individuals with established ASCVD, target organ damage (TOD), and/or, in the 2019 classification only, ≥ 3 additional ASCVD risk factors. We assessed risk of all-cause mortality according to the two ESC classifications in the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events cohort. Methods: Participants (n = 15,773) were stratified based on the presence of ASCVD, TOD, and ASCVD risk factors at baseline (2006–2008). Vital status was retrieved in 2015. Results: Less than 1% of participants fell in the moderate-risk category. According to the 2019 classification, ~ 1/3 fell in the high-risk and ~ 2/3 in the very high-risk category, whereas the opposite occurred with the 2021 classification. Mortality risk increased across categories according to both classifications. Among very high-risk patients, mortality was much lower in those with ≥ 3 additional ASCVD risk factors and almost equal in those with TOD and ASCVD ± TOD, using the 2019 classification, whereas it was much higher in those with ASCVD + TOD and, to a lesser extent, TOD only than in those with ASCVD only, using the 2021 classification. Conclusions: The negligible number of moderate-risk patients suggests that these classifications might overestimate risk of ASCVD death. Downgrading patients with ≥ 3 additional ASCVD risk factors to the high-risk category is consistent with mortality data. Risk of death is very high in the presence of TOD irrespective of established ASCVD. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00715481.

Published
2022

18. Association between On-Treatment Haemoglobin A1c and All-Cause Mortality in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Importance of Personalized Goals and Type of Anti-Hyperglycaemic Treatment

Author

Orsi, E, Bonora, E, Solini, A, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Zerbini, G, Morano, S, Nicolucci, A, Penno, G, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Bonora, Enzo, Solini, Anna, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Zerbini, Gianpaolo, Morano, Susanna, Nicolucci, Antonio, Penno, Giuseppe, Pugliese, Giuseppe, Orsi, E, Bonora, E, Solini, A, Fondelli, C, Trevisan, R, Vedovato, M, Cavalot, F, Zerbini, G, Morano, S, Nicolucci, A, Penno, G, Pugliese, G, Orsi, Emanuela, Bonora, Enzo, Solini, Anna, Fondelli, Cecilia, Trevisan, Roberto, Vedovato, Monica, Cavalot, Franco, Zerbini, Gianpaolo, Morano, Susanna, Nicolucci, Antonio, Penno, Giuseppe, and Pugliese, Giuseppe

Abstract

The increased mortality reported with intensive glycaemic control has been attributed to an increased risk of treatment-related hypoglycaemia. This study investigated the relationships of haemoglobin (Hb) A(1c), anti-hyperglycaemic treatment, and potential risks of adverse effects with all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patients (n = 15,773) were stratified into four categories according to baseline HbA(1c) and then assigned to three target categories, based on whether HbA(1c) was <= 0.5% below or above (on-target), >0.5% below (below-target) or >0.5% above (above-target) their HbA(1c) goal, personalized according to the number of potential risks among age > 70 years, diabetes duration > 10 years, advanced complication(s), and severe comorbidity (ies). The vital status was retrieved for 15,656 patients (99.26%). Over a 7.4-year follow-up, mortality risk was increased among patients in the highest HbA(1c) category (>= 8.5%) (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.34 (95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.47), p < 0.001) and those above-target (1.42 (1.29-1.57), p < 0.001). Risk was increased among individuals in the lowest HbA(1c) category (<6.5%) and those below-target only if treated with agents causing hypoglycaemia (1.16 (1.03-1.29), p = 0.01 and 1.10 (1.01-1.22), p = 0.04, respectively). These data suggest the importance of setting both upper and lower personalized HbA(1c) goals to avoid overtreatment in high-risk individuals with type 2 diabetes treated with agents causing hypoglycaemia.

Published
2020

22. Changes in the Prescription of Glucose-Lowering Medications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After a Cardiovascular Event: A Call to Action From the DATAFILE Study

Author

Fadini, G, Frison, V, Simioni, N, Lapolla, A, Gatti, A, Bossi, A, Del Buono, A, Fornengo, P, Gottardo, L, Laudato, M, Perseghin, G, Bonora, E, Avogaro, A, Fadini, Gian Paolo, Frison, Vera, Simioni, Natalino, Lapolla, Annunziata, Gatti, Adriano, Bossi, Antonio Carlo, Del Buono, Andrea, Fornengo, Paolo, Gottardo, Lucia, Laudato, Mario, Perseghin, Gianluca, Bonora, Enzo, Avogaro, Angelo, Fadini, G, Frison, V, Simioni, N, Lapolla, A, Gatti, A, Bossi, A, Del Buono, A, Fornengo, P, Gottardo, L, Laudato, M, Perseghin, G, Bonora, E, Avogaro, A, Fadini, Gian Paolo, Frison, Vera, Simioni, Natalino, Lapolla, Annunziata, Gatti, Adriano, Bossi, Antonio Carlo, Del Buono, Andrea, Fornengo, Paolo, Gottardo, Lucia, Laudato, Mario, Perseghin, Gianluca, Bonora, Enzo, and Avogaro, Angelo

Abstract

Background: Evidence accumulated that some glucose-lowering medications protect against cardiovascular events (CVEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and established cardiovascular disease. The present study evaluated if and how glucose-lowering medication prescription pattern changes in T2DM after a CVE. Methods and Results: DATAFILE (Diabetes Therapy After a Cardiovascular Event) was a retrospective multicenter study conducted at 12 diabetes mellitus specialist outpatient clinics in Italy. We identified T2DM patients with an incident CVE for whom a follow-up visit was available after the event. We selected control T2DM patients without an incident CVE, who were matched with cases for age, sex, known diabetes mellitus duration, baseline hemoglobin A1c, kidney function, and follow-up time. We extracted clinical variables and compared prescribed therapies at baseline and follow-up. We included 563 patients with and 497 matched patients without an incident CVE. As expected, patients with a subsequent CVE had a higher baseline prevalence of ischemic heart disease. After a median of 9.5 months, in patients with versus those without a CVE, there was a significant increase in the prescription of beta-blockers, loop diuretics, dual antiplatelet therapy, and, among glucose-lowering medications, a significant decrease in metformin. Hemoglobin A1c marginally declined only in the control group, whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased only in patients with CVE. Conclusions: This study highlights that occurrence of a CVE in T2DM patients did not prime the prescription of glucose-lowering medications provided with cardiovascular protective effects, even though glucose control remained poor. These data emphasize the need to optimize the therapeutic regimen of T2DM patients with established cardiovascular disease, according to updated guidelines.

Published
2019

35. Cardiovascular risk and increased plasma LDL cholesterol concentration: the role of the Regional Health Service: Il rischio cardiovascolare e la concentrazione plasmatica del colesterolo LDL: il ruolo dei Servizi Sanitari Regionali

Author

Berto, Patrizia, Bilato, Claudio, Bonora, Enzo, De Conto, Umberto, Graziani, Maria Stella, Pauletto, Paolo, Vettor, Roberto, Zambon, Alberto, Berto, Patrizia, Bilato, Claudio, Bonora, Enzo, De Conto, Umberto, Graziani, Maria Stella, Pauletto, Paolo, Vettor, Roberto, and Zambon, Alberto

Abstract

The relevance of hypercholesterolemia, as a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease, requires urgent actions to detect and assist high-risk citizens/patients, thus reducing and/or avoiding future complications. This goal could be achieved through more widespread awareness of the problem within the Health System of the Veneto Region, joint efforts between clinical laboratories and clinicians in transmitting and interpreting informative laboratory reports, and deeper integration of hospital and community health services. Data from recent studies, recommendations of scientific societies and political-institutional guidelines helped in determining the number of patients in the Veneto Region, which may be suffering from clinical or biochemical conditions that impact on CV risk. These include hypercholesterolemia, which is particularly addressed in this paper, with special emphasis on FH (familial hypercholesterolemia), a chronic disease associated with very high CV risk.

Published
2017

36. Therapeutic Value and Innovation of a Drug and Criteria for Evaluation: A Multidisciplinary Experience in the Veneto Region: Valore del farmaco, innovazione e criteri di valutazione: Punti fermi, incertezze e livelli di condivisione rilevati attraverso un'esperienza multidisciplinare condotta nella Regione Veneto

Author

Adami, Silvia, Alberti, Alfredo, Andretta, Margherita, Buzzetti, Giuliano, Bonora, Enzo, Braggio, Nicola, Cancian, Maurizio, Concia, Ercole, Conte, Pierfranco, De Boni, Michele, Fadda, Valeria, Ferrarese, Annalisa, Giometto, Bruno, Leone, Roberto, Pengo, Vittorio, Pertile, Paolo, Punzi, Leonardo, Saugo, Mauro, Scroccaro, Giovanna, Vianello, Andrea, Adami, Silvia, Alberti, Alfredo, Andretta, Margherita, Buzzetti, Giuliano, Bonora, Enzo, Braggio, Nicola, Cancian, Maurizio, Concia, Ercole, Conte, Pierfranco, De Boni, Michele, Fadda, Valeria, Ferrarese, Annalisa, Giometto, Bruno, Leone, Roberto, Pengo, Vittorio, Pertile, Paolo, Punzi, Leonardo, Saugo, Mauro, Scroccaro, Giovanna, and Vianello, Andrea

Abstract

Defining therapeutic innovation is a key point to determine the price of newly marketed drugs; however, a pre-requisite for an appropriate management of innovation is that some general rules have been identified to recognize the therapeutic value of any pharmacological agent. These issues are a matter of debate for Regulatory Agencies and for the scientific community as well. Cost-effectiveness principles still represent the main approach to quantify the economic value of a drug based on its clinical effectiveness, and QALYs still represent the main tool to compare outcomes across different therapeutic areas. The main problem in this area is represented by the difficulty in translating general principles into practical decisions. Factors that still hamper the application of the value-based approach include organizational constraints (e.g. drug fixed budgets), the lack of familiarity with cost-effectiveness by most decision-makers, and the history of local decisions.

Published
2015

37. Therapeutic Value and Innovation of a Drug and Criteria for Evaluation: A Multidisciplinary Experience in the Veneto Region: Valore del farmaco, innovazione e criteri di valutazione: Punti fermi, incertezze e livelli di condivisione rilevati attraverso un'esperienza multidisciplinare condotta nella Regione Veneto

Author

Adami, Silvia, Alberti, Alfredo, Andretta, Margherita, Buzzetti, Giuliano, Bonora, Enzo, Braggio, Nicola, Cancian, Maurizio, Concia, Ercole, Conte, Pierfranco, De Boni, Michele, Fadda, Valeria, Ferrarese, Annalisa, Giometto, Bruno, Leone, Roberto, Pengo, Vittorio, Pertile, Paolo, Punzi, Leonardo, Saugo, Mauro, Scroccaro, Giovanna, Vianello, Andrea, Adami, Silvia, Alberti, Alfredo, Andretta, Margherita, Buzzetti, Giuliano, Bonora, Enzo, Braggio, Nicola, Cancian, Maurizio, Concia, Ercole, Conte, Pierfranco, De Boni, Michele, Fadda, Valeria, Ferrarese, Annalisa, Giometto, Bruno, Leone, Roberto, Pengo, Vittorio, Pertile, Paolo, Punzi, Leonardo, Saugo, Mauro, Scroccaro, Giovanna, and Vianello, Andrea

Abstract

Defining therapeutic innovation is a key point to determine the price of newly marketed drugs; however, a pre-requisite for an appropriate management of innovation is that some general rules have been identified to recognize the therapeutic value of any pharmacological agent. These issues are a matter of debate for Regulatory Agencies and for the scientific community as well. Cost-effectiveness principles still represent the main approach to quantify the economic value of a drug based on its clinical effectiveness, and QALYs still represent the main tool to compare outcomes across different therapeutic areas. The main problem in this area is represented by the difficulty in translating general principles into practical decisions. Factors that still hamper the application of the value-based approach include organizational constraints (e.g. drug fixed budgets), the lack of familiarity with cost-effectiveness by most decision-makers, and the history of local decisions.

Published
2015

38. Association between plasma triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and microvascular kidney disease and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a global case-control study in 13 countries

Author

UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, Sacks, Frank M, Hermans, Michel, Fioretto, Paola, Valensi, Paul, Davis, Timothy, Horton, Edward, Wanner, Christoph, Al-Rubeaan, Khalid, Aronson, Ronnie, Barzon, Isabella, Bishop, Louise, Bonora, Enzo, Bunnag, Pongamorn, Chuang, Lee-Ming, Deerochanawong, Chaicharn, Goldenberg, Ronald, Harshfield, Benjamin, Hernández, Cristina, Herzlinger-Botein, Susan, Itoh, Hiroshi, Jia, Weiping, Jiang, Yi-Der, Kadowaki, Takashi, Laranjo, Nancy, Leiter, Lawrence, Miwa, Takashi, Odawara, Masato, Ohashi, Ken, Ohno, Atsushi, Pan, Changyu, Pan, Jiemin, Pedro-Botet, Juan, Reiner, Zeljko, Rotella, Carlo Maria, Simo, Rafael, Tanaka, Masami, Tedeschi-Reiner, Eugenia, Twum-Barima, David, Zoppini, Giacomo, Carey, Vincent J, UCL - SSS/IREC/EDIN - Pôle d'endocrinologie, diabète et nutrition, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'endocrinologie et de nutrition, Sacks, Frank M, Hermans, Michel, Fioretto, Paola, Valensi, Paul, Davis, Timothy, Horton, Edward, Wanner, Christoph, Al-Rubeaan, Khalid, Aronson, Ronnie, Barzon, Isabella, Bishop, Louise, Bonora, Enzo, Bunnag, Pongamorn, Chuang, Lee-Ming, Deerochanawong, Chaicharn, Goldenberg, Ronald, Harshfield, Benjamin, Hernández, Cristina, Herzlinger-Botein, Susan, Itoh, Hiroshi, Jia, Weiping, Jiang, Yi-Der, Kadowaki, Takashi, Laranjo, Nancy, Leiter, Lawrence, Miwa, Takashi, Odawara, Masato, Ohashi, Ken, Ohno, Atsushi, Pan, Changyu, Pan, Jiemin, Pedro-Botet, Juan, Reiner, Zeljko, Rotella, Carlo Maria, Simo, Rafael, Tanaka, Masami, Tedeschi-Reiner, Eugenia, Twum-Barima, David, Zoppini, Giacomo, and Carey, Vincent J

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Microvascular renal and retinal diseases are common major complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The relation between plasma lipids and microvascular disease is not well established. METHODS AND RESULTS: The case subjects were 2535 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with an average duration of 14 years, 1891 of whom had kidney disease and 1218 with retinopathy. The case subjects were matched for diabetes mellitus duration, age, sex, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to 3683 control subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who did not have kidney disease or retinopathy. The study was conducted in 24 sites in 13 countries. The primary analysis included kidney disease and retinopathy cases. Matched analysis was performed by use of site-specific conditional logistic regression in multivariable models that adjusted for hemoglobin A1c, hypertension, and statin treatment. Mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was 2.3 mmol/L. The microvascular disease odds ratio increased by a factor of 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.11-1.22) for every 0.5 mmol/L (≈1 quintile) increase in triglycerides or decreased by a factor of 0.92 (0.88-0.96) for every 0.2 mmol/L (≈1 quintile) increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. For kidney disease, the odds ratio increased by 1.23 (1.16-1.31) with triglycerides and decreased by 0.86 (0.82-0.91) with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Retinopathy was associated with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in matched analysis but not significantly after additional adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic kidney disease is associated worldwide with higher levels of plasma triglycerides and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol among patients with good control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Retinopathy was less robustly associated with these lipids. These results strengthen the rationale for studying dyslipidemia treatment to prevent diabetic microvascular disease.

Published
2014

39. Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: A comparative risk assessment

Author

Danaei, G, Lu, Y, Singh, G, Carnahan, E, Stevens, G, Cowan, M, Farzadfar, F, Lin, J, Finucane, M, Rao, M, Khang, Y, Riley, L, Arian, D, Lim, S, Ezzati, M, Aamodt, G, Abdeen, Z, Abdella, N, Rahim, H, Addo, J, Aekplakorn, W, Afifi, M, Agabiti-Rosei, E, Salinas, C, Agyemang, C, Ali, M, Al-Nsour, M, Al-Nuaim, A, Ambady, R, Angelantonio, E, Aro, P, Azizi, F, Babu, B, Bahalim, A, Barbagallo, C, Barbieri, M, Barceló, A, Barreto, S, Barros, H, Bautista, L, Benetos, A, Bjerregaard, P, Björkelund, C, Bo, S, Bobak, M, Bonora, E, Botana, M, Bovet, P, Breckenkamp, J, Breteler, M, Broda, G, Brown, I, Bursztyn, M, de León, A, Campos, H, Cappuccio, F, Capuano, V, Casiglia, E, Castellano, M, Castetbon, K, Cea, L, Chang, C, Chaouki, N, Chatterji, S, Chen, C, Chen, Z, Choi, J, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Cobiac, L, Cooper, R, Corsi, A, Costanza, M, Craig, C, Dankner, R, Dastgiri, S, Delgado, E, Dinc, G, Doi, Y, Dong, G, Dorsi, E, Dragano, N, Drewnowski, A, Eggertsen, R, Elliott, P, Engeland, A, Erem, C, Esteghamati, A, Fall, C, Fan, J, Ferreccio, C, Fezeu, L, Firmo, J, Florez, H, Fornés, N, Fowkes, F, Franceschini, G, Frisk, F, Fuchs, F, Fuller, E, Getz, L, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, L, Gomez-Zumaquero, J, Iversen, S, Grant, J, Carvajal, R, Gulliford, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, P, Gureje, O, Gutierrez, H, Hansen, T, Hata, J, He, J, Heim, N, Heinrich, J, Hemmingsson, T, Hennis, A, Herman, W, Herrera, V, Ho, S, Holdsworth, M, Frisman, G, Hopman, W, Hussain, A, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, M, Ikeda, N, Jacobsen, B, Jaddou, H, Jafar, T, Janghorbani, M, Jasienska, G, Joffres, M, Jonas, J, Kadiki, O, Kalter-Leibovici, O, Kamadjeu, R, Kaptoge, S, Karalis, I, Kastarinen, M, Katz, J, Keinan-Boker, L, Kelly, P, Khalilzadeh, O, Kiechl, S, Kim, K, Kiyohara, Y, Kobayashi, J, Krause, M, Kubínová, R, Kurjata, P, Kusuma, Y, Lam, T, Langhammer, A, Lawes, C, Le, C, Lee, J, Lévy-Marchal, C, Lewington, S, Li, Y, Lim, T, Lin, X, Lin, C, Lin, H, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, X, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lorbeer, R, Ma, G, Ma, S, Macià, F, Maclean, D, Maggi, S, Magliano, D, Makdisse, M, Mancia, G, Mannami, T, Marques-Vidal, P, Mbanya, J, McFarlane-Anderson, N, Miccoli, R, Miettola, J, Minh, H, Miquel, J, Miranda, J, Mohamed, M, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Mokdad, A, Mollentze, W, Morales, D, Morgan, K, Lorenza M Muiesan, N, Muntoni, S, Nabipour, I, Nakagami, T, Nangia, V, Nemesure, B, Neovius, M, Nerhus, K, Nervi, F, Neuhauser, H, Nguyen, M, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Oh, S, Ohkubo, T, Olivieri, O, Önal, A, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Ouedraogo, H, Pan, W, Panagiotakos, D, Panza, F, Park, Y, Passos, V, Pednekar, M, Pelizzari, P, Peres, M, Cynthia Pérez, N, Pérez-Fernández, R, Pichardo, R, Phua, H, Pistelli, F, Plans, P, Polakowska, M, Poulter, N, Prabhakaran, D, Qiao, Q, Rafiei, M, Raitakari, O, Ramos, L, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Rasmussen, F, Reddy, K, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Reyes-García, V, Roaeid, R, Robinson, C, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Rojas-Martinez, R, Ronkainen, K, Rosero-Bixby, L, Roth, G, Sachdev, H, Sánchez, J, Sanisoglu, S, Sans, S, Sarraf-Zadegan, N, Scazufca, M, Schaan, B, Schapochnik, N, Schelleman, H, Schneider, I, Schooling, C, Schwarz, B, Sekuri, C, Sereday, M, Serra-Majem, L, Shaw, J, Shera, A, Shi, Z, Shiri, R, Shu, X, Silva, D, Silva, E, Simons, L, Smith, M, Söderberg, S, Soebardi, S, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soysal, A, Stattin, P, Stein, A, Stergiou, G, Stessman, J, Sudo, A, Suka, M, Sundh, V, Sundquist, K, Sundström, J, Swai, A, Tai, E, Tambs, K, Tesfaye, F, Thomas, G, Thorogood, M, Tilvis, R, Tobias, M, Torheim, L, Trenkwalder, P, Tuomilehto, J, Tur, J, Tzourio, C, Uhernik, A, Ukoli, F, Unwin, N, Hoorn, S, Vanderpump, M, Varo, J, Veierød, M, Velásquez-Meléndez, G, Verschuren, M, Viet, L, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Vollenweider, P, Volpato, S, Wang, N, Wang, Y, Ward, M, Waspadji, S, Lennart X Welin, N, Whitlock, G, Wilhelmsen, L, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Wormser, D, André J Xavier, N, Xu, F, Xu, L, Yamamoto, A, Yang, G, Yang, X, Yeh, L, Yoon, J, You, Q, Yu, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zheng, W, Zhou, M, Danaei, Goodarz, Lu, Yuan, Singh, Gitanjali M, Carnahan, Emily, Stevens, Gretchen A, Cowan, Melanie J, Farzadfar, Farshad, Lin, John K, Finucane, Mariel M, Rao, Mayuree, Khang, Young-Ho, Riley, Leanne M, Arian, Dariush Mozaff, Lim, Stephen S, Ezzati, Majid, Aamodt, Geir, Abdeen, Ziad, Abdella, Nabila A, Rahim, Hanan F Abdul, Addo, Juliet, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afifi, Mustafa M, Agabiti-Rosei, Enrico, Salinas, Carlos A Aguilar, Agyemang, Charles, Ali, Mohammed K, Ali, Mohamed M, Al-Nsour, Mohannad, Al-Nuaim, Abdul R, Ambady, Ramachandran, Angelantonio, Emanuele Di, Aro, Pertti, Azizi, Fereidoun, Babu, Bontha V, Bahalim, Adil N, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barbieri, Marco A, Barceló, Alberto, Barreto, Sandhi M, Barros, Henrique, Bautista, Leonelo E, Benetos, Athanase, Bjerregaard, Peter, Björkelund, Cecilia, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Bonora, Enzo, Botana, Manuel A, Bovet, Pascal, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breteler, Monique M, Broda, Grazyna, Brown, Ian J, Bursztyn, Michael, de León, Antonio Cabrera, Campos, Hannia, Cappuccio, Francesco P, Capuano, Vincenzo, Casiglia, Edoardo, Castellano, Maurizio, Castetbon, Katia, Cea, Luis, Chang, Chih-Jen, Chaouki, Noureddine, Chatterji, Somnath, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Zhengming, Choi, Jin-Su, Chua, Lily, Cífková, Renata, Cobiac, Linda J, Cooper, Richard S, Corsi, Anna Maria, Costanza, Michael C, Craig, Cora L, Dankner, Rachel S, Dastgiri, Saeed, Delgado, Elias, Dinc, Gonul, Doi, Yasufumi, Dong, Guang-Hui, Dorsi, Eleonora, Dragano, Nico, Drewnowski, Adam, Eggertsen, Robert, Elliott, Paul, Engeland, Anders, Erem, Cihangir, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fall, Caroline H D, Fan, Jian-Gao, Ferreccio, Catterina, Fezeu, Leopold, Firmo, Josélia O, Florez, Hermes J, Fornés, Nélida S, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franceschini, Guido, Frisk, Fredrik, Fuchs, Flávio D, Fuller, Eva L, Getz, Linn, Giampaoli, Simona, Gómez, Luis F, Gomez-Zumaquero, Juan M, Iversen, Sidsel Graff, Grant, Janet F, Carvajal, Ramiro Guerrero, Gulliford, Martin C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Prakash C, Gureje, Oye, Gutierrez, Hialy R, Hansen, Tine W, Hata, Jun, He, Jiang, Heim, Noor, Heinrich, Joachim, Hemmingsson, Tomas, Hennis, Anselm, Herman, William H, Herrera, Victor M, Ho, Suzanne, Holdsworth, Michelle, Frisman, Gunilla Hollman, Hopman, Wilma M, Hussain, Akhtar, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ibrahim, M Mohsen, Ikeda, Nayu, Jacobsen, Bjarne K, Jaddou, Hashem Y, Jafar, Tazeen H, Janghorbani, Mohsen, Jasienska, Grazyna, Joffres, Michel R, Jonas, Jost B, Kadiki, Othman A, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kamadjeu, Raoul M, Kaptoge, Stephen, Karalis, Ioannis, Kastarinen, Mika J, Katz, Joanne, Keinan-Boker, Lital, Kelly, Paul, Khalilzadeh, Omid, Kiechl, Stefan, Kim, Ki Woong, Kiyohara, Yutaka, Kobayashi, Junji, Krause, Maressa P, Kubínová, Ružena, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S, Lam, Tai H, Langhammer, Arnulf, Lawes, Carlene M M, Le, Cai, Lee, Jeannette, Lévy-Marchal, Claire, Lewington, Sarah, Li, Yanping, Li, Yuqiu, Lim, T O, Lin, Xu, Lin, Cheng-Chieh, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lind, Lars, Lissner, Lauren, Liu, Xiaoqing, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Lorbeer, Roberto, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Stefan, Macià, Francesc, Maclean, David R, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J, Makdisse, Marcia, Mancia, Giuseppe, Mannami, Toshifumi, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, McFarlane-Anderson, Norma, Miccoli, Roberto, Miettola, Juhani, Minh, Hoang V, Miquel, Juan F, Miranda, J Jaime, Mohamed, Mostafa K, Mohan, V., Mohanna, Salim, Mokdad, Ali, Mollentze, Willem F, Morales, Dante D, Morgan, Karen, Lorenza M Muiesan, null, Muntoni, Sergio, Nabipour, Iraj, Nakagami, Tomoko, Nangia, Vinay, Nemesure, Barbara, Neovius, Martin, Nerhus, Kjersti A, Nervi, Flavio, Neuhauser, Hannelore, Nguyen, Minh, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Noale, Marianna, Oh, Sang W, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivieri, Oliviero, önal, Ayse Emel, Onat, Altan, Oróstegui, Myriam, Ouedraogo, Hermann, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B, Panza, Francesco, Park, Yongsoo, Passos, Valeria M A, Pednekar, Mangesh S, Pelizzari, Pamela M, Peres, Marco A, Cynthia Pérez, null, Pérez-Fernández, Román, Pichardo, Rafael, Phua, Hwee Pin, Pistelli, Francesco, Plans, Pedro, Polakowska, Maria, Poulter, Neil, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qiao, Qing, Rafiei, Masoud, Raitakari, Olli T, Ramos, Luiz R, Rampal, Sanjay, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rasmussen, Finn, Reddy, Kanala K R, Redon, Josep, Revilla, Luis, Reyes-García, Victoria, Roaeid, Ragab B, Robinson, Carolyn A, Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Ronkainen, Kimmo, Rosero-Bixby, Luis, Roth, Gregory A, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Sánchez, José R, Sanisoglu, Selim Y, Sans, Susana, Sarraf-Zadegan, Nizal, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Schapochnik, Norberto, Schelleman, Hedi, Schneider, Ione J C, Schooling, C Mary, Schwarz, Bernhard, Sekuri, Cevad, Sereday, Martha S, Serra-Majem, Lluís, Shaw, Jonathan, Shera, Abdul S, Shi, Zumin, Shiri, Rahman, Shu, Xiao Ou, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Eglé, Simons, Leon A, Smith, Margaret, Söderberg, Stefan, Soebardi, Suharko, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Sonestedt, Emily, Soysal, Ahmet, Stattin, Pär, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Sudo, Akihiro, Suka, Machi, Sundh, Valter, Sundquist, Kristina, Sundström, Johan, Swai, Andrew B, Tai, E Shyong, Tambs, Kristian, Tesfaye, Fikru, Thomas, George N, Thorogood, Margaret, Tilvis, Reijo S, Tobias, Martin, Torheim, Liv E, Trenkwalder, Peter, Tuomilehto, Jaakko O, Tur, Josep A, Tzourio, Christophe, Uhernik, Ana I, Ukoli, Flora A, Unwin, Nigel, Hoorn, Stephen Vander, Vanderpump, Mark P, Varo, Jose Javier, Veierød, Marit B, Velásquez-Meléndez, Gustavo, Verschuren, Monique, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vioque, Jesus, Vollenweider, Peter, Volpato, Stefano, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Ya X, Ward, Mark, Waspadji, Sarwono, Lennart X Welin, null, Whitlock, Gary, Wilhelmsen, Lars, Willeit, Johann, Woodward, Mark, Wormser, David, André J Xavier, null, Xu, Fei, Xu, Liang, Yamamoto, Akira, Yang, Gonghuan, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yeh, Li-Chia, Yoon, Jin-Sang, You, Qisheng, Yu, Zhijie, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Lei, Zheng, Wei, Zhou, Maigeng, Danaei, G, Lu, Y, Singh, G, Carnahan, E, Stevens, G, Cowan, M, Farzadfar, F, Lin, J, Finucane, M, Rao, M, Khang, Y, Riley, L, Arian, D, Lim, S, Ezzati, M, Aamodt, G, Abdeen, Z, Abdella, N, Rahim, H, Addo, J, Aekplakorn, W, Afifi, M, Agabiti-Rosei, E, Salinas, C, Agyemang, C, Ali, M, Al-Nsour, M, Al-Nuaim, A, Ambady, R, Angelantonio, E, Aro, P, Azizi, F, Babu, B, Bahalim, A, Barbagallo, C, Barbieri, M, Barceló, A, Barreto, S, Barros, H, Bautista, L, Benetos, A, Bjerregaard, P, Björkelund, C, Bo, S, Bobak, M, Bonora, E, Botana, M, Bovet, P, Breckenkamp, J, Breteler, M, Broda, G, Brown, I, Bursztyn, M, de León, A, Campos, H, Cappuccio, F, Capuano, V, Casiglia, E, Castellano, M, Castetbon, K, Cea, L, Chang, C, Chaouki, N, Chatterji, S, Chen, C, Chen, Z, Choi, J, Chua, L, Cífková, R, Cobiac, L, Cooper, R, Corsi, A, Costanza, M, Craig, C, Dankner, R, Dastgiri, S, Delgado, E, Dinc, G, Doi, Y, Dong, G, Dorsi, E, Dragano, N, Drewnowski, A, Eggertsen, R, Elliott, P, Engeland, A, Erem, C, Esteghamati, A, Fall, C, Fan, J, Ferreccio, C, Fezeu, L, Firmo, J, Florez, H, Fornés, N, Fowkes, F, Franceschini, G, Frisk, F, Fuchs, F, Fuller, E, Getz, L, Giampaoli, S, Gómez, L, Gomez-Zumaquero, J, Iversen, S, Grant, J, Carvajal, R, Gulliford, M, Gupta, R, Gupta, P, Gureje, O, Gutierrez, H, Hansen, T, Hata, J, He, J, Heim, N, Heinrich, J, Hemmingsson, T, Hennis, A, Herman, W, Herrera, V, Ho, S, Holdsworth, M, Frisman, G, Hopman, W, Hussain, A, Husseini, A, Ibrahim, M, Ikeda, N, Jacobsen, B, Jaddou, H, Jafar, T, Janghorbani, M, Jasienska, G, Joffres, M, Jonas, J, Kadiki, O, Kalter-Leibovici, O, Kamadjeu, R, Kaptoge, S, Karalis, I, Kastarinen, M, Katz, J, Keinan-Boker, L, Kelly, P, Khalilzadeh, O, Kiechl, S, Kim, K, Kiyohara, Y, Kobayashi, J, Krause, M, Kubínová, R, Kurjata, P, Kusuma, Y, Lam, T, Langhammer, A, Lawes, C, Le, C, Lee, J, Lévy-Marchal, C, Lewington, S, Li, Y, Lim, T, Lin, X, Lin, C, Lin, H, Lind, L, Lissner, L, Liu, X, Lopez-Jaramillo, P, Lorbeer, R, Ma, G, Ma, S, Macià, F, Maclean, D, Maggi, S, Magliano, D, Makdisse, M, Mancia, G, Mannami, T, Marques-Vidal, P, Mbanya, J, McFarlane-Anderson, N, Miccoli, R, Miettola, J, Minh, H, Miquel, J, Miranda, J, Mohamed, M, Mohan, V, Mohanna, S, Mokdad, A, Mollentze, W, Morales, D, Morgan, K, Lorenza M Muiesan, N, Muntoni, S, Nabipour, I, Nakagami, T, Nangia, V, Nemesure, B, Neovius, M, Nerhus, K, Nervi, F, Neuhauser, H, Nguyen, M, Ninomiya, T, Noale, M, Oh, S, Ohkubo, T, Olivieri, O, Önal, A, Onat, A, Oróstegui, M, Ouedraogo, H, Pan, W, Panagiotakos, D, Panza, F, Park, Y, Passos, V, Pednekar, M, Pelizzari, P, Peres, M, Cynthia Pérez, N, Pérez-Fernández, R, Pichardo, R, Phua, H, Pistelli, F, Plans, P, Polakowska, M, Poulter, N, Prabhakaran, D, Qiao, Q, Rafiei, M, Raitakari, O, Ramos, L, Rampal, S, Rampal, L, Rasmussen, F, Reddy, K, Redon, J, Revilla, L, Reyes-García, V, Roaeid, R, Robinson, C, Rodriguez-Artalejo, F, Rojas-Martinez, R, Ronkainen, K, Rosero-Bixby, L, Roth, G, Sachdev, H, Sánchez, J, Sanisoglu, S, Sans, S, Sarraf-Zadegan, N, Scazufca, M, Schaan, B, Schapochnik, N, Schelleman, H, Schneider, I, Schooling, C, Schwarz, B, Sekuri, C, Sereday, M, Serra-Majem, L, Shaw, J, Shera, A, Shi, Z, Shiri, R, Shu, X, Silva, D, Silva, E, Simons, L, Smith, M, Söderberg, S, Soebardi, S, Solfrizzi, V, Sonestedt, E, Soysal, A, Stattin, P, Stein, A, Stergiou, G, Stessman, J, Sudo, A, Suka, M, Sundh, V, Sundquist, K, Sundström, J, Swai, A, Tai, E, Tambs, K, Tesfaye, F, Thomas, G, Thorogood, M, Tilvis, R, Tobias, M, Torheim, L, Trenkwalder, P, Tuomilehto, J, Tur, J, Tzourio, C, Uhernik, A, Ukoli, F, Unwin, N, Hoorn, S, Vanderpump, M, Varo, J, Veierød, M, Velásquez-Meléndez, G, Verschuren, M, Viet, L, Villalpando, S, Vioque, J, Vollenweider, P, Volpato, S, Wang, N, Wang, Y, Ward, M, Waspadji, S, Lennart X Welin, N, Whitlock, G, Wilhelmsen, L, Willeit, J, Woodward, M, Wormser, D, André J Xavier, N, Xu, F, Xu, L, Yamamoto, A, Yang, G, Yang, X, Yeh, L, Yoon, J, You, Q, Yu, Z, Zhang, J, Zhang, L, Zheng, W, Zhou, M, Danaei, Goodarz, Lu, Yuan, Singh, Gitanjali M, Carnahan, Emily, Stevens, Gretchen A, Cowan, Melanie J, Farzadfar, Farshad, Lin, John K, Finucane, Mariel M, Rao, Mayuree, Khang, Young-Ho, Riley, Leanne M, Arian, Dariush Mozaff, Lim, Stephen S, Ezzati, Majid, Aamodt, Geir, Abdeen, Ziad, Abdella, Nabila A, Rahim, Hanan F Abdul, Addo, Juliet, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afifi, Mustafa M, Agabiti-Rosei, Enrico, Salinas, Carlos A Aguilar, Agyemang, Charles, Ali, Mohammed K, Ali, Mohamed M, Al-Nsour, Mohannad, Al-Nuaim, Abdul R, Ambady, Ramachandran, Angelantonio, Emanuele Di, Aro, Pertti, Azizi, Fereidoun, Babu, Bontha V, Bahalim, Adil N, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barbieri, Marco A, Barceló, Alberto, Barreto, Sandhi M, Barros, Henrique, Bautista, Leonelo E, Benetos, Athanase, Bjerregaard, Peter, Björkelund, Cecilia, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Bonora, Enzo, Botana, Manuel A, Bovet, Pascal, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breteler, Monique M, Broda, Grazyna, Brown, Ian J, Bursztyn, Michael, de León, Antonio Cabrera, Campos, Hannia, Cappuccio, Francesco P, Capuano, Vincenzo, Casiglia, Edoardo, Castellano, Maurizio, Castetbon, Katia, Cea, Luis, Chang, Chih-Jen, Chaouki, Noureddine, Chatterji, Somnath, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Zhengming, Choi, Jin-Su, Chua, Lily, Cífková, Renata, Cobiac, Linda J, Cooper, Richard S, Corsi, Anna Maria, Costanza, Michael C, Craig, Cora L, Dankner, Rachel S, Dastgiri, Saeed, Delgado, Elias, Dinc, Gonul, Doi, Yasufumi, Dong, Guang-Hui, Dorsi, Eleonora, Dragano, Nico, Drewnowski, Adam, Eggertsen, Robert, Elliott, Paul, Engeland, Anders, Erem, Cihangir, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fall, Caroline H D, Fan, Jian-Gao, Ferreccio, Catterina, Fezeu, Leopold, Firmo, Josélia O, Florez, Hermes J, Fornés, Nélida S, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franceschini, Guido, Frisk, Fredrik, Fuchs, Flávio D, Fuller, Eva L, Getz, Linn, Giampaoli, Simona, Gómez, Luis F, Gomez-Zumaquero, Juan M, Iversen, Sidsel Graff, Grant, Janet F, Carvajal, Ramiro Guerrero, Gulliford, Martin C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Prakash C, Gureje, Oye, Gutierrez, Hialy R, Hansen, Tine W, Hata, Jun, He, Jiang, Heim, Noor, Heinrich, Joachim, Hemmingsson, Tomas, Hennis, Anselm, Herman, William H, Herrera, Victor M, Ho, Suzanne, Holdsworth, Michelle, Frisman, Gunilla Hollman, Hopman, Wilma M, Hussain, Akhtar, Husseini, Abdullatif, Ibrahim, M Mohsen, Ikeda, Nayu, Jacobsen, Bjarne K, Jaddou, Hashem Y, Jafar, Tazeen H, Janghorbani, Mohsen, Jasienska, Grazyna, Joffres, Michel R, Jonas, Jost B, Kadiki, Othman A, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kamadjeu, Raoul M, Kaptoge, Stephen, Karalis, Ioannis, Kastarinen, Mika J, Katz, Joanne, Keinan-Boker, Lital, Kelly, Paul, Khalilzadeh, Omid, Kiechl, Stefan, Kim, Ki Woong, Kiyohara, Yutaka, Kobayashi, Junji, Krause, Maressa P, Kubínová, Ružena, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S, Lam, Tai H, Langhammer, Arnulf, Lawes, Carlene M M, Le, Cai, Lee, Jeannette, Lévy-Marchal, Claire, Lewington, Sarah, Li, Yanping, Li, Yuqiu, Lim, T O, Lin, Xu, Lin, Cheng-Chieh, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lind, Lars, Lissner, Lauren, Liu, Xiaoqing, Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio, Lorbeer, Roberto, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Stefan, Macià, Francesc, Maclean, David R, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J, Makdisse, Marcia, Mancia, Giuseppe, Mannami, Toshifumi, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, McFarlane-Anderson, Norma, Miccoli, Roberto, Miettola, Juhani, Minh, Hoang V, Miquel, Juan F, Miranda, J Jaime, Mohamed, Mostafa K, Mohan, V., Mohanna, Salim, Mokdad, Ali, Mollentze, Willem F, Morales, Dante D, Morgan, Karen, Lorenza M Muiesan, null, Muntoni, Sergio, Nabipour, Iraj, Nakagami, Tomoko, Nangia, Vinay, Nemesure, Barbara, Neovius, Martin, Nerhus, Kjersti A, Nervi, Flavio, Neuhauser, Hannelore, Nguyen, Minh, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Noale, Marianna, Oh, Sang W, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Olivieri, Oliviero, önal, Ayse Emel, Onat, Altan, Oróstegui, Myriam, Ouedraogo, Hermann, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B, Panza, Francesco, Park, Yongsoo, Passos, Valeria M A, Pednekar, Mangesh S, Pelizzari, Pamela M, Peres, Marco A, Cynthia Pérez, null, Pérez-Fernández, Román, Pichardo, Rafael, Phua, Hwee Pin, Pistelli, Francesco, Plans, Pedro, Polakowska, Maria, Poulter, Neil, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qiao, Qing, Rafiei, Masoud, Raitakari, Olli T, Ramos, Luiz R, Rampal, Sanjay, Rampal, Lekhraj, Rasmussen, Finn, Reddy, Kanala K R, Redon, Josep, Revilla, Luis, Reyes-García, Victoria, Roaeid, Ragab B, Robinson, Carolyn A, Rodriguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba, Ronkainen, Kimmo, Rosero-Bixby, Luis, Roth, Gregory A, Sachdev, Harshpal S, Sánchez, José R, Sanisoglu, Selim Y, Sans, Susana, Sarraf-Zadegan, Nizal, Scazufca, Marcia, Schaan, Beatriz D, Schapochnik, Norberto, Schelleman, Hedi, Schneider, Ione J C, Schooling, C Mary, Schwarz, Bernhard, Sekuri, Cevad, Sereday, Martha S, Serra-Majem, Lluís, Shaw, Jonathan, Shera, Abdul S, Shi, Zumin, Shiri, Rahman, Shu, Xiao Ou, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Eglé, Simons, Leon A, Smith, Margaret, Söderberg, Stefan, Soebardi, Suharko, Solfrizzi, Vincenzo, Sonestedt, Emily, Soysal, Ahmet, Stattin, Pär, Stein, Aryeh D, Stergiou, George S, Stessman, Jochanan, Sudo, Akihiro, Suka, Machi, Sundh, Valter, Sundquist, Kristina, Sundström, Johan, Swai, Andrew B, Tai, E Shyong, Tambs, Kristian, Tesfaye, Fikru, Thomas, George N, Thorogood, Margaret, Tilvis, Reijo S, Tobias, Martin, Torheim, Liv E, Trenkwalder, Peter, Tuomilehto, Jaakko O, Tur, Josep A, Tzourio, Christophe, Uhernik, Ana I, Ukoli, Flora A, Unwin, Nigel, Hoorn, Stephen Vander, Vanderpump, Mark P, Varo, Jose Javier, Veierød, Marit B, Velásquez-Meléndez, Gustavo, Verschuren, Monique, Viet, Lucie, Villalpando, Salvador, Vioque, Jesus, Vollenweider, Peter, Volpato, Stefano, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Ya X, Ward, Mark, Waspadji, Sarwono, Lennart X Welin, null, Whitlock, Gary, Wilhelmsen, Lars, Willeit, Johann, Woodward, Mark, Wormser, David, André J Xavier, null, Xu, Fei, Xu, Liang, Yamamoto, Akira, Yang, Gonghuan, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yeh, Li-Chia, Yoon, Jin-Sang, You, Qisheng, Yu, Zhijie, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Lei, Zheng, Wei, and Zhou, Maigeng

Abstract

Background: High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods: We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of population-based health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the effects of risk factors on cause-specific mortality from meta-analyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the effects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specific population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specific deaths. We obtained cause-specific mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the final estimates. Findings: In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10·8 million deaths, 95% CI 10·1-11·5) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined effect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7·1 million deaths, 6·6-7·6) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the c

Published
2014

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results