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The financial market, in general, has specific characteristics that attract the attention of competition authorities around the world. It is no different in Brazil, where the trend of bank concentration in recent decades has put CADE, the competition authority, on constant alert. In this sense, since the entry into force of the Competition Law in 2012, CADE has analyzed significant concentrations in financial markets. In addition to CADE, the Central Bank of Brazil also analyzes concentrations in the financial system. The conflict of jurisdiction between the Central Bank of Brazil and CADE in competition matters generated legal uncertainty, but the 2018 Memorandum of Understanding between the authorities brought more certainties to the market. However, a Memorandum is not legally binding for the authorities and may be revised at any time., El mercado financiero, en general, tiene características específicas que llaman la atención de las autoridades de competencia de todo el mundo. No es diferente en Brasil, donde la tendencia de concentración de los bancos en las últimas décadas ha dejado el CADE, la autoridad de la competencia, en constante alerta. En este sentido, desde la entrada en vigor de la Ley de Competencia en 2012, el CADE ha analizado importantes concentraciones en los mercados financieros. Además del CADE, el Banco Central de Brasil también analiza las concentraciones en el sistema financiero. El conflicto de jurisdicción entre el Banco Central y el CADE en materia de competencia generó inseguridad jurídica, pero el Memorando de Entendimiento de 2018 entre las autoridades trajo más certezas al mercado. Sin embargo, un Memorando no es legalmente vinculante para las autoridades y puede ser revisado en cualquier momento.

Prioritization decisions using the Army Modernization and Analysis (AMA)-developed Trade-Space Decision Exploration System (TRADES) does not address programmatic variance related to cost and schedule growth. This study offers an improved methodology for modeling cost risk by employing sound cost estimation principles, distribution fitting, Monte Carlo simulations, and cost/benefit analysis to assist strategic decision makers and the acquisitions community. To that end, this approach follows a five-step methodology that (1) collects and screens cost data from the Cost Assessment Database Enterprise (CADE), (2) determines normalized cost growth factors, (3) identifies and constructs the appropriate distributions for modeling, (4) simulates cost variance among the entire program portfolio, and (5) recommends the necessary contingency cash reserve quantity associated with a decision maker’s confidence level. The result is a credible, repeatable, and effectual cost estimating methodology that promotes commodity-based models for predicting cost growth and measuring risk., Major, United States Army, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

This study scrutinizes the conflict of competence between the Administrative Council of Economic Defense, from now on, CADE and the Central Bank of Brazil, BACEN, considering how this fact impacts free competition in the Brazilian market. From a historical analysis of these autarchys, their implantations and contemporary profiles, a study of the conflict of positive competence and consequences of this conflict in the competitive scope, a critical examination is made, based on theoretical doctrinal and jurisprudential precepts, having by paradigm the principle of efficiency, in order to interpret how Public Administration deals with this issue and foment the academic technical debate in favor of the optimization of the desired institutional results., Este estudo escrutina o conflito de competência entre o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica, de agora em diante, CADE e o Banco Central do Brasil, BACEN, considerando como este fato impacta a livre concorrência no mercado brasileiro. A partir de uma análise histórica destas autarquias, suas implantações e perfis contemporâneos, faz-se um estudo do conflito de competência positivado e consequências desse embate no âmbito concorrencial. Faz-se um exame crítico, a partir de preceitos teóricos doutrinários e jurisprudenciais, tendo por paradigma o princípio da eficiência, a fim de interpretar como a Administração Pública lida com essa questão e fomentar o debate técnico acadêmico, em prol da otimização dos resultados institucionais almejados.

Bakgrund: Artificiell Intelligens (AI) kommer in i vårt samhälle och våra hem i allt större utsträckning. Inom sjukvården och radiologin kan AI utgöra ett hjälpmedel för både radiologer och röntgensjuksköterskor i deras profession. Forskning om AI fortsätter med oförminskad kraft för att finna allt bättre och mer funktionsdugliga algoritmer som kan anta den utmaningen. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att sammanställa vid vilka modaliteter AI används som stöd. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie vilket genererade femton artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades och kategoriserades efter analys. Resultat: Beroende på tidpunkt när artiklarna var skrivna varierade metoderna hur träning av AI genomfördes. Det varierade även hur bilderna skulle förbearbetats inför träning. Bilderna måste genomgå brusreducering och segmentering för att AI ska kunna klassificera den sjukliga förändringen. Den processen underlättades i senare versioner av AI där alla dessa moment utfördes på en och samma gång. Slutsats: Stora förändringar kommer att ske inom radiologin och förändringarna kommer sannolikt att påverka alla på en röntgenavdelning. Författarna kan se att utvecklingen bara börjat och forskningen måste fortgå många år framöver., Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) increasingly comes in to our society and homes. In the field of medical care and radiology, AI will provide an aid for radiologists and radiographers in their professions. Research on AI continues in finding better and more functional algorithms which can achieve that. Purpose: The purpose of this literature study is to compile facts about modalities using artificial intelligence as support. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature study, which generated fifteen articles that were quality-reviewed and categorized after analysis. Result: Depending on the date when the articles were written the methods varied concerning how training of AI was performed. It also varied how the images were pre-processed before training. The images need to be processed by noise reduction and segmentation for AI in order to be able to classify the pathological change. That process was facilitated in later versions of AI where all these steps were performed at the same time. Conclusion: Major changes may occur in radiology and the changes are likely to affect everyone in an X-ray ward. The authors can see that the development has just begun and research has to continue for many years to come.

Bakgrund: Artificiell Intelligens (AI) kommer in i vårt samhälle och våra hem i allt större utsträckning. Inom sjukvården och radiologin kan AI utgöra ett hjälpmedel för både radiologer och röntgensjuksköterskor i deras profession. Forskning om AI fortsätter med oförminskad kraft för att finna allt bättre och mer funktionsdugliga algoritmer som kan anta den utmaningen. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att sammanställa vid vilka modaliteter AI används som stöd. Metod: Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie vilket genererade femton artiklar som kvalitetsgranskades och kategoriserades efter analys. Resultat: Beroende på tidpunkt när artiklarna var skrivna varierade metoderna hur träning av AI genomfördes. Det varierade även hur bilderna skulle förbearbetats inför träning. Bilderna måste genomgå brusreducering och segmentering för att AI ska kunna klassificera den sjukliga förändringen. Den processen underlättades i senare versioner av AI där alla dessa moment utfördes på en och samma gång. Slutsats: Stora förändringar kommer att ske inom radiologin och förändringarna kommer sannolikt att påverka alla på en röntgenavdelning. Författarna kan se att utvecklingen bara börjat och forskningen måste fortgå många år framöver., Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) increasingly comes in to our society and homes. In the field of medical care and radiology, AI will provide an aid for radiologists and radiographers in their professions. Research on AI continues in finding better and more functional algorithms which can achieve that. Purpose: The purpose of this literature study is to compile facts about modalities using artificial intelligence as support. Method: The study was conducted as a general literature study, which generated fifteen articles that were quality-reviewed and categorized after analysis. Result: Depending on the date when the articles were written the methods varied concerning how training of AI was performed. It also varied how the images were pre-processed before training. The images need to be processed by noise reduction and segmentation for AI in order to be able to classify the pathological change. That process was facilitated in later versions of AI where all these steps were performed at the same time. Conclusion: Major changes may occur in radiology and the changes are likely to affect everyone in an X-ray ward. The authors can see that the development has just begun and research has to continue for many years to come.

O presente trabalho analisa a Ordem Econômica e Financeira estabelecida Constitucionalmente e os princípios que norteiam, de modo geral, o seu funcionamento. Os princípios serão relacionados com as demais diretrizes e objetivos encontrados no texto constitucional, evidenciando a unidade lógica existente na Constituição, que proporciona o desenvolvimento econômico voltado à persecução da justiça social. Enfoque deste trabalho, o princípio da livre concorrência terá sua aplicação explorada por meio das atividades exercidas pelo Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica que buscam efetivá-lo, sendo assim, a legislação que regula o CADE e conceitos como o Mercado Relevante e Condutas Anticoncorrenciais serão abordados para esclarecer o funcionamento desta autarquia que tem como missão a defesa da livre concorrência.

O presente artigo analisa a questão gerada em decorrência dos incentivos fiscais dados por parte dos Estados que causam a chamada guerra fiscal. Aborda a possível lesão à livre concorrência protegida constitucionalmente, bem como a atuação do CADE - Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica em prol da manutenção da concorrência no mercado. Para tanto, trata do conceito da “guerra fiscal” e da a análise das pendências, judiciais e legislativas, existentes acerca do tema. Por outro lado, destaca também à efetiva atuação do CADE diante das concessões dos benefícios fiscais, bem como as possibilidades dispostas legalmente para que o referido Conselho atue visando à manutenção da Concorrência. Diante deste panorama, discute-se a possibilidade de intervenção do CADE, analisando e julgando os atos que, em razão da concessão de incentivos fiscais pelos membros da federação, possam lesionar a livre concorrência.