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Predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije jeste izrada i upotreba neolitskog glačanog kamenog oruđa sa sečicom: sekira, tesli i dleta. Pri tome, fokus je s jedne strane stavljen na operativni lanac izrade i upotrebe ovog oruđa, dok je s druge strane, istraživanje fokusirano na traseološke markere, odnosno specifična oštećenja koja se na sečicama oruđa formiraju tokom njihove upotrebe. Primarni cilj ovog istraživanja je da se upotrebom dva komplementarna istraživačka metoda: eksperimentalne arheologije i traseoloških analiza oformi referentna zbirka/kolekcija drvodeljskih tragova upotrebe, putem koje bi u budućnosti bilo moguće vršiti komparaciju i identifikaciju pomenutih tragova na sečicama neolitskih glačanih kamenih alatki. Takođe, cilj istraživanja je i da se tokom izvođenja arheološkog eksperimenta, zabeleže i dokumentuju svi podaci koji proizilaze iz takvog jednog direktnog i iskustvenog pristupa, a koji u budućnosti mogu služiti verodostojnijoj interpretaciji operativnog lanca, odnosno različitih procesa u okviru upotrebnog veka ovog oruđa. Na osnovu podataka iz arheološke literature, a putem arheološkog eksperimenta, izvršena je rekonstrukcija svih segmenata operativnog lanca u okviru procesa proizvodnje i upotrebe glačanih kamenih alatki sa sečicom. U izradi oruđa korišćene su neolitske tehnike obrade sirovine, kao i sirovine koje su dominantne u neolitu Srbije: sitnozrne i finozrne metamorfne stene i „laka bela stena“ – magnezit. Izvršena je rekonstrukcija dominantnih tipova sekira, tesli i dleta, koje su potom testirane u različitim poslovima, u radu na drvetu različite vrste, tvrdoće i stanja. Sprovođenjem sukcesivnih traseoloških analiza (low power approach – stereo mikroskop manjih uvećanja 7,5-60×), identifikovani su i dokumentovani tehnološki tragovi (tragovi izrade) i tragovi upotrebe koji se na ovom oruđu mogu uočiti nakon sprovođenja drvodeljskih poslova. Pri tome, u razmatranje su uzeti različiti parametri poput vrste sirovine, vrste alatke, The subject of research of this doctoral thesis is the manufacture and use of Neolithic stone tools with a cutting edge: axes, adzes, and chisels. The focus is from one side placed on the operational chain of manufacture and use of these tools, while on the other the research is focused on traceological markers, i.e., specific damages (traces) on the cutting edges that were being formed during use. The primary goal of this research is to create a reference collection of wood-working traces of use by using two complementary methods: experimental archaeology and traceological analyses, in order to enable future comparisons and identification of these traces on the working edges of Neolithic ground stone tools. Also, the goal of this research is to record and to document all the evidence created during the performance of the archaeological experiment that are outcome from such direct and experience-based approach, that may also be used for future research of the operational chain, i.e., different processes within the life-span of use of these tools. The reconstruction of all segments of operational chain within the process of manufacture and use of ground stone tools with cutting edge is made following the data from the archaeological literature and through an archaeological experiment. In the manufacture Neolithic techniques of processing the raw materials were employed, and the raw materials used were those predominant in the Neolithic in Serbia: fine-grained metamorphic rocks and „light white stone“ – magnesite. The reconstruction of the predominant types of axes, adzes, and chisels was made, subsequently tested on different tasks, in working on woods of different species, hardness and state. By conducting successive traceological analyses (low power approach – stereo microscope with lower magnification 7,5-60×), technological traces (traces of manufacture) were identified and documented, as well as traces of use that may be visible on these tools after performing w

Predmet istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije jeste izrada i upotreba neolitskog glačanog kamenog oruđa sa sečicom: sekira, tesli i dleta. Pri tome, fokus je s jedne strane stavljen na operativni lanac izrade i upotrebe ovog oruđa, dok je s druge strane, istraživanje fokusirano na traseološke markere, odnosno specifična oštećenja koja se na sečicama oruđa formiraju tokom njihove upotrebe. Primarni cilj ovog istraživanja je da se upotrebom dva komplementarna istraživačka metoda: eksperimentalne arheologije i traseoloških analiza oformi referentna zbirka/kolekcija drvodeljskih tragova upotrebe, putem koje bi u budućnosti bilo moguće vršiti komparaciju i identifikaciju pomenutih tragova na sečicama neolitskih glačanih kamenih alatki. Takođe, cilj istraživanja je i da se tokom izvođenja arheološkog eksperimenta, zabeleže i dokumentuju svi podaci koji proizilaze iz takvog jednog direktnog i iskustvenog pristupa, a koji u budućnosti mogu služiti verodostojnijoj interpretaciji operativnog lanca, odnosno različitih procesa u okviru upotrebnog veka ovog oruđa. Na osnovu podataka iz arheološke literature, a putem arheološkog eksperimenta, izvršena je rekonstrukcija svih segmenata operativnog lanca u okviru procesa proizvodnje i upotrebe glačanih kamenih alatki sa sečicom. U izradi oruđa korišćene su neolitske tehnike obrade sirovine, kao i sirovine koje su dominantne u neolitu Srbije: sitnozrne i finozrne metamorfne stene i „laka bela stena“ – magnezit. Izvršena je rekonstrukcija dominantnih tipova sekira, tesli i dleta, koje su potom testirane u različitim poslovima, u radu na drvetu različite vrste, tvrdoće i stanja. Sprovođenjem sukcesivnih traseoloških analiza (low power approach – stereo mikroskop manjih uvećanja 7,5-60×), identifikovani su i dokumentovani tehnološki tragovi (tragovi izrade) i tragovi upotrebe koji se na ovom oruđu mogu uočiti nakon sprovođenja drvodeljskih poslova. Pri tome, u razmatranje su uzeti različiti parametri poput vrste sirovine, vrste alatke, The subject of research of this doctoral thesis is the manufacture and use of Neolithic stone tools with a cutting edge: axes, adzes, and chisels. The focus is from one side placed on the operational chain of manufacture and use of these tools, while on the other the research is focused on traceological markers, i.e., specific damages (traces) on the cutting edges that were being formed during use. The primary goal of this research is to create a reference collection of wood-working traces of use by using two complementary methods: experimental archaeology and traceological analyses, in order to enable future comparisons and identification of these traces on the working edges of Neolithic ground stone tools. Also, the goal of this research is to record and to document all the evidence created during the performance of the archaeological experiment that are outcome from such direct and experience-based approach, that may also be used for future research of the operational chain, i.e., different processes within the life-span of use of these tools. The reconstruction of all segments of operational chain within the process of manufacture and use of ground stone tools with cutting edge is made following the data from the archaeological literature and through an archaeological experiment. In the manufacture Neolithic techniques of processing the raw materials were employed, and the raw materials used were those predominant in the Neolithic in Serbia: fine-grained metamorphic rocks and „light white stone“ – magnesite. The reconstruction of the predominant types of axes, adzes, and chisels was made, subsequently tested on different tasks, in working on woods of different species, hardness and state. By conducting successive traceological analyses (low power approach – stereo microscope with lower magnification 7,5-60×), technological traces (traces of manufacture) were identified and documented, as well as traces of use that may be visible on these tools after performing w

Until the end of the 80s, the general knowledge about ground stone edge-cutting tools in the Neolithic of Central Balkan was limited. In various publications, this important category of archaeological material was most often presented in form of cataloging, followed by descriptive and typological determinants, while the function of this tool was completely ignored or it was attributed according to very subjective typol¬ogy. All tools with the cutting edge were interpreted as different types of axes (battle axes, wedge-axes, tongue and mould axes, miniature axes, etc.) while the adzes and chisels were not recognized in the archaeological material. Such a practice, based on subjective observations of the form without detailed analysis, led to errors in the general interpreta¬tion. This situation changed considerably, with the work by D. Antonović and by a radical change in the methodology of exploring this category of stone tools. A different focus of research and incorporation of functional-typological and petrological analyses led to the creation of a significantly larger data pool. Also, new research questions emerged. One of these, not completely solved problems at the global level, is the use-wear on these tools, that is, traceological markers that clearly separate axes, adzes and chisels, as well as markers that are formed on these tools individually in performing various tasks including different factors. There are still no sufficient publications regarding the occurrence and development of these specific damages. Therefore, the author’s doctoral dissertation will focus on the exploration of the traces of the production and use of the mentioned tools through the archaeological experiment. The aim of the research is to form a comprehensive reference database of traceological markers through experimental archaeology as a supporting research method, through which, in the future, a comparison and functional determination of original polished stone tools with a cutt

8 fotografias de cinceles en los museos etnográficos europeos

De freesschijf van een stobbefrees stuit onbedoeld weleens op een hard voorwerp. Daardoor kunnen de beitels losraken en ontstaat een gevaarlijke situatie. Controleer daarom dagelijks of de beitels van de stobbenfrees nog vast zitten. Houd daarbij je oren goed open...

Artefakti litičke industrije sa jordanskih lokaliteta Pela (neolit) i Teleilat Gasul (halkolit), dobijeni 1982. kao poklon rukovodioca iskopavanja B. Enesija, inicijativom S. Tutundžića, mada predstavljaju dobru osnovu jedne studijske zbirke, činjenicom da spadaju u površinske nalaze, ne omogućavaju kompleksnija tumačenja. Među kataloški prikazanim neolitskim primercima sa lokaliteta Pela nalaze ce: 1. jedno malo, konično jezgro, koje se koristilo za izradu odbitaka (el. 1/1); 2. neretuširano sečivo (el. 1/2); 3. postruška na odbitku (el. 1/3); 4. nazupčano sečivo erpa (el. 2/1; t. 1/1); 5. strugač na odbitku (el. 2/2); 6. perforater na odbitku (el. 2/3; t. 1/2); 7-8. urezivači sa dletastim retušem (el. 2/4-5; t. 1/3); 9. grubo okresana i neznatno priglačana sekira (el. 3). Okresane artefakte sa Teleilat Gasula, sudeći po signaturi na nekoliko alatki, čine površinski nalazi iz Sektora A (el. 13), prikuš'eni 1975. Znatno veći broj artefakata sa lokaliteta Teleilat Gasul daje i tipološki bogatiju sliku. Među njima se nalaze: 1. neretuširani odbitak (el. 4/1); 2-3. neretuširana sečiva (el. 4/2-3; t. 1/4-5); 4-5. mala sečiva (el. 4/4-5; t. 1/6-7); neretuširana sečiva (el. 4/6-7); 8. neretuširani odbitak (el. 4/8; t. 1/8); 9. retuširani odbitak (el. 5/1); 10. retuširano sečivo (el. 5/2); 11. sečivo sa ankošama (el. 5/3); 12-14. retuširana sečiva (el. 5/4-6; t. 1/9-10); 15. sečivo sa ankošama (el. 5/7); 16-17. postruške na odbicima (el. 6/1-2; t. 1/11); 18. strugač na sečivu (el. 6/3); 19. strugač na odbitku (el. 6/4); 20. nazupčeno sečivo (el. 7/1); 21-23. retuširana sečiva kao delovi erpova (na sečivima 21, 22, 25 i 26 postoji silikatna usjajenost) (el. 7/2-4; t. 1/12, II/1); 24. retuširano sečivo (el. 7/5); 25-26. retuširana sečiva kao delovi srpova (el. 7/6-7); 27-29. perforateri, tj. šilo i dva svrdla (el. 8/1-3; t. II/2-3); 30. bradva (el. 9/1); 31-34. dleta (el. 9/2-3; 10/1-2; t. P/4-5); 35. sekira/bradva (el. 10/3; t. II/6); 36-40. sekire (el. 10/4; 11/1-4; t. P/7, In the Archaeological Collection of the University of Belgrade there are 9 Neolithic flint objects from Pella and 41 Chalcolithic flint items (and 84 pottery fragments) from Teleilat Ghassul, kindly donated in 1982 by J. Basil Hennessy. All Teleilat Ghassul objects are 1975 surface finds from the immediate vicinity of trenches in Area A. Despite their limited numbers the flint assemblages make a good basis for a study collection. Although modest, the diversity of Teleilat Ghassul lithics represents a basic typology of the South Levantine Chalcolithic. Macroscopic examination of the artifacts suggests relative homogeneity of the lithic materials used for making chipped stone tools since the raw materials were probably derived from similar geological formations.

Artefakti litičke industrije sa jordanskih lokaliteta Pela (neolit) i Teleilat Gasul (halkolit), dobijeni 1982. kao poklon rukovodioca iskopavanja B. Enesija, inicijativom S. Tutundžića, mada predstavljaju dobru osnovu jedne studijske zbirke, činjenicom da spadaju u površinske nalaze, ne omogućavaju kompleksnija tumačenja. Među kataloški prikazanim neolitskim primercima sa lokaliteta Pela nalaze ce: 1. jedno malo, konično jezgro, koje se koristilo za izradu odbitaka (el. 1/1); 2. neretuširano sečivo (el. 1/2); 3. postruška na odbitku (el. 1/3); 4. nazupčano sečivo erpa (el. 2/1; t. 1/1); 5. strugač na odbitku (el. 2/2); 6. perforater na odbitku (el. 2/3; t. 1/2); 7-8. urezivači sa dletastim retušem (el. 2/4-5; t. 1/3); 9. grubo okresana i neznatno priglačana sekira (el. 3). Okresane artefakte sa Teleilat Gasula, sudeći po signaturi na nekoliko alatki, čine površinski nalazi iz Sektora A (el. 13), prikuš'eni 1975. Znatno veći broj artefakata sa lokaliteta Teleilat Gasul daje i tipološki bogatiju sliku. Među njima se nalaze: 1. neretuširani odbitak (el. 4/1); 2-3. neretuširana sečiva (el. 4/2-3; t. 1/4-5); 4-5. mala sečiva (el. 4/4-5; t. 1/6-7); neretuširana sečiva (el. 4/6-7); 8. neretuširani odbitak (el. 4/8; t. 1/8); 9. retuširani odbitak (el. 5/1); 10. retuširano sečivo (el. 5/2); 11. sečivo sa ankošama (el. 5/3); 12-14. retuširana sečiva (el. 5/4-6; t. 1/9-10); 15. sečivo sa ankošama (el. 5/7); 16-17. postruške na odbicima (el. 6/1-2; t. 1/11); 18. strugač na sečivu (el. 6/3); 19. strugač na odbitku (el. 6/4); 20. nazupčeno sečivo (el. 7/1); 21-23. retuširana sečiva kao delovi erpova (na sečivima 21, 22, 25 i 26 postoji silikatna usjajenost) (el. 7/2-4; t. 1/12, II/1); 24. retuširano sečivo (el. 7/5); 25-26. retuširana sečiva kao delovi srpova (el. 7/6-7); 27-29. perforateri, tj. šilo i dva svrdla (el. 8/1-3; t. II/2-3); 30. bradva (el. 9/1); 31-34. dleta (el. 9/2-3; 10/1-2; t. P/4-5); 35. sekira/bradva (el. 10/3; t. II/6); 36-40. sekire (el. 10/4; 11/1-4; t. P/7, In the Archaeological Collection of the University of Belgrade there are 9 Neolithic flint objects from Pella and 41 Chalcolithic flint items (and 84 pottery fragments) from Teleilat Ghassul, kindly donated in 1982 by J. Basil Hennessy. All Teleilat Ghassul objects are 1975 surface finds from the immediate vicinity of trenches in Area A. Despite their limited numbers the flint assemblages make a good basis for a study collection. Although modest, the diversity of Teleilat Ghassul lithics represents a basic typology of the South Levantine Chalcolithic. Macroscopic examination of the artifacts suggests relative homogeneity of the lithic materials used for making chipped stone tools since the raw materials were probably derived from similar geological formations.

Aan de hand van foto's wordt het machinaal uitbeitelen van een versleten draaipuntsgat bij de giek van een kraan verduidelijkt. Hierna kan het gat van een nieuwe smeerbus worden voorzien of worden opgelast

Ed gets back to work sculpting a large head at the Walker Art gallery work shop after returning home from a voyage in Panama with the merchant marine.

Using an air-power chisel to cut metal