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ObjectivesVocal fold (VF) stiffness and geometry are determinant variables in voice production. Type 1 medialization thyroplasty (MT), the primary surgical treatment for glottic insufficiency, changes both of these variables. Understanding the cause and effect relationship between these variables and acoustic output might improve voice outcomes after MT. In this study, the effects of thyroplasty implants with variable stiffness on glottal shape and acoustics were investigated.MethodsIn an ex vivo human larynx phonation model, bilateral MT with implants of four stiffness levels (1386, 21.6, 9.3, and 5.5 kPa) were performed. Resulting acoustics and aerodynamics were measured across multiple airflow levels. A vertical partial hemilaryngectomy was performed and stereoscopic images of the VF medial surface taken to reconstruct its three-dimensional (3D) surface contour. The results were compared across implants.ResultsThe effects of implant stiffness on acoustics varied by airflow. Softer implants resulted in improved acoustics, as measured by cepstral peak prominence (CPP), at lower airflow levels compared to stiffer implants but this relationship reversed at high airflow levels. Stiffer implants generally required less airflow to generate a given subglottal pressure. Stiffer implants resulted in greater medialized surface area and maximal medialization, but all implants had similar effects on overall VF medial surface contour.ConclusionSofter implants result in less medialization but better acoustics at low airflow rates. Stiffer implants provide better acoustics and more stable pressure-flow relationships at higher airflow rates. This highlights a potential role for patient-specific customized thyroplasty implants of various stiffness levels.Level of evidenceNA.

ObjectivesVocal fold (VF) stiffness and geometry are determinant variables in voice production. Type 1 medialization thyroplasty (MT), the primary surgical treatment for glottic insufficiency, changes both of these variables. Understanding the cause and effect relationship between these variables and acoustic output might improve voice outcomes after MT. In this study, the effects of thyroplasty implants with variable stiffness on glottal shape and acoustics were investigated.MethodsIn an ex vivo human larynx phonation model, bilateral MT with implants of four stiffness levels (1386, 21.6, 9.3, and 5.5 kPa) were performed. Resulting acoustics and aerodynamics were measured across multiple airflow levels. A vertical partial hemilaryngectomy was performed and stereoscopic images of the VF medial surface taken to reconstruct its three-dimensional (3D) surface contour. The results were compared across implants.ResultsThe effects of implant stiffness on acoustics varied by airflow. Softer implants resulted in improved acoustics, as measured by cepstral peak prominence (CPP), at lower airflow levels compared to stiffer implants but this relationship reversed at high airflow levels. Stiffer implants generally required less airflow to generate a given subglottal pressure. Stiffer implants resulted in greater medialized surface area and maximal medialization, but all implants had similar effects on overall VF medial surface contour.ConclusionSofter implants result in less medialization but better acoustics at low airflow rates. Stiffer implants provide better acoustics and more stable pressure-flow relationships at higher airflow rates. This highlights a potential role for patient-specific customized thyroplasty implants of various stiffness levels.Level of evidenceNA.

Rhabdomyomas are benign tumors composed of mesenchymal tissue and having a histologic appearance similar to skeletal muscle. Extracardiac rhabdomyomas are rare, and the majority of the adult subtype occur in the head and neck (H&N) region. Diagnosis can be challenging due to fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy being suspicious for sampling error from surrounding muscle or concerning for rhabdomyosarcoma. We present a case of a slowly enlarging left neck mass in the strap musculature of a 45-year-old Hispanic male. Multiple FNA and core biopsies failed to establish a diagnosis, and excisional biopsy was pursued revealing a hypertrophied left inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle. Histological analysis was diagnostic of an adult-type extracardiac rhabdomyoma, with complete surgical excision being the gold standard treatment for these tumors. The patient had an uneventful recovery. Skeletal muscle tumors of the H&N are uncommon, and benign extracardiac rhabdomyoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis to prevent unnecessarily aggressive intervention and appropriate patient counseling before and after surgery.

Rhabdomyomas are benign tumors composed of mesenchymal tissue and having a histologic appearance similar to skeletal muscle. Extracardiac rhabdomyomas are rare, and the majority of the adult subtype occur in the head and neck (H&N) region. Diagnosis can be challenging due to fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy being suspicious for sampling error from surrounding muscle or concerning for rhabdomyosarcoma. We present a case of a slowly enlarging left neck mass in the strap musculature of a 45-year-old Hispanic male. Multiple FNA and core biopsies failed to establish a diagnosis, and excisional biopsy was pursued revealing a hypertrophied left inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle. Histological analysis was diagnostic of an adult-type extracardiac rhabdomyoma, with complete surgical excision being the gold standard treatment for these tumors. The patient had an uneventful recovery. Skeletal muscle tumors of the H&N are uncommon, and benign extracardiac rhabdomyoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis to prevent unnecessarily aggressive intervention and appropriate patient counseling before and after surgery.