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Current food systems pose one of the greatest health and environmental challenges of the21st century. A systemic shift in the food sector can be accelerated by technologies and innovations,such as seaweed food applications. However, introducing and expanding seaweed as a food resourceinto Western markets comes with several challenges.These challenges include its microbial, chemical, and sensory quality, which constitute the main focusareas of this thesis. Microbial stability was assessed by two alternative methods: fermentation and high-pressure processing. It was found that fermentation of seaweed by means of lactic acid bacteria ispossible and can exert a promising preservation effect that is able to decrease the pH to out-conquerspoiling bacteria. The effect of treatment with high pressure was more difficult to evaluate but showedthat the algal texture was altered by up to an 87.7% reduction in hardness and a 60.0% reduction incompression (chewiness). Processing can enhance the chemical and sensory characteristics, which isimportant for increasing food safety and consumer acceptance.It was further found that the chemical composition of seaweed differs depending on species and harvestsite, and between its different parts. This was observed for both nutrients and potentially toxic elements.Our studies further showed that while treatment with scalable methods was able to decrease the levelsof total arsenic by 61.1%, inorganic arsenic by 92.4%, lead by 49.4%, and iodine by 72.8%, someelements, such as mercury and cadmium, were difficult to remove. Considering current regulations,iodine and cadmium exert the greatest challenges for chemical seaweed quality. Therefore, the speciesand cultivation sites should be selected carefully to produce seaweed that is safe for consumption.To evaluate consumers’ perceptions, descriptive and hedonic analyses were performed. In thedescriptive study, the sensory profiles of four common northern European seaweed species weremapped. Gen

The predominantly animal-centric approach of chemical safety assessment has increasingly come under pressure. Society is questioning overall performance, sustainability, continued relevance for human health risk assessment and ethics of this system, demanding a change of paradigm. At the same time, the scientific toolbox used for risk assessment is continuously enriched by the development of “New Approach Methodologies” (NAMs). While this term does not define the age or the state of readiness of the innovation, it covers a wide range of methods, including quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) predictions, high-throughput screening (HTS) bioassays, omics applications, cell cultures, organoids, microphysiological systems (MPS), machine learning models and artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to promising faster and more efficient toxicity testing, NAMs have the potential to fundamentally transform today's regulatory work by allowing more human-relevant decision-making in terms of both hazard and exposure assessment. Yet, several obstacles hamper a broader application of NAMs in current regulatory risk assessment. Constraints in addressing repeated-dose toxicity, with particular reference to the chronic toxicity, and hesitance from relevant stakeholders, are major challenges for the implementation of NAMs in a broader context. Moreover, issues regarding predictivity, reproducibility and quantification need to be addressed and regulatory and legislative frameworks need to be adapted to NAMs. The conceptual perspective presented here has its focus on hazard assessment and is grounded on the main findings and conclusions from a symposium and workshop held in Berlin in November 2021. It intends to provide further insights into how NAMs can be gradually integrated into chemical risk assessment aimed at protection of human health, until eventually the current paradigm is replaced by an animal-free “Next Generation Risk Assessment” (NGRA).

The predominantly animal-centric approach of chemical safety assessment has increasingly come under pressure. Society is questioning overall performance, sustainability, continued relevance for human health risk assessment and ethics of this system, demanding a change of paradigm. At the same time, the scientific toolbox used for risk assessment is continuously enriched by the development of “New Approach Methodologies” (NAMs). While this term does not define the age or the state of readiness of the innovation, it covers a wide range of methods, including quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) predictions, high-throughput screening (HTS) bioassays, omics applications, cell cultures, organoids, microphysiological systems (MPS), machine learning models and artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to promising faster and more efficient toxicity testing, NAMs have the potential to fundamentally transform today’s regulatory work by allowing more human-relevant decision-making in terms of both hazard and exposure assessment. Yet, several obstacles hamper a broader application of NAMs in current regulatory risk assessment. Constraints in addressing repeated-dose toxicity, with particular reference to the chronic toxicity, and hesitance from relevant stakeholders, are major challenges for the implementation of NAMs in a broader context. Moreover, issues regarding predictivity, reproducibility and quantification need to be addressed and regulatory and legislative frameworks need to be adapted to NAMs. The conceptual perspective presented here has its focus on hazard assessment and is grounded on the main findings and conclusions from a symposium and workshop held in Berlin in November 2021. It intends to provide further insights into how NAMs can be gradually integrated into chemical risk assessment aimed at protection of human health, until eventually the current paradigm is replaced by an animal-free “Next Generation Risk Assessment” (NGRA).

The goal of PrecisionTox is to overcome conceptual barriers to replacing traditional mammalian chemical safety testing by accelerating the discovery of evolutionarily conserved toxicity pathways that are shared by descent among humans and more distantly related animals. An international consortium is systematically testing the toxicological effects of a diverse set of chemicals on a suite of five model species comprising fruit flies, nematodes, water fleas, and embryos of clawed frogs and zebrafish along with human cell lines. Multiple forms of omics and comparative toxicology data are integrated to map the evolutionary origins of biomolecular interactions that are predictive of adverse health effects, to major branches of the animal phylogeny. These conserved elements of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and their biomarkers are expected to provide mechanistic insight useful for regulating groups of chemicals based on their shared modes of action. PrecisionTox also aims to quantify risk variation within populations by recognizing susceptibility as a heritable trait that varies with genetic diversity. This initiative incorporates legal experts and collaborates with risk managers to address specific needs within European chemicals legislation, including the uptake of new approach methodologies (NAMs) for setting precise regulatory limits on toxic chemicals.

The predominantly animal-centric approach of chemical safety assessment has increasingly come under pressure. Society is questioning overall performance, sustainability, continued relevance for human health risk assessment and ethics of this system, demanding a change of paradigm. At the same time, the scientific toolbox used for risk assessment is continuously enriched by the development of “New Approach Methodologies” (NAMs). While this term does not define the age or the state of readiness of the innovation, it covers a wide range of methods, including quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) predictions, high-throughput screening (HTS) bioassays, omics applications, cell cultures, organoids, microphysiological systems (MPS), machine learning models and artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to promising faster and more efficient toxicity testing, NAMs have the potential to fundamentally transform today’s regulatory work by allowing more human-relevant decision-making in terms of both hazard and exposure assessment. Yet, several obstacles hamper a broader application of NAMs in current regulatory risk assessment. Constraints in addressing repeated-dose toxicity, with particular reference to the chronic toxicity, and hesitance from relevant stakeholders, are major challenges for the implementation of NAMs in a broader context. Moreover, issues regarding predictivity, reproducibility and quantification need to be addressed and regulatory and legislative frameworks need to be adapted to NAMs. The conceptual perspective presented here has its focus on hazard assessment and is grounded on the main findings and conclusions from a symposium and workshop held in Berlin in November 2021. It intends to provide further insights into how NAMs can be gradually integrated into chemical risk assessment aimed at protection of human health, until eventually the current paradigm is replaced by an animal-free “Next Generation Risk Assessment” (NGRA).

Background: A scientific framework on exposure science will boost the multiuse of exposure knowledge across EU chemicals-related policies and improve risk assessment, risk management and communication across EU safety, security and sustainability domains. Objective: To stimulate public and private actors to align and strengthen the cross-policy adoption of exposure assessment data, methods and tools across EU legislation. Methods: By mapping and analysing the EU regulatory landscape making use of exposure information, policy and research challenges and key areas of action are identified and translated into opportunities enhancing policy and scientific efficiency. Results: Identified key areas of actions are to develop a common scientific exposure assessment framework, supported by baseline acceptance criteria and a shared knowledge base enhancing exchangeability and acceptability of exposure knowledge within and across EU chemicals-related policies. Furthermore, such framework will improve communication and management across EU chemical safety, security and sustainability policies comprising sourcing, manufacturing and global trade of goods and waste management. In support of building such a common framework and its effective use in policy and industry, exposure science innovation needs to be better embedded along the whole policymaking cycle, and be integrated into companies' safety and sustainability management systems. This will help to systemically improve regulatory risk management practices. Significance: This paper constitutes an important step towards the implementation of the EU Green Deal and its underlying policy strategies, such as the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.

New approach methodologies (NAMs) that do not use experimental animals are, in certain settings, entirely appropriate for assuring the safety of chemical ingredients, although regulatory adoption has been slow. In this opinion article we discuss how scientific advances that utilize NAMs to certify systemic safety are available now and merit broader acceptance within the framework of next generation risk assessments (NGRA).

There is a growing recognition that application of mechanistic approaches to understand cross-species shared molecular targets and pathway conservation in the context of hazard characterization, provide significant opportunities in risk assessment (RA) for both human health and environmental safety. Specifically, it has been recognized that a more comprehensive and reliable understanding of similarities and differences in biological pathways across a variety of species will better enable cross-species extrapolation of potential adverse toxicological effects. Ultimately, this would also advance the generation and use of mechanistic data for both human health and environmental RA. A workshop brought together representatives from industry, academia and government to discuss how to improve the use of existing data, and to generate new NAMs data to derive better mechanistic understanding between humans and environmentally-relevant species, ultimately resulting in holistic chemical safety decisions. Thanks to a thorough dialogue among all participants, key challenges, current gaps and research needs were identified, and potential solutions proposed. This discussion highlighted the common objective to progress toward more predictive, mechanistically based, data-driven and animal-free chemical safety assessments. Overall, the participants recognized that there is no single approach which would provide all the answers for bridging the gap between mechanism-based human health and environmental RA, but acknowledged we now have the incentive, tools and data availability to address this concept, maximizing the potential for improvements in both human health and environmental RA.

Постановка проблеми. Україна бере участь у міжнародних договорах, які стосуються охорони праці: Конвенції та рекомендації Міжнародної організації праці; Директиви Європейського союзу; Договори та угоди, підписані в рамках Співдружності незалежних держав; Двосторонні договори та угоди. Тому стали актуальними вивчення та аналіз міжнародних документів із вирішення проблеми охорони праці, захисту здоров’я людини та навколишнього середовища, пов’язані з виробництвом та використанням хімічних речовин. Мета − дослідження міжнародних та вітчизняних нормативно-правових документів із питань безпечного використання хімічних речовин на робочих місцях.Висновки. В умовах безперервного науково-технічного прогресу, глобального зростання виробництва хімічних речовин і змін в організації праці необхідно вживати відповідних узгоджених заходів на міжнародному рівні, підвищувати рівень інформування людей про хімічні небезпечні фактори та засоби захисту від них і використовувати його для формування системного підходу до охорони праці в умовах використання хімічних речовин на робочих місцях. Упровадження в Україні положень міжнародних документів щодо хімічних речовин дає перспективу більш осмисленої співпраці з виробниками хімічної продукції країн Європейського союзу, а на основі удосконалення системи поводження з хімічними речовинами – підвищувати рівень хімічної безпеки як однієї із складових національної безпеки України. Впровадження запропонованої системи охорони праці та Плану безпечного використання небезпечних хімічних речовин допоможе підвищити рівень безпеки на робочому місці і зменшити їх негативний вплив на працівників та навколишнє середовище підприємств., Постановка проблемы. Украина принимает участие в международных договорах, касающихся охраны труда: Конвенции и рекомендации Международной организации труда; Директивы Европейского союза; Договоры и соглашения, подписанные в рамках Содружества независимых государств; Двусторонние договоры и соглашения. Актуальны изучение и анализ международных документов по решению проблем охраны труда, защиты здоровья человека и окружающей среды при производстве и использовании химических веществ. Цель работы − исследование международных и отечественных нормативно-правовых документов по вопросам безопасного использования химических веществ на рабочих местах.Выводы. В условиях непрерывного научно-технического прогресса, глобального роста производства химических веществ и изменений в организации труда необходимо принимать соответствующие согласованные меры на международном уровне, повышать уровень информирования людей о химических опасных факторах и средствах защиты от них и использовать эту информацию для формирования системного подхода к охране труда в условиях использования химических веществ на рабочих местах. Принятие в Украине положений международных документов по химическим веществам перспективно для более осмысленного сотрудничества с производителями химической продукции стран Евросоюза и на основе совершенствования системы обращения с химическими веществами поможет повысить уровень химической безопасности как одной из составляющих национальной безопасности Украины. Внедрение предлагаемой системы охраны труда и Плана безопасного использования опасных химических веществ поможет повысить уровень безопасности на рабочем месте и уменьшить их негативное влияние на работников и окружающую среду предприятий., Problem statement. Ukraine takes part in international agreements on labor protection: Conventions and Recommendations of the International Labor Organization; European Union Directives; Treaties and agreements signed within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States; Bilateral treaties and agreements. The study and analysis of international documents on solving the problem of labor protection, protection of human health and the environment in the production and use of chemicals is relevant. Purpose. Research of international and regulatory documents of Ukraine on the safe use of chemicals in the workplace. Conclusions. In the context of continuous scientific and technological progress, global growth of the production of chemicals and changes in the organization of work, it is necessary to take appropriate agreed measures at the international level. It is also necessary to raise the level of awareness of people about chemical hazards and means of protection against them and use this information to form a systematic approach to labor protection in the conditions of using chemicals in the workplace. The introduction of the provisions of international documents on chemicals in Ukraine is promising for a more meaningful cooperation with manufacturers of chemical products of the EU countries, and by improving the system of handling chemicals it will help to increase the level of chemical safety as one of the components of Ukraine’s national security. The implementation of the proposed labor protection system and the Safe Use of Hazardous Chemicals Plan will help to increase the level of safety at the workplace and reduce their negative impact on workers and the environment.

Safety risks have become an obstacle to the sustainability of the chemical industry in China since many chemical companies were forced to close down by China's government in the past three years. This study investigates chemical safety in China in order to identify the causes of the major accidents and accompanying casualties, formulating the safety management needs to develop a sustainable chemical industry in China. First, we analyze the evolution and current status of China's chemical industry to identify possible safety issues rooted in the industry. Second, a thorough accident investigation is conducted based on official statistics and collected chemical accidents in China in the period 2004–2019. Furtherly, the main laws, regulations, guidelines, standards and measures related to chemical safety are analyzed and compared with those in Europe. According to analyses related to the chemical industry, chemical accidents and safety legislation and measures in China and Europe, the current problems with respect to chemical safety in China are discussed systematically. Based on research findings, we propose recommendations for the improvement of chemical safety so as to promote the sustainable development of the chemical industry in China. This study also provides basic data and information for future studies on the safety and sustainability of the chemical industry and major accident prevention in other countries., Safety and Security Science

There is a growing recognition that application of mechanistic approaches to understand cross-species shared molecular targets and pathway conservation in the context of hazard characterization, provide significant opportunities in risk assessment (RA) for both human health and environmental safety. Specifically, it has been recognized that a more comprehensive and reliable understanding of similarities and differences in biological pathways across a variety of species will better enable cross-species extrapolation of potential adverse toxicological effects. Ultimately, this would also advance the generation and use of mechanistic data for both human health and environmental RA. A workshop brought together representatives from industry, academia and government to discuss how to improve the use of existing data, and to generate new NAMs data to derive better mechanistic understanding between humans and environmentally-relevant species, ultimately resulting in holistic chemical safety decisions. Thanks to a thorough dialogue among all participants, key challenges, current gaps and research needs were identified, and potential solutions proposed. This discussion highlighted the common objective to progress toward more predictive, mechanistically based, data-driven and animal-free chemical safety assessments. Overall, the participants recognized that there is no single approach which would provide all the answers for bridging the gap between mechanism-based human health and environmental RA, but acknowledged we now have the incentive, tools and data availability to address this concept, maximizing the potential for improvements in both human health and environmental RA.

Information about acute fish toxicity is routinely required in many jurisdictions for environmental risk assessment of chem­icals. This information is typically obtained using a 96-hour juvenile fish test for lethality according to OECD test guideline (TG) 203 or equivalent regional guidelines. However, TG 203 has never been validated using the criteria currently required for new test methods including alternative methods. Characterization of the practicality and validity of TG 203 is important to provide a benchmark for alternative methods. This contribution systematically summarizes the available knowledge on limitations and uncertainties of TG 203, based on methodological, statistical, and biological consider­ations. Uncertainties stem from the historic flexibility (e.g., use of a broad range of species) and constraints of the basic test design (e.g., no replication). Other sources of uncertainty arise from environmental safety extrapolation based on TG 203 data. Environmental extrapolation models, combined with data from alternative methods, including mechanistic indicators of toxicity, may provide at least the same level of environmental protection. Yet, most importantly, the 3R advan­tages of alternative methods allow a better standardization, characterization, and an improved basic study design. This can enhance data reliability and thus facilitate the comparison of chemical toxicity, as well as the environmental classifi­cations and prediction of no-effect concentrations of chemicals. Combined with the 3R gains and the potential for higher throughput, a reliable assessment of more chemicals can be achieved, leading to improved environmental protection.

Safety risks have become an obstacle to the sustainability of the chemical industry in China since many chemical companies were forced to close down by China's government in the past three years. This study investigates chemical safety in China in order to identify the causes of the major accidents and accompanying casualties, formulating the safety management needs to develop a sustainable chemical industry in China. First, we analyze the evolution and current status of China's chemical industry to identify possible safety issues rooted in the industry. Second, a thorough accident investigation is conducted based on official statistics and collected chemical accidents in China in the period 2004–2019. Furtherly, the main laws, regulations, guidelines, standards and measures related to chemical safety are analyzed and compared with those in Europe. According to analyses related to the chemical industry, chemical accidents and safety legislation and measures in China and Europe, the current problems with respect to chemical safety in China are discussed systematically. Based on research findings, we propose recommendations for the improvement of chemical safety so as to promote the sustainable development of the chemical industry in China. This study also provides basic data and information for future studies on the safety and sustainability of the chemical industry and major accident prevention in other countries., Safety and Security Science

The 2016 Frank Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (Lautenberg TSCA) amended the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to mandate protection of susceptible and highly exposed populations. Program implementation entails a myriad of choices that can lead to different degrees of public health protections. Well-documented exposures to multiple industrial chemicals occur from air, soil, water, food, and products in our workplaces, schools, and homes. Many hazardous chemicals are associated with or known to cause health risks; for other industrial chemicals, no data exist to confirm their safety because of flaws in 1976 TSCA. Under the 2016 Lautenberg amendments, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must evaluate chemicals against risk-based safety standards under enforceable deadlines, with an explicit mandate to identify and assess risks to susceptible and highly exposed populations. Effective public health protection requires EPA to implement the Lautenberg TSCA requirements by incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect susceptibility, adequately assessing exposure among vulnerable groups, and accurately identifying highly exposed groups. We recommend key scientific and risk assessment principles to inform health-protective chemical policy such as consideration of aggregate exposures from all pathways and, when data are lacking, the use of health-protective defaults.

The 2016 Frank Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (Lautenberg TSCA) amended the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to mandate protection of susceptible and highly exposed populations. Program implementation entails a myriad of choices that can lead to different degrees of public health protections. Well-documented exposures to multiple industrial chemicals occur from air, soil, water, food, and products in our workplaces, schools, and homes. Many hazardous chemicals are associated with or known to cause health risks; for other industrial chemicals, no data exist to confirm their safety because of flaws in 1976 TSCA. Under the 2016 Lautenberg amendments, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must evaluate chemicals against risk-based safety standards under enforceable deadlines, with an explicit mandate to identify and assess risks to susceptible and highly exposed populations. Effective public health protection requires EPA to implement the Lautenberg TSCA requirements by incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect susceptibility, adequately assessing exposure among vulnerable groups, and accurately identifying highly exposed groups. We recommend key scientific and risk assessment principles to inform health-protective chemical policy such as consideration of aggregate exposures from all pathways and, when data are lacking, the use of health-protective defaults.

RIVM rapport:Het RIVM heeft de basis gelegd voor een raamwerk om te beoordelen of grondstoffen uit afval veilig én duurzaam kunnen worden gebruikt. Met deze integrale benadering wordt de risicobeoordeling van stoffen naast de voordelen van hergebruik voor het milieu geplaatst, bijvoorbeeld hoeveel uitstoot van CO2 wordt bespaard. Door dit allebei inzichtelijk te maken wordt duidelijk wat nodig is om de risico's voor het milieu voldoende te beperken en wat die inspanning oplevert aan duurzaamheid. Op basis van deze informatie kunnen zowel de industrie als beleidsmakers een afweging maken over het gebruik van teruggewonnen grondstoffen. Andere waarden, zoals economische kosten en sociale acceptatie, zijn nog buiten beschouwing gebleven. Het raamwerk voegt wettelijk vastgestelde regels, bestaande risicogrenzen en nieuwe methoden samen tot één samenhangend, getrapt systeem. Het ondersteunt zo het uitgangspunt van de Nederlandse overheid om efficiënt om te gaan met grondstoffen en het milieu minder te belasten. De veiligheid voor mens en milieu is een randvoorwaarde voor de overgang naar de circulaire economie, waarin zo veel mogelijk materialen uit afvalstromen opnieuw worden gebruikt. Materiaal dat wordt gerecycled, kan risico's voor het milieu met zich meebrengen wanneer het bijvoorbeeld zeer zorgwekkende stoffen (ZZS), geneesmiddelresten, bestrijdingsmiddelen of ziekteverwekkers bevat. Wetgeving en beleidskaders voorkomen de risico's gedeeltelijk. De huidige regelgeving is echter nog onvoldoende ingericht op het gebruik van gerecycled materiaal. Zo kan de regelgeving het gebruik van stoffen in nieuwe producten verbieden, zoals brandvertragers, terwijl ze in afvalstromen zitten van producten die zijn gemaakt toen het verbod nog niet gold. Daarnaast kan regelgeving ontbreken, bijvoorbeeld voor geneesmiddelresten. Het raamwerk is met drie casussen getest: fosfaat terugwinnen uit afvalwater, piepschuim recyclen en het gebruik van rubbergranulaat uit oude autobanden. Het RIVM wil met, RIVM has laid the foundations of a framework to assess whether raw materials from waste can be used safely and sustainably. In this integral approach, the risk assessment of a substance is compared with the benefits of its reuse for the environment, e.g. how much CO2 emissions are reduced. By making both explicit, it becomes clear what is needed to adequately limit the risks to man and the environment and what that effort will contribute towards sustainable development. On the basis of this information, both industry and policy makers can make an assessment of the use of recovered raw materials. Other values, such as economic costs and social acceptance, have not yet been taken into account. The framework integrates legally established rules, existing risk limits and new methods into one coherent, tiered system. In this way, it supports the Dutch government's basic principle of dealing efficiently with raw materials and reducing the burden on the environment. Safety for man and the environment is a precondition for the transition to the circular economy; an economy which maximizes the reuse of materials from waste streams wherever possible. Material that is recycled may present risks to the environment if it contains substances of very high concern (ZZS), drug residues, pesticides or pathogens. Legislation and policy frameworks protect against some of the risks but are not comprehensive enough to prevent the risks currently presented by recycled material. For example, while the regulations prohibit the use of substances in new products, such as fire retardants, there is no legislation available for products which were made before the prohibition was enforced. In addition, regulations may be missing, such as those for controlling drug residues. The framework has been tested with three cases: recovering phosphate from waste water, recycling polystyrene foam and using rubber granulate from old car tires. RIVM would like to discuss the practical application of the frame

Het RIVM heeft de basis gelegd voor een raamwerk om te beoordelen of grondstoffen uit afval veilig én duurzaam kunnen worden gebruikt. Met deze integrale benadering wordt de risicobeoordeling van stoffen naast de voordelen van hergebruik voor het milieu geplaatst, bijvoorbeeld hoeveel uitstoot van CO2 wordt bespaard. Door dit allebei inzichtelijk te maken wordt duidelijk wat nodig is om de risico's voor het milieu voldoende te beperken en wat die inspanning oplevert aan duurzaamheid. Op basis van deze informatie kunnen zowel de industrie als beleidsmakers een afweging maken over het gebruik van teruggewonnen grondstoffen. Andere waarden, zoals economische kosten en sociale acceptatie, zijn nog buiten beschouwing gebleven. Het raamwerk voegt wettelijk vastgestelde regels, bestaande risicogrenzen en nieuwe methoden samen tot één samenhangend, getrapt systeem. Het ondersteunt zo het uitgangspunt van de Nederlandse overheid om efficiënt om te gaan met grondstoffen en het milieu minder te belasten. De veiligheid voor mens en milieu is een randvoorwaarde voor de overgang naar de circulaire economie, waarin zo veel mogelijk materialen uit afvalstromen opnieuw worden gebruikt. Materiaal dat wordt gerecycled, kan risico's voor het milieu met zich meebrengen wanneer het bijvoorbeeld zeer zorgwekkende stoffen (ZZS), geneesmiddelresten, bestrijdingsmiddelen of ziekteverwekkers bevat. Wetgeving en beleidskaders voorkomen de risico's gedeeltelijk. De huidige regelgeving is echter nog onvoldoende ingericht op het gebruik van gerecycled materiaal. Zo kan de regelgeving het gebruik van stoffen in nieuwe producten verbieden, zoals brandvertragers, terwijl ze in afvalstromen zitten van producten die zijn gemaakt toen het verbod nog niet gold. Daarnaast kan regelgeving ontbreken, bijvoorbeeld voor geneesmiddelresten. Het raamwerk is met drie casussen getest: fosfaat terugwinnen uit afvalwater, piepschuim recyclen en het gebruik van rubbergranulaat uit oude autobanden. Het RIVM wil met, RIVM has laid the foundations of a framework to assess whether raw materials from waste can be used safely and sustainably. In this integral approach, the risk assessment of a substance is compared with the benefits of its reuse for the environment, e.g. how much CO2 emissions are reduced. By making both explicit, it becomes clear what is needed to adequately limit the risks to man and the environment and what that effort will contribute towards sustainable development. On the basis of this information, both industry and policy makers can make an assessment of the use of recovered raw materials. Other values, such as economic costs and social acceptance, have not yet been taken into account. The framework integrates legally established rules, existing risk limits and new methods into one coherent, tiered system. In this way, it supports the Dutch government's basic principle of dealing efficiently with raw materials and reducing the burden on the environment. Safety for man and the environment is a precondition for the transition to the circular economy; an economy which maximizes the reuse of materials from waste streams wherever possible. Material that is recycled may present risks to the environment if it contains substances of very high concern (ZZS), drug residues, pesticides or pathogens. Legislation and policy frameworks protect against some of the risks but are not comprehensive enough to prevent the risks currently presented by recycled material. For example, while the regulations prohibit the use of substances in new products, such as fire retardants, there is no legislation available for products which were made before the prohibition was enforced. In addition, regulations may be missing, such as those for controlling drug residues. The framework has been tested with three cases: recovering phosphate from waste water, recycling polystyrene foam and using rubber granulate from old car tires. RIVM would like to discuss the practical application of the frame

RIVM rapport:Het RIVM heeft de basis gelegd voor een raamwerk om te beoordelen of grondstoffen uit afval veilig én duurzaam kunnen worden gebruikt. Met deze integrale benadering wordt de risicobeoordeling van stoffen naast de voordelen van hergebruik voor het milieu geplaatst, bijvoorbeeld hoeveel uitstoot van CO2 wordt bespaard. Door dit allebei inzichtelijk te maken wordt duidelijk wat nodig is om de risico's voor het milieu voldoende te beperken en wat die inspanning oplevert aan duurzaamheid. Op basis van deze informatie kunnen zowel de industrie als beleidsmakers een afweging maken over het gebruik van teruggewonnen grondstoffen. Andere waarden, zoals economische kosten en sociale acceptatie, zijn nog buiten beschouwing gebleven. Het raamwerk voegt wettelijk vastgestelde regels, bestaande risicogrenzen en nieuwe methoden samen tot één samenhangend, getrapt systeem. Het ondersteunt zo het uitgangspunt van de Nederlandse overheid om efficiënt om te gaan met grondstoffen en het milieu minder te belasten. De veiligheid voor mens en milieu is een randvoorwaarde voor de overgang naar de circulaire economie, waarin zo veel mogelijk materialen uit afvalstromen opnieuw worden gebruikt. Materiaal dat wordt gerecycled, kan risico's voor het milieu met zich meebrengen wanneer het bijvoorbeeld zeer zorgwekkende stoffen (ZZS), geneesmiddelresten, bestrijdingsmiddelen of ziekteverwekkers bevat. Wetgeving en beleidskaders voorkomen de risico's gedeeltelijk. De huidige regelgeving is echter nog onvoldoende ingericht op het gebruik van gerecycled materiaal. Zo kan de regelgeving het gebruik van stoffen in nieuwe producten verbieden, zoals brandvertragers, terwijl ze in afvalstromen zitten van producten die zijn gemaakt toen het verbod nog niet gold. Daarnaast kan regelgeving ontbreken, bijvoorbeeld voor geneesmiddelresten. Het raamwerk is met drie casussen getest: fosfaat terugwinnen uit afvalwater, piepschuim recyclen en het gebruik van rubbergranulaat uit oude autobanden. Het RIVM wil met, RIVM has laid the foundations of a framework to assess whether raw materials from waste can be used safely and sustainably. In this integral approach, the risk assessment of a substance is compared with the benefits of its reuse for the environment, e.g. how much CO2 emissions are reduced. By making both explicit, it becomes clear what is needed to adequately limit the risks to man and the environment and what that effort will contribute towards sustainable development. On the basis of this information, both industry and policy makers can make an assessment of the use of recovered raw materials. Other values, such as economic costs and social acceptance, have not yet been taken into account. The framework integrates legally established rules, existing risk limits and new methods into one coherent, tiered system. In this way, it supports the Dutch government's basic principle of dealing efficiently with raw materials and reducing the burden on the environment. Safety for man and the environment is a precondition for the transition to the circular economy; an economy which maximizes the reuse of materials from waste streams wherever possible. Material that is recycled may present risks to the environment if it contains substances of very high concern (ZZS), drug residues, pesticides or pathogens. Legislation and policy frameworks protect against some of the risks but are not comprehensive enough to prevent the risks currently presented by recycled material. For example, while the regulations prohibit the use of substances in new products, such as fire retardants, there is no legislation available for products which were made before the prohibition was enforced. In addition, regulations may be missing, such as those for controlling drug residues. The framework has been tested with three cases: recovering phosphate from waste water, recycling polystyrene foam and using rubber granulate from old car tires. RIVM would like to discuss the practical application of the frame

The 2016 Frank Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (Lautenberg TSCA) amended the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to mandate protection of susceptible and highly exposed populations. Program implementation entails a myriad of choices that can lead to different degrees of public health protections. Well-documented exposures to multiple industrial chemicals occur from air, soil, water, food, and products in our workplaces, schools, and homes. Many hazardous chemicals are associated with or known to cause health risks; for other industrial chemicals, no data exist to confirm their safety because of flaws in 1976 TSCA. Under the 2016 Lautenberg amendments, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) must evaluate chemicals against risk-based safety standards under enforceable deadlines, with an explicit mandate to identify and assess risks to susceptible and highly exposed populations. Effective public health protection requires EPA to implement the Lautenberg TSCA requirements by incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect susceptibility, adequately assessing exposure among vulnerable groups, and accurately identifying highly exposed groups. We recommend key scientific and risk assessment principles to inform health-protective chemical policy such as consideration of aggregate exposures from all pathways and, when data are lacking, the use of health-protective defaults.

RIVM rapport:Het RIVM heeft de basis gelegd voor een raamwerk om te beoordelen of grondstoffen uit afval veilig én duurzaam kunnen worden gebruikt. Met deze integrale benadering wordt de risicobeoordeling van stoffen naast de voordelen van hergebruik voor het milieu geplaatst, bijvoorbeeld hoeveel uitstoot van CO2 wordt bespaard. Door dit allebei inzichtelijk te maken wordt duidelijk wat nodig is om de risico's voor het milieu voldoende te beperken en wat die inspanning oplevert aan duurzaamheid. Op basis van deze informatie kunnen zowel de industrie als beleidsmakers een afweging maken over het gebruik van teruggewonnen grondstoffen. Andere waarden, zoals economische kosten en sociale acceptatie, zijn nog buiten beschouwing gebleven. Het raamwerk voegt wettelijk vastgestelde regels, bestaande risicogrenzen en nieuwe methoden samen tot één samenhangend, getrapt systeem. Het ondersteunt zo het uitgangspunt van de Nederlandse overheid om efficiënt om te gaan met grondstoffen en het milieu minder te belasten. De veiligheid voor mens en milieu is een randvoorwaarde voor de overgang naar de circulaire economie, waarin zo veel mogelijk materialen uit afvalstromen opnieuw worden gebruikt. Materiaal dat wordt gerecycled, kan risico's voor het milieu met zich meebrengen wanneer het bijvoorbeeld zeer zorgwekkende stoffen (ZZS), geneesmiddelresten, bestrijdingsmiddelen of ziekteverwekkers bevat. Wetgeving en beleidskaders voorkomen de risico's gedeeltelijk. De huidige regelgeving is echter nog onvoldoende ingericht op het gebruik van gerecycled materiaal. Zo kan de regelgeving het gebruik van stoffen in nieuwe producten verbieden, zoals brandvertragers, terwijl ze in afvalstromen zitten van producten die zijn gemaakt toen het verbod nog niet gold. Daarnaast kan regelgeving ontbreken, bijvoorbeeld voor geneesmiddelresten. Het raamwerk is met drie casussen getest: fosfaat terugwinnen uit afvalwater, piepschuim recyclen en het gebruik van rubbergranulaat uit oude autobanden. Het RIVM wil met, RIVM has laid the foundations of a framework to assess whether raw materials from waste can be used safely and sustainably. In this integral approach, the risk assessment of a substance is compared with the benefits of its reuse for the environment, e.g. how much CO2 emissions are reduced. By making both explicit, it becomes clear what is needed to adequately limit the risks to man and the environment and what that effort will contribute towards sustainable development. On the basis of this information, both industry and policy makers can make an assessment of the use of recovered raw materials. Other values, such as economic costs and social acceptance, have not yet been taken into account. The framework integrates legally established rules, existing risk limits and new methods into one coherent, tiered system. In this way, it supports the Dutch government's basic principle of dealing efficiently with raw materials and reducing the burden on the environment. Safety for man and the environment is a precondition for the transition to the circular economy; an economy which maximizes the reuse of materials from waste streams wherever possible. Material that is recycled may present risks to the environment if it contains substances of very high concern (ZZS), drug residues, pesticides or pathogens. Legislation and policy frameworks protect against some of the risks but are not comprehensive enough to prevent the risks currently presented by recycled material. For example, while the regulations prohibit the use of substances in new products, such as fire retardants, there is no legislation available for products which were made before the prohibition was enforced. In addition, regulations may be missing, such as those for controlling drug residues. The framework has been tested with three cases: recovering phosphate from waste water, recycling polystyrene foam and using rubber granulate from old car tires. RIVM would like to discuss the practical application of the frame

The article highlights the role of existing international initiatives in the field of chemical safety and security, identifying needs and perspectives for Ukraine in the field of identification of controlled and toxic chemicals. Summarizing information on discussions on Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) projects in the field of chemical safety and security within the framework of the International Conference “Ensuring Human Rights for Health, Safe and Protected Living Environment” (on December 10–11, 2017 in L.I. Medved Scientific Center for Preventative Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine). During 2015, a group of national experts with OSCE support carried out the Comprehensive Review of Chemical Safety in Ukraine, which identified four priority areas: informing the public to improve understanding of chemical safety risks; improving the regulatory framework for the safe handling of hazardous chemicals; improving the control over the transboundary movement of hazardous chemicals; improving the capability of identifying unknown chemicals. At the end of 2017, the G7 Global Partnership against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction stressed the need for measures to promote chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear security in Ukraine. On December 11, 2017 in Kyiv, in L.I. Medved Scientific Center for Preventative Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, an international seminar on strengthening chemical safety and security in Ukraine took place. Workshops on the official presentation of the chemical safety and security projects and an international workshop on sharing experiences within the framework of the International Conference “Ensuring Human Rights for Health, Safe and Protected Living Environment” were held. The event gathered representatives of Ukrainian government agencies, industry, civil society, research institutions, the Science and Technolo, В статье освещены результаты обсуждения проектов Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе в сфере химической безопасности и защищенности в рамках Международной конференции «Обеспечение прав человека на охрану здоровья, безопасную и защищенную среду жизнедеятельности», которая состоялась в Научном центре превентивной токсикологии, пищевой и химической безопасности имени академика Л.И. Медведя Министерства здравоохранения Украины 10–11 декабря 2017 года в г. Киеве. Представлены проекты Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе, деятельность по которым недавно началась, касающиеся идентификации опасных химических веществ и совершенствования национальной системы нормативного регулирования в сфере химической безопасности и защиты. Обсуждены проблемные вопросы деятельности химически аналитических и токсикологических лабораторий, в том числе уровень технического оснащения и квалификации специалистов для определения химических веществ и степени их токсичности. Обобщены результаты реализации партнерского проекта в 2017 году между Украинской военно-медицинской академией, кафедрой военной токсикологии, радиологии и медицинской защиты и Научным центром превентивной токсикологии, пищевой и химической безопасности имени академика Л.И. Медведя Министерства здравоохранения Украины в сфере разработки современных унифицированных программ подготовки медицинских токсикологов для системы химической безопасности и защищенности в Украине, которые были представлены в докладе «Современные методы диагностики и расследования массовых химических воздействий»., У статті висвітлені результати обговорення проектів Організації з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі в сфері хімічної безпеки та захищеності у рамках Міжнародної конференції «Забезпечення прав людини на охорону здоров’я, безпечне і захищене середовище життя», що відбулась у Науковому центрі превентивної токсикології, харчової та хімічної безпеки імені академіка Л.І. Медведя Міністерства охорони здоров’я України 10–11 грудня 2017 року (м. Київ). Наведені проекти Організації з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі, діяльність за якими нещодавно розпочалася, стосуються ідентифікації небезпечних хімічних речовин і удосконалення національної системи нормативного регулювання у сфері хімічної безпеки та захисту. Обговорено проблемні питання діяльності хімічно-аналітичних і токсикологічних лабораторій, зокрема, рівень технічного оснащення та кваліфікації фахівців для визначення хімічних речовин і ступеня їх токсичності. Узагальнено результати реалізації партнерського проекту у 2017 році між Українською військово-медичною академією, кафедрою військової токсикології, радіології і медичного захисту та Науковим центром превентивної токсикології, харчової та хімічної безпеки імені академіка Л.І. Медведя Міністерства охорони здоров’я України в сфері розробки сучасних уніфікованих програм підготовки медичних токсикологів для системи хімічної безпеки та захищеності в Україні, що були наведені в доповіді «Сучасні методи діагностики та розслідування масових хімічних уражень».

Controlling chemical safety requires knowing an extensive regulatory body, which is complex as regards its implementation.The big growth the sector is experiencing in Spain and the scant training distribution and commercialization agents have in this regard makes it necessary to reinforce the information and training that is available. This paper discusses the experience obtained after teaching an online course on this subject, which has been very well received by technicians from diverse professional sectors., El control en materia de seguridad química supone el conocimiento de una extensa normativa reguladora, compleja en cuanto a su implementación. El enorme crecimiento del sector en España, y la escasa formación al respecto por parte de los responsables de su puesta en mercado y comercialización, hace preciso reforzar la información y formación disponible. Se muestra la experiencia en la realización de un curso on line que ha obtenido una gran aceptación entre técnicos de diferentes sectores profesionales., O controle em matéria de segurança química supõe o conhecimento de uma extensa normativa reguladora, complexa quanto à sua implementação. O enorme crescimento do setor em Espanha e a escassa formação por parte dos responsáveis pela sua distribuição e comercialização, fazem com que seja necessário reforçar a informação e a formação disponíveis. Apresenta-se a experiência na realização de um curso online, que obteve grande aceitação, entre técnicos de diferentes setores profissionais.

Alternatives analysis (AA) is a method used in regulation and product design to identify, assess, and evaluate the safety and viability of potential substitutes for hazardous chemicals. It requires toxicological data for the existing chemical and potential alternatives. Predictive toxicology uses in silico and in vitro approaches, computational models, and other tools to expedite toxicological data generation in a more cost-effective manner than traditional approaches. The present article briefly reviews the challenges associated with using predictive toxicology in regulatory AA, then presents 4 recommendations for its advancement. It recommends using case studies to advance the integration of predictive toxicology into AA, adopting a stepwise process to employing predictive toxicology in AA beginning with prioritization of chemicals of concern, leveraging existing resources to advance the integration of predictive toxicology into the practice of AA, and supporting transdisciplinary efforts. The further incorporation of predictive toxicology into AA would advance the ability of companies and regulators to select alternatives to harmful ingredients, and potentially increase the use of predictive toxicology in regulation more broadly. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:915-925. © 2017 SETAC.

Alternatives analysis (AA) is a method used in regulation and product design to identify, assess, and evaluate the safety and viability of potential substitutes for hazardous chemicals. It requires toxicological data for the existing chemical and potential alternatives. Predictive toxicology uses in silico and in vitro approaches, computational models, and other tools to expedite toxicological data generation in a more cost-effective manner than traditional approaches. The present article briefly reviews the challenges associated with using predictive toxicology in regulatory AA, then presents 4 recommendations for its advancement. It recommends using case studies to advance the integration of predictive toxicology into AA, adopting a stepwise process to employing predictive toxicology in AA beginning with prioritization of chemicals of concern, leveraging existing resources to advance the integration of predictive toxicology into the practice of AA, and supporting transdisciplinary efforts. The further incorporation of predictive toxicology into AA would advance the ability of companies and regulators to select alternatives to harmful ingredients, and potentially increase the use of predictive toxicology in regulation more broadly. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:915-925. © 2017 SETAC.

On June 22, 2016, President Obama signed the Frank Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (Lautenberg Act), a landmark bipartisan compromise legislation designed to overhaul the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The Lautenberg Act makes it easier for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate toxic substances while providing the chemical industry with regulatory clarity and certainty. Law Librarians, practicing lawyers, and academics have taken note of this groundbreaking law that most likely will set the template for the next generation of environmental reform by tackling issues such as preemption of state law, protection of vulnerable populations, and the balance between industry’s need to protect confidential business information and the EPA’s need to access this information to evaluate chemicals.

Since March 2008 launched the website - Red Iberoamericana of Toxicology and Chemical Safety RITSQ, which is considered as part of the activities of the Spanish Committee on Toxicology (SCT-CeTox) of AETOX; Network RITSQ have registered on line at the network 1,133 people from 41 country since then, until today have been recorded 69,930 visits.

In Sweden, as in other industrialised nations, occupational exposure limits are considered to be an important tool for chemical risk management, although many other factors also play a role in occupational safety and health management. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of occupational exposure limits in relation to information about, and the risk perception of, chemicals. An interview study was performed at four Swedish process industry workplaces in order to investigate these issues. For each workplace, the range of informants covered at least one person who spent most of their working time in the production process; one person in a managerial position; one person in the site health, safety and environment department; the main safety ombudsman; and the site manager. The results show that informants' understanding of occupational exposure limits and their use is quite poor, although they do understand that there is epistemic uncertainty in determining the toxicological effects of hazardous substances. The risk perception and safety behaviour of the informants were not affected by the occupational exposure limits, nor did occupational exposure limits have any role as sources of information. Nevertheless, almost all the informants expressed the view that occupational exposure limits are trusted and needed; safety engineers and main safety ombudsmen, generally, also added that occupational exposure limits are useful. What was found to be most important factor for the informants' perception of risk and safety was trust in specific people, often established through long-term relationships., QC 20150317

In 2005 we started the Latin American Network of Toxicology and Chemical Safety (RITSQ), with the help at he Spanish Committee Tox icology - IUTOX (CETOX) using their website as a platform (http ://cetox.org.), currently (http://ritsq.org). In collaboralion with the Brazilian Society of Toxicology (SBTox) and the Spanish Assocition of Toxicology (AETOX), we held the promoting meeting during the 12th ALATOX Congress in August 2006 in Santiago de Chile.

In REACH regulation there is a category of substances called special preparations, to which alloys belong. In the assessment of special preparations not only the bulk composition of an alloy, but also the way the constituent metals are bonded in the chemical matrix, shall be taken into account. The surface of the alloy may limit the ability of constituent metals to be released from the matrix and thus affect the toxicological profile of an alloy. Therefore, the surface characteristics and the release rates of metals shall be taken into account. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health has been carrying out REACH-compliant chemical safety assessment of ferrochromium in collaboration with International Chromium Development Association. Ferrochromium is composed mainly of chromium and iron with small amounts of other metals, e.g. nickel. Since almost no studies have been published on the health effects of ferrochromium, the assessment of ferrochromium should be based on its constituent metals. An approach used in this study included the use of data on surface composition and release of metal constituents from ferrochromium. The chromium oxide surface layer limits the release of nickel and other constituents from ferrochromium and affects the toxicological profile. As a result it can be concluded that ferrochromium alloys can be likened to chromium metal and stainless steel when assessing their health hazards. Thus, the risk assessment can be based largely on existing human, animal and in vitro toxicity data on chromium metal, chromium(III)oxide and stainless steel. By referring to this data, it was possible to make conclusions on health hazards of ferrochromium without need to carry out any new toxicity tests., QC 20120213

In this study we have investigated how different regulatory frameworks in Europe cope with identification and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Four regulatory groups were selected for the investigation: existing industrial chemicals, environmental pollutants in food, pharmaceuticals and plant protection products. The legislation and guidelines for each of these groups were scrutinized and compared in detail. In addition, one recent European risk assessment document each for three identified EDCs, i.e. bisphenol A, dioxins and vinclozolin, were reviewed and compared. We found that the requirements for toxicity testing and availability and scope of risk assessment guidelines varied between the four regulatory frameworks. Also, the general principles regarding the human relevance of the mode of action identified in animal tests differed in the different risk assessments. In conclusion, there is little conformity in the risk assessment processes between these groups of chemicals. Because of the complicated nature of endocrine disruption, test methods, principles and criteria for data interpretation traditionally used might not be directly applicable to EDCs and further development of a transparent and reliable risk assessment process for this type of substances is needed., QC 20100525

Bakalářská práce pojednává o prevenci závažných chemických havárií. Jsou uvedeny základní pojmy této oblasti, případové studie, přehled legislativy a legislativně stanovených povinností, historie a současného stavu prevence závažných chemických havárií v České republice. Dále je zpracován modelový příklad prevence chemických havárií. Na závěr jsou uvedeny návrhy na zvýšení chemické bezpečnosti v České republice a návrh stupnice pro hodnocení chemických havárií., This bachelor thesis handles prevention of major chemical accidents. There are introduced basic terms, case studies, legislative overview and legislative defined duties, historical and present status of prevention of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic. There is also chemical accident prevention model case elaborated. At the conclusion, concept of chemical safety increase and concept of scale for chemical accident classification are introduced.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o prevenci závažných chemických havárií. Jsou uvedeny základní pojmy této oblasti, případové studie, přehled legislativy a legislativně stanovených povinností, historie a současného stavu prevence závažných chemických havárií v České republice. Dále je zpracován modelový příklad prevence chemických havárií. Na závěr jsou uvedeny návrhy na zvýšení chemické bezpečnosti v České republice a návrh stupnice pro hodnocení chemických havárií., This bachelor thesis handles prevention of major chemical accidents. There are introduced basic terms, case studies, legislative overview and legislative defined duties, historical and present status of prevention of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic. There is also chemical accident prevention model case elaborated. At the conclusion, concept of chemical safety increase and concept of scale for chemical accident classification are introduced.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o prevenci závažných chemických havárií. Jsou uvedeny základní pojmy této oblasti, případové studie, přehled legislativy a legislativně stanovených povinností, historie a současného stavu prevence závažných chemických havárií v České republice. Dále je zpracován modelový příklad prevence chemických havárií. Na závěr jsou uvedeny návrhy na zvýšení chemické bezpečnosti v České republice a návrh stupnice pro hodnocení chemických havárií., This bachelor thesis handles prevention of major chemical accidents. There are introduced basic terms, case studies, legislative overview and legislative defined duties, historical and present status of prevention of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic. There is also chemical accident prevention model case elaborated. At the conclusion, concept of chemical safety increase and concept of scale for chemical accident classification are introduced.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o prevenci závažných chemických havárií. Jsou uvedeny základní pojmy této oblasti, případové studie, přehled legislativy a legislativně stanovených povinností, historie a současného stavu prevence závažných chemických havárií v České republice. Dále je zpracován modelový příklad prevence chemických havárií. Na závěr jsou uvedeny návrhy na zvýšení chemické bezpečnosti v České republice a návrh stupnice pro hodnocení chemických havárií., This bachelor thesis handles prevention of major chemical accidents. There are introduced basic terms, case studies, legislative overview and legislative defined duties, historical and present status of prevention of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic. There is also chemical accident prevention model case elaborated. At the conclusion, concept of chemical safety increase and concept of scale for chemical accident classification are introduced.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o prevenci závažných chemických havárií. Jsou uvedeny základní pojmy této oblasti, případové studie, přehled legislativy a legislativně stanovených povinností, historie a současného stavu prevence závažných chemických havárií v České republice. Dále je zpracován modelový příklad prevence chemických havárií. Na závěr jsou uvedeny návrhy na zvýšení chemické bezpečnosti v České republice a návrh stupnice pro hodnocení chemických havárií., This bachelor thesis handles prevention of major chemical accidents. There are introduced basic terms, case studies, legislative overview and legislative defined duties, historical and present status of prevention of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic. There is also chemical accident prevention model case elaborated. At the conclusion, concept of chemical safety increase and concept of scale for chemical accident classification are introduced.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o prevenci závažných chemických havárií. Jsou uvedeny základní pojmy této oblasti, případové studie, přehled legislativy a legislativně stanovených povinností, historie a současného stavu prevence závažných chemických havárií v České republice. Dále je zpracován modelový příklad prevence chemických havárií. Na závěr jsou uvedeny návrhy na zvýšení chemické bezpečnosti v České republice a návrh stupnice pro hodnocení chemických havárií., This bachelor thesis handles prevention of major chemical accidents. There are introduced basic terms, case studies, legislative overview and legislative defined duties, historical and present status of prevention of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic. There is also chemical accident prevention model case elaborated. At the conclusion, concept of chemical safety increase and concept of scale for chemical accident classification are introduced.

Bakalářská práce pojednává o prevenci závažných chemických havárií. Jsou uvedeny základní pojmy této oblasti, případové studie, přehled legislativy a legislativně stanovených povinností, historie a současného stavu prevence závažných chemických havárií v České republice. Dále je zpracován modelový příklad prevence chemických havárií. Na závěr jsou uvedeny návrhy na zvýšení chemické bezpečnosti v České republice a návrh stupnice pro hodnocení chemických havárií., This bachelor thesis handles prevention of major chemical accidents. There are introduced basic terms, case studies, legislative overview and legislative defined duties, historical and present status of prevention of major chemical accidents in the Czech Republic. There is also chemical accident prevention model case elaborated. At the conclusion, concept of chemical safety increase and concept of scale for chemical accident classification are introduced.