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Qun Ding,1– 4,* Congcong Yu,2,3,* Xiang Xu,1,3 Yinjiao Hou,1,3 Yingwen Miao,2,3 Sijue Yang,2,3 Shihua Chen,2,3 Xuelin Ma,2,3 Zhou Zhang,2,3 Yan Bi1– 3 1Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 3Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, the Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zhou Zhang, Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, No. 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, People’s Republic of China, Tel + 86 25-83106666, Email zhangzhou@smail.nju.edu.cn Yan Bi, Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine and Metabolic Disease Medical Center, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Branch of National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, No. 321, Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, People’s Republic of China, Tel + 86 25-83105313, Email biyan@nju.edu.cnAim: Numerous evidence suggests that diabetes increases the risk of cognitive impairment. This study aimed to develop and validate a multivariable risk score model to identify mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods: This cross-sectional study included 1256 inpatients (age: 57.5 ± 11.2 years) with T2DM in a tertiary care hospital in China. MCI was diagnosed accordi

In what way different types of CEOs within family firms, based on control diversity, behave towards R&D investment and how excess voting rights alter this behaviour of CEOs? This study has aimed to investigate the R&D investment behaviour of CEOs in family firms. This study has also investigated the moderating role of ownership divergence. The Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS) regression method is applied for data analysis purpose. Moreover, the Tobit regression model is also applied for robustness check. We obtained data (2008–2018) on Chinese A-share firms from CSMAR. The study found non-family CEOs exhibit negative behaviour towards R&D investment and that CEOs from family firms exhibit the same behaviour when do not have actual control rights. Family CEOs with actual control rights are more willing to R&D investment. The moderating effect of excess voting rights on family CEOs with actual control rights who change their willingness from positive to negative. The non-family CEOs and family CEOs without actual control rights show positive behaviour with existence of excess voting rights. This study is novel and pioneered the exploration of effects of different types of CEOs within family firms on R&D investment behaviour. This study is useful for directors to understand and select a suitable CEO for their firm, also for managers to devise an optimal level of ownership discrepancy to attain maximum benefits from R&D investment decisions.

In what way different types of CEOs within family firms, based on control diversity, behave towards R&D investment and how excess voting rights alter this behaviour of CEOs? This study has aimed to investigate the R&D investment behaviour of CEOs in family firms. This study has also investigated the moderating role of ownership divergence. The Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS) regression method is applied for data analysis purpose. Moreover, the Tobit regression model is also applied for robustness check. We obtained data (2008–2018) on Chinese A-share firms from CSMAR. The study found non-family CEOs exhibit negative behaviour towards R&D investment and that CEOs from family firms exhibit the same behaviour when do not have actual control rights. Family CEOs with actual control rights are more willing to R&D investment. The moderating effect of excess voting rights on family CEOs with actual control rights who change their willingness from positive to negative. The non-family CEOs and family CEOs without actual control rights show positive behaviour with existence of excess voting rights. This study is novel and pioneered the exploration of effects of different types of CEOs within family firms on R&D investment behaviour. This study is useful for directors to understand and select a suitable CEO for their firm, also for managers to devise an optimal level of ownership discrepancy to attain maximum benefits from R&D investment decisions.

Lijing Guo,1,2,* Shihua Chen,1,2,* Liping Ou,1,2,* Shangmei Li,1 Zhen-Nan Ye,1,2 Hua-Feng Liu1,2 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zhen-Nan Ye; Hua-Feng Liu, Email yezhennan12@mails.ucas.ac.cn; hf-liu@263.netAbstract: Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key intermediate of various metabolic pathways including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, anabolic and catabolic reactions of amino acids, and collagen biosynthesis. Meanwhile, AKG also participates in multiple signaling pathways related to cellular redox regulation, epigenetic processes, and inflammation response. Emerging evidence has shown that kidney diseases like diabetic nephropathy and renal ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with metabolic disorders. In consistence with metabolic role of AKG, further metabolomics study demonstrated a dysregulated AKG level in kidney diseases. Intriguingly, earlier studies during the years of 1980s and 1990s indicated that AKG may benefit wound healing and surgery recovery. Recently, interests on AKG are arising again due to its protective roles on healthy ageing, which may shed light on developing novel therapeutic strategies against age-related diseases including renal diseases. This review will summarize the physiological and pathological properties of AKG, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, with a special emphasis on kidney diseases.Keywords: alpha-ketoglutarate, kidney diseases, metabolism, diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury

This paper investigates investors’ reactions to takeover rumours in China’s stock markets from 2004 to 2014. While we find prerumour price run-ups (abnormal returns) for merger and acquisition (M&A) targets, the pre-rumour market overreaction is significantly positive only for target firms that are state-owned enterprises (SOEs). There are no significant abnormal returns for M&A rumour targets over a 41-day event window (20, þ20). Nonetheless, capital market reactions to true rumours are higher than reactions to false rumours, indicating that investors can typically distinguish between them. Finally, we document that while firms with higher institutional ownership have a higher probability of being the subject of false M&A rumours, rumoured targets with higher institutional ownership experience lower market reactions.

This study investigates whether Confucian culture can influence corporate tax avoidance. We measure Confucianism using geographical-proximity based method and opt ordinary least square regression considering a sample of Chinese firms during 2004–2016. We find strong evidence that Confucian culture and tax avoidance are negatively associated and this association is less prominent for state-owned firms. Additional analysis shows that tax enforcement efforts mitigate the effect of Confucianism on tax avoidance. The results are consistent and robust to alternative measures of tax avoidance and Confucianism. Overall, the findings enrich our understanding that Confucian culture reduces tax avoidance by promoting corporate ethical behavior.

This paper investigates investors’ reactions to takeover rumours in China’s stock markets from 2004 to 2014. While we find prerumour price run-ups (abnormal returns) for merger and acquisition (M&A) targets, the pre-rumour market overreaction is significantly positive only for target firms that are state-owned enterprises (SOEs). There are no significant abnormal returns for M&A rumour targets over a 41-day event window (20, þ20). Nonetheless, capital market reactions to true rumours are higher than reactions to false rumours, indicating that investors can typically distinguish between them. Finally, we document that while firms with higher institutional ownership have a higher probability of being the subject of false M&A rumours, rumoured targets with higher institutional ownership experience lower market reactions.

This study investigates whether Confucian culture can influence corporate tax avoidance. We measure Confucianism using geographical-proximity based method and opt ordinary least square regression considering a sample of Chinese firms during 2004–2016. We find strong evidence that Confucian culture and tax avoidance are negatively associated and this association is less prominent for state-owned firms. Additional analysis shows that tax enforcement efforts mitigate the effect of Confucianism on tax avoidance. The results are consistent and robust to alternative measures of tax avoidance and Confucianism. Overall, the findings enrich our understanding that Confucian culture reduces tax avoidance by promoting corporate ethical behavior.

Muhammad Zulfiqar,1 Rao Zhang,2 Nazakatullah Khan,1 Shihua Chen3 1School of Accounting, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Finance, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Business Administration, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Rao ZhangCollege of Finance, Nanjing Agricultural University Tel +86-13795177957Email zr@njau.edu.cnIntroduction: This study aims to explore the effects of the behavior of chief executive officers (CEOs) within family firms on investment in research and development (R&D). We also investigate the effect of CEOs’ psychological attributes of overconfidence on R&D investment and the moderating effect between the types of CEOs and R&D investment.Methods: We obtained data on Chinese A-share firms from China Stock Exchange and Accounting Research from 2010 to 2018 for analysis. Then, we used the ordinary least squares model for regression results; moreover, the Tobit regression, GMM and firm fixed effect model are applied to check the robustness of the results.Results: Family CEOs with actual control rights are more open to R&D investment, whereas those without actual control rights exhibit negative behavior. The study found that non-family CEOs exhibit insignificant results and negative predicted signs toward R&D investment. Moreover, the results show that overconfident CEOs are more inclined to amplify innovation. Furthermore, results on the moderating effects of CEO psychological attribute of overconfidence indicate that the CEO overconfidence mitigates the negative relationship between family CEOs with actual control rights and R&D investment. However, no moderating effect is found between family CEOs without actual control and R&D investment. The CEO psychological attribute behavior is posi

This review is dedicated to recent progress in the active field of rogue waves, with an emphasis on the analytical prediction of versatile rogue wave structures in scalar, vector, and multidimensional integrable nonlinear systems. We first give a brief outline of the historical background of the rogue wave research, including referring to relevant up-to-date experimental results. Then we present an in-depth discussion of the scalar rogue waves within two different integrable frameworks - the infinite nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) hierarchy and the general cubic-quintic NLS equation, considering both the self-focusing and self-defocusing Kerr nonlinearities. We highlight the concept of chirped Peregrine solitons, the baseband modulation instability as an origin of rogue waves, and the relation between integrable turbulence and rogue waves, each with illuminating examples confirmed by numerical simulations. Later, we recur to the vector rogue waves in diverse coupled multicomponent systems such as the long-wave short-wave equations, the three-wave resonant interaction equations, and the vector NLS equations (alias Manakov system). In addition to their intriguing bright-dark dynamics, a series of other peculiar structures, such as coexisting rogue waves, watch-hand-like rogue waves, complementary rogue waves, and vector dark three sisters, are reviewed. Finally, for practical considerations, we also remark on higher-dimensional rogue waves occurring in three closely-related (2 + 1)D nonlinear systems, namely, the Davey-Stewartson equation, the composite (2 + 1)D NLS equation, and the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili I equation. As an interesting contrast to the peculiar X-shaped light bullets, a concept of rogue wave bullets intended for high-dimensional systems is particularly put forward by combining contexts in nonlinear optics.

This study is concerned with the dynamical behaviors of epidemic spreading over a two-layered interconnected network. Three models in different levels are proposed to describe cooperative spreading processes over the interconnected network, wherein the disease in one network can spread to the other. Theoretical analysis is provided for each model to reveal that the global epidemic threshold in the interconnected network is not larger than the epidemic thresholds for the two isolated layered networks. In particular, in an interconnected homogenous network, detailed theoretical analysis is presented, which allows quick and accurate calculations of the global epidemic threshold. Moreover, in an interconnected heterogeneous network with inter-layer correlation between node degrees, it is found that the inter-layer correlation coefficient has little impact on the epidemic threshold, but has significant impact on the total prevalence. Simulations further verify the analytical results, showing that cooperative epidemic processes promote the spreading of diseases., Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures

We present the extreme rogue wave dynamics that originate from the three-wave resonant interaction equations, which describe the transient stimulated scattering processes, in cubic media, and the parametric frequency conversion processes, in phase-matched dispersive quadratic media. Explicit theoretical fundamental and second-order rogue wave solutions are presented and characterized. The link between the existence of rogue wave solutions and the presence of baseband modulation instability is highlighted. We also present numerical simulations that confirm the robustness and possible manifestation of these rogue waves for various parameters and initial conditions.

We investigate the resonant interaction of two optical pulses of the same group velocity with a pump pulse of different velocity in a weakly dispersive quadratic medium and report on the complementary rogue wave dynamics which are unique to such a parametric three-wave mixing. Analytic rogue wave solutions up to the second order are explicitly presented and their robustness is confirmed by numerical simulations, in spite of the onset of modulation instability activated by quantum noise. © 2016 Optical Society of America

Exact rogue wave solutions of intricate structures are presented for the long wave-short wave resonance equation. These vector parametric solutions feature coupled dark and bright field counterparts of the Peregrine soliton. Numerical simulations show the robustness of dark-and-bright rogue waves in spite of the onset of modulational instability.