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BACKGROUND: Parasitic flatworms (Trematoda: Digenea) represent one of the most remarkable examples of drastic morphological diversity among the stages within a life cycle. Which genes are responsible for extreme differences in anatomy, physiology, behavior, and ecology among the stages? Here we report a comparative transcriptomic analysis of parthenogenetic and amphimictic generations in two evolutionary informative species of Digenea belonging to the family Psilostomatidae. METHODS: In this study the transcriptomes of rediae, cercariae and adult worm stages of Psilotrema simillimum and Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus, were sequenced and analyzed. High-quality transcriptomes were generated, and the reference sets of protein-coding genes were used for differential expression analysis in order to identify stage-specific genes. Comparative analysis of gene sets, their expression dynamics and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis were performed for three life stages within each species and between the two species.RESULTS: Reference transcriptomes for P. simillimum and S. pseudoglobulus include 21,433 and 46,424 sequences, respectively. Among 14,051 orthologous groups (OGs), 1354 are common and specific for two analyzed psilostomatid species, whereas 13 and 43 OGs were unique for P. simillimum and S. pseudoglobulus, respectively. In contrast to P. simillimum, where more than 60% of analyzed genes were active in the redia, cercaria and adult worm stages, in S. pseudoglobulus less than 40% of genes had such a ubiquitous expression pattern. In general, 7805 (36.41%) and 30,622 (65.96%) of genes were preferentially expressed in one of the analyzed stages of P. simillimum and S. pseudoglobulus, respectively. In both species 12 clusters of co-expressed genes were identified, and more than a half of the genes belonging to the reference sets were included into these clusters. Functional specialization of the life cycle stages was clearly supported by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis, source:https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-020-04424-4

As in the most complex animal societies, trematodes (parasitic flatworms) live in colonies characterized by a high degree of cooperative organization. My research started with the unexpected observation that several trematode species have a reproductive division of labor with morphologically and behaviorally distinct reproductive and non-reproductive castes. The non-reproductive individuals are smaller but have relatively large mouthparts. They are more active than their reproductive counterparts and disproportionately common in areas of the host where invasions by other trematodes occur. Finally, only non-reproductive individuals readily attack enemies with their mouths. Thus, it is clear that one major role of these individuals is to defend the colony from enemy trematode invaders; they are soldiers. The initial discovery was followed by reports revealing the existence of soldiers in five additional trematode species and by research examining the adaptive significance of soldiers. However, descriptions of colony structure were restricted to a single trematode superfamily (Echinostomatoidea), and knowledge of colony demography and caste function was limited to snapshots of the condition of mature colonies. My doctoral dissertation has laid the foundation to explore the evolution of this remarkable social organization in trematodes, as well as the mechanisms regulating it.Here I quantify morphology, distribution, and behavior of parasites from both establishing and fully developed colonies of sixteen species of trematodes that infect the California horn snail. While showing that eight additional species have a soldier caste, including four species from a new superfamily, I expand the phylogenetic range for which trematode sociality has been examined. I identify patterns underlying colony structure for trematode species that lack a soldier caste and establish discrete criteria to recognize colonies with and without soldiers. Finally, I develop an in vitro system for

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-701797%5DMICH-A-701797, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/701797/MICH-A-701797/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

An alien plagiorchiid digenean, G(vpthe/mins quieta (Stafford, 1900), is newly reported from the American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), in Hiroshima Prefecture (western Honshu) and Saga Prefecture (northern Kyushu), western Japan. In Japan, this digenean has been found previously only from Saitama, Ibaraki, and Chiba prefectures, central Honshu. Thus, the present collections represent its new prefectural records and extend its geographical distribution westward to northern Kyushu. The digenean may have a similar distribution pattern as its first intermediate gastropod host in central-western to southern Japan.

An immature specimen of the isoparorchiid digenean Isoparorchis eurytremum (Kobayashi, 1915) was collected from the mesentery of a dark sleeper, Odontobutis obscura (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845), in an irrigation canal, Tokushima City, Tokushima Prefecture, Shikoku, the fourth largest island of Japan. This represents a new prefectural record for I. eurytremum and the third record of the species in Shikoku.

[EN] The main goal of this PhD thesis was to improve Dicrocoelium dendriticum diagnosis in its definitive and intermediate hosts, using immunological and molecular techniques, for which we have carried out the following procedures. A PCR technique has been developed for the accurate identification of D. dendriticum in molluscs and ants, the first and second intermediate hosts, and their early detection. Also, proteomics techniques have been used to identify the major antigenic proteins in the tegument (TG) and excretory–secretory (ES) antigenic extracts of D. dendriticum. Finally, a random preliminary screening of a D. dendriticum adult cDNA library has been used for the first time to study a collection of EST (Expressed Sequence Tag), and three recombinant proteins have been obtained and assessed for the diagnosis of dicrocoeliosis in the definitive host. Detection of D. dendriticum in molluscs and ants The main aim of this PhD thesis was to develop, perfect and validate an analytical method based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) techniques which would, on the one hand, allow precise identification of D. dendriticum in mollusc and ant intermediate hosts and, on the other, allow early detection of their infection in order to avoid false negatives. First, we collected specimens of molluscs and ants of different species, both naturally infected and uninfected, D. dendriticum adult parasites and other species of flukes for specificity tests. Furthermore, experimental infections of a batch of 80 mollusc species of C. (X.) cespitum arigonis and C. (C.) virgata were carried out with D. dendriticum eggs. Faced with the lack of D. dendriticum sequences, five pairs of degenerate oligonucleotide were designed and tested by aligning mitochondrial sequences of phylogenetically close parasites available in databases. A primer pair that amplified a 1034 bp of mitochondrial DNA fragment was chosen, which was submitted to the GenBank database with Accession No. JF690758. From thi, The PCR designed is D. dendriticum specific as it did not amplify D. chinensis, Brachylaimidae, F. hepatica, C. daubneyi, Plagiorchiidae or Notocotylidae. Besides, this technique is very sensitive since it permitted D. dendriticum to be detected in the molluscs from the first day post-infection as well as the brainworm in the head of the ants and only 1 D. dendriticum metacercaria from the abdomen of the ants. Natural infection by D. dendriticum was confirmed for the first time in 10 species of naturally infected molluscs. Proteomic analysis of the TG and ES antigens The second purpose was to study and identify the major antigen proteins in the adult D. dendriticum tegument and excretion-secretion extracts using bidimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. First the extraction process of the TG and ES antigen fractions of D. dendriticum was optimized, after which the best conditions of separation by 2D electrophoresis and immunodetection of antigenic proteins were determined. The best results in terms of spot resolution and reproducibility were obtained using the following parameters: treating the samples with the "ReadyPrep 2D clean-up" kit; 3-10 IPG non-linear strips, colloidal Coomassie staining. Under those conditions the maps of the protein ES and TG extracts of D. dendriticum were obtained. In the TG 332 spots were detected and 284 in the ES, both extracts showing a similar distribution in the number of spots as in the ranges of molecular weights and isoelectric points. Also, an immunodetection of antigenic proteins onto nitrocellulose membranes was carried out with sera from experimentally infected sheep. Majority and antigenic proteins were subsequently excised from colloidal Coomassie stained gels and identified by Mass Spectrometry. A quantity of 29 proteins in the excretion-secretion products and 43 in the teguments were identified first in D. dendriticum, 23 of them antigenic, involved in various processes such as: metaboli, After construction and titration, the cDNA library was amplified for greater stability. The amplified cDNA library had 2 x 107 plaque forming units (pfu)/ ml, the cDNA insertion rate was 90% and the length of the cDNAs ranged from 120 bp to 1300 pb. We can establish that the library was of good quality, because less than 20% useless sequences were found and 80% of the total sequenced genes were different ones. A random screening of 230 phage plaques was carried out by plaque-PCR and then cloned in the pGEM-T easy vector. After edition and analysis sequences, the trimmed ESTs were assembled into 158 clusters, the most abundant of which was identified as mitochondrial DNA. All other ESTs were registered in GenBank under accession numbers JZ330400- JZ330572. Those EST sequences that displayed significant similarities with known sequences were categorized by their Biological Process, Molecular Function and Cellular Component according to information obtained from the Gene Ontology database. Many of the molecules described in this work could carry out important functions such as: penetration and migration in host tissues, immunoevasion, digestion, redox homeostasis or cellular stress response that could serve as a starting point for further research in disease control. Obtaining and evaluation of recombinant protein in dicrocoeliosis diagnosis In order to identify those antigenic molecules of D. dendriticum that can be used in the serological diagnosis of dicrocoeliosis, 3 clones were selected to be expressed in recombinant form and evaluated in disease diagnosis. Proteins were selected based on the literature and the solubility and antigenicity results obtained through "in silico" sequence studies. Thus, the clones selected were: a / Clone No. 179 myoglobin, b / Clone No. 182 8kDa protein c / Clone No. 151 cystatin. Bioinformatic analysis of the three proteins was performed to ensure that they had a complete ORF, the presence of a possible signal peptide and to predict, The most satisfactory results were obtained with the 8-kDa protein, which was performed with a preliminary indirect ELISA test using polyclonal sera obtained throughout the post-infection period (up to 180 days pi). The results obtained from this trial demonstrated the diagnostic value of the 8-kDa protein, which was able to discriminate between positive and control animals from day 30 pi, with maximum values obtained from day 60 pi. Also, specificity of the test was evaluated using heterologous sera collected from monospecific animals and those experimentally infected with other flukes (C. daubneyi, F. hepatica and S. bovis) and nematodes (T. circumcinta, H. contortus and C. colubriformis). Cross-reactions were only observed in animals infected with S. bovis., [ES] El objetivo principal de la presente Tesis Doctoral fue mejorar el diagnóstico de la dicrocoeliosis en sus hospedadores intermediarios y definitivos, mediante técnicas inmunológicas y moleculares, para lo cual se han llevado a cabo los procedimientos que se resumen a continuación. Se ha desarrollado una técnica de PCR para la detección precoz de D. dendriticum en moluscos y hormigas que actúan como hospedadores intermediarios. Asimismo, se han utilizado técnicas de proteómica para conocer las proteínas mayoritarias y antigénicas que se expresan en los antígenos de tegumento y de excreción/secreción del parásito adulto. Por último, mediante la construcción de una genoteca de expresión se ha abordado el estudio, por primera vez, de una colección de EST (Expressed Sequenece Tag), y se han obtenido y evaluado tres proteínas recombinantes para el diagnóstico de la dicrocoeliosis en los hospedadores definitivos. Detección de D. dendriticum en moluscos y hormigas El primer objetivo de la presente Tesis fue desarrollar y validar un método analítico basado en la técnica de PCR, que permitiera identificar, con precisión y de forma precoz, D. dendriticum en moluscos y hormigas, primeros y segundos hospedadores intermediarios, respectivamente. En primer lugar, se recolectaron ejemplares de moluscos y hormigas de distintas especies, infectados de forma natural y sin infectar, así como parásitos adultos de D. dendriticum y de otras especies de trematodos para los ensayos de especificidad. Asimismo, se realizaron infecciones experimentales con huevos de D. dendriticum, de un lote de 80 moluscos de las especies C. (X.) cespitum arigonis y C. (C.) virgata. Ante la falta de secuencias nucleotídicas disponibles del parásito, se diseñaron y probaron cinco parejas de oligonucleótidos degenerados, mediante el alineamiento de las secuencias mitocondriales disponibles en las bases de datos de parásitos próximos filogenéticamente. Se seleccionó una pareja de cebadores que amplificó un, No se observaron reacciones cruzadas con adultos de D. chinensis, F. hepatica y C. daubneyi, ni con fases larvarias de otros digenea hallados en el molusco acuático G. truncatula. Sin embargo, no fue posible discriminar entre el ADN de D. dendriticum y las larvas de Brachylaimidae sp. encontradas en las mismas especies de moluscos terrestres. Debido a esta falta de especificidad se diseñó una nueva pareja de cebadores basada en la región nuclear ITS-2, con la que se amplificó un fragmento de 93 pb. La PCR diseñada a partir de esta región demostró ser específica de D. dendriticum, por lo que no se observaron reacciones cruzadas con el ADN de D. chinensis, Brachylaimidae, F. hepatica, C. daubneyi, Plagiorchiidae o Notocotylidae. Además, con esta técnica fue posible detectar fases larvarias de D. dendriticum en moluscos infectados experimentalmente desde el primer día p.i. También se pudo confirmar, por primera vez, la infección natural por D. dendriticum en 10 especies de moluscos infectados naturalmente. La PCR demostró, además, tener una elevada sensibilidad, ya que permitió la detección de la larva cerebral de las hormigas que actúan como segundos hospedadores intermediarios, así como hasta una única metacercaria de D. dendriticum obtenida del abdomen de hormigas infectadas. Análisis proteómico de los antígenos TG y ES El segundo objetivo era la identificación de las proteínas mayoritarias y antigénicas de los extractos de TG y ES de adultos de D. dendriticum, mediante el uso de técnicas de de electroforesis 2D y espectrometría de masas. Para ello se optimizaron los procesos de obtención de las fracciones antigénicas TG y ES de D. dendriticum, tras lo cual se establecieron las condiciones óptimas de separación mediante electroforesis 2D e inmunodetección de las proteínas antigénicas. Los mejores resultados en cuanto a resolución de spots y reproducibilidad fueron obtenidos al utilizar los siguientes parámetros: tratamiento de las muestras con el kit "ReadyPrep 2D c, Se han identificado, por primera vez, 43 proteínas en el TG, 12 de ellas antigénicas, mientras que en ES se han identificado 29, 11 de las cuales también resultaron antigénicas. Las proteínas identificadas en este trabajo fueron clasificadas por su función molecular en 16 categorías, algunas con funciones tan importantes como: detoxificación, chaperona, transporte, estructural o metabolismo. Además, varias de las moléculas descritas en este trabajo han sido propuestas como posibles candidatos vacunales y/o antígenos relevantes para el diagnóstico de otras parasitosis. Construcción de una genoteca de expresión y análisis EST El siguiente objetivo fue la construcción de una genoteca de ADNc de D. dendriticum, con la que poder obtener antígenos recombinantes que nos permitan mejorar el diagnóstico inmunológico de la dicrocoeliosis, así como ampliar la información molecular del mismo. Para ello, se extrajo y se purificó el ARNm de 400 parásitos adultos vivos obtenidos del hígado de ovejas infectadas de forma natural. A partir del ARNm se sintetizó la cadena de ADNc que se ligó en el vector de clonación Uni-Zap XR, con el que se infectaron las células E. coli XL1-Blue MRF’, utilizadas para la propagación y mantenimiento de la genoteca. Tras la construcción y titulación de la misma se amplificó para conseguir una mayor estabilidad. El título de la genoteca amplificada fue de 3 x 108, el porcentaje obtenido de recombinantes del 90%, y el tamaño de los insertos osciló entre 120-1300 pb. Esto demuestra la elevada calidad de la genoteca de expresión por la alta proporción de insertos mayores de 500 pb y la elevada proporción de nuevos genes secuenciados. Se realizó un cribado al azar de la misma y se aislaron 230 fagos que se secuenciaron y posteriormente clonaron en el vector pGEM-T easy. Tras la edición y análisis de las secuencias se obtuvieron 200 EST que se ensamblaron en 158 clústeres, de los cuales el más abundante —formado por 27 secuencias— se corresponde con ADN mit, Obtención y evaluación de proteínas recombinantes en el diagnóstico de la dicrocoeliosis Con el fin de identificar aquellas moléculas antigénicas de D. dendriticum que puedan ser empleadas en el diagnóstico serológico de la dicrocoeliosis, se seleccionaron 3 clones para ser expresados en su forma recombinante y ser evaluados en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Las proteínas se seleccionaron en base a la bibliografía y a los resultados de aparente solubilidad y antigenicidad, obtenidos mediante los estudios “in silico” de las secuencias. De esta manera, se seleccionaron los siguientes clones: a/ Clon Nº179 mioglobina, b/ Clon Nº 182 proteína de 8kDa y c/ Clon Nº 151 cistatina. Se realizo el análisis bioinformático de las tres moléculas para comprobar que poseían un ORF completo, la presencia de un posible péptido señal y predecir su estructura secundaria. Se llevó a cabo la subclonación de los tres ADNc por duplicado en los vectores pGEX-6P-2 (Health Care) y pRSET-A (Life Technologies), que expresan la proteína recombinante fusionada a GST y a una cola de 6-His, respectivamente. Para ello, se amplificaron los fragmentos de interés mediante PCR, utilizando los cebadores específicos en los que se incluyeron los sitios de corte de las enzimas de restricción. Posteriormente, se clonaron en ambos vectores y se probaron las condiciones de expresión en E. coli mediante su inducción con IPTG. Se obtuvieron los mejores resultados con el vector pGEX-6P. En el caso del vector pRSET-A tan solo fue posible inducir la expresión de la cistatina, que se encontraba en la fracción insoluble, lo que dificulta el posterior proceso de purificación. Tras evaluar las mejores condiciones, se realizó el cultivo a gran escala de las correspondientes bacterias y se indujo la expresión de las proteínas recombinantes, que se purificaron por cromatografía de afinidad mediante columnas de glutation sepharosa. Finalmente, se realizó una evaluación preliminar para el diagnóstico mediante Western Blo

Paramphistomosis and Fasciolosis caused by Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica, respectively, are frequent and important trematodoses in ruminant livestock worldwide. Both parasites use the same snail, Galba truncatula, as intermediate host. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an analytical method based on a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) multiplex PCR technique which would allow the early and specific identification, in one step, of C. daubneyi and F. hepatica infection in G. truncatula. First of all, a 1035 bp fragment of mtDNA from adult C. daubneyi worms was obtained. Then two pairs of specific mtDNA primers, which amplified a DNA fragment of 885 pb in the case of C. daubneyi, and of 425 pb in that of F. hepatica, were designed. By means of the multiplex PCR technique developed, there was always a specific amplification in samples from adult F. hepatica and C. daubneyi, but not from Calicophoron calicophorum, Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Cotylophoron batycotyle or Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Likewise, specific amplifications of the expected DNA fragments happened in all samples from snails harbouring larval stages of C daubneyi or F. hepatica, previously detected by microscopy. However, amplifications were not seen when DNA from snails harbouring other Digenea (Plagiorchiidae, Notocotylidae and furcocercous cercariae) was analysed. Moreover, DNA from G. truncatula molluscs free from infection was not amplified. The multiplex PCR assay permitted infection in the snails experimentally infected with 4 miracidia to be detected as early as day 1 p.i. in the case of F. hepatica and with only 2 miracidia from day 2 p.i. in both, C daubneyi and F. hepatica. Nevertheless it was necessary to wait until days 29 and 33 p.i. to see C. daubneyi and F. hepatica immature redia, respectively, using microscope techniques. The detection limit of the PCR technique was very low: 0.1 ng of DNA from C daubneyi and 0.001 ng of DNA from F. hepatica. This allowed infection b

Dicrocoeliosis, caused by Dicrocoelium dendriticum, is an important hepatic parasitosis in ruminants, whose immunological diagnosis and control remain unsatisfactory. There are very few studies on the antigens of this trematode and molecular knowledge about it is practically nil. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify the major antigenic proteins in the tegument (TG) and excretory–secretory (ES) antigenic extracts of D. dendriticum. The separation conditions of the protein extracts were optimized using 2-D PAGE; the gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie or transferred to carry out immunodetection with anti-Dicrocoelium dendriticum sera. The proteins of interest excised from the gels were identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI). The proteomic maps of the TG and ES extracts of D. dendriticum were defined first, detecting 332 spots in the TG and 284 in the ES, with a similar distribution in both. A quantity of 29 proteins in the excretion-secretion products and 43 in the teguments were identified first in D. dendriticum, 23 of them antigenic, involved in various processes such as: metabolism, detoxification, chaperone, transport or structural molecules. These results could help us to understand the complex parasite-host relationships, improve the diagnosis of dicroceliosis and help to produce possible vaccines to control it.

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Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651559%5DMICH-A-651559, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651559/MICH-A-651559/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

This paper describes and illustrates a new species of digenetic trematode, parasitic in the stomach of the sabretooth anchovy Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) from the Bahía Blanca estuary and the Paraná River, Argentina, designated as Stomachicola lycengraulidis n.sp. The new taxon differs from S. bayagbonai and S. singhi congeneric species from the Gulf of Guinea and Indian Ocean respectively, mainly in the body size, the structure of the reproductive system, the development of the ecsoma and the sinus sac. It differs from the first one mainly in the presence of two frontal protuberances at the level of the preoral lobe, which are absent in the specimens studied here. Also in general terms, S. bayagbonai is comprised of slightly larger individuals, with larger pharynx, testicles and ovary. And it differs from S. singhi by their smaller duct and hermaphroditic sac and for having a well developed seminal receptacle, which is absent in the Bay of Bengal specimens. When comparing the relative size of the ecsoma, we found significant differences among both of the populations of digeneans examined, the worms collected in the Paraná River was more developed than those from the Bahia Blanca estuary. The host, L. grossidens, migrates to the Paraná river in winter and spring and then, from December to March it makes a trophic migration towards the sea and is found all along the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires province. For this reason, it is here hypothesized that the relative development of the tail, is affected by environmental conditions, such as pH and osmolarity of the stomach, salinity and/or water temperature., En el presente trabajo se describe e ilustra una nueva especie, parásita del estómago de la anchoa de río Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) en el estuario de Bahía Blanca y el río Paraná, Argentina, proponiendo su denominación como Stomachicola lycengraulidis n. sp. El nuevo taxón se diferencia de sus congéneres del golfo de Guinea y océano Índico, S. bayagbonai y S. singhi, respectivamente, principalmente en la estructura del aparato reproductor, el desarrollo del ecsoma y del saco del sinus. De la primera de ellas se distingue principalmente por la presencia de dos protuberancias frontales a nivel del lóbulo preoral, ausentes en los especímenes estudiados. Además en términos generales S. bayagbonai comprende individuos ligeramente más grandes con faringe, testículos y ovarios de mayor tamaño. Yse distingue de S. singhi por el ducto y saco hermafrodita más pequeños y poseer un receptáculo seminal bien desarrollado, ausente en los especímenes de la Bahía de Bengala. Cuando se comparó el tamaño relativo del ecsoma, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambas poblaciones de digeneos examinadas, siendo que los especímenes colectados en el Río Paraná tenían un mayor desarrollo que aquellos obtenidos en el estuario de Bahía Blanca. El hospedador, L. grossidens, migra hacia el río Paraná en invierno y primavera y luego, desde diciembre a marzo, realiza migraciones tróficas hacia el mar y se lo encuentra a todo lo largo de la costa de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Por esta razón, aquí se hipotetiza que el desarrollo de la cola es afectado por condiciones ambientales, tales como el pH y la osmolaridad del estómago, así como la salinidad o temperatura del agua.

This paper describes and illustrates a new species of digenetic trematode, parasitic in the stomach of the sabretooth anchovy Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) from the Bahía Blanca estuary and the Paraná River, Argentina, designated as Stomachicola lycengraulidis n.sp. The new taxon differs from S. bayagbonai and S. singhi congeneric species from the Gulf of Guinea and Indian Ocean respectively, mainly in the body size, the structure of the reproductive system, the development of the ecsoma and the sinus sac. It differs from the first one mainly in the presence of two frontal protuberances at the level of the preoral lobe, which are absent in the specimens studied here. Also in general terms, S. bayagbonai is comprised of slightly larger individuals, with larger pharynx, testicles and ovary. And it differs from S. singhi by their smaller duct and hermaphroditic sac and for having a well developed seminal receptacle, which is absent in the Bay of Bengal specimens. When comparing the relative size of the ecsoma, we found significant differences among both of the populations of digeneans examined, the worms collected in the Paraná River was more developed than those from the Bahia Blanca estuary. The host, L. grossidens, migrates to the Paraná river in winter and spring and then, from December to March it makes a trophic migration towards the sea and is found all along the Atlantic coast of Buenos Aires province. For this reason, it is here hypothesized that the relative development of the tail, is affected by environmental conditions, such as pH and osmolarity of the stomach, salinity and/or water temperature., En el presente trabajo se describe e ilustra una nueva especie, parásita del estómago de la anchoa de río Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) en el estuario de Bahía Blanca y el río Paraná, Argentina, proponiendo su denominación como Stomachicola lycengraulidis n. sp. El nuevo taxón se diferencia de sus congéneres del golfo de Guinea y océano Índico, S. bayagbonai y S. singhi, respectivamente, principalmente en la estructura del aparato reproductor, el desarrollo del ecsoma y del saco del sinus. De la primera de ellas se distingue principalmente por la presencia de dos protuberancias frontales a nivel del lóbulo preoral, ausentes en los especímenes estudiados. Además en términos generales S. bayagbonai comprende individuos ligeramente más grandes con faringe, testículos y ovarios de mayor tamaño. Yse distingue de S. singhi por el ducto y saco hermafrodita más pequeños y poseer un receptáculo seminal bien desarrollado, ausente en los especímenes de la Bahía de Bengala. Cuando se comparó el tamaño relativo del ecsoma, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambas poblaciones de digeneos examinadas, siendo que los especímenes colectados en el Río Paraná tenían un mayor desarrollo que aquellos obtenidos en el estuario de Bahía Blanca. El hospedador, L. grossidens, migra hacia el río Paraná en invierno y primavera y luego, desde diciembre a marzo, realiza migraciones tróficas hacia el mar y se lo encuentra a todo lo largo de la costa de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Por esta razón, aquí se hipotetiza que el desarrollo de la cola es afectado por condiciones ambientales, tales como el pH y la osmolaridad del estómago, así como la salinidad o temperatura del agua.

This study aimed to report infection by metacercariae ofthe genera Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 (Diplostomidae) and Herpetodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 (Proterodiplostomidae) in the gills of Oscar Astronotus ocellatus Agassiz, 1831 (Cichlidae) from Lake Pracuúba, in the municipality of Pracuúba, State of Amapá (eastern Amazonia), Brazil. Out of 202 A. ocellatus examined, 142 had gills infected by metacercariae of Herpetodiplostomum sp. (prevalence= 70.3%) and Posthodiplostomum sp. (prevalence= 59.4%). However, 97 hosts were infected by both metacercariae species (prevalence= 48.0%). A total of 1123 specimens of Herpetodiplostomum sp. and 463 specimens of Posthodiplostomum sp. were collected and the mean intensity of infection was 7.8 ± 11.6 and 3.9 ± 4.4, respectively. This is the first report of Digenea in A. ocellatus., Este estudio tiene como objetivo el registro de la infestación por metacercarias de los géneros Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 (Diplostomidae) y Dubois Herpetodiplostomum, 1936 (Proterodiplostomidae) en las branquias del Astronotus ocellatus Agassiz, 1831 (Cichlidae) del lago Pracuúba, en el Municipio de Pracuúba, Estado de Amapá, Brasil. De doscientos ejemplares de A. ocellatus examinados, 142 tenian las branquias infestadas por Herpetodiplostomum sp. (prevalencia = 70,3%) y por Posthodiplostomum sp. (prevalencia = 59,4%). Sin embargo 97 hospederos fueron infestados por estas dos especies de metacercarias (prevalencia = 48,0%). Del total de ejemplares de A. ocellatus examinados fueron extraidos 1.123 parasitos de Herpetodiplostomum sp. y 463 parasitos de Posthodiplostomum sp., y la media de intensidad de la infestación fue de 7,8 ± 3,9 y 11,6 ± 4,4, respectivamente. Este es el primer registro de Digenea en A. ocellatus.

Over a 7-year period, parasites have been collected from 28 species of groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in the waters off New Caledonia Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are provided, with a total of 337 host-parasite combinations, including 146 parasite identifications at the species level Results are included for isopods (5 species), copepods (19) monogeneans (56), digeneans (28), cestodes (12) and nematodes (12) When results are restricted to those 14 fish species for which more than five specimens were examined and to parasites identified at the species level, 109 host-parasite combinations were recorded, with 63 different species, of which monogeneans account for half (32 species), and an average of 4 5 parasite species per fish species Digenean records were compared for 16 fish species shared with the study of Cribb et al (2002), based on a total of 90 parasite records identified at the species level, New Caledonia has 17 new records and only seven species were already known from other locations We hypothesize that the present results represent only a small part of the actual biodiversity, and we predict a biodiversity of 10 different parasite species and 30 host-parasite combinations per serranid A comparison with a study on Heron Island (Queensland, Australia) by Lester and Sewell (1989) was attempted of the four species of fish in common and in a total of 91 host-parasite combinations, only six parasites identified at the species level were shared This suggests strongly that insufficient sampling impairs proper biogeographical or ecological comparisons Probably only 3% of the parasite species of coral reef fish are already known in New Caledonia

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651542%5DMICH-A-651542, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651542/MICH-A-651542/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Over a 7-year period, parasites have been collected from 28 species of groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in the waters off New Caledonia Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are provided, with a total of 337 host-parasite combinations, including 146 parasite identifications at the species level Results are included for isopods (5 species), copepods (19) monogeneans (56), digeneans (28), cestodes (12) and nematodes (12) When results are restricted to those 14 fish species for which more than five specimens were examined and to parasites identified at the species level, 109 host-parasite combinations were recorded, with 63 different species, of which monogeneans account for half (32 species), and an average of 4 5 parasite species per fish species Digenean records were compared for 16 fish species shared with the study of Cribb et al (2002), based on a total of 90 parasite records identified at the species level, New Caledonia has 17 new records and only seven species were already known from other locations We hypothesize that the present results represent only a small part of the actual biodiversity, and we predict a biodiversity of 10 different parasite species and 30 host-parasite combinations per serranid A comparison with a study on Heron Island (Queensland, Australia) by Lester and Sewell (1989) was attempted of the four species of fish in common and in a total of 91 host-parasite combinations, only six parasites identified at the species level were shared This suggests strongly that insufficient sampling impairs proper biogeographical or ecological comparisons Probably only 3% of the parasite species of coral reef fish are already known in New Caledonia

Over a 7-year period, parasites have been collected from 28 species of groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in the waters off New Caledonia Host-parasite and parasite-host lists are provided, with a total of 337 host-parasite combinations, including 146 parasite identifications at the species level Results are included for isopods (5 species), copepods (19) monogeneans (56), digeneans (28), cestodes (12) and nematodes (12) When results are restricted to those 14 fish species for which more than five specimens were examined and to parasites identified at the species level, 109 host-parasite combinations were recorded, with 63 different species, of which monogeneans account for half (32 species), and an average of 4 5 parasite species per fish species Digenean records were compared for 16 fish species shared with the study of Cribb et al (2002), based on a total of 90 parasite records identified at the species level, New Caledonia has 17 new records and only seven species were already known from other locations We hypothesize that the present results represent only a small part of the actual biodiversity, and we predict a biodiversity of 10 different parasite species and 30 host-parasite combinations per serranid A comparison with a study on Heron Island (Queensland, Australia) by Lester and Sewell (1989) was attempted of the four species of fish in common and in a total of 91 host-parasite combinations, only six parasites identified at the species level were shared This suggests strongly that insufficient sampling impairs proper biogeographical or ecological comparisons Probably only 3% of the parasite species of coral reef fish are already known in New Caledonia

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651552%5DMICH-A-651552, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651552/MICH-A-651552/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

lamotheargumedoi n. sp. is described from the operculum and palate of Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1831), palate of Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788), and the operculum of Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) caught on the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The new species is most similar to D. alalongae (Yamaguti, 1938), D. exiguus (Yamaguti, 1970), and D. oesophagicola (Yamaguti, 1970), based on the vitelline and ovarian branches lacking ramifi cations. It variously differs from these 3 species in the number of ovarian and vitelline branches, the length of the vitelline branches, egg size, body size and site within the host. Immature forms associated with adults are also described., Didymocystis lamotheargumedoi n. sp. se describe como parásito del opérculo y del paladar de Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1831), del paladar de Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) y del opérculo de Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) capturados en la costa de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. La especie nueva es semejante a D. alalongae (Yamaguti, 1938), D. exiguus (Yamaguti, 1970) y D. oesophagicola (Yamaguti, 1970), por la ausencia de ramifi caciones en las vitelógenas y en los ovarios. Estas 3 especies difi eren en el número de ramifi caciones de las vitelógenas y ovarios, en la longitud de ramifi caciones de las vitelógenas, tamaño del cuerpo y sitio dentro del hospedador. Se describen también las formas inmaduras asociadas con sus respectivas formas adultas.

Se describen 2 especies nuevas del género Stephanostomum y se redescriben 4 más parásitas de perciformes del arrecife de la Gran Barrera australiana. Stephanostomum lamothei n. sp., parásito de Grammatorcynus bilineatus (hospedero-tipo) y de G. bicarinatus, de la isla Lizard y de los arrecifes Swain, se caracteriza por sus 50-55 espinas circumorales y por carecer de folículos vitelinos en más del 20% de la longitud del cuerpo; Stephanostomum tupatupa n. sp. de Caranx papuensis de la isla Lizard, exhibe como rasgos diagnósticos 34-36 espinas circumorales y folículos vitelinos en menos del 8% de la longitud del cuerpo; Stephanostomum ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939) se registra en Gnathanodon speciosus de las islas Heron y Lizard; Stephanostomum hawaiiense Yamaguti, 1970 y Stephanostomum carangi Liu, 1998 se recolectaron en Carangoides fulvoguttatus y fi nalmente, Stephanostomum nyoomwa Bray and Cribb, 2003 se encontró parasitando a Caranx sexfasciatus, ambos peces de la isla Lizard., Two new species and 4 Stephanostomum spp. as new host and/or locality records from Percifomes from the Great Barrier Reef are described: Stephanostomum lamothei n. sp. from Grammatorcynus bilineatus (type-host) and G. bicarinatus, Lizard Island and Swain Reefs, is characterised by its 50-55 circum-oral spines and >than 20% of the hindbody length lacking vitelline follicles; Stephanostomum tupatupa n. sp. from Caranx papuensis, Lizard Island, is characterised by its 34-36 circum-oral spines and <8% of the hindbody length lacking vitelline follicles; Stephanostomum ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939) is reported from Gnathanodon speciosus, Heron Island and Lizard Island; Stephanostomum hawaiiense Yamaguti, 1970 and Stephanostomum carangi Liu, 1998 are reported from Carangoides fulvoguttatus, Lizard Island; Stephanostomum nyoomwa Bray and Cribb, 2003 is reported from Caranx sexfasciatus, Lizard Island.

In eastern Asia and western North America at least nine morphologically distinguishable species of digenean trernatode infect the mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria (Sowerby 1855) (=B. cumingi (Crosse 1862)), as first intermediate host. Further, molecular and morphological evidence indicates that several of these trematode species comprise complexes of cryptic species. I present an identification key to these nine trematode morphospecies (including four newly reported species). Additionally, I provide an annotated list, which includes further diagnostic information on the larval stages (cercariae, parthenitae, and metacercariae), information on second intermediate host use, links to the previous relevant reports of trematodes infecting B. attramentaria and notes on other aspects of the species' biology. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Gorgoderina tarascae n. sp. se describe como parásita de la vejiga urinaria de Rana zweifeli de Cutzaróndiro, Michoacán, México. Gorgoderina tarascae difi ere del resto de las especies del género por la siguiente combinación de características: posee glándulas vitelógenas arregladas en dos racimos de 4-7 folículos situados dorsalmente al ovario, órganos reproductivos compactos y de bordes lisos, muy separados entre si y con respecto del acetábulo, ventosas cercanas una de la otra y cuerpo delgado, en forma de huso y fl exionado debido a la posición del acetábulo., Gorgoderina tarascae n. sp. is described from the urinary bladder of Rana zweifeli, from Cutzaróndiro, Michoacán, Mexico. Gorgoderina tarascae differs from the other species of the genus by possessing the following combination of characters: follicular vitelline glands, arranged in two clusters of 4-7 follicles dorsal to the ovary, compact and smooth reproductive organs situated far from each other and from the acetabulum, suckers close to each other, and a slender, spindle shaped body with a fl exed position due to the situation of the acetabulum.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective capacity of 130 kDa Dicrocoelium dendriticum protein in hamsters experimentally infected with this parasite. Forty hamsters divided into four groups of ten animals each were used: G1 (control), G2 (infected), G3 (immunized with Freund’s adjuvant and infected), G4 (130 kDa protein vaccinated + adjuvant and infected). Infection with 40 metacercariae/hamster was carried out 4 weeks after the last immunization. Parasitological studies [number of eggs per gram (epg) and worm burden] and biochemical parameters (total proteins, albumin, and total bilirubin), hepatic enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)], and total IgG levels were determined. A reduction in epg in G3 and G4 was observed 16 weeks postinfection with the higher reduction percentage in the latter (25.2%). No statistically significant differences were detected in the number of recovered worms among groups, although the mean was slightly less in G4 (12.2 ± 2.08, mean ± SE) than in G2 (15.4 ± 2.90). In G4, global protection was 20.9% and an increase in AST and ALT levels was observed. Total IgG levels were similar in the three infected groups. The protection obtained was inadequate, so the antigen dose, immunization–infection period, adjuvants, and immunization route must be optimized.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-621517%5DMICH-A-621517, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/621517/MICH-A-621517/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651458%5DMICH-A-651458, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651458/MICH-A-651458/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cultured in Thailand were examined for their parasites. There were five parasitic groups found in this investigation, viz., protozoans (four genera), monogeneans (five genera), digeneans (three genera), nematodes (two genera), and crustaceans (two genera). Two ciliated protozoans, Trichodina sp., Cryptocaryon irritans, and a single species of Amyloodinium sp. (flagellated protozoan) were observed externally on the gills and skin, while Sphaerospora sp. (myxozoan) was found to parasitize the kidney tubules of fish samples. Eight species of monogeneans were found, viz., Diplectanum grouperi, Pseudorhabdosynochus coioidesis, P. lantauensis, P. epinepheli, Haliotrema sp., two undescribed species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, Megalocotyloides sp. from the gills, and one species of monogenean, Benedenia epinepheli, from the skin. Digeneans, Aphanurus stossichi and Prosorhynchus pacifica, were found in the alimentary tract and a species of didymozoid, Gonapodasmius epinepheri, was present as yellow cysts attached to the gill filament. Two species of rare Philometra sp. and anisakid larva were observed on the body wall near the rectum and in the intestine, respectively. Two groups of crustaceans were found as external parasites, Caligus (copepod) and Rhaxanella (isopod). Monogeneans seemed to be major parasites of orange-spotted grouper in this study, which was indicated by great numbers and occurrence of Diplectanum epinepheli. There was no significant difference in parasite abundance among their own groups during the sampling period. Overall water quality parameters studied were stable, except transparency that fluctuated depending on the rainfall and tide. The occurrence of monogeneans showed correlation to water transparency. All fish samples showed no abnormal sign or symptom caused by parasitic infection.

The parasite fauna of broad head catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) was determined through regular examination of cultured and wild-caught fish. Collection areas included hatchery, nursery and grow-out facilities in Iloilo Province, Panay Island, Philippines. The most prevalent parasite recorded was the monogenean Gyrodactylus sp. and the nematode Procamallanus planoratus. The obligate protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was recorded in hatchery-reared catfish that were maintained in raceways. This finding of I. multifiliis on C. macrocephalus represents a new host record. Other parasites recorded were the protozoan ciliates Trichodina sp. and Vorticella sp., the digenean Gauhatiana sp. and an immature cestode belonging to the order Caryophyllidea. Majority of these parasites are cosmopolitan in nature and its significance will continue to increase with the growth of aquaculture.

The commercially-important cultured marine fish, orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), mangrove red snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) and rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus), were examined at regular intervals to screen for their associated parasite fauna. Culture and collection sites included hatcheries, earthen ponds and floating cages in Panay Island, Philippines. Wild fish from water supply canals of fishponds, as well as near the vicinity of floating cages, were also collected and examined for parasites. The host-parasite relationship was also determined for some significant parasites. Similar parasite fauna was recovered both in wild and cultured fish indicating that the former is a potential reservoir of these organisms. Most of the parasites recovered are management-related problems and can be prevented through practice of good husbandry and management techniques.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651518%5DMICH-A-651518, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651518/MICH-A-651518/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651554%5DMICH-A-651554, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651554/MICH-A-651554/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651417%5DMICH-A-651417, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651417/MICH-A-651417/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651585%5DMICH-A-651585, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651585/MICH-A-651585/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Se han estudiado un total de 492 hospedadores pertenecientes a 72 especies de peces marinos, todos procedentes de la plataforma continental que bordea el sur de la Península Ibérica. Como resultado de este trabajo se han localizado en el aparato digestivo de estos hospedadores 39 especies de Digenea. De ellas, Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischtha1, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, y Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910 se citan por primera vez en la península Ibérica. Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 y Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, en las costas de Andalucia. Stephanostomum minutum en el Mediterráneo peninsular. Wardulla capitel/ata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 y Deropristis inflata en el Atlántico peninsular. Además, con el presente trabajo se amplía considerablemente el espectro de hospedadores de algunas de las especies parásitas estudiadas. Así Halobatrachus didactylus es nuevo hospedador para Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladium fallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 y Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas para Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 y Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. para Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ovatus para Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa para Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone para Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus para Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Mo, A total of 492 host of72 diferent species ofmarine fishes were colleted from the Sourth Iberian Peninsula coast and their tract digest were examined. We have identified 39 species ofDigenea. Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischthal, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Po che, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, and Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910, have not previously been reported from Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 and Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, are reported for the first time in Andalucian coast; Stephanostomum minutum in the spanish mediterranean coast and finally, Wardulla capitellata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 and Deropristis inflata in the Atlántic peninsular. In this paper, we have thoroughly widened the host range for sorne of the species here studied. So, Halobatrachus didactylus is a new host for Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladiumfallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 and Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas for Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 and Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. for Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ova tus for Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa for Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone for Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus for Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Molin, 1859) Gohar, 1934 and Bucephalus baeri Maillard, 1976. Echiichthys vipera for Anisocladiumfalla

Se han estudiado un total de 492 hospedadores pertenecientes a 72 especies de peces marinos, todos procedentes de la plataforma continental que bordea el sur de la Península Ibérica. Como resultado de este trabajo se han localizado en el aparato digestivo de estos hospedadores 39 especies de Digenea. De ellas, Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischtha1, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, y Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910 se citan por primera vez en la península Ibérica. Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 y Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, en las costas de Andalucia. Stephanostomum minutum en el Mediterráneo peninsular. Wardulla capitel/ata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 y Deropristis inflata en el Atlántico peninsular. Además, con el presente trabajo se amplía considerablemente el espectro de hospedadores de algunas de las especies parásitas estudiadas. Así Halobatrachus didactylus es nuevo hospedador para Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladium fallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 y Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas para Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 y Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. para Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ovatus para Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa para Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone para Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus para Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Mo, A total of 492 host of72 diferent species ofmarine fishes were colleted from the Sourth Iberian Peninsula coast and their tract digest were examined. We have identified 39 species ofDigenea. Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischthal, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Po che, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, and Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910, have not previously been reported from Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 and Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, are reported for the first time in Andalucian coast; Stephanostomum minutum in the spanish mediterranean coast and finally, Wardulla capitellata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 and Deropristis inflata in the Atlántic peninsular. In this paper, we have thoroughly widened the host range for sorne of the species here studied. So, Halobatrachus didactylus is a new host for Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladiumfallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 and Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas for Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 and Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. for Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ova tus for Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa for Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone for Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus for Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Molin, 1859) Gohar, 1934 and Bucephalus baeri Maillard, 1976. Echiichthys vipera for Anisocladiumfalla

Se han estudiado un total de 492 hospedadores pertenecientes a 72 especies de peces marinos, todos procedentes de la plataforma continental que bordea el sur de la Península Ibérica. Como resultado de este trabajo se han localizado en el aparato digestivo de estos hospedadores 39 especies de Digenea. De ellas, Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischtha1, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, y Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910 se citan por primera vez en la península Ibérica. Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 y Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, en las costas de Andalucia. Stephanostomum minutum en el Mediterráneo peninsular. Wardulla capitel/ata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 y Deropristis inflata en el Atlántico peninsular. Además, con el presente trabajo se amplía considerablemente el espectro de hospedadores de algunas de las especies parásitas estudiadas. Así Halobatrachus didactylus es nuevo hospedador para Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladium fallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 y Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas para Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 y Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. para Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ovatus para Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa para Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone para Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus para Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Mo, A total of 492 host of72 diferent species ofmarine fishes were colleted from the Sourth Iberian Peninsula coast and their tract digest were examined. We have identified 39 species ofDigenea. Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischthal, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Po che, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, and Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910, have not previously been reported from Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 and Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, are reported for the first time in Andalucian coast; Stephanostomum minutum in the spanish mediterranean coast and finally, Wardulla capitellata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 and Deropristis inflata in the Atlántic peninsular. In this paper, we have thoroughly widened the host range for sorne of the species here studied. So, Halobatrachus didactylus is a new host for Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladiumfallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 and Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas for Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 and Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. for Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ova tus for Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa for Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone for Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus for Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Molin, 1859) Gohar, 1934 and Bucephalus baeri Maillard, 1976. Echiichthys vipera for Anisocladiumfalla

Se han estudiado un total de 492 hospedadores pertenecientes a 72 especies de peces marinos, todos procedentes de la plataforma continental que bordea el sur de la Península Ibérica. Como resultado de este trabajo se han localizado en el aparato digestivo de estos hospedadores 39 especies de Digenea. De ellas, Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischtha1, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, y Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910 se citan por primera vez en la península Ibérica. Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 y Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, en las costas de Andalucia. Stephanostomum minutum en el Mediterráneo peninsular. Wardulla capitel/ata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 y Deropristis inflata en el Atlántico peninsular. Además, con el presente trabajo se amplía considerablemente el espectro de hospedadores de algunas de las especies parásitas estudiadas. Así Halobatrachus didactylus es nuevo hospedador para Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladium fallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 y Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas para Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 y Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. para Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ovatus para Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa para Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone para Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus para Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Mo, A total of 492 host of72 diferent species ofmarine fishes were colleted from the Sourth Iberian Peninsula coast and their tract digest were examined. We have identified 39 species ofDigenea. Stephanostomum bicoronatum, (Stossich, 1883) Manter, 1940, Parahemiurus merus, (Linton, 1910) Manter, 1940, Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953, Bacciger israelensis Fischthal, 1980, Promnoprymna ventricosa (Rudolphi, 1819) Po che, 1926, Haploporus benedenii (Stossich, 1887) Looss, 1902, Haplosplanchnus pachysomus (Eysenhardt, 1829) Looss, 1902, Saccocoelium obesum Looss, 1902, and Genolopa ampullacea Linton, 1910, have not previously been reported from Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971, Lecithochirium rufoviride (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901, Lecithochirium fusiforme Lühe, 1901, Ectenurus lepidus Looss, 1907 and Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899, are reported for the first time in Andalucian coast; Stephanostomum minutum in the spanish mediterranean coast and finally, Wardulla capitellata (Rudolphi, 1819) Poche, 1926 and Deropristis inflata in the Atlántic peninsular. In this paper, we have thoroughly widened the host range for sorne of the species here studied. So, Halobatrachus didactylus is a new host for Stephanostomum minutum (Looss, 1901) Manter, 1940, Anisocladiumfallax (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 and Anisocoelium capitellatum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1900. Bothus podas for Lecithocladium excisum (Rudolphi, 1819) Lühe, 1901 and Derogenes varicus (Müller, 1784) Looss, 1901. Solea sp. for Lecithochirium musculus (Looss, 1907) Nasir y Díaz, 1971. Trachinotus ova tus for Synaptobothrium caudiporum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1907. Scorpaena scrofa for Derogenes latus Janiszewska, 1953. Belone belone for Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Stossich, 1899. Dicentrarchus punctatus for Acanthostomum imbutiforme (Molin, 1859) Gohar, 1934 and Bucephalus baeri Maillard, 1976. Echiichthys vipera for Anisocladiumfalla

[EN] In order to look into the transmission process of the liver Digenea Dicrocoelium dendriticum (RUDOLPHI, 1819) LOOSS, 1899, in greater depth, studies of parasite behaviour in their intermediate (molluscs and ants) as well as their definitive hosts (lambs) were carried out. Some aspects of the parasite / host relationship were likewise studied. Studies carried out on ants We collected 1,273 specimens of Formica rufibarbis at the tetanic stage between May and October. Of these 814 were dissected to obtain 48,000 D. dendriticum metacercariae used to experimentally infect lambs. The rest of the collected ants were dissected and the metacercariae thus obtained were used as a basis for the morphological and isoenzymatic studies. The number of metacercariae harboured in the abdomen of each ant varied from 1 to 240 (x 59.85 ± 1.51). However, only one larva was found in the subesophagic ganglion. Metacercariae length varied between 336 and 460.8 mm, width between 240 and 368.8 mm and cyst wall between 9.6 and 24 mm. Studies carried out on lambs Two groups of lambs were infected with the metacercariae obtained from the ants, one with a dose of 1,000 and the other with 3,000 metacercariae / lamb. Each of these groups, consisting of 12 four-month-old Churra breed lambs, together with 2 control groups (4 lambs in each) were kept isolated on Agricultural Research Station premises. Half the animals were slaughtered 2 months post-infection (p.i.), and the other half six months p.i. Faeces were collected from the animals' rectums from 1_ months p.i. in order to detect D. dendriticum eggs and then follow their elimination. Fortnightly sampling early in the morning and in the late afternoon continued until the study ended. All the animals tested began D. dendriticum egg elimination between 49 and 79 days p.i., except one which did not eliminate until 2 months p.i. when it died. The eggs were 33.32 mm - 45.22 mm long and 21.42 - 28.56 mm wide. Highest eggs/gram (epg) elimination wa, The number of epg eliminated by all the infected lambs varied between 33.33 and 2,266.44 (x 274.81 ± 23.79) and that of lambs infected with 3,000 metacercariae (966.53 ± 147.54 epg) was higher than that of those infected with 1,000 (240.11 ± 45.69). In general the number of epg eliminated by lambs increased as days p.i. and parasite burden did. A relation (r = 0.65) was also observed between the worms recovered from each lamb and the average number of epg eliminated throughout the experiment. That relation was intensified when only epg eliminated between 4 and 6 months p.i. were considered. In addition blood samples were taken from all the lambs at fortnightly intervals from day 0 p.i. to study enzymes and parameters as possible indicators of alterations in liver function. In general values of the hepatic marker enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, ALP and GGT) and of leucocytes and leucocytic formula obtained from infected lambs differed from those of the control animals. Nevertheless, those of the biochemical parameters (total proteins, albumin, total bilirrubin and glucose) and the rest of the haematic ones (erythrocytes, haematocrit, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC) did not alter. Maximum increase, when compared to the controls, was detected in AST (+38%) and ALT (+47%) values of lambs infected with 3,000 metacercariae. Moreover, this increase in the values of both enzymes was significant 60 days p.i. in lambs infected with 1,000 metacercariae, and 30 days p.i. for ALT in those infected with the higher dose. No clear relation was observed between the parasitic burden and, on the one hand, hepatic marker enzyme activity and, on the other, the haematic parameter. Yet the highest values for AST, ALT, GGT, leucocytes and neutrophils and the lowest for lymphocytes were recorded in the animal with the highest number of worms. After carrying out lamb necropsy macroscopic, structural and ultrastructural studies of the organs affected by the parasite were carried out. The macroscopic, Studies carried out on molluscs After not eating for 4 days 948 specimens of Cernuella (Xeromagna) cespitum arigonis (SCHMIDT, 1853), divided into 5 groups, were infected with individual doses of 50 to 150 D. dendriticum eggs obtained from an experimentally infected lamb. After infection these molluscs and the control animals were kept in environmental simulation chambers at a temperature of 20º C and relative humidity of 50%. According to the results of individual analyses of mollusc faeces collected daily, elimination of D. dendriticum eggs ceased 48 hours after infection finished. In order to follow the larval development of the parasite at least 6 molluscs were killed at 20 - day intervals from day 1 p.i. Infection was not visible by stereomicroscope, at least until 50 days p.i. when daughter sporocysts with non-evolved germinal mass, which filled very small parts of the hepatopancreas, were observed. From that date sporocysts began to emigrate and invade other parts of the hepatopancreas and only after 110 days p.i. were sporocysts with more or less evolved cercariae found. Slime balls containing cercariae of D. dendriticum emitted by the molluscs were not observed despite examining infected molluscs until 189 days p.i. D. dendriticum isoenzymatic studies In order to characterize the different stages of D. dendriticum, study their possible genetic variability and establish the corresponding isoenzymatic models, the isoelectric focusing in thin layer polyacrylamide gel technique was used to analyze 2,846 worms, 1,608 metacercariae and a variable number of sporocysts from 25 infected molluscs. According to our results LDH, GPI and PGM were the most appropriate enzymatic systems to characterize D. dendriticum. Some of the isoenzymatic models were common in D. dendriticum adults, metacercariae and sporocysts or in 2 of these development stages. A certain relation seerns to exist between some enzymatic models detected in D. dendriticum adults, the animal breed from, [ES] Con el fin de profundizar en el conocimiento sobre el proceso de transmisión del Digenea hepático Dicrocoelium dendriticum (RUDOLPHI, 1819) LOOSS, 1899, se han abordado estudios sobre el comportamiento del parásito tanto en sus hospedadores intermediarios (moluscos y hormigas) como definitivos (corderos). Asimismo, se han investigado diversos aspectos de la relación parásito/hospedador. Estudios realizados en hormigas Se recolectaron 1.273 ejemplares de Formica rufibarbis en fase de tetania, en los meses de Mayo a Octubre, 814 de los cuales se diseccionaron para la obtención de las 48.000 metacercarias de D. dendriticum utilizadas en la infección experimental de los corderos. Del resto de las hormigas recolectadas se consiguieron las metacercarias que sirvieron de base en los estudios morfológicos e isoenzimáticos. El número de metacercarias albergadas en el abdomen de cada hormiga varió entre 1 y 240 (x 59,85 ± 1,51), sin embargo, en el ganglio subesofágico sólo encontramos una larva. La longitud de las metacercarias enquistadas osciló entre 336 y 460,8 mm, la anchura entre 240 y 368,8 mm y el grosor de la pared del quiste entre 9,6 y 24 mm. Estudios realizados en corderos Con las metacercarias obtenidas de las hormigas se infectaron 2 lotes de corderos, uno con una dosis de 1.000 metacercarias/cordero y otro con 3.000 metacercarias/cordero. Cada uno de estos lotes, constituido por 12 animales de raza Churra y 4 meses de edad, junto con otros 2 lotes testigos (de 4 animales cada uno) se mantuvieron aislados en las dependencias de la Estación Agrícola Experimental. La mitad de dichos animales se sacrificaron a los 2 meses post-infección (p.i.) y la otra mitad a los 6. Para la detección y posterior seguimiento de la eliminación de huevos de D. dendriticum en las heces de los corderos, se inició la recogida de las mismas del recto de los animales al mes y medio p.i., continuando con muestreos quincenales a primeras horas de la mañana y a últimas de la tarde, hast, El número de hpg eliminado por la totalidad de los corderos infectados osciló entre 33,33 y 2.266,44 (x 274,81 ± 23,79) y el de los infectados con 3.000 metacercarias (966,53 ± 147,54) fue superior al de los infectados con 1.000 (240,11 ± 45,69). En general, se produjo un incremento en el número de hpg eliminado por los corderos al aumentar los días p.i. y la carga parasitaria. Asimismo se observó relación (r= 0,65) entre los vermes recuperados de cada uno de los corderos y el número medio de hpg eliminado a lo largo de todo el experimento. Dicha relación se intensificó cuando consideramos sólo los hpg eliminados entre los 4 y 6 meses p.i. Además, en todos los corderos se efectuaron sangrías quincenales, desde el día 0 p.i., para el estudio de enzimas y parámetros, posibles indicadores de alteraciones en la funcionalidad del higado. En general, los valores de las enzimas marcadoras hepáticas (AST, ALT, LDH, FA y GGT) y los de leucocitos y fórmula leucocitaria obtenidos en los corderos infectados difirieron de los de los testigos. Sin embargo, los de los parámetros bioquímicos (proteinas totales, albúmina, bilirrubina total y glucosa) y del resto de los hemáticos (eritrocitos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, VCM, HCM y CHCM) no se alteraron. El mayor incremento se detectó en los valores de AST (+ 38%) y de ALT (+47%) de los corderos probados con 3.000 metacercarias, con respecto a los testigos. Además, dicho aumento en los valores de ambas enzimas fue significativo a los 60 días p.i., en los corderos infectados con 1.000 metacercarias, y a los 30 días p.i., para ALT, en los probados con la dosis más alta. No se observó una relación clara entre la carga parasitaria y, por una parte, la actividad de las enzimas marcadoras hepáticas y, por otra, los parámetros hemáticos, aunque en el animal con mayor número de vermes se detectaron los valores más altos de AST, ALT, GGT, leucocitos y neutrófilos, y los más bajos de linfocitos. Después de efectuar la necropsia de los corderos, El mayor descenso de peso, con respecto a los testigos, se observó, a los 60 días p.i., en los dos grupos de corderos infectados, y la pérdida más elevada se detectó en los animales con 401 a 600 vermes. El número de parásitos recuperado de hígado y vesícula biliar de cada cordero osciló entre 110 y 2.063 en los probados con 3.000 metacercarias, y entre 30 y 437 en los infectados con 1.000. El tamaño y el grado de maduración de los vermes a los 2 meses p.i. fue, en general, inferior al de los obtenidos a los 6 meses. Estudios realizados en moluscos Previo ayuno de 4 dias, se probaron 948 ejemplares de Cernuella (Xeromagna) cespitum arigonis (SCHMIDT, 1853), distribuidos en 5 lotes, con dosis individualizadas de 50 a 150 huevos de D. dendriticum , procedentes de un cordero infectado experimentalmente por nosotros. Después de la infección, dichos moluscos junto con los testigos se mantuvieron en una cámara de simulación ambiental a 20º C de temperatura y 50% de humedad relativa. De acuerdo con los resultados de los análisis individualizados de las heces de los moluscos, recolectadas diariamente, la eliminación de huevos de D. dendriticum cesa a las 48 horas después de finalizada la infección. Para seguir el desarrollo larvario del parásito, se sacrificaron al menos 6 moluscos, cada 20 dias, desde el primer día p.i. La infección no fue visible, al estereomicroscopio, al menos hasta el día 50 p.i., fecha en la que se observaron esporocistos hijos con masas germinales indiferenciadas, que ocupaban porciones muy reducidas del hepatopáncreas. A partir de dicha fecha los esporocistos comenzaron a emigrar e invadir otras partes del hepatopáncreas, y sólo después de los 110 días p.i. encontramos esporocistos con cercarias más o menos desarrolladas, aunque no vimos bolas de mucus emitidas por los caracoles conteniendo cercarias, a pesar de haber examinado moluscos parasitados hasta el día 189 p.i. Estudios isoenzimáticos de D. dendriticum Con el fin de caracterizar las diferen

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651515%5DMICH-A-651515, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651515/MICH-A-651515/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

The life - cycle of the fish blood fluke , Sanguinicola armata Plehn , 1905 was studied in the laboratory . The snail Gyraulus convexiusculus Hutton , 1849 was identified as the intermediate host of S. armata from grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idellus ) finger lings. Two types of experiment ( pre-trial and laboratory experimental infections ) were carried out in order to infect the laboratory bred snails. The pre -trial study was divided into three experiments. In the firs texperiment , twenty infected fish were exposed to the thirty uninfected snail sand was left for the duration of the experiment. For the second experiment , similar number of fish and snails were left together for 24 hours.

[EN] Entre 1987 y 1991 se ha realizado en el valle de Redipollos, situado en la cuenca alta del río Porma (León, Noroeste de España), un estudio epidemiológico sobre la dicroceliosis, parasitosis producida por Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1899. Esto ha exigido investigaciones tanto en el ganado ovino (hospedador definitivo) como en los moluscos y hormigas (primeros y segundos hospedadores intermediarios, respectivamente). Como resultado de los muestreos efectuados, para el estudio de diversos aspectos biológicos y ecológicos de los moluscos presentes en el área de estudio, se identificaron 29 especies, todas ellas de la clase Gastropoda, subclase Pulmonata, orden Stylommatophora, excepto una de ellas. Sin embargo, en el estudio helmintológico de dichos moluscos, solamente Helicella itala (Linnaeus, 1758) y Helicella corderoi Gittenberger & Manga, 1977 se hallaron parasitadas por D. dendriticum. Moluscos de dichas especies que albergaban esporocistos con cercarias maduras se encontraron en todos los meses del año, aunque predominaron en primavera y otoño. En lo que respecta a los segundos hospedadores intermediarios, se identificaron 21 especies de hormigas de la Familia Formicidae, de las cuales únicamente albergaban metacercarias del parásito Formica cunicularia Latreille, 1789, Formica rufibarbis Frabricius, 1794, Formica sanguinea Latreille, 1789 y Formica nigricans Emery, 1909 (=Formica pratensis Retzius, según Seifert 1992). Ejemplares de hormigas parasitadas de esta última especie fueron hallados en fase de tetania en primavera y verano. Cuando se consideró la totalidad de los animales y los dos años de muestreo, se detectó eliminación de huevos del parásito por el ganado ovino en todos los meses del año, aunque el porcentaje más elevado de animales parasitados se observó en enero-febrero y el más bajo en julio. Por otra parte, el nº medio de huevos por gramo se incrementó en otoño y alcanzó su valor máximo a finales del invierno., [ES] An epidemiological study of dicrocoeliosis, a parasitosis produced by Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1899, was carried out in the upper basin of the River Porma (León, northwest Spain) between 1987 and 1991. This required research into sheep (the definitive host) as weII as in molluscs and ants (first and second intermediate hosts, respectively). A total of 29 species were identified as a result of the sampling carried out for the study of diverse biological and ecological aspects of the molluscs present in the study area. All, except one, belonged to the Gastropoda class, subclass Pulmonata, order Stylommatophora. However, only Helicella itala (Linnaeus, 1758) and Helicella corderoi Gittenberger & Manga, 1977, were recorded as parasitized by D. dendriticum in the helminthological study of these molluscs. Those hosting sporocysts with mature cercariae were found in every month of the year although they predominated in spring and autumn. As far as the second intermediate hosts are concerned, 21 ant species of the Formicidae family were identified. OnIy Formica cunicularia Latreille, 1789, Formica rufibarbis Fabricius 1794, Formica sanguinea Latreille, 1789 and Formica nigricans Emery, 1909 (=Formica pratensis Retzius, according to Seifert 1992) hosted metacercariae of the parasite. Infected specimens of the Iast named species were found at the “tetania” stage in spring and summer. On taking into consideration all the animals and the two years of sampling, parasite egg shedding by sheep was recorded in every month of the year, although the highest percentage of parasitized animals was found in January-February and the lowest in JuIy. On the other hand, the mean number of eggs per gram increases in autumn and was at its highest and the end of winter.

The life - cycle of the fish blood fluke , Sanguinicola armata Plehn , 1905 was studied in the laboratory . The snail Gyraulus convexiusculus Hutton , 1849 was identified as the intermediate host of S. armata from grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idellus ) finger lings. Two types of experiment ( pre-trial and laboratory experimental infections ) were carried out in order to infect the laboratory bred snails. The pre -trial study was divided into three experiments. In the firs texperiment , twenty infected fish were exposed to the thirty uninfected snail sand was left for the duration of the experiment. For the second experiment , similar number of fish and snails were left together for 24 hours.

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651584%5DMICH-A-651584, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651584/MICH-A-651584/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651455%5DMICH-A-651455, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651455/MICH-A-651455/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Algae, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-651396%5DMICH-A-651396, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/651396/MICH-A-651396/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

[EN] The elimination of Dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs in sheep faeces from 4 localities in the upper and middle Porma river basin was recorded at monthly intervals between March 1986 and March 1987. The faecal material was taken directly from the rectum of the animals (10 % of the flock in each village). The sedimentation technique and McMaster egg counting chambers were used to analyze the faecal samples. Of the 995 samples examined, 63.6 % contained D. dendriticum eggs and the number of eggs per gram (epg) varied from 33 to 5,340 (average 323.4 ± 18.5). The highest elimination rate was observed in winter, not only because of prevalence (90.5 %) but also because of the epg (average 726.6 ± 88.4). Prevalence of infection (from 61.5 to 65.4 %) was similar for all age groups, although the highest mean epg value (367.6 ± 50.9) was found in lambs., [FR] De mars 1986 à mars 1987, à intervalles mensuels, l’élimination d’œufs de Dicrocoelium dendriticum dans les fèces d’ovins a été mesurée dans 4 localités du bassin supérieur et central du fleuve Porma. Les matières fécales étaient prises directement au rectum des animaux (sur 10 % du troupeau d’ovins de chaque village). Les échantillons de fèces sont analysés selon la technique de sédimentation et les œufs comptés en cellule de McMaster. Des 995 échantillons examinés, 63,6 % contenaient des œufs D. dentriticum et le nombre d’œufs par gramme (opg) variait entre 33 et 5340 (moyenne 323,4 ± 18,5). Le niveau d’élimination le plus haut (prévalence et opg) était rencontré pendant I’hiver. La prévalence d’infestation (de 61,5 à 65,4 %) était similaire pour tous les groupes d’âge, bien que le niveau moyen le plus haut d’opg (367,6 ± 50,9) soit rencontré chez les agneaux.