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As the atmospheric carbon dioxide keeps increasing, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is getting increased attention as a measure to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. It is especially interesting in Sweden where the extensive paper and pulp industry constitutes point sources of biogenic carbon dioxide. As carbon capture requires energy, it is important to investigate the opportunity to use excess heat to cover the energy demand in order to avoid causing new emission which would counteract the purpose of implementing BECCS. In this thesis, integration of excess heat driven carbon capture was investigated on two flue gas streams at the Södra Cell Värö pulp mill in Sweden: the recovery boiler and lime kiln flue gases. Three different carbon capture technologies were investigated, which included the commercially available aqueous MEA (monoethanolamine) and HPC (hot potassium carbonate) as well as the novel technology of AMP (2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol) in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide). Their energy demands were calculated through mass and energy balances. A mapping of sources of excess heat at the mill was also executed. The results showed that the lime kiln flue gases would be more reasonable to treat due to the smaller flue gas stream with a higher CO2 concentration. Partial carbon capture of the recovery boiler flue gases could also be an option worth considering. For the lime kiln flue gases, two components of the mill, the condensing turbine and the surface condenser, proved to be sources of excess heat that could cover the heat demand at the cost of some electrical power. The condensing turbine was more promising as it could cover the heat demand regardless of which technology is used while the surface condenser could only be used on the AMP in DMSO technology. In addition, a heat pump is required to make use of the heat from the surface condenser, making the electrical power demand higher for the surface condenser than for the condensing turbin, Genom att använda koldioxidinfångning som drivs av överskottsvärme på ett massabruk i sydvästra Sverige så kan mer än en tredjedel av de fossila utsläppen från hela pappers- och massaindustrin fångas in genom så kallade negativa utsläpp. Detta visar på hur snabbt Sveriges fossila utsläpp kan minska genom användning av koldioxidinfångning. På ett massabruk används trä som den huvudsakliga råvaran i tillverkningen av pappersmassa, men det är också den främsta energikällan. Genom att förbränna resterna som inte behövs till pappersmassan så kan man producera ånga och elektricitet som används runt om på bruket, men även som säljs till fjärrvärme- och elnätet. Vid förbränningen produceras även koldioxid och andra gaser som kallas rökgaser. Dessa renas från partiklar och föroreningar och släpps sedan ut i atmosfären. Eftersom koldioxiden kommer från träd som nyligen fångat in koldioxid från atmosfären i takt med att de vuxit och inte från fossila källor som varit isolerade från kolets kretslopp i miljontals år, så benämns dessa utsläpp av koldioxid som biogena utsläpp. De biogena koldioxidutsläppen står för ungefär 97% av de totala utsläppen från pappers- och massaindustrin. Resterande 3% är fossila utsläpp, och det är bara dessa utsläpp som syns i statistiken. Totalt 2% av Sveriges fossila koldioxidutsläpp kommer från pappers- och massaindustrin, vilket betyder att de totala utsläppen av koldioxid från pappers- och massaindustrin är nästan lika stora som alla fossila koldioxidutsläpp i hela Sverige. Genom att fånga in den i huvudsak biogena koldioxiden från pappers- och massaindustrin så kan vi snabbt kompensera för stora delar av de fossila utsläppen i Sverige. Då uppnår vi så kallade negativa utsläpp, eftersom mer koldioxid kan fångas in än vad som syns i utsläppsstatistiken. Att fånga in koldioxid kräver dock energi, främst i form av värme, och för att kunna uppnå verkligt negativa utsläpp är det viktigt att nya utsläpp inte uppstår för att den energin ska produceras.

Die Bildung neuer Partikel und das Wachstum von Aerosolpartikeln bis in den Größenbereich von Wolkenkondensationskeimen ist ein wichtiger Prozess in der Atmosphäre, der das Klima der Erde beeinflusst. Dimethylsulfid (DMS) ist ein Abbauprodukt von Dimethylsulfopropionat, einem Stoffwechselprodukt des Phytoplanktons. Mit einer globalen Emissionsrate von 17-34 TgS a−1 (Teragramm Schwefel pro Jahr) ist DMS die größte natürliche Schwefelquelle in der Atmosphäre. Seine Oxidationsprodukte Schwefelsäure (H2SO4) und Methansulfonsäure (MSA) sind Schlüsselverbindungen bei der Bildung und dem Wachstum neuer Partikel, die in der kondensierten Phase Sulfat bilden und eine Verbindung zwischen DMS-Emissionen und natürlich gebildeten Wolkenkondensationskeimen herstellen. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die DMS-Oxidation in der Atmosphäre und unter atmosphärisch relevanten Reaktanten- und Radikalkonzentrationen in Laborexperimenten. Die Produkte werden mit Hilfe modernster chemischer Ionisations-Massenspektrometrie mit einer Reihe von komplementären Ionisierungsschemata quantifiziert. Mit modernen Instrumenten, die über ausreichend niedrige Nachweisgrenzen und ausreichend hohe Massenauflösung verfügen, ist es nun möglich, Peroxyradikalreaktionen in der Gasphase unter atmosphärisch relevanten Bedingungen zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus sind Reaktoren, in denen oberflächen-induzierte Reaktionen vernachlässigbar oder wohldefiniert sind, für solche Studien unverzichtbar. Diesem Ansatz folgend, habe ich den ”INNpinJeR” für unser Labor entworfen, aufgebaut und getestet: einen neuen Reaktor, der vier aufeinander treffende Luftstrahlen verwendet, um in der Mitte einer ansonsten laminaren Strömung eine lokalisierte Misch- und Reaktionsumgebung zu erzeugen. Die vier Luftstrahlen tragen dabei organische Reaktanten und die laminare Strömung im Rohr trägt Ozon. Die simulierte Strömungsdynamik sowie die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unser Design es ermöglicht, Gasphasenreaktionen mit v, New particle formation and growth of aerosol particles to the size range of cloud condensation nuclei is an important process in the atmosphere, affecting the earth’ climate. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is a degradation product of dimethyl sulfopropionate, a metabolite of phytoplankton. With a global emission rate of 17–34 TgS a⁻¹ (Teragram of sulfur per year), DMS represents the largest natural sulfur source in the atmosphere. Its oxidation products sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) are key compounds in new particle formation and growth, forming sulfate in the condensed phase, linking DMS emissions and naturally formed cloud condensation nuclei. This thesis focuses on DMS oxidation in the atmosphere and under atmospherically relevant reactant and radical concentrations in laboratory experiments. Products are quantified using state-of-the-art chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a range of complementary ionization schemes. With modern instrumentation having sufficiently low detection limits and sufficiently high mass resolution, it is now possible to study peroxy radical reactions in the gas phase under atmospherically relevant conditions. Furthermore, reactors in which surface-assisted reactions are negligible or well-defined, are indispensable in such studies. Convinced by the wall-free reactor approach, I constructed and tested the ”INNpinJeR” for our lab: a new reactor using four impinging jets of air carrying organic reactants that generate a localized mixing and reaction environment in the center of an otherwise laminar flow or air containing ozone. The simulated flow dynamics and the experimental results show, that our design allows to measure gas-phase reactions with negligible wall effects. We determined the effective reaction time of the INNpinJeR to be 9s. In the similar TROPOS free jet flow tube we experimentally determined the autoxidation rate constant of the primary peroxy radical (CH3SCH2O2 ) of the DMS abstraction channel for the, by Carolin Wiebke Scholz, MSc, Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache, Kumulative Dissertation aus vier Artikeln, Dissertation University of Innsbruck 2023

In this paper we report classical Molecular Dynamics simulations of the interfacial structure of two ternary mixtures, based on both a protic (ethylammonium nitrate, EAN) and an aprotic (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, EMIMBF4) ionic liquid. A molecular solvent (dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO) and a lithium salt with common anion are the rest of the components of the mixtures. The simulations were performed with implicit graphene walls, both neutral and charged with a surface charge density of ±1 e/nm2. Density, charge and electrostatic potential profiles as well as integral capacitances were calculated for all systems. For both liquids, the evolution of the density profiles throughout the DMSO concentration range are in accordance with previously characterized bulk properties of such systems. In the case of charged interfaces, the adsorption of Li+ cations into the negative electrode was found to be possible for the protic liquid, but unfavourable in the case of the aprotic one. Moreover, the probability distribution functions for the orientation of all molecular species near the interfaces were computed, and they indicate a tendency of the solvent molecules to form a dense layer at the interface separating the ionic liquids from the electrodes. The influence of hydrogen bonds in determining the dissimilitudes between protic and aprotic mixtures is highlighted

Dataset: Acrylate and DMSP Turnover, Shallow-water coral reefs hold large quantities of acrylate and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). The main sources of acrylate in coral reefs are from the coral algal symbionts in the family Symbiodiniaceae and from the photolysis of dissolved organic matter. Heterotrophic consumption is the main loss for these compounds, albeit these processes are poorly characterized. This dataset contains rate-constant data for the biological consumption of dissolved acrylate and DMSP in near-surface seawater collected from a Mo’orea coral reef, French Polynesia, and the offshore open Pacific Ocean. The coral reef and Pacific Ocean stations were located offshore from the UC Berkeley Gump Research Station. Samples were collected from April 6 to April 24, 2018. Details of the sampling and experimental procedures for this dataset are reported in Xue et al. (2022). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/879158, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1756907

Dataset: Acrylate and DMSP Concentrations, Shallow-water coral reefs hold large quantities of acrylate and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). The main sources of acrylate in coral reefs are from the coral algal symbionts in the family Symbiodiniaceae and from the photolysis of dissolved organic matter. Heterotrophic consumption is the main loss for these compounds, albeit these processes are poorly characterized. This dataset contains acrylate, DMSP, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations in dissolved and unfiltered seawater samples that were collected from near-surface seawater in a Mo’orea coral reef, French Polynesia, and the offshore open Pacific Ocean. The coral reef and Pacific Ocean stations were located offshore from the UC Berkeley Gump Research Station. Samples were collected from April 6 to April 24, 2018. Details of the sampling and experimental procedures for this dataset are reported in Xue et al. (2022). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/879142, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1756907

Vid positronemissionstomografi (PET) kräver vissa radiofarmaka lösningsmedlen N,N-dimetylformamid (DMF) och dimetylsulfoxid (DMSO) vid syntes. Rester av lösningsmedlen kan därför finnas kvar i produkten som ska injiceras i patienten och därför ska mängden lösningsmedelsrester kontrolleras enligt Europeiska läkemedelsmyndighetens riktlinjer (EMA). Gaskromatografi är standardmetod för att kvantifiera lösningsmedelsrester men är inte optimal för DMF och DMSO, som istället kan analyseras med UHPLC (ultra high performanc liquid chromatography) och UV-detektor. Syftet med projektet var att utföra metodoptimering och validering av en reverse phase UHPLC-UV metod för lösningsmedlen DMF och DMSO, på ett Agilent 1290 instrument. Sex aktuella radiofarmaka (spårmolekyler) användes vid utförandet. För metodoptimering studerades flera instrumentinställningar för analys av DMF och DMSO. Under optimeringen analyserades DMF och DMSO lösta i provmatriser och spårmolekyler med olika koncentration. DMF separerade från provmatriser och spårmolekyler. DMSO co-eluerade med de nämnda ovan och därför utfördes den efterföljande valideringen endast för DMF. Resultaten från valideringen erhöll godkända resultat för fem av sex radiofarmaka. Korrelationskoefficient var 0.9998, noggrannheten bestämdes till 96.8 – 101.5% och för precision som repeterbarhet och reproducerbarhet blev den relativa standardavvikelsen <5%. Detektionsgränsen bestämdes till 0.014 µg/mL och kvantifieringsgränsen till 0.047 µg/mL. Slutsatsen av projektet var att haltbestämning av lösningsmedlet DMF kan utföras. Därmed kan kraven från EMA säkerställas, men för en mer optimal metod kan ändring av pH på mobilfasen, flödeshastighet, kolonntyp och orsak till de breda topparna studeras närmare.

With increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, energy efficient carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies could prove important to enable reductions in the global CO2 emissions. The aim was to investigate a novel, non-aqueous, and precipitating chemical absorption system of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), which forms solid carbamate salt crystals with CO2. Four properties of mixtures of water, AMP, and DMSO, with or without CO2, were evaluated experimentally. The four properties were the settling velocities, the freezing temperatures, the densities, and the viscosities. Higher settling velocities being registered at higher temperatures and for mixtures with larger particles. It was shown that the freezing temperatures of mixtures of water, AMP, and DMSO, both with or without CO2, were lower than the freezing temperature of pure DMSO or AMP. Another finding was that when the water content increased, the freezing temperature decreased. The effect of the temperature, the CO2-loading, and the AMP- and water concentration, on the density and viscosity of the liquid mixtures, were also investigated. The results showed that if the weight percentage of AMP or if the temperature is increased, the density decreased, while the opposite was shown for increasing water content and amounts of absorbed CO2. Furthermore, the experimentally derived densities for CO2-loaded mixtures could be well estimated, although slightly underestimated, from experimental values for unloaded mixtures. The viscosity was increased at higher CO2-loadings, higher water concentration, but also when the AMP concentration increased. Higher temperatures led to lower viscosities of unloaded liquid mixtures. Although less reliable, the results indicate that for the mixtures with high CO2-loadings and high AMP concentration, much higher viscosities can be expected., Med ökande koncentrationer av koldioxid (CO2) i atmosfären kan energieffektiva tekniker för koldioxidinfångning (CCS) bli viktiga för att växthusgasutsläppen ska minska. Rapportens syfte har varit att experimentellt bestämma och utvärdera fyra egenskaper hos lösningar av vatten, dimetylsulfoxid (DMSO) och aminoalkoholen 2-amino-2-metyl-1-propanol (AMP) som ska användas i en pilotanläggning. Vid infångningen av koldioxid reagerar den med AMP och bildar ett fast salt. Sedimenteringshastigheten hos saltpartiklarna studerades, och resultaten visade att större partiklar och högre temperatur ökar sedimenteringshastigheten. Det har även visats genom resultaten att frystemperaturen för blandningar av vatten, AMP, DMSO, och CO2 minskar med högre vattenhalt. Även om bara AMP och DMSO blandas så har blandningen en lägre frystemperatur än de enskilda ämnena, även om koldioxid löst sig i blandningen. Fyra parametrars påverkan på blandningarnas densitet och viskositet, som är viktiga att veta för beräkningar och för att förutsäga absorptionsegenskaper, studerades. De fyra parametrarna var: mängden absorberad CO2, blandningens andel vatten respektive AMP, och temperaturen. Resultaten visar att när andelen AMP i blandningen eller temperaturen ökar så minskar densiteten. Däremot så ökar densiteten om andelen vatten eller mängden absorberad CO2 ökar. Det togs fram en beräkningssätt att uppskatta densiteten för blandningar med CO2 utifrån de experimentella värdena för blandningar utan CO2. Uppskattningen blir god, men det experimentellt uppmätta värdet överstiger det uppskattade värdet. Viskositeten ökade när mängden absorberad koldioxid, andelen vatten, eller andelen AMP ökade. Den minskade däremot med ökande temperatur. Trots att få säkra resultat erhölls för blandningar med hög andel AMP och mycket absorberad CO2 så kunde det ses att mycket högre viskositeter kunde fås vid denna kombinationen av parametrar., Effekterna av den globala uppvärmningen har skrämmande nog redan börjat bli synliga. Torka och extremväder lär också hända oftare om utsläppen av växthusgaser, främst CO2, inte drastiskt minskar under de kommande åren. Som ett sätt att lösa klimatkrisen finns förslaget att kemiskt fånga in och lagra CO2 från fabriker innan den släpps ut till atmosfären. Olika egenskaper hos en ny teknik, där CO2 vid infångning bildar ett salt, har därför undersökts som ett första steg i att rulla ut en energisnål lösning till den svenska industrin. Idag är en av de mest beprövade bästa teknikerna för att fånga in CO2 att låta gasen komma i kontakt, och reagera, med en vattenlösning av en aminoalkohol som kallas MEA. Tekniken har funnits sedan 1930-talet men än så länge finns det ingen fullskalig, kommersiell koldioxidinfångningsanläggning i Sverige! Anledningen är att tekniken är väldigt energikrävande. För ett kraftvärmeverk skulle energibehovet uppgå till hela 20 till 30 % av den producerade energin. Ett av de mest energikrävande stegen kommer efter infångningen, där man vill att CO2 ska släppa från vattenlösningen med MEA så att en koncentrerad CO2-gasström bildas. Oftast görs detta genom uppvärmning till 120 °C med ånga. Samtidigt återskapas vattenlösningen med MEA, som kan återanvändas för att fånga in mer CO2. Den koncentrerade CO2-gasen man får ut kan lagras underjordiskt under en lång tid, så att den inte når ut till atmosfären. En ny, liknande teknik har tagits fram i Lund. En annan aminoalkohol, AMP, används istället för MEA och vattnet har bytts ut mot det organiska lösningsmedlet DMSO. Vid infångningen bildar CO2 tillsammans med AMP ett vitt, fast salt, vilket utnyttjas i ett extra steg innan det att CO2 återfås som gas. I det extra steget avskiljs så mycket vätska som möjligt från saltet, vilket gör att mindre volymer behöver uppvärmas i steget då CO2 släpps och koncentreras. I kombination med att CO2 kan återfås vid lägre temperaturer med den nya blandningen, finns det

In this paper we report classical Molecular Dynamics and ab initio Density Functional Theory simulations of the structure and single particle dynamics of ternary mixtures of a protic (ethylammonium nitrate, EAN) and an aprotic (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, EMIMBF4) ionic liquid, lithium salts with common anion and a molecular cosolvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The coordination numbers and electrical conductivities of the different mixtures have been calculated throughout the whole concentration range, and the differences between mixtures with the protic and aprotic ionic liquids were analyzed. In both cases, the evolution of the electrical conductivity is seen to correlate well with the formation of mixed tetrahedral solvation complexes of lithium cations with ionic liquid anions and cosolvent molecules. The differences in the solvation and charge transport mechanisms in hydrogen bonded mixtures and those based in the aprotic ionic liquid are analyzed. Our conclusions indicate that the major feature behind the electrical conductivity of the ternary mixtures is the composition of the solvation shell of the metal cations in the mixtures and the rate at which anions in it are replaced by DMSO molecules

Shallow-water coral reefs hold large quantities of acrylate and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), but production and removal processes for these compounds are poorly characterized. Here we determined the concentrations and cycling of acrylate and DMSP in a transect from a coral reef ecosystem to the open ocean, 2 km beyond the reef in Mo’orea, French Polynesia, during April 2018. Concentrations of dissolved acrylate and DMSP were low throughout the reef-ocean transect, ranging from 0.8–3.9 nM and 0.2–3.0 nM, respectively, with no difference observed between the coral reef and open ocean when comparing mean concentrations (± std dev) of dissolved acrylate (1.7 ± 0.7 vs 2.3 ± 0.8 nM) or DMSP (0.9 ± 0.7 vs 1.3 ± 0.6 nM). In the coral reef, dissolved acrylate was rapidly taken up by the heterotrophic community with a fast turnover time averaging ~ 6 h, six times faster than in the open ocean, and nearly as fast as the average turnover time of dissolved DMSP (~ 3 h). A clear diel trend was observed for the heterotrophic consumption of dissolved acrylate and DMSP in the coral reef, with higher uptake rate constants during daylight hours, synchronized with the larger daytime release of acrylate and DMSP from the coral compared to the nighttime release of these compounds. We also measured photochemical production rates of acrylate in Mo’orean waters, but rates were one to two orders of magnitude slower compared to its rates of biological consumption. Coral and macroalgae were the main sources of dissolved acrylate and DMSP to the reef ecosystem. Our results indicate there is rapid turnover of acrylate and DMSP in the coral reef with a tight coupling between production and removal pathways that maintain dissolved concentrations of these two compounds at very low levels. These algal and coral-derived substrates serve as important chemical links between the coral and heterotrophic communities, two fundamental components in the ecological network in coral reefs

[Abstract] In this paper we report classical Molecular Dynamics and ab initio Density Functional Theory simulations of the structure and single particle dynamics of ternary mixtures of a protic (ethylammonium nitrate, EAN) and an aprotic (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, EMIMBF4) ionic liquid, lithium salts with common anion and a molecular cosolvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The coordination numbers and electrical conductivities of the different mixtures have been calculated throughout the whole concentration range, and the differences between mixtures with the protic and aprotic ionic liquids were analyzed. In both cases, the evolution of the electrical conductivity is seen to correlate well with the formation of mixed tetrahedral solvation complexes of lithium cations with ionic liquid anions and cosolvent molecules. The differences in the solvation and charge transport mechanisms in hydrogen bonded mixtures and those based in the aprotic ionic liquid are analyzed. Our conclusions indicate that the major feature behind the electrical conductivity of the ternary mixtures is the composition of the solvation shell of the metal cations in the mixtures and the rate at which anions in it are replaced by DMSO molecules.

Black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus) are classified as endangered, and the populations of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) are rapidly decreasing. The optimization of semen cryopreservation in these species, for preserving their genetic diversity in genome resource banks, is essential for the success of captive breeding programs. This study compares the effectiveness of two permeating cryoprotectants, dimethylacetamide (DMA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), on frozen-thawed sperm characteristics. Semen samples were collected during each breeding season once a week during two consecutive years. Semen samples were packaged in 0.25 ml straws and frozen by placing them in nitrogen vapors. After thawing, sperm motility characteristics were examined by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Propidium iodide and SYBR-14 were used as fluorochromes for the examination of membrane integrity. DNA integrity was evaluated by TUNEL assay. Gentoo sperm characteristics after freeze-thawing did not show any differences when using DMSO or DMA. In black-footed samples, progressive motility, curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), linearity (LIN), and straightness (STR) were greater using 8% DMSO (P < 0.05) than 6% DMA. The cryoresistance ratio (CR) using 8% DMSO was greater (P < 0.05) in gentoo than black-footed samples for CR-VCL and CR-VAP, and 6% DMA returned greater CR values (P < 0.05) than in black-footed samples for all characteristics evaluated. No differences were found in DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, the present results highlight the benefits of using 8% DMSO compared to 6% DMA in penguins. Sperm from black-footed showed a higher sensitivity to freezing-thawing process than gentoo sperm.

Most bacteria are becoming resistant to almost all of the currently recommended drugs, leading to difficulty in their treatment. The present study focused on evaluating the therapeutic potential of Piper longum fruit extracts in terms of bactericidal, antioxidant and phytochemical evaluation by conducting antibacterial sensitivity tests against four multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae, Salmonella Newport, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi, and Salmonella enterica ser. Paratyphi) obtained from the Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh. The Agar Well Diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods were performed to implement the anti-sensitivity test of crude extracts of the plant. The present study showed that the MIC of the P. longum was between 0.25-0.0625mg/ml, which was lowest in the aqueous extract at 0.5mg/100µl, and the highest in the methanol extract (1mg/100µl). The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was lowest in aqueous (0.5mg/100µl) and highest in methanol plant extract (1mg/100µl). The methanol extract had the maximum antibacterial potency, whereas the aqueous extract had the lowest. The antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts was determined using a DPPH assay. Methanol plant extract revealed the highest antioxidant power (81.92%) and the lowest was found in the aqueous extract (62.84%). The GC-MS approach identified active bioingredients, important botanicals including caryophyllene, eicosane, and piperazine (potent antibacterial agent) as naphthyridine (having antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities), among others. The unique aspect of the study was the effectiveness of P. longum against Salmonella strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. This suggests that P. longum can be a great source of novel antibacterial compound for the development of herbal formulations.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are constituents of marine ecosystems including coral reefs, where they are sources of atmospheric reactivity, indicators of ecosystem state, components of defense strategies, and infochemicals. Most VOCs result from sunlight-related processes; however, their light-driven dynamics are still poorly understood. We studied the spatial variability of a suite of VOCs, including dimethylsulfide (DMS), and the other dimethylsulfoniopropionate-derived compounds (DMSPCs), namely, DMSP, acrylate, and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), in waters around colonies of two scleractinian corals (Acropora pulchra and Pocillopora sp.) and the brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata in Mo’orean reefs, French Polynesia. Concentration gradients indicated that the corals were sources of DMSPCs, but less or null sources of VOCs other than DMS, while the seaweed was a source of DMSPCs, carbonyl sulfide (COS), and poly-halomethanes. A focused study was conducted around an A. pulchra colony where VOC and DMSPC concentrations and free-living microorganism abundances were monitored every 6 h over 30 h. DMSPC concentrations near the polyps paralleled sunlight intensity, with large diurnal increases and nocturnal decrease. rDNA metabarcoding and metagenomics allowed the determination of microbial diversity and the relative abundance of target functional genes. Seawater near coral polyps was enriched in DMS as the only VOC, plus DMSP, acrylate, and DMSO, with a large increase during the day, coinciding with high abundances of symbiodiniacean sequences. Only 10 cm below, near the coral skeleton colonized by a turf alga, DMSPC concentrations were much lower and the microbial community was significantly different. Two meters down current from the coral, DMSPCs decreased further and the microbial community was more similar to that near the polyps than that near the turf alga. Several DMSP cycling genes were enriched in near-polyp with respect to down-current waters, namely, the eukary

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a highly reactive by-product of paper production in the form of an odorless, colorless liquid that has been studied since the 1860s. Initially it was utilized as a solvent, but more recently it is being investigated for therapeutic applications. Owing to its versatility, the use of DMSO has been proposed in many different medical fields for a variety of applications, with possibly the widest use being in the field of dermatology. The clinical interest in the use of DMSO for dermatology conditions stems from this solution's efficacy as a vehicle to deliver pharmacological agents across the stratum corneum and its ability to penetrate biological membranes. Currently there is only one FDA approval for the use of DMSO, and it is not in the dermatologic field but rather for interstitial cystitis. Outside of the FDA scope of usage, DMSO is used frequently to treat osteoarthritis in humans and animals, as well as other chronic pain conditions. This suggests the possible utility of DMSO being applicable to other inflammatory conditions such as pruritus. Further research is necessary to explore the promising utilization opportunities of DMSO in dermatology.

A study has been carried out on the use of a dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solution containing copper chloride (CuCl2) in the leaching of chalcopyrite. Experiments were conducted at temperatures from 313 to 413 K and the effects of time and temperature investigated. It was found that copper extraction increased as temperature increased up to 373 K, but then decreased with increasing temperature. When leaching for four hours at 373 K, 94.1% of Cu was extracted along with 46.3% of Fe, 47.8 mmol of S, and 75% of Au. Around 83% of the As remained in the residue. It is concluded that that the DMSO solution could selectively dissolve copper and gold from chalcopyrite while leaving minerals with little economic value, such as pyrite, and the penalty element arsenic in the residues. The extraction of Cu in a given period of time was shown to be faster than that of conventional methods., A study has been carried out on the use of a dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solution containing copper chloride (CuCl2) in the leaching of chalcopyrite. Experiments were conducted at temperatures from 313 to 413 K and the effects of time and temperature investigated. It was found that copper extraction increased as temperature increased up to 373 K, but then decreased with increasing temperature. When leaching for four hours at 373 K, 94.1% of Cu was extracted along with 46.3% of Fe, 47.8 mmol of S, and 75% of Au. Around 83% of the As remained in the residue. It is concluded that that the DMSO solution could selectively dissolve copper and gold from chalcopyrite while leaving minerals with little economic value, such as pyrite, and the penalty element arsenic in the residues. The extraction of Cu in a given period of time was shown to be faster than that of conventional methods.

Maqolada ishqorli muhitda ftal angidridning vinil asetilen bilan o'zaro ta'siri reaktsiyasiga erituvchilar va haroratning ta'siri o'rganilgan. Ushbu reaktsiya uchun alternativ erituvchi tanlangan. KOH katalizator sifatida ishlatilgan.

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) with 633- and 785-nm excitation wavelengths combined with optical clearing (OC) technique was used for ex-vivo study of porcine skin in the Raman fingerprint region. The optical clearing has been performed on the skin samples by applying a mixture of glycerol and distilled water and a mixture of glycerol, distilled water and chemical penetration enhancer dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) during 30min and 60min of treatment. It was shown that the combined use of the optical clearing technique and CRM at 633nm allowed one to preserve the high probing depth, signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution simultaneously. Comparing the effect of different optical clearing agents on porcine skin showed that an optical clearing agent containing chemical penetration enhancer provides higher optical clearing efficiency. Also, an increase in treatment time allows to improve the optical clearing efficiency of both optical clearing agents. As a result of optical clearing, the detection of the amide-III spectral region indicating well-distinguishable structural differences between the type-I and type-IV collagens has been improved.

Objective: Imperfect polymer formation as well as collagen’s susceptibility to enzymatic degradation increase the vulnerability of hybrid layers over time. This study investigated the effect of new dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-containing pretreatments on long-term bond strength, hybrid layer quality, monomer conversion and collagen structure. Methods: H₃PO₄-etched mid-coronal dentin surfaces from extracted human molars (n = 8) were randomly treated with aqueous and ethanolic DMSO solutions or following the ethanol-wet bonding technique. Dentin bonding was performed with a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. Resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm²) were stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C for 24 h and 2.5 years, submitted to microtensile bond strength testing at 0.5 mm/min and semi-quantitative SEM nanoleakage analysis (n = 8). Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the degree of conversion at different depths in the hybrid layer (n = 6). Changes in the apparent modulus of elasticity of demineralized collagen beams measuring 0.5 × 1.7 × 7 mm (n = 10) and loss of dry mass (n = 10) after 30 days were calculated via three-point bending and precision weighing, respectively. Results: DMSO-containing pretreatments produced higher bond strengths, which did not change significantly over time presenting lower incidence of water-filled zones. Higher uniformity in monomer conversion across the hybrid layer occurred for all pretreatments. DMSO-induced collagen stiffening was reversible in water, but with lower peptide solubilization. Significance: Improved polymer formation and higher stability of the collagen-structure can be attributed to DMSO’s unique ability to simultaneously modify both biological and resin components within the hybrid layer. Pretreatments composed of DMSO/ethanol may be a viable-effective alternative to extend the longevity of resin-dentin bonds.

[Abstract] Corneal cryopreservation can partially solve the worldwide concern regarding donor cornea shortage for keratoplasties. In this study, human corneas were cryopreserved using two standard cryopreservation protocols that are employed in the Tissue Bank of the Teresa Herrera Hospital (Spain) to store corneas for tectonic keratoplasties (TK protocol) and aortic valves (AV protocol), and two vitrification protocols, VS55 and DP6. Endothelial viability and general corneal state were evaluated to determine the protocol that provides the best results. The potential corneal cryopreservation protocol was studied in detail taking into consideration some cryopreservation-related variables and the endothelial integrity and stroma arrangement of the resulting cryopreserved corneas. TK corneas showed mostly viable endothelial cells, while the others showed few (AV) or none (DP6 and VS55). The corneal structure was well maintained in TK and AV corneas. TK corneas showed endothelial acellular areas surrounded by injured cells and a normal-like stromal fiber arrangement. Cryoprotectant solutions of the TK protocol presented an increasing osmolality and a physiological pH value. Cooling temperature rate of TK protocol was of 1 °C/min to −40 °C and 3 °C/min to −120 °C, and almost all of dimethyl sulfoxide left the tissue after washing. Future studies should be done changing cryopreservation-related variables of the TK protocol to store corneas of optical grade.

In this paper, we study the DMSO/thiourea/chloride salt system for synthesis of pure-sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin-film solar cells under ambient conditions. We map out the ink constituents and determine the effect of mixing time and filtering. The thermal behavior of the ink is analyzed, and we find that more than 90% of the solvent has evaporated at 25°C. However, chlorine and sulfoxide species are released continually until 500°C, suggesting the advantage of a higher pre-annealing temperature, which is also commonly observed in the spin-coating routines in literature. Another advantage of a higher pre-annealing temperature is that the so-called "worm-like pattern" in the spin-coated film can be avoided. We hypothesize that this pattern forms as a result of hydrodynamics within the film as it dries, and it causes micro-inhomogeneities in film morphology. Devices were completed in order to finally evaluate the effect of varying thermal exposure during pre-annealing. Contrary to the previous observations, a lower pre-annealing temperature of 250°C results in the best device efficiency of 4.65%, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest efficiency obtained for a pure-sulfide kesterite made with DMSO. Lower thermal exposure during pre-annealing results in larger grains and a thicker MoS2 layer at the CZTS/Mo interface. Devices completed at higher pre-annealing temperatures display the existence of either Cu-S secondary phase or incomplete sulfurizations with smaller grains and the existence of a fine-grain layer at the back interface.

The Southern Ocean, which includes the seasonal ice zone (SIZ), is a source of large sea-air fluxes of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a climate active gas involved in Earth cooling processes. In this area, the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica (P. antarctica) is one of the main producers of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), two metabolites that are precursors of DMS. These algae are also present in sea ice and contribute substantially to the high DMSP and DMSO concentrations observed in this habitat. DMSP and DMSO production in sea ice by P. antarctica is proposed to be promoted by its ability to live in extreme environmental conditions. We designed cell culture experiments to test that hypothesis, focusing on the impact of shifts of temperature and salinity on the DMSP and DMSO cell quotas. Our experiments show an increase in DMSP and DMSO cell quotas following shifts in salinity (34 to 75, at 4 °C), which suggests a potential osmoregulator function for both DMSP and DMSO. Stronger salinity shifts (up to 100) directly impact cell growth and induce a crash of the cultures. Combining the salinity (34 to 75) and temperature (4 °C to –2.3 °C) shifts induces higher increases of DMSP and DMSO cell quotas that also suggests an implication of both metabolites in a cryoprotectant system. Experimental cell quotas (including diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus quotas from a previous study) are then used to reconstruct DMSP and DMSO profiles in sea ice based on the biomass and taxonomy. Finally, the complexity of the transposition of rates obtained in the experimental domain to the real world is discussed., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Sea ice is an extreme environment known to host microbial communities which produce high concentrations of the metabolites dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). These two compounds are involved in the cycling of the climate-cooling gas dimethylsulfide. Despite decades of research, the drivers of these large concentrations in sea ice remain largely unknown. In this study, we use a cell culture approach to quantify for the first time the DMSP and DMSO cell quotas for the diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus under combined shifts of temperature and salinity typically encountered in the sea-ice brine habitat. In doing so, we investigate two suggested potential metabolic functions for DMSP and DMSO: osmoregulation and cryoprotection. We observed an increase of both DMSP:Chl-a and DMSO:Chl-a in multiple experiments with salinities of 75 and 100 at constant temperature, which suggest osmoregulation for both compounds in the diatom cell. Stronger salinity shifts to 150 induced lethal osmotic shock resulting in massive cell death. Interestingly, combining salinity shifts with temperature shifts (as low as − 7.4 °C) did not modify drastically the DMSP and DMSO cell quotas, which may indicate that the cryoprotectant function of DMSP and DMSO in our diatom cultures was not-relevant. Also, decreasing the salinity to 20 at constant temperature suggested no cellular adaptation in terms of DMSP and DMSO cell quotas., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

[EN] The eels are teleost fishes from the order Anguilliformes that includes several species with high commercial value. Due to the high interest for aquaculture production of some eel species and for the need to restore eel species that are endangered, several research groups have directed their research toward developing protocols to cryopreserve the spermatozoa of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla). In this review, we provide an overview on the different protocols that have been developed so far. The first developed protocols used DMSO as cryoprotectant in both species with good success, obtaining sperm motilities of over 45% in Japanese eel and over 35% in European eel. Moreover, sperm cryopreserved using DMSO was successfully used in fertilization trials, although with low fertilization rates. However, recent studies show that DMSO produce epigenetic changes in eel sperm and therefore, the last developed protocols used methanol as cryoprotectant instead. Cryopreservation protocols using methanol as cryoprotectant, showed improved motility values in both Japanese and European eel. In addition, the latest protocols have been adapted to cryopreserve larger volumes of sperm of up to 5¿mL, which is useful for larger scale fertilization trials. The present study introduces the state of the art and future perspectives of the eel sperm cryopreservation to be applied in aquaculture and biological conservation programs.

La enfermedad infecciosa de la bursa (o enfermedad de Gumboro) afecta a nuestro país causando grandes pérdidas económicas en los planteles avícolas (1). La detección, control y prevención de esta enfermedad es complicada debido a la capacidad infectiva, resistencia y alta variabilidad del virus. Las pruebas existentes para la detección y clasificación del virus han sido útiles para el estudio de la evolución de la enfermedad, no obstante, presentan dificultades con el manejo de los virus de campo en las granjas avícolas. Por dichas razones, en este estudio se evaluó a la técnica de la RT-PCR con primers específicos-degenerados para incrementar la sensibilidad de la PCR como prueba de diagnóstico y la PCR como técnica de secuenciación para IBDV. Las muestras evaluadas fueron una vacuna y bursas infectadas con IBDV. Se evaluaron distintos aspectos en el diseño de la RT-P CR y en la elección del método de extracción. Se realizaron las PCRs de diagnóstico y secuenciación de IBDV para seleccionar el mejor par de primers específicos-degenerados los cuales fueron R6 con F11 para el segmento A y R7 con F12 para el segmento B. Se compararon dos tipos de enzimas transcriptasas inversas (M-MuLV y AMV), obteniendo mejores resultados con la enzima M-MuLV y agregando DMSO al 20%. Además se evaluaron las condiciones finales para la RT-PCR, mediante PCR de secuenciación parcial del segmento A y B, demostrando que el mix de los primers específicos–degenerados junto con hexámeros aleatorios amplifica satisfactoriamente ARN proveniente de tejido de bursas. En conclusión, la RT-PCR diseñada con primers específicos-degenerados en conjunto con los hexámeros aleatorios incrementó la sensibilidad de la PCR de diagnóstico y secuenciación de IBDV. Palabras Clave: Bursa, RT-PCR, IBDV, secuenciación, ARN, DMSO, transcriptasas, M-MuLV, degenerados, hexámeros aleatorios.

[EN] The critical situation of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) has urged the development of sperm cryopreservation protocols for reproduction in captivity and cryobanking. In the last years, two research groups have developed their own protocols in Spain and Hungary with positive results, but difficult to compare. Here, a series of experiments were conducted to test the quality of thawed sperm after using both protocols, determining which of them produce the best results and aiming for standardization. The quality of thawed sperm was assessed by studying the motility and kinetic values of thawed sperm from both cryopreservation protocols using a computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA-Mot) system. In addition, a viability analysis was performed using flow cytometry to test if the cryoprotectants or the freezing-thawing process led to a reduction in spermatozoa survival. Furthermore, since during cryopreservation the sperm was treated with methylated cryoprotectants (DMSO or methanol) that may induce epigenetic changes in the sperm DNA (cytosine methylation) and could affect the offspring, we conducted a luminometric methylation assay (LUMA) to study the DNA methylation levels induced by both protocols. In this work, all the above-mentioned parameters were analyzed in fresh and frozen-thawed sperm samples. Our results showed that thawed sperm samples from both protocols presented lower sperm motility and velocity, and lower percentage of live cells than those shown in fresh sperm samples. Furthermore, sperm samples from the methanol based protocol showed significantly higher motility, velocity and percentage of live spermatozoa than the same sperm samples treated with the DMSO based protocol. In addition, the DMSO based protocol induced a hypomethylation of sperm DNA compared to fresh samples whereas the methanol based protocol did not alter sperm DNA methylation level. Our results indicate that the methanol based protocol is a more suitable protocol that preserv

[EN] The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of INRA-82 semen extender with different cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide; DMSO vs. dimethyl formamide; DMF) on the quality of white New Zealand rabbit buck spermatozoa. We also investigated the possible association between the synergistic action of DMSO and DMF and their relation with INRA-82 extender composition. Semen was collected and pooled from 8 adult rabbit bucks. Pooled semen samples were diluted 1:1 with INRA-82 extender supplemented with DMSO 8%, DMF 8% or a combination of DMSO 4% and DMF 4%. The diluted semen samples were cryopreserved in 0.25 plastic straws. After thawing, progressive motility, sperm viability, sperm abnormalities, membrane integrity, acrosome status, viability index and DNA integrity were evaluated. The results showed that dilution of rabbit buck semen in INRA-82 supplemented with DMSO and DMF (4% each) before freezing significantly (P<0.05) improved sperm motility (42.00%), percentage of live spermatozoa (45.30%), proportions of spermatozoa with intact acrosome (59.75%) and percentage of spermatozoa with non-fragmented DNA (86.04%), compared to those diluted in INRA-82 supplemented either with DMSO 8% (+9, +10, +5 and +7 percentage points, respectively) or with DMF 8% alone (+18 +18, +12 and +9 percentage points, respectively). In conclusion, dilution of rabbit buck semen before freezing with INRA-82 extender supplemented with a combination of DMSO 4% and DMF 4% improved quality of frozen-thawed New Zealand White rabbit spermatozoa. Furthermore, our results also suggest that supplementation of INRA-82 with DMSO or with DMF alone at higher concentrations deteriorates the sperm quality.

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is widely used as a solvent and cryopreservative in laboratories and considered to have many beneficial health effects in humans. Oxylipins are a class of biologically active metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that have been linked to a number of diseases. In this study, we investigated the effect of DMSO on oxylipin levels in mouse liver. Liver tissue from male mice (C57Bl6/N) that were either untreated or injected with 1% DMSO at 18 weeks of age was analyzed for oxylipin levels using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A decrease in oxylipin diols from linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n3) and docosahexeanoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) was observed 2 h after injection with DMSO. In contrast, DMSO had no effect on the epoxide precursors or other oxylipins including those derived from arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3). It also did not significantly affect the diol:epoxide ratio, suggesting a pathway distinct from, and potentially complementary to, soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (sEHI). Since oxylipins have been associated with a wide array of pathological conditions, from arthritis pain to obesity, our results suggest one potential mechanism underlying the apparent beneficial health effects of DMSO. They also indicate that caution should be used in the interpretation of results using DMSO as a vehicle in animal experiments.

Background: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been used for medical treatment and as a pharmacological agent in humans since the 1960s. Today, DMSO is used mostly for cryopreservation of stem cells, treatment of interstitial cystitis, and as a penetrating vehicle for various drugs. Many adverse reactions have been described in relation to the use of DMSO, but to our knowledge, no overview of the existing literature has been made. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review describing the adverse reactions observed in humans in relation to the use of DMSO. Methods: This systematic review was reported according to the PRISMA-harms (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. The primary outcome was any adverse reactions occurring in humans in relation to the use of DMSO. We included all original studies that reported adverse events due to the administration of DMSO, and that had a population of five or more. Results: We included a total of 109 studies. Gastrointestinal and skin reactions were the commonest reported adverse reactions to DMSO. Most reactions were transient without need for intervention. A relationship between the dose of DMSO given and the occurrence of adverse reactions was seen. Conclusions: DMSO may cause a variety of adverse reactions that are mostly transient and mild. The dose of DMSO plays an important role in the occurrence of adverse reactions. DMSO seems to be safe to use in small doses. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018096117.

Sea ice, and especially its brine network, is one of the most extreme biomes on Earth. Furthermore,with its specific characteristics, sea ice drives major important biogeochemical cycles. One of them,the cycle of dimethylsulfide (DMS), a climate active gas, is poorly understood despite years of research.In sea ice, DMS has a biogenic origin through two microalgal metabolites: dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).In this thesis, we propose a culture approach based on two emblematic polar microalgae, the diatomFragilariopsis cylindrus and the prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystis antarctica to measure the impact ofenvironmental drivers (temperature and salinity) on the algal DMSP and DMSO production. Theselaboratory experiments show that temperature and salinity variations are involved in the intracellularproduction of DMSP and DMSO, produced therefore as cryoprotectant and osmoregulator.Nevertheless, the algal production depends on the intensity of these environmental changes (the algalgrowth is strongly impacted for salinities above 100 and temperatures below -3.9°C) and on the speciesstudied (P.antarctica is a higher producer of dimethyled sulfur compounds than F.cylindrus but appearsto be more challenged by environmental changes). These laboratory studies, conducted on F.cylindrus,also allow a first explanation for the difference of natural sulfur isotopic composition in DMSP observedbetween sea ice and the marine environment. This difference could be due to various DMSPproduction pathways in microalgae subject to salinity and temperature variations.Field Antarctic data sets also support the impact of environmental factors and taxonomy on theseasonal DMSP and DMSO production in sea ice. The taxonomy appears to be the dominant factor toexplain the production of DMSP and DMSO while temperature and salinity limit the algal developmentin sea ice. Large DMSO concentrations have been also measured at the sea ice bottom duringmicroalgal blooms. We suggest, Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a universally used aprotic solvent with the ability to permeate biological membranes and thus is commonly used to achieve appropriate biological availability of hydrophobic toxicants. While DMSO as a carrier medium has a reportedly low toxicity and is routinely employed in ecotoxicology, very little is known about its effect on dynamic behavioral parameters. This study presents a comparative analysis of the lethal and behavioral effects of exposures to DMSO concentrations of 0.1–10% on several test species such as: neonates of the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, nauplii of the marine crustacean Artemia franciscana, the marine crustacean Allorchestes compressa, embryos and larvae of the freshwater fish Danio rerio. The results demonstrated that DMSO did not cause statistically significant mortality even at concentrations close to 1% but induced clear and significant behavioral abnormalities in response to sublethal concentrations on all test species. These included hypoactivity syndrome in A. franciscana, A. compressa, D. magna and zebrafish larvae while a slight time-dependent hyperactivity response was observed in zebrafish embryos. For the majority of test species, behavioral changes such as moving distance, acceleration and burst movement were often observed during the first hours of exposure. These results indicate that caution should be exercised when using DMSO as a carrier solvent in experiments assessing behavioral endpoints.

[ES] La microbiota intestinal, en su correcta homeostasis, lleva a cabo numerosas funciones que son esenciales para el individuo y que contribuyen en el metabolismo de este. Esta microbiota varía enormemente entre individuos, y en caso de desequilibrio pueden llegar a producirse diferentes patologías. Los estudios in vitro de la fermentación de las heces humanas pueden ayudar a determinar cómo afectan diferentes sustancias en la modulación de la microbiota intestinal y en los últimos años, han cobrado especial importancia los estudios para el trasplante de heces como tratamiento para diferentes patologías. En los estudios in vitro de fermentación colónica, en la actualidad, el principal problema radica en que dichos estudios se llevan a cabo con heces humanas frescas, habiendo gran variabilidad entre muestras, lo que hace que la reproducibilidad de los resultados en diferentes ensayos no sea posible. Es por esto que, en el presente proyecto, se tuvo como objetivo principal, el diseño y desarrollo de un protocolo para la conservación de los microorganismos que forman parte de la microbiota intestinal humana. Para ello, se preparó una muestra de heces previamente diluida en medio tioglicolato, con cuatro tratamientos de conservación diferentes: sin ningún tratamiento, DMSO 8%, DMSO 10% y Glicerol 10%. Posteriormente, se hicieron estudios de viabilidad microbiana respecto al tiempo de crioconservación y en función de cada una de las cuatro condiciones ensayadas, para poder elegir el tratamiento con mejores resultados. Se obtuvo como resultado que había una diferencia significativa en la viabilidad de los microorganismos (p-value<0,05) entre la muestra no tratada y las que tenían añadido un crioprotector, siendo el Glicerol al 10% el tratamiento que mejor resultado obtuvo. Una vez se eligió el tratamiento que mejor mantuvo la viabilidad a lo largo el tiempo, se volvió a preparar una solución fecal con el crioprotector y concentración elegidos y se realizó el ensayo de i, [EN] Intestinal microbiota, in its correct homeostasis, carries out numerous functions that are essential for the individual and contributing to its metabolism. This microbiota varies enormously among individuals, and in case of imbalance different pathologies can occurred. In vitro studies of the fermentation of human feces can help to determine how different substances affect the modulation of intestinal microbiota and in recent years, studies for the transplant of feces as a treatment for different pathologies have been particularly important. In In vitro studies of colonic fermentation, the main problem today is that these studies are carried out with fresh human feces, having great variability between samples, which makes the reproducibility of the results in different assays not possible. This is why, in the present project, the main objective was to design and develop a protocol for the conservation of microorganisms that belongs to the human intestinal microbiota. To this end, a sample of previously diluted feces was prepared in thioglycolate medium, with four different conservation treatments: without any treatment, DMSO 8%, DMSO 10% and Glycerol 10%. Subsequently, microbial viability studies were made regarding to the time of cryopreservation and according to each one of the four conditions tested, in order to be able to choose the treatment with better results. Results demonstrate that there was a significant difference in the viability of the microorganisms (p-value < 0.05) between the untreated sample and those that had added a cryoprotectant, being Glycerol at 10% the treatment that best result obtained. Once the best maintained viability over time treatment was chosen, a fecal solution was re-prepared with the cryoprotectant and concentration selected and the incubation test was carried out in the in vitro Digester of Colonic Fermentation, in order to establish the reproducibility of the tests, obtaining promising results.

Glycerol is a least toxic and most effective cryoprotectant for cryopreservation of poultry semen, but due to its contraceptive properties removal of glycerol is usually needed prior to artificial insemination. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a small amphiphilic molecule used as penetrating cryoprotectant for biological cells, has been recognized as an adequate alternative for cryopreservation of sperm from several species. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of different concentrations of DMSO as cryoprotectant for Indian red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus murghi) sperm. Semen was collected from Indian red jungle fowl cocks, pooled and divided into five aliquots. Different concentrations of DMSO (0%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were compared. Diluted semen was cooled from 37 °C to 4 °C (-0.275 °C min-1), 20% glycerol added to control and equilibrated for 10 min. After equilibration, semen was filled in 0.5 mL French straws, kept over liquid nitrogen vapors for 10 min and plunged into liquid nitrogen. Semen samples were thawed at 37 °C for 30 s. Cryo-survival of Indian red jungle fowl sperm was affected by cryopreservation stages and different concentrations of cryoprotectant used. Highest sperm motility (85.0 ± 2.9; 80.0 ± 3.5; 71.3 ± 4.3; 60.0 ± 1.3), plasma membrane integrity (79.5 ± 3.8; 75.3 ± 2.4; 72.8 ± 3.3; 60.3 ± 2.8), viability (80.8 ± 4.6; 75.5 ± 2.9; 71.0 ± 7.6; 58.8 ± 1.3) and acrosomal integrity (76.3 ± 2.4; 72.0 ± 6.0; 62.5 ± 4.3; 55.0 ± 3.2) were recorded in a diluent having 8% DMSO at post-dilution, cooling, equilibration and freeze-thawing. Highest fertility results were obtained after artificial insemination with 8% DMSO compared to 20% glycerol (73.0 ± 4.4 vs 53.1 ± 4.3, P < 0.05). It is concluded that 8% DMSO as a permeable cryoprotectant improves the post thaw semen quality and fertility in Indian red jungle fowl and can be used effectively to avoid the contraceptive effects of glycerol.

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A series of some new diethyl arylphosphoramidates have been synthesized from the reaction of diethyl chlorophosphate with different amines in the pres­ence of 5 mol % of potassium carbonate catalyst. This reaction is operationally simple and efficient to afford the products with high yields in short reaction times. All the compounds synthesized were characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analysis. Summarizing our catalyst and solvent optimization studies we are reporting that potassium carbonate and DMSO is a best catalyst system for the synthesis of phosphoramidates.

This paper describes quantitative methods for the determination of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in equine plasma and urine based on simple precipitation and dilution followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS). DMSO is a polar solvent with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Its pharmacological features make it prohibited in horse racing. However, since DMSO is naturally present in the horses' environment, international threshold values have been implemented for plasma and urine (1 and 15 mu g/mL, respectively). Previously presented quantitative methods for the determination of DMSO are based on gas chromatography, thus demanding a tedious extraction step to transfer the analyte from the aqueous bodily fluid to an injectable organic solvent. The column used in the presented method was an Acquity BEH HILIC and the mobile phase was a mixture of ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile delivered as a gradient. Hexadeuterated DMSO (H-2(6)-DMSO) was used as the internal standard. Validation was performed in the range of the international thresholds concerning selectivity, carry-over, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability and inter-individual matrix variation. The results fulfilled the predefined criteria and the methods were considered fit for purpose. Successful applications on real equine doping control samples were carried out with determined DMSO concentrations exceeding the international thresholds.

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 3269–3286, doi:10.1002/2016JC012465., Concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS), measured in the Subarctic Pacific during summer 2010 and 2011, ranged from ∼1 to 40 nM, while dissolved dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) concentrations (range 13-23 nM) exceeded those of dissolved dimethyl sulfoniopropionate (DMSP) (range 1.3–8.8 nM). Particulate DMSP dominated the reduced sulfur pool, reaching maximum concentrations of 100 nM. Coastal and off shore waters exhibited similar overall DMS concentration ranges, but sea-air DMS fluxes were lower in the oceanic waters due to lower wind speeds. Surface DMS concentrations showed statistically significant correlations with various hydrographic variables including the upwelling intensity (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.001) and the Chlorophyll a/mixed layer depth ratio (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.001), but these relationships provided little predictive power at small scales. Stable isotope tracer experiments indicated that the DMSP cleavage pathway always exceeded the DMSO reduction pathway as a DMS source, leading to at least 85% more DMS production in each experiment. Gross DMS production rates were positively correlated with the upwelling intensity, while net rates of DMS production were significantly correlated to surface water DMS concentrations. This latter result suggests that our measurements captured dominant processes driving surface DMS accumulation across a coastal-oceanic gradient., Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, from the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, 2017-10-24

In vitro antimicrobial screening of some pyridyl-coumarin compounds were done against some bacterial and fungal strains in DMF and DMSO. These pyridyl-coumarin compounds were synthesized in the laboratory and their structure wasconfirmed by different spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass. Some of these compounds exhibited excellent antibacterial activity in both the solvents, La actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de algunos compuestos derivados de piridil-coumarina se evaluó frente a algunas cepas bacterianas y fúngicas en DMF y DMSO. Las piridil-cumarinas se sintetizaron en el laboratorio y sus estructuras se confirmaron por diferentes técnicas espectroscópicas, tales como IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR y masas. Algunos de los compuestos que se obtuvieron presentaron buena actividad antibacteriana en ambos solventes.

Aim of study: We evaluated the use of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for the photometric determination of chlorophyll (Chla and Chlb) and carotenoids in Quercus ilex L. leaves by comparative analysis using aqueous-acetone extraction.Area of study: a Q. ilex dehesa in Las Majadas del Tietar, Cáceres, SpainMaterial and methods: Q. ilex leaves were sampled during two vegetative periods. Field SPAD-502 Chlorophyll measurements and photometric chlorophyll determinations were performed. Two procedures were used: extraction of intact foliar discs at 65ºC with DMSO and fine foliar powder with cold aqueous-acetone.Main results: DMSO produced Chlb overestimation and different fitting performance for SPAD vs pigment calibrations (R2=0.64, RMSE=0.20, p<0.0001 for Chla (µg/cm2); R2=0.33, RMSE=0.23, p<0.0001 for Chlb (µg/cm2) and R2=0.50, RMSE=0.23, p<0.0001 for carotenoids (µg/cm2)). Aqueous-acetone provided more accurate predictions (R2=0.90, RMSE=0.16, p<0.0001 for Chla and R2=0.91, RMSE=0.16, p<0.0001 for Chlb, R2=0.90, RMSE=0.02, p<0.0001 for carotenoids) and mean ratio Chla/Chlb=3.6 inside the range for sun exposed leaves.Research highlights: Oxidizing conditions and polyphenol concentrations in Q. ilex leaves generated brown colorations in the DMSO extraction procedure, interfering with the photometric measurements in the red-orange region. Aqueous-acetone extraction was free from interference. DMSO should be avoided for pigment determination in Q. ilex leaves or when comparing different tree species.

Aim of study We evaluated the use of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for the photometric determination of chlorophyll (Chla and Chlb) and carotenoids in Quercus ilex L. leaves by comparative analysis using aqueous-acetone extraction. Area of study a Q. ilex dehesa in Las Majadas del Tietar, Cáceres, Spain Material and methods Q. ilex leaves were sampled during two vegetative periods. Field SPAD-502 Chlorophyll measurements and photometric chlorophyll determinations were performed. Two procedures were used extraction of intact foliar discs at 65ºC with DMSO and fine foliar powder with cold aqueous-acetone. Main results DMSO produced Chlb overestimation and different fitting performance for SPAD vs pigment calibrations (R2=0.64, RMSE=0.20, p<0.0001 for Chla (µg/cm2); R2=0.33, RMSE=0.23, p<0.0001 for Chlb (µg/cm2) and R2=0.50, RMSE=0.23, p<0.0001 for carotenoids (µg/cm2)). Aqueous-acetone provided more accurate predictions (R2=0.90, RMSE=0.16, p<0.0001 for Chla and R2=0.91, RMSE=0.16, p<0.0001 for Chlb, R2=0.90, RMSE=0.02, p<0.0001 for carotenoids) and mean ratio Chla/Chlb=3.6 inside the range for sun exposed leaves. Research highlights Oxidizing conditions and polyphenol concentrations in Q. ilex leaves generated brown colorations in the DMSO extraction procedure, interfering with the photometric measurements in the red-orange region. Aqueous-acetone extraction was free from interference. DMSO should be avoided for pigment determination in Q. ilex leaves or when comparing different tree species. © 2017 INIA.

Sea ice plays a significant role in the exchanges of climate active gases between the ocean and the atmosphere. One of them, dimethysulfide (DMS), is a precursor of sulfate aerosols which affect the Earth radiation balance. DMS is produced by the degradation of two algal metabolites: dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The dynamic of these sulfur compounds in the sea ice ecosystem is poorly understood. In particular, little is known about the factors driving the production of DMS and of its biological precursors in the stressing environmental conditions (temperature, salinity) of the brine channels in which sea ice algae grows. In this context, the objective of this research project is to quantify the impact of seasonal environmental stress in brine on sea ice algae, focusing on the production of DMSP and DMSO. We will study the production of sulfur compounds by axenic cultures of two characteristic species of the polar ocean: a diatom, Fragilariopsis cylindrus and a prymnesiophyte, Phaeocystis antarctica. On one hand, as a reference point, we will determine the sulfur compounds production by both algae under typical ocean conditions in the polar area (temperature of 4°C and salinity around 34-35). On the other hand, we will focus on the DMSP and DMSO production under the seasonal environmental conditions encountered by both algae when their living environment is the sea ice: the incorporation into the sea ice matrix during the autumn, the survival in the brine channels during the winter and then the return to more favourable conditions in spring. For comparison, we will also perform the same experiments with natural sea ice algae samples collected in the Arctic and Antarctic. Globally, the outcomes of this research project should drastically improve our understanding and modelling capabilities of the sea ice sulfur cycle., info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of frequently used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) additives DMSO, glycerol and betaine on amplification of GC-rich epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene promoter region, in order to detect the presence of -216G gt T and -191C gt A gene variations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. PCR products and restriction fragments were detected by electrophoresis on 8% polyacrylamide gel and 3% agarose gel. Our analysis shows that single used additives including DMSO in concentration of 7% and 10%, glycerol in concentration of 10%, 15% and 20%, as well as betaine in concentration of 1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M significantly enhanced the yield and specificity of PCR reaction. In addition, the combination of 10% DMSO with 15% glycerol has shown positive effects, whereas other analyzed combinations of additives failed to amplify the EGFR promoter region.

Cell-based therapy is a promising and innovative new treatment for different degenerative and autoimmune diseases, and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow have demonstrated great therapeutic potential due to their immunosuppressive and regenerative capacities. The establishment of methods for large-scale expansion of clinical-grade MSCs in vitro has paved the way for their therapeutic use in clinical trials. However, the clinical application of MSCs also requires cryopreservation and banking of the cell products. To preserve autologous or allogeneic MSCs for future clinical applications, a reliable and effective cryopreservation method is required. Developing a successful cryopreservation protocol for clinical stem cell products, cryopreservation media, cryoprotectant agents (CPAs), the freezing container, the freezing temperature, and the cooling and warming rate are all aspects which should be considered. A major challenge is the selection of a suitable cryoprotectant which is able to penetrate the cells and yet has low toxicity. This chapter focuses on recent technological developments relevant for the cryopreservation of MSCs using the most commonly used cryopreservation medium containing DMSO and animal serum or humanderived products for research use and the animal protein-free cryopreservation media CryoStor (BioLife Solutions) for clinical use.

BACKGROUND: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is essential for the preservation of liquid nitrogen-frozen stem cells, but is associated with toxicity in the transplant recipient. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this prospective noninterventional study, we describe the use of DMSO in 64 European Blood and Marrow Transplant Group centers undertaking autologous transplantation on patients with myeloma and lymphoma and analyze side effects after return of DMSO-preserved stem cells. RESULTS: While the majority of centers continue to use 10% DMSO, a significant proportion either use lower concentrations, mostly 5 or 7.5%, or wash cells before infusion (some for selected patients only). In contrast, the median dose of DMSO given (20 mL) was much less than the upper limit set by the same institutions (70 mL). In an accompanying statistical analysis of side effects noted after return of DMSO-preserved stem cells, we show that patients in the highest quartile receiving DMSO (mL and mL/kg body weight) had significantly more side effects attributed to DMSO, although this effect was not observed if DMSO was calculated as mL/min. Dividing the myeloma and lymphoma patients each into two equal groups by age we were able to confirm this result in all but young myeloma patients in whom an inversion of the odds ratio was seen, possibly related to the higher dose of melphalan received by young myeloma patients. CONCLUSION: We suggest better standardization of preservation method with reduced DMSO concentration and attention to the dose of DMSO received by patients could help reduce the toxicity and morbidity of the transplant procedure.

Exposure to high-level noise leads to oxidative stress and triggers apoptosis of the hair cells. This study examined whether p53, a tumor suppressor protein, is activated in the cochlea following impulse noise exposure. Inhibition of p53 with pifithrin alpha, a specific p53 inhibitor, or KX1-004, a Src-protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was tested to determine if p53 inhibition could reduce noise-induced hearing loss and cochlear damage. Chinchillas were pre-treated with a local administration of pifithrin alpha or KX1-004 and exposed to impulse noise. The chinchillas were assessed for threshold shift at 1 and 24hours after the noise. At 4 or 24hours post noise, the cochleae were removed and organs of Corti were examined to assess the damage to the cells and upregulation of p53 by the noise. Apoptosis was evident in both outer hair cells and supporting cells. Phospho-p53 (Ser 15) was upregulated 4hours and 24hours after the noise. KX1-004 and pifithrin alpha both decreased threshold shift and the number of missing outer hair cells. These results indicate that p53 is involved in the early stages of noise-induced cell death and inhibition of this signaling pathway is a potential protective strategy against noise-induced hearing loss.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a widely used solvent and cryoprotectant that can cause impaired blood flow, reduction in intracranial pressure, tissue edema, inflammatory reactions, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, processes which can lead to atherosclerosis of the coronary, peripheral and cerebral circulation. Although the adverse effects are rare when DMSO is administered in clinically established concentrations, there is no safe antagonist for an overdose. In this work, we treated isolated spontaneous and calcium-induced contractile active rat uteri (Wistar, virgo intacta), with DMSO and fullerenol C-60(OH)(24) nanoparticle (FNP) in DMSO. FNP is a water-soluble derivative of fullerene C-60. Its size is a 1.1 nm in diameter and is a very promising candidate for a drug carrier in nanomedicine. FNP also displays free radical scavenging activity. DMSO decreased both spontaneous and calcium-induced contractions. In contrast, FNP only decreased spontaneous contraction. FNP decreased copper-zinc superoxide dismutase activity and prevented the DMSO-induced increase in glutathione reductase activity. Atomic force microscopy detected that FNP aggregated with calcium ions. Our results indicate that FNP has properties that make it a good candidate to be a modulator of DMSO activity which could minimize side effects of the latter.

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 38 (2011): L23609, doi:10.1029/2011GL049712., The vast Antarctic sea-ice zone (SIZ) is a potentially significant source of the climate-active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS), yet few data are available on the concentrations and turnover rates of DMS and the related compounds dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in sea ice environments. Here we present new measurements characterizing the spatial variability of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO concentrations across the Antarctic SIZ, and results from tracer experiments quantifying the production rates of DMS from various sources. We observed extremely high concentrations (>200 nM) and turnover rates (>100 nM d−1) of DMS in sea-ice brines, indicating intense cycling of DMS/P/O. Our results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for DMSO reduction as a major pathway of DMS production in Antarctic sea ice., This work was supported in part by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution’s Ocean Life Institute and by NSF grant ANT-0838872 to KRA., 2012-06-14