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Matični supstrat, uz klimu, reljef, organizme i vrijeme, predstavlja jedan od pet glavnih pedogenetskih čimbenika. S pedogeneskog stajališta najvažnija su svojstva matičnog supstrata: mineralni i kemijski sastav, način i intenzitet trošenja te sadržaj biogenih elemenata. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi utjecaj različitih matičnih supstrata na fizičke i mineralne značajke tla. Na području PP Medvednice na šest različitih litoloških cjelina otvoreno je 80 pedoloških profila: metamorfne stijene – dominantno škriljevci, metamorfne stijene – dominantno filiti, magmatske stijene, pješčenjaci, lapori i lako trošivi vapnenci. Uzorci tla uzeti su po horizontima, a analizirani su oni iz humusnoakumulatinog (A-horizont) i B-horizonta. Određeni su sljedeći parametri: debljina horizonata, dubina profila, udjel skeleta, garnulometrijski sastav tla, postojanost strukturnih mikroagregata i mineralni sastav tla (XRD) metodom rendgenske difrakcije. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da postoje statistički značajne razlike između različitih litoloških cjelina za sve promatrane varijable osim debljine horizonata. Najveće dubine tla su povrh laporovitih stijena, a najmanje na dolomitiziranim vapnencima, što je ponajprije uvjetovano načinom trošenja matičnog supstrata. Na svim istraživanim litološkim cjelinama, tla na području PP Medvednice vrlo su postojanih mikroagregata. U odnosu na B-horizont u humusnoakumulativnom horizontu utvrđena je veća postojanost strukturnih mikroagregata. Tla povrh lakotrošivih vapnenaca imaju statistički veći udjel gline i manji udjel krupnog i sitnog pijeska od tla ostalih litoloških cjelina. Za sve litološke cjeline teksturna oznaka najčešće je u rasponu od praškaste do glinaste ilovače, dok je na litološkoj cjelini povrh vapnenaca udjel gline statistički značajno veći, pa je teksturna oznaka u rasponu od praškaste glinuše do glinuše. Litološke cjeline povrh magmatskih i metamorfnih stijena imaju statistički značajno manji udjel minerala kvarca i veći udjel miner, The highly complex lithological structure as well as topographic characteristics of the Medvednica area are responsible for its profound vegetational, micro-climatic and pedophysiographic diversity. In view of the quality of the original soil-forming material, the first place is taken by rocks and their detritus which directly govern soil physical composition. The best indicators of soil physical composition are its depth, colour, skeletal nature, particle size distribution, soil density, density of soil solid phase, total porosity, water capacity, air capacity, structure and hydraulic properties. On Medvednica, these vary greatly and play the main role in defining soil quality. The success of ecosystem management depends on the knowledge of the above factors. The goal of this research is to determine how the lithological base, or parent material, primarily affects physical (horizon thickness, profile depth, skelet proportion, soil texture, soil structure) and mineral soil properties.A total of 80 pedological profiles were opened in the Medvednica Nature Park area and evenly distributed so as to comprise all the representative lithological units. Samples of physically altered soils were taken from genetic horizons, as well as a fragment of rock, i.e. parent material, for the purpose of determining the lithological rock affiliation. Soil samples has been analayzed in the humus-accumulative (A horizon) and first under mineral horizon (mostly B horizon). The differences between the topsoil humus-accumulative and B horizon were statistically analyzed per lithological units. The samples were prepared (ISO 11464 2006) and analyzed in the laboratories of the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Zagreb and at the Croatian Geological Institute in Zagreb. According to FAO (2006), the following was determined in situ: the proportion of skelet per genetic horizon, horizon thicknesses and total profile depth. Laboratory analyses of the samples taken from genetic horizons inc

Sa stajališta šumskih požara, šumska prostirka se promatra kao potencijalno gorivo, no njena uloga i značaj u izmjeni tvari i energije, a poglavito ugljika u kontekstu aktualnih globalnih klimatskih promjena su veliki. Zbog toga se informacije o šumskoj prostirci tradicionalno koriste u modelima za procjenu opasnosti od šumskih požara te modelima za predikciju ponašanja i širenja šumskih požara, a u novije vrijeme i za procjenu emisija ugljika i drugih plinova te kvantificiranje zaliha ugljika. Glavni ciljevi ovog rada su: određivanje debljine, gustoće i količine pothorizonata šumske prostirke uz pripadajuće zalihe ugljika u sastojinama alepskog bora te izrada regresijskih modela debljine i količine šumske prostirke te debljine i zalihe ugljika, po pothorizontima i ukupno. Uzorkovanje šumske prostirke obavljeno je na području NP Mljet, u sastojinama alepskog bora, po debljinskim razredima: 0–50 cm, 100–150 cm i 200–250 cm opsega. Uzorkovanje je obavljeno po pothorizontima, a količine i udio organskog ugljika određene su za svaki pothorizont zasebno. Iz dobivenih rezultata vidljivo je da sastojine alepskog bora vežu značajne količine ugljika u svojoj prostirci, no uvjeti i zakonitosti nisu još dovoljno proučeni. U prilog tomu govore značajno veće debljine i količine šumske prostirke u sastojinama alepskog bora od onih do sada poznatih, pa je tako ispod stabala opsega 200–250 cm utvrđena srednja debljina prostirke od 9,0 cm i procijenjena količina od 94,3 Mg ha–1 sa zalihom ugljika od 37 Mg C ha–1. Regresijskom analizom utvrđena je statistički značajna veza debljina šumske prostirke s količinama prostirke i zalihama ugljika, te su dani regresijski modeli za OL pothorizont, zatim za OF1,OF2 i OH zajedno, kao i za ukupnu prostirku. Rezultati ovog istraživanja imaju praktičnu vrijednost u jednostavnijem kvantificiranju količina goriva i zaliha ugljika u šumskoj prostirci sastojina alepskog bora, koje se potom mogu koristiti u navedenim modelima. Inventarizacija šumskih g, From the aspect of forest fires, the forest floor is considered a potential fuel: however, in the context of current global climate change it plays an exceptionally important role in the exchange of matter and energy and of carbon in particular. For this reason, forest floor data are traditionally used in forest fire danger rating and in fire behavior and spread models. More recently they have also been used to estimate emissions of carbon and other gasses and to gasses and to quantify carbon stocks. The main objectives of this study are to a) determine the depth, bulk density and fuel load for each forest floor horizon with the associated carbon stock in Aleppo pine stands and b) develop regression models that relate forest floor depth to forest floor fuel load and forest floor depth to forest floor carbon stock, for horizons and for the entire forest floor. Forest floor sampling was carried out in Aleppo pine stands situated in Mljet National Park, per 0-50 cm, 100-150 cm and 200-250 cm circumference classes. Each forest floor horizon was sampled separately, and fuel load and organic carbon content were determined for each horizon. Our results suggest that Aleppo pine stands contain significant carbon stocks in the forest floor, but relations and processes that influence these stocks have not been sufficiently studied. This is supported by significantly greater forest floor depths and fuel loads in Aleppo pine stands than previously reported. Thus, the mean depth of forest floor of 9.0 cm, fuel load of 94.3 Mg ha-1, and carbon stock of 37 Mg C ha–1 were determined under trees with a 200-250 cm circumference class. Regression analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between depth and fuel load and between depth and carbon stock. Regression models were given for the OL horizon, the OF1,OF2 and OH horizons, as well as for the entire forest floor. Our results have practical value as they will allow reliable quantifications of forest floor fuel loads

Odabrane zemnoalkalijske i alkalijske kovine Ca, Mg, K i Na sastavni su dio stijena litosfere i spadaju u 8 najzastupljenijih elemenata Zemljine kore. Trošenjem stijena na površini Zemljine kore u procesima pedogeneze postaju sastavnim djelom tla. S gledišta biljne ishrane, ovi se elementi ubrajaju u biljna hraniva i to K, Ca i Mg u makroelemente, odnosno potrebne (esencijalne) elemente, a Na u korisne (beneficijalne) elemente.Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi kako litološka podloga, odnosno matični supstrat na području PP Medvednica utječe na udjel Ca, Mg, K i Na u tlu, te je li njihova prostorna raspodjela osim litološkom podlogom uvjetovana i reljefom.U šumi na području PP Medvednica uzet je 181 kompozitni uzorak po pravilnoj mreži 1 × 1 km u površinskom sloju tla do 5 cm dubine. Otvoreno je 28 pedoloških profila ravnomjerno raspoređenih, tako da obuhvate sve litološke cjeline. Na uzorcima površinskog sloja tla izmjereni su pH vrijednost tla (HRN ISO 10390:2005) i udjel elemenata Ca, Mg, K, Na nakon ekstrakcije zlatotopkom (HRN ISO 11466:2004). Na uzorcima uzetim iz genetskih horizonata u pedološkim profilima određeni su granulometrijski sastav tla (HRN ISO 11277:2004), pH vrijednost tla (HRN ISO 10390:2005), udjel organskog ugljika i ukupnog dušika suhim spaljivanjem (HRN ISO 10694:2004; HRN ISO 13878:2004), mineralni sastav tla (XRD) metodom rendgenske difrakcije i udjel elemenata Ca, Mg, K, Na nakon ekstrakcije zlatotopkom (HRN ISO 11466:2004).Za potrebe statističke analize matični supstrat podijeljen je u sedam karakterističnih litoloških cjelina, koje u svom radu prilikom geokemijskih istraživanja potočnih sedimenata Medvednice koriste geolozi Halamić et al. (2001). Litološku cjelinu LIT1 čine parametamorfitne stijene, litološku cjelinu LIT2 ortometamorfitne stijene, litološku cjelinu LIT3 magmatske stijene, litološku cjelinu LIT 4 mezozojske klastične stijene, litološku cjelinu LIT5 tercijarne klastične stijene, litološku cjelinu LIT6 mezozojske karbonatne, Alkali earth metals and alkali metals Ca, Mg, K and Na are a constituent part of the lithosphere rocks and belong among the 8 most abudant elements in the Earth´s crust. They are the results of the weathering of rocks on the surface of the Earth´s crust in the process of pedogenesis. From the aspect of plant nutrition, these elements belong to plant nutrients: K, Ca and Mg belong to macro-elements or essential elements, while Na belongs to beneficial elements.The goal of this research is to establish how the lithological bedrock, or parent material in the area of Medvednica Nature Park affects the Ca, Mg, K and Na content in the soil, and whether their spatial distribution is conditioned by the relief as well as by the lithological bedrock.A total of 181 composite samples were taken in the Medvednica NP forests. Topsoil samples to a 5 cm depth were taken in a regular 1 x 1 km grid. Twenty-eight pedological profiles were opened and evenly distributed to encompass all lithological units. Soil pH values (HRN ISO 10390:2005) were measured in topsoil samples and so was the content of the elements Ca, Mg, K, and Na after extraction with aqua regia (HRN ISO 11466:2004). Determination of particle size distribution in mineral soil material (HRN ISO 11277:2004), determination of soil pH ( HRN ISO 10390:2005), determination of organic carbon and total nitrogen after dry combustion (HRN ISO 10694:2004; HRN ISO 13878:2004), mineral content of the soil (XRD) by X-ray diffraction method and content of the elements Ca, Mg, K and Na after extraction with aqua regia (HRN ISO 11466:2004) were determined in the samples taken from genetic horizons in the pedological profiles.For statistical purposes, the lithological bedrock was divided into seven characteristic lithological units, which were used by geologists Halamić et al. (2001) in their study of stream sediments on Medvednica. Lithological unit LIT1 is made up of parametamorphic rocks, Lithological unit LIT2 is composed of orthomet

SažetakGranulometrijski sastav tla (GST) jedan je od najvažnijih parametara fizičkih značajki tla. Određivanje GST najčešće se temelji na kombinaciji mokrog prosijavanja i pipetiranja, a razlike između pojedinih metoda temelje se na različitim tretmanima uzoraka u pripremi suspenzije za mokro prosijavanje i pipetiranje. Kako je do sada u mnogim laboratorijima korištena metoda pripreme suspenzije s Na-pirofosfatom (i još se uvijek koristi), opravdana je upitnost usporedivosti rezultata s rezultatima normirane metode (norma ISO 11277). S obzirom na specifičnosti dviju metoda, postavljena je hipoteza o postojanju razlika između istih, bilo na razini granulometrijskog sastava ili teksturne interpretacije. U svezi s navedenim, cilj rada je testirati razlike između dviju navedenih metoda.Istraživanje je provedeno na 67 uzoraka šumskog tla, od čega je 15 uzoraka iz njegovog površinskog dijela. Dobiveni rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da nema statistički značajne razlike između metoda za sve uzorke, kako iz mineralnog i iz površinskog dijela tla. Utvrđena je visoka korelacija između udjela svih istovrsnih frakcija određenih po različitim metodama.U interpretaciji teksturnih oznaka na temelju teksturnog trokuta utvrđena je značajna razlika između frakcije pijeska i frakcije praha, dok kod frakcija gline nije bilo statistički značajne razlike. Veći udjel frakcije pijeska utvrđen je interpretcijom na temelju teksturnih klasa po staroj metodi, dok je za prah obrnut slučaj., The purpose of this research was to comparison of two sieving and sedimentation methods for determination of particle size distribution (PSD). Until 2009, PSD was determined at the Faculty of Forestry in Zagreb by a sieve and pipette method after soil preparation using Na-pyrophosphate according to the Pedological manual (old method) (Škorić, 1965). Since the opening of the ecological-pedological laboratory at the Forestry Faculty in 2009, PSD determination has been performed according to the ISO 11277 (2009) Standard. The most important difference between the two methods is that according to the ISO 11227 Standard, pre-treatment is accomplished with hydrogen peroxide which oxidizes the organic matter, so that PSD is determined only in mineral soil particles, while according to the old method, the organic matter was not removed at PSD determination.The purpose of this research was to establish whether there was a difference in the results of PSD determination between the old method and the ISO 11277 Standard in the overall number of samples and particularly in the topsoil. Another goal was to test the difference in the textural interpretation of PSD results obtained by these two methods.For the needs of the analysis, 67 forest soil samples were taken from two areas in Croatia. The two methods were compared in order to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in the total number of the samples. A comparison was also made to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the samples taken from the topsoil layer, since according to ISO 11277 the organic matter largely found in the surface soil part oxidizes.Statistical analysis and t-test revealed no statistically significant difference in any single fraction from the topsoil layer between the old method and ISO 11277. A high correlation was found in the topsoil layer for all the measured fractions (r = 0.98 for coarse sand, r = 0.96 fine sand, r = 0.94 coarse silt

Istraživanja su provedena u 95-godišnjoj visokoproduktivnoj sastojini crne johe (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.) u Podravini. Cilj ovoga rada je istražiti glavna obilježja akumulacije i dinamike ugljika i dušika u sastojini crne johe, kao indikatora stabilnosti ekosustava i održivosti gospodarenja ovom sastojinom. Analiza dinamike i akumulacije ugljika i dušika tijekom godine obuhvatila je istraživanje tla, posebice šumske prostirke i A- horizonta, drva i kore crne johe te lista neposredno nakon odbacivanja. Masa šumske prostirke kreće se od 4,71 Mg ha–1 nakon odbacivanja lista, preko 3,36 Mg ha–1 u proljeće, do 0,51 Mg ha–1 u jesen prije ponovnog odbacivanja lista. Od jeseni do proljeća raste sadržaj ugljika i dušika u A- horizontu, a zatim ponovno opada. Akumulacija ugljika u nadzemnoj biomasi sastojine sredinom ljeta je 214,6 Mg ha–1, a u tlu je prosječno 143,5 Mg ha–1. S druge strane akumulacija dušika veća je u tlu – u nadzemnoj biomasi je 2 Mg ha–1, a u tlu dosiže čak i preko 14 Mg ha–1 (prosječno 13,8). Sveukupna akumulacija organskog ugljika u ekosustavu je 359,5 Mg ha–1, a dušika 15,8 Mg ha–1. Istraživanje je pokazalo da se radi o izuzetno vitalnoj sastojini, očito s izuzetno dobrim ekološkim uvjetima za rast crne johe. Njena se vitalnost i dugoročna stabilnost najbolje odražavaju u postojanom indeksu širine godova u posljednjih 80 godina, što potvrđuje i vrlo velika drvna zaliha, koja za sastojinu starosti 93–98 god. iznosi 751 m3 ha–1 (iznad taksacijske granice od 7 cm)., This research was conducted in a 95-year-old, highly productive stand of black alder growing in the Drava plain in Croatia. The goal was to investigate the main features of carbon-nitrogen accumulation and dynamics in the stand of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), as an indicator of ecosystem stability and sustainability of managing such stands. Soil physiography was investigated in a permanent sample plot sized 1 ha with growing stock of 751 m3 ha–1. In the course of one season of leaf litter decomposition, the forest floor and soil from the A horizon were sampled on three occasions; the first sampling took place after leaf drop in 2009, the second at the beginning of vegetation (April 2010), and the third before leaf drop (beginning of November 2010). The forest floor mass was determined and so was the carbon and nitrogen content in the forest floor, in the bark, in the physiologically mature leaf and in the soil, as well as the soil pH value. Dendrochronological analysis was performed on black alder wood specimens to determine wood density and carbon and nitrogen content. Data from piezometers set up within the plot for the period 1997–2000 were used to interpret the water regime. According to the research, the soil is Haplic Gleysol (Endoarenic), with a relatively shallow A horizon, of sandy-clayey to loamy-sandy texture, of weakly acidic and in the deeper part weakly alkaline reaction. The water regime is characterized by a shallow and stable groundwater level which occasionally causes shallow (up to 20–30 cm) flooding in the out-of-vegetation period, and does not drop below 130 cm in the vegetation period. The forest floor mass ranges from 4.71 Mg ha–1 after leaf drop, over 3.36 Mg ha–1 in the spring, to 0.51 Mg ha–1 in the autumn before renewed leaf drop, which indicates complete decomposition of black alder leaf litter in a yearly cycle. During this period the C:N ratio decreases from 19 to 14.8. Carbon and nitrogen content in the A horizon increas

U vegetacijskom razdoblju 2010. godine proveli smo detaljna istraživanja prašume Smrčeve doline na sjevernom Velebitu. Prašumski kompleks obuhvaća oko 488 ha, dio je Nacionalnoga parka »Sjeverni Velebit« i do sada nije znanstveno istraživan. Velik dio prašume zauzimaju sastojine obične smreke rasprostranjene u dvjema šumskim zajednicama: smrekova šuma s obrubljenim gladcem (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum abietis Vukelić i dr. 2010) i smrekova šuma s alpskom pljuskavicom (Hyperico grisebachii-Piceetum abietis /Bertović 1975/ Vukelić i dr. 2010).Na gornjim i srednjim padinama rasprostranjena je pretplaninska bukova šuma sa žabljakom (Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum Marinček i dr. 1993). Sva tri vegetacijska tipa fitocenološki su istražena metodom ciriško-monpelješke fitocenološke škole, a snimci smrekovih sastojina prikazani su u analitičkoj tablici 1 s potrebnim općim podacima. Za kvantificiranje strukturnih parametara sastojina na pokusnim plohama svim su stablima iznad 1 cmprsnoga promjera izmjereni opseg (cm), visina (m) te je određen životni status prema metodologiji Masera i dr. (1979). Ustanovljena je količina i stupanj raspadanja mrtvoga dubećega i ležećega drveta i na temelju utvrđenih parametara i odgovarajućih kriterija zaključujemo da smrekove sastojine istraživanoga područja pripadaju kategoriji primarne prašume., Detailed research into the virgin forest of Smrčeve Doline, situated in Northern VelebitNational Park, was undertaken in the vegetation period of 2010 (Fig. 1). The virgin forest covers an area of 488 ha, of which spruce forests account for 300 ha, beech forests for 125 ha, while the rest is without any forest vegetation. The altitude ranges between 1,279 m and 1,607 m. The virgin forest mainly extends in the north-south direction. Over half of the spruce stands are distributed in sinkholes, as well as on northern and northwestern slopes ascending towards the tops. In the geomorphological sense, this is an exceptionally richly developed Dinaric karst relief, where the parent material is made of limestone breccias and limestone-dolomite blocks, which often resurface. The soil is organogenic and organomineral calcomelanosol in a mosaic with calcocambisol. The average annual temperature is 3.5 °C and the amount of the average annual precipitation is 1,898mm(meteorological stationVučjak, 1954mabove sea level, period 1961–1990, data of the DHMZ). Phytocoenological research based on the standard Central European method of the Zürich-Montpellier School has shown that stands of Norway spruce are distributed in two forest communities (Table 1): spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum abietisVukelić, Alegro et Šegota 2010) and spruce forest with Hypericum richerii grisebachii (Hyperico grisebachii-Piceetum abietis /Bertović 1975/ Vukelić, Alegro, Šegota et Šapić 2010). The floral composition with their differences justifies their classification into independent associations in relation to other sub-alpine phytocoenoses of the Dinaric region. Compared with them, spruce forests of the sub-alpine belt of northern Velebit are differentiated by the presence and the higher cover of species Campanula velebitica, Melampyrum velebiticum, Hypericum richeri grisebachii, Laserpitium krapfii, Valerianamontana, Euphorbia carniolica, Geranium sylvaticum,Adenostyl

Vodna erozija tla jedan je od najrazornijih procesa degradacije zemljišta. U gospodarenju šumskim zemljištemmoguća opasnost od erozije uvelike se povećava s povećanjem aridnosti klime.Vodnoj eroziji osobito pogoduju slabo vodopropusni supstrati i tlo koje iz njih nastaje, kao što je fliš. Flišna erodirana zemljišta dosta su rasprostranjena u Istri, gdje smo i proveli ovo istraživanje. Na poligonu za istraživanje erozije Abrami (kod Buzeta) na 6 pokusnih ploha istražili smo svojstva tla i tijekom 3 godine (2005., 2006. i 2007.) mjerili količinu oborine i produkciju erozijskoga nanosa. Na dvjema plohama prije 50 godina provedena je biološko-tehnička sanacija erozije, na jednoj su provedene biološke mjere, dvije su bile kontrolne (jedna na blagom nagibu i s autohtonom degradiranom šumskom vegetacijom, a druga, jako erodirana, na strmom nagibu). Jedna ploha na blagom nagibu uspostavljena je 2004. godine – iskrčena je sva drvenasta vegetacija. Godišnja je količina oborine bila između 908mmu 2005. godini, preko 979mmu 2006. godini do 1 167mmu 2007. Više od polovice erozijske produkcije odvija se u 3. kvartalu godine. Istraživanja su pokazala da se biološkotehnič kom sanacijom povećava vodopropusnost tla i sadržaj organske tvari u tlu, to više što je strmije zemljište. Pokazalo se da je na zemljištu saniranom biološko-tehničkim mjerama vrlo niska erozijska produkcija, bez obzira na raspored i intenzitet oborine, a sama biološka sanacija, bez tehničkih mjera, rezultira značajno slabijim utjecajem na suzbijanje erozije., Soil erosion is one of the most devastating soil degradation processes. In temperate climate regions, soil erosion rarely assumes excessive proportions. In the management of forest soil, the potential erosion threat drastically increases with an increase in climate aridity. Water erosion is particularly favored by parent materials of low water permeability and by soils derived from such materials. In theMediterranean and sub-Mediterranean area of Croatia, these are primarily flysch, marl and Werfen schists. These materials show good physical weathering properties, thus providing a rich source of erosion material.As a rule, the soil formed from such parentmaterial is of silty-clayey to clayey texture, and has a relatively low infiltration capacity. The soil unprotected by vegetation (burned sites) manifests particularly devastating forms of water-induced erosion. In the past 50 years, flysch terrains of Istria have been subjected to a series of technical, biological and biological- technical treatments aimed at preventing water erosion and recovering the eroded soils. An experimental (research) site was set up in Abrami near Buzet for the purpose of monitoring erosion processes and rehabilitation effects of different biological-technical and biological methods of eroded area recovery. The effects of the treatments on soil properties in the research site are in the form of progressive pedogenetic processes. Asynergy of the effects of recovery methods and different natural conditions (relief, vegetation) in the experimental site is particularly well reflected in erosion indicators, such as the production of erosion sediment (erosion production), and to a lesser extent, the surface flow index. For this reason, research in this work focuses primarily on soil properties and erosion production dynamics. From the geological-lithological aspect, the research site of Abrami is made up of Eocene flysch composed of alternate layers of light grey marl and dark lime sandstone, i.

U radu su predstavljena pedološka istraživanja u tri smrekove zajednice na sjevernom Velebitu i u Štirovači: Aremonio-Piceetum Horvat 1938, Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum Vukelić i dr. 2010, Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum Bertović 1975 nom. illeg. U tim su zajednicama uzeti kompozitni uzorci tla (13 kompozitnih uzoraka sastavljenih od po 9 pojedinačnih uzoraka) u površinskom sloju tla do 5 cm dubine i po pedološkim profilima (11 profila). Reakcija tla jedina je pokazala statistički značajne razlike za površinski sloj tla, i to za zajednice Aremonio-Piceetum i Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum. Najniža pH-vrijednost u zajednici Aremonio-Piceetum uvjetovana je kiselim matičnim supstratom, zaravnjenim reljefom koji dodatno u uvjetima perhumidne klime pogoduje podzolizaciji, dok specifične mikroklimatske prilike, mrazište i visoka zračna vlaga utječu na intenzivnije nakupljanje sirovoga humusa. U odnosu na pH-reakciju najmanju kiselost pokazuje asocijacija Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum, čime su potvrđena fitocenološka istraživanja (Vukelić i dr. 2010) prema kojima ta zajednica u odnosu na ostale ima najveći broj vrsta reda Fagetalia (Pawlovski i dr. 1928) koje su dominantne u okolnim, uglavnom neutrofilnim bukovim i bukovo-jelovim šumama. Sve tri istraživane zajednice Aremonio-Piceetum, Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum i Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum u površinskom sloju tla do 5 cm pokazale su veliku onečišćenost olovom, a zajednice Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum i Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum i veliku onečišćenost cinkom i kadmijem., The largest and the most coherent complexes of natural spruce stands in Croatia are currently distributed in the altimontane and subalpine vegetation belt of Velebit over an area of 3165 ha and altitudes ranging from 1100 to almost 1600 m. Past phytocoenological research into spruce forests in northern Velebit distinguishes three different associations: frost valleys of Štirovača and Apatišanska Duliba support the altimontane spruce forest with bastard agrimony (Aremonio-Piceetum Horvat 1938), shallower sink holes and slopes descending from the surrounding tops contain the altimontane-subalpine spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum Vukelić et al. 2010), while rocky tops, hips, karrens and ridges feature the subalpine spruce forest with small-reed (Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum Bertović 1975). These associations are distributed as azonal, microclimatically and edaphically conditioned associations, of which spruce forest with bastard agrimony occurs in the belt of Dinaric beech-fir forest (Omphalodo-Fagetum) while the two others grow in a higher belt of subalpine beech forest with buttercup (Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum). Their mutual differences result from ecological factors which are decisive for their occurrence and distribution. Of these, the edaphic relationships which we explored in this work draw particular interest. Composite samples were taken from the top layer up to 5 cm deep (13 composite samples composed of 9 individual samples each), pedological profiles were opened (11 profiles), and soil samples were taken by pedogenetic horizons within pedological research in three spruce communities: altimontane spruce forest with bastard agrimony (Aremonio-Piceetum), altimontane-subalpine spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum), and subalpine spruce forest with small-reed (Calamagrostio-Piceetum) in the area of northern Velebit and Štirovača. Composite samples, taken from the top soil layer up to 5 cm de

Vodna erozija tla jedan je od najrazornijih procesa degradacije zemljišta. U gospodarenju šumskim zemljištemmoguća opasnost od erozije uvelike se povećava s povećanjem aridnosti klime.Vodnoj eroziji osobito pogoduju slabo vodopropusni supstrati i tlo koje iz njih nastaje, kao što je fliš. Flišna erodirana zemljišta dosta su rasprostranjena u Istri, gdje smo i proveli ovo istraživanje. Na poligonu za istraživanje erozije Abrami (kod Buzeta) na 6 pokusnih ploha istražili smo svojstva tla i tijekom 3 godine (2005., 2006. i 2007.) mjerili količinu oborine i produkciju erozijskoga nanosa. Na dvjema plohama prije 50 godina provedena je biološko-tehnička sanacija erozije, na jednoj su provedene biološke mjere, dvije su bile kontrolne (jedna na blagom nagibu i s autohtonom degradiranom šumskom vegetacijom, a druga, jako erodirana, na strmom nagibu). Jedna ploha na blagom nagibu uspostavljena je 2004. godine – iskrčena je sva drvenasta vegetacija. Godišnja je količina oborine bila između 908mmu 2005. godini, preko 979mmu 2006. godini do 1 167mmu 2007. Više od polovice erozijske produkcije odvija se u 3. kvartalu godine. Istraživanja su pokazala da se biološkotehnič kom sanacijom povećava vodopropusnost tla i sadržaj organske tvari u tlu, to više što je strmije zemljište. Pokazalo se da je na zemljištu saniranom biološko-tehničkim mjerama vrlo niska erozijska produkcija, bez obzira na raspored i intenzitet oborine, a sama biološka sanacija, bez tehničkih mjera, rezultira značajno slabijim utjecajem na suzbijanje erozije., Soil erosion is one of the most devastating soil degradation processes. In temperate climate regions, soil erosion rarely assumes excessive proportions. In the management of forest soil, the potential erosion threat drastically increases with an increase in climate aridity. Water erosion is particularly favored by parent materials of low water permeability and by soils derived from such materials. In theMediterranean and sub-Mediterranean area of Croatia, these are primarily flysch, marl and Werfen schists. These materials show good physical weathering properties, thus providing a rich source of erosion material.As a rule, the soil formed from such parentmaterial is of silty-clayey to clayey texture, and has a relatively low infiltration capacity. The soil unprotected by vegetation (burned sites) manifests particularly devastating forms of water-induced erosion. In the past 50 years, flysch terrains of Istria have been subjected to a series of technical, biological and biological- technical treatments aimed at preventing water erosion and recovering the eroded soils. An experimental (research) site was set up in Abrami near Buzet for the purpose of monitoring erosion processes and rehabilitation effects of different biological-technical and biological methods of eroded area recovery. The effects of the treatments on soil properties in the research site are in the form of progressive pedogenetic processes. Asynergy of the effects of recovery methods and different natural conditions (relief, vegetation) in the experimental site is particularly well reflected in erosion indicators, such as the production of erosion sediment (erosion production), and to a lesser extent, the surface flow index. For this reason, research in this work focuses primarily on soil properties and erosion production dynamics. From the geological-lithological aspect, the research site of Abrami is made up of Eocene flysch composed of alternate layers of light grey marl and dark lime sandstone, i.

U vegetacijskom razdoblju 2010. godine proveli smo detaljna istraživanja prašume Smrčeve doline na sjevernom Velebitu. Prašumski kompleks obuhvaća oko 488 ha, dio je Nacionalnoga parka »Sjeverni Velebit« i do sada nije znanstveno istraživan. Velik dio prašume zauzimaju sastojine obične smreke rasprostranjene u dvjema šumskim zajednicama: smrekova šuma s obrubljenim gladcem (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum abietis Vukelić i dr. 2010) i smrekova šuma s alpskom pljuskavicom (Hyperico grisebachii-Piceetum abietis /Bertović 1975/ Vukelić i dr. 2010).Na gornjim i srednjim padinama rasprostranjena je pretplaninska bukova šuma sa žabljakom (Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum Marinček i dr. 1993). Sva tri vegetacijska tipa fitocenološki su istražena metodom ciriško-monpelješke fitocenološke škole, a snimci smrekovih sastojina prikazani su u analitičkoj tablici 1 s potrebnim općim podacima. Za kvantificiranje strukturnih parametara sastojina na pokusnim plohama svim su stablima iznad 1 cmprsnoga promjera izmjereni opseg (cm), visina (m) te je određen životni status prema metodologiji Masera i dr. (1979). Ustanovljena je količina i stupanj raspadanja mrtvoga dubećega i ležećega drveta i na temelju utvrđenih parametara i odgovarajućih kriterija zaključujemo da smrekove sastojine istraživanoga područja pripadaju kategoriji primarne prašume., Detailed research into the virgin forest of Smrčeve Doline, situated in Northern VelebitNational Park, was undertaken in the vegetation period of 2010 (Fig. 1). The virgin forest covers an area of 488 ha, of which spruce forests account for 300 ha, beech forests for 125 ha, while the rest is without any forest vegetation. The altitude ranges between 1,279 m and 1,607 m. The virgin forest mainly extends in the north-south direction. Over half of the spruce stands are distributed in sinkholes, as well as on northern and northwestern slopes ascending towards the tops. In the geomorphological sense, this is an exceptionally richly developed Dinaric karst relief, where the parent material is made of limestone breccias and limestone-dolomite blocks, which often resurface. The soil is organogenic and organomineral calcomelanosol in a mosaic with calcocambisol. The average annual temperature is 3.5 °C and the amount of the average annual precipitation is 1,898mm(meteorological stationVučjak, 1954mabove sea level, period 1961–1990, data of the DHMZ). Phytocoenological research based on the standard Central European method of the Zürich-Montpellier School has shown that stands of Norway spruce are distributed in two forest communities (Table 1): spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum abietisVukelić, Alegro et Šegota 2010) and spruce forest with Hypericum richerii grisebachii (Hyperico grisebachii-Piceetum abietis /Bertović 1975/ Vukelić, Alegro, Šegota et Šapić 2010). The floral composition with their differences justifies their classification into independent associations in relation to other sub-alpine phytocoenoses of the Dinaric region. Compared with them, spruce forests of the sub-alpine belt of northern Velebit are differentiated by the presence and the higher cover of species Campanula velebitica, Melampyrum velebiticum, Hypericum richeri grisebachii, Laserpitium krapfii, Valerianamontana, Euphorbia carniolica, Geranium sylvaticum,Adenostyl

U radu su predstavljena pedološka istraživanja u tri smrekove zajednice na sjevernom Velebitu i u Štirovači: Aremonio-Piceetum Horvat 1938, Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum Vukelić i dr. 2010, Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum Bertović 1975 nom. illeg. U tim su zajednicama uzeti kompozitni uzorci tla (13 kompozitnih uzoraka sastavljenih od po 9 pojedinačnih uzoraka) u površinskom sloju tla do 5 cm dubine i po pedološkim profilima (11 profila). Reakcija tla jedina je pokazala statistički značajne razlike za površinski sloj tla, i to za zajednice Aremonio-Piceetum i Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum. Najniža pH-vrijednost u zajednici Aremonio-Piceetum uvjetovana je kiselim matičnim supstratom, zaravnjenim reljefom koji dodatno u uvjetima perhumidne klime pogoduje podzolizaciji, dok specifične mikroklimatske prilike, mrazište i visoka zračna vlaga utječu na intenzivnije nakupljanje sirovoga humusa. U odnosu na pH-reakciju najmanju kiselost pokazuje asocijacija Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum, čime su potvrđena fitocenološka istraživanja (Vukelić i dr. 2010) prema kojima ta zajednica u odnosu na ostale ima najveći broj vrsta reda Fagetalia (Pawlovski i dr. 1928) koje su dominantne u okolnim, uglavnom neutrofilnim bukovim i bukovo-jelovim šumama. Sve tri istraživane zajednice Aremonio-Piceetum, Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum i Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum u površinskom sloju tla do 5 cm pokazale su veliku onečišćenost olovom, a zajednice Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum i Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum i veliku onečišćenost cinkom i kadmijem., The largest and the most coherent complexes of natural spruce stands in Croatia are currently distributed in the altimontane and subalpine vegetation belt of Velebit over an area of 3165 ha and altitudes ranging from 1100 to almost 1600 m. Past phytocoenological research into spruce forests in northern Velebit distinguishes three different associations: frost valleys of Štirovača and Apatišanska Duliba support the altimontane spruce forest with bastard agrimony (Aremonio-Piceetum Horvat 1938), shallower sink holes and slopes descending from the surrounding tops contain the altimontane-subalpine spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum Vukelić et al. 2010), while rocky tops, hips, karrens and ridges feature the subalpine spruce forest with small-reed (Calamagrostio variae-Piceetum Bertović 1975). These associations are distributed as azonal, microclimatically and edaphically conditioned associations, of which spruce forest with bastard agrimony occurs in the belt of Dinaric beech-fir forest (Omphalodo-Fagetum) while the two others grow in a higher belt of subalpine beech forest with buttercup (Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum). Their mutual differences result from ecological factors which are decisive for their occurrence and distribution. Of these, the edaphic relationships which we explored in this work draw particular interest. Composite samples were taken from the top layer up to 5 cm deep (13 composite samples composed of 9 individual samples each), pedological profiles were opened (11 profiles), and soil samples were taken by pedogenetic horizons within pedological research in three spruce communities: altimontane spruce forest with bastard agrimony (Aremonio-Piceetum), altimontane-subalpine spruce forest with Laserpitium krapfii (Laserpitio krapfii-Piceetum), and subalpine spruce forest with small-reed (Calamagrostio-Piceetum) in the area of northern Velebit and Štirovača. Composite samples, taken from the top soil layer up to 5 cm de

Na dva lokaliteta na flišu u Istri istraživali smo utjecaj biolo ških i tehničkih mjera zaštite tla te sanacije erodiranog terena na svojstva tla, odnosno na njegovu regeneraciju. Na poligonu za istraživanje erozije u Abra mima istraživanje smo proveli na obnovljenim istraživačkim parcelama, a kod naselja Grimalda na zemljištu s umjetno podignutom sastojinom crnog bora. Pokazalo se da su tehničke mjere sanacije imale ključnu ulogu u smanjenju produkcije erozijskog nanosa, osobito u ranoj fazi trajanja pokusa. Isto tako na strmim padinama vegetacijska progresija je vrlo spora, pa je i regenera cija tla vrlo spora, tako da je usprkos prirodnom naseljavanju crnog bora sklapanje sastojine vrlo sporo, a humusno-akumulativni horizont tla vrlo slabo razvijen i fragmentiran. Na blažim nagibima, koji nisu bili jako erodi rani, nesmetano širenje prirodne vegetacije (zaštita od požara) podjednakog je učinka na svojstva tla (ujedno na njegovu zaštitu, regeneraciju itd.) kao i biološka sanacija u vidu sadnje crnog bora. Odnos godišnje produkcije erozij skog nanosa i sadržaja organske tvari u tlu upućuje na bržu humizaciju i rege neraciju tla kod primjene učinkovitijih mjera suzbijanja erozije., The impact of biological and technical soil protection measu res, as well as the effect of eroded terrain recovery on soil properties, i.e. its regeneration, was investigated in two localities on flysch in Istria. Seven re search plots in the erosion research polygon in Abrami were restored for the purpose of measuring annual sediment production by erosion. The condition of soil was investigated in five plots and its regeneration was compared in terms of terrain recovery methods. Two plots were excluded: one because the terrain was completely eroded and turned into bare marl detritus, and another because it was established only recently, therefore, soil properties have not yet been changed by the treatment. Near the village of Grimalda we analyzed the condition of surface soil in the part of the terrain that was afforested in 1982. We made two separate ana lyses: one in an established black pine stand and the other on abandoned grassland displaying natural progression of forest vegetation. According to our research, the soil in all five plots in the Abrami polygon is equally carbonate, while the pH value shows alkaline reaction. These proper ties are the consequence of past erosion processes, which have led to predomi nantly bare, homogeneous, detritus of flysch. As a result, the remaining material has similar properties regardless of the applied recovery methods. Soil in the areas that are not severely eroded is eutric cambisol, while severely eroded slopes are characterized by shallow regosol. Several recovery methods were applied. In the plots restored for the purpose of monitoring sediment pro duction by erosion we analyzed the impact of a) high bench terraces with dry wall crowns, b) low and mildly sloping bench terraces, c) classical planting with black pine into holes, d) planting with black pine into bench terraces and undersowing with a grass mixture and Spanish broom, e) planting with black pine into bench terraces without undersowing, and f) areas with va

Background and Purpose: The succession of forests in the Posavina region follows a pattern from forests of black alder and ash through stands of pedunculate oak to pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests. In the past hundred years, this lowland area has been affected by a number of factors, among which anthropogenic influences hold a primary position. This has resulted in a considerable deviation from normal, natural succession. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the present condition, the degree of destabilisation and the future developmental trends of pedunculate oak stands by drawing on previous pedological, hydrological and vegetational research. One of the best indicators of the above is the ecoindicator values of the floristic composition. Materials and Methods: Phytocoenological relevés were taken in 25 localities of both stable and destabilised forest ecosystems of pedunculate oak in Žutica Forest. The principles of the Zurich-Montpellier School were applied for this process. The numerical analysis was carried out by means of SYN-TAX 2000 software. JUICE 6.3 and CANOCO 4.5 were also used to process the relevés, construct the phytocoenological tables and correlate species compositions and vegetation typeswith ecological factors. The obtained results were compared with the results of earlier ecological research. Results: Phytocoenological research revealed significant changes in the floristic composition. Ecoindicator values of plant species indicate a substantial change in ecological parameters and increased destabilisation, which leads to larger quantities of light, thermophilicity and humidity in sites. In addition, the sites are richer in nitrogen and the soil reaction becomes more basophilic, while central European species replace intermediary ones. Conclusions: The investigated plots show a regression process contrary to the normal direction of vegetation development in lowland areas. A return has been observed from the final community to transitional comm

Background and Purpose: Beech-fir forests in Croatia have very broad edaphic amplitude. On Mt. Medvednica they are predominantly developed on dystric cambisol, but also, to a smaller extent, on several other soil types. The purpose of this paper was to investigate soil properties in these forests and establish relations with pedogenetic factors, and especially with the bedrock and the relief. Materials and Methods: Research was based on the study of 14 soil profiles and soil samples from the horizons, and on the analysis of 39 composite samples from the surface 5 cm of soil. The following parameters were assessed from the samples: pH in water and 0.01MCaCl2, the carbonate content, and the content of biogenic elements Org C., TotalN, P,K, Ca and Mg, as well as the texture of profile samples. Results: Dominant soils in beech-fir forests on Medvednica are dystric cambisol and eutric cambisol. Most of the profiles are situated on moderately steep and steep slopes, so their A-horizon is colluvially influenced. All profiles were shallower than 100 cm, except for the stagnosol profile. The most variable parameter in the surface 5 cm was organic carbon, ranging from 40.9 to 367.2 g kg–1, whereas the pH value measured in water suspension oscillated between 3.69 and 7.21 and corresponded with the calcium content in the soil, with carbonate substrates in the central part of the range and with carbonate quantity in the soil. Conclusions: The distribution range of beech-fir forests on Mt. Medvednica is highly complex both from the pedogenetic and pedophysiographic aspect. It provides a good basis for the application of more complex models of spatial prediction of soil properties, but also for phytocoenological and ecological management profiling of beech-fir forests.

Background and Purpose: Beech-fir forests in Croatia have very broad edaphic amplitude. On Mt. Medvednica they are predominantly developed on dystric cambisol, but also, to a smaller extent, on several other soil types. The purpose of this paper was to investigate soil properties in these forests and establish relations with pedogenetic factors, and especially with the bedrock and the relief. Materials and Methods: Research was based on the study of 14 soil profiles and soil samples from the horizons, and on the analysis of 39 composite samples from the surface 5 cm of soil. The following parameters were assessed from the samples: pH in water and 0.01MCaCl2, the carbonate content, and the content of biogenic elements Org C., TotalN, P,K, Ca and Mg, as well as the texture of profile samples. Results: Dominant soils in beech-fir forests on Medvednica are dystric cambisol and eutric cambisol. Most of the profiles are situated on moderately steep and steep slopes, so their A-horizon is colluvially influenced. All profiles were shallower than 100 cm, except for the stagnosol profile. The most variable parameter in the surface 5 cm was organic carbon, ranging from 40.9 to 367.2 g kg–1, whereas the pH value measured in water suspension oscillated between 3.69 and 7.21 and corresponded with the calcium content in the soil, with carbonate substrates in the central part of the range and with carbonate quantity in the soil. Conclusions: The distribution range of beech-fir forests on Mt. Medvednica is highly complex both from the pedogenetic and pedophysiographic aspect. It provides a good basis for the application of more complex models of spatial prediction of soil properties, but also for phytocoenological and ecological management profiling of beech-fir forests.

Background and Purpose: The succession of forests in the Posavina region follows a pattern from forests of black alder and ash through stands of pedunculate oak to pedunculate oak-hornbeam forests. In the past hundred years, this lowland area has been affected by a number of factors, among which anthropogenic influences hold a primary position. This has resulted in a considerable deviation from normal, natural succession. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the present condition, the degree of destabilisation and the future developmental trends of pedunculate oak stands by drawing on previous pedological, hydrological and vegetational research. One of the best indicators of the above is the ecoindicator values of the floristic composition. Materials and Methods: Phytocoenological relevés were taken in 25 localities of both stable and destabilised forest ecosystems of pedunculate oak in Žutica Forest. The principles of the Zurich-Montpellier School were applied for this process. The numerical analysis was carried out by means of SYN-TAX 2000 software. JUICE 6.3 and CANOCO 4.5 were also used to process the relevés, construct the phytocoenological tables and correlate species compositions and vegetation typeswith ecological factors. The obtained results were compared with the results of earlier ecological research. Results: Phytocoenological research revealed significant changes in the floristic composition. Ecoindicator values of plant species indicate a substantial change in ecological parameters and increased destabilisation, which leads to larger quantities of light, thermophilicity and humidity in sites. In addition, the sites are richer in nitrogen and the soil reaction becomes more basophilic, while central European species replace intermediary ones. Conclusions: The investigated plots show a regression process contrary to the normal direction of vegetation development in lowland areas. A return has been observed from the final community to transitional comm

Obična jela jedna je od najvažnijih gospodarskih vrsta drveća u Hrvatskoj. Rasprostranjena je na području Dinarida i na panonskom gorju. Globalne klimatske promjene izazivaju opravdanu bojazan u mogućnost sma njenja ekološke niše obične jele u Hrvatskoj. U ovom su istraživanju analizirani određeni ekološki čimbenici koji izgrađuju ekološku nišu unutar područja pridolaska jele. Korišteni globalni klimatski model podrazumijeva dvostruko povećanje koncentracije stakleničkih plinova (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11 i CFC-12) unutar da našnjega areala obične jele u razdoblju 2000 – 2100. godine, iz čega proizi la zi povećanje prosječne godišnje temperature za ~ 2,5 °C i smanjenje prosječ ne godišnje količine oborina za ~ 152 mm/god. u odnosu na razdoblje 1950 – 2000. godine. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako bi ove promjene mogle pro uzročiti smanjenje ekološke niše obične jele u Hrvatskoj (p>0,9) za gotovo 85 % u odnosu na današnje stanje., The aim of this research is to determine the following: the fundamental ecological niche or potential distribution range of silver fir in Croatia on the basis of selected climatic factors, differences between parts of fir distribution range with reference to the selected climatic factors and changes in the ecological niche in terms of the climate change model for the period 2000 – 2100. Climatic data for the period 1950 – 2000 used in this work were taken from the Worldclime database (Hijmans et al. 2005). Eight climatic variables and relief factors were employed to construct the prognostic model, such as altitute (m), slope (°) and others. Highly correlated variables were rejected. To predict climate changes for the period 2000 – 2100, a CCM3 model (Climate Change Model) was used, which is based on double the current level of greenhouse gases (CO, CH 4, N2O, CFC-11 and CFC-12) (Govindasamy et al. 2003). All climatic data in grid form were 2entered in 30-second resolution (~ 1 km2). Data on fir occurrence in Croatia were taken from the latest research on the distribution of forest sites (Vukelić et al. 2008), ICP plots, phytocoenological relevé database of the Republic of Croatia and management plans. In each plot fir occurrence was graded with binary variables – 1 (present) and 0 (absent). Independent variables used to construct the logistic model and prediction included elevation – Elev (m), slope – Slope (°), mean annual temperature – MeanAnnT (°C), mean annual temperature range – MeanAnnTR (°C), obtained as the difference between the mean temperature of the warmest and the coldest month, then the ratio between the mean monthly temperature range and the mean annual temperature range – IsoTherm (°C), mean temperature of the driest quarter - MeanTDQ (°C), mean temperature of the coldest quarter – Mean TCM (°C), mean annual precipitation quantity – MeanAnnP (mm), mean annual precipitation in the warmest quarter – MeanPWQ (mm) and coefficient of seasonal precipitatio

The purpose of this study is to research the effects of different concentrations of mineral and biodegradable oils for chainsaws on seedling growth of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) during two-year vegetation period. The paper also examines the influence of the above mentioned oils and their concentrations on the development of the seedling root system at the end of the second vegetation. Tests were carried out in forest nurseries on seven 1 m2 plots. Three plots were treated, after the planting of the pedunculate oak acorns, with biodegradable oil in the concentrations of 0.1 L/m2, 0.2 L/m2, and 0.5 L/m2. The other three plots were treated with mineral oil of the same concentrations. The control plot received only seed sowing. The analysis of the root system of the two-year-old seedlings of pedunculate oak was carried out with WinRHIZO ProLA 2400 software. The SAS and Statistica 7 program packages were used for the statistic data processing and for determination of statistically significant differences among variables. Results showed that the lower oil concentration the larger root lengths. The lowest heights of the two-year-old pedunculate oak seedlings were measured from the test plots treated with mineral oil and the highest on those from the plots treated with bio-oil, although the heights of seedlings from the control plots were very close to heights of those treated with bio-oil.

Background and Purpose: Beech forests in the subalpine belt of Velebit (1-4) have not been extensively investigated so far, nor have their nomenclatural and systematic affiliation been analyzed according to the latest phytocoenological concepts (5-7). Phytocoenological research and adjustment were combined with the study and analysis of basic soil types and their pedophysiographic properties. Materials and Methods: Phytocoenological research, encompassing the analysis of 11 relevés and comparisons with other relevant studies (3, 8, 9), follows classical principles of the Braun-Blanquet School (10). Taxonomic nomenclature was coordinated according to Nikoli} (11-13). Pedophysiographic soil features were described by types and pedogenetic horizons on the basis of the profiles opened within the community. Results: As many as 96 species, or 41 species per relevé on average, were registered in 11 phytocoenological relevés. The dominant layer of the community under study was characterized by Fagus sylvatica, with Acer pseudoplatanus also taking an important position and Abies alba featuring on the bottom boundary. There were no distinctly dominant species in the shrub layer, while the ground layer contained important species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion and the order Fagetalia. The substrate of limestones with dolomite interbeds, dolomitized limestones, and calcareous breccias (14-17) supports a long series of subtypes and varieties of mollic leptosol and cambisols, luvisols in sinkholes and sporadic occurrences of rendzic leptosols. Conclusion: Beech forests in the subalpine belt of northern Velebit at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,500 m manifest their affiliation to the association Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum Marin~ek et al. 1993. The comparison with adjacent areas shows very high similarity in physiognomy, ecological conditions and floristic composition. Pedological research revealed exceptional variability of soil types over a relatively small space. The studie

Background and Purpose: Cambisol is the best represented soil in Dinaric beech-fir forests. The paper presents and compares properties of cambisol in the areas of northern Velebit and Gorski Kotar. Materials and Methods: Localities with cambisols over limestone were selected on Velebit and Gorski Kotar. All the localities were reconnoitred and their affiliation to the association Omphalodo-Fagetum was established. Soil samples were taken in 47 pedological profiles. The following were analyzed: pH values, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, nitrate and ammonia nitrogen content, physiologically active phosphorus and potassium content, and soil texture. The data were statistically processed by Statistica 7.1. Results: Cambisol on Velebit is deeper than cambisol in Gorski Kotar. A lower pH value was recorded in cambisol on Velebit. Cambisols of Velebit and Gorski Kotar belong to humus-rich soils and soils that are very rich in total nitrogen content. A statistically significantly higher NH4 + content was recorded within the entire cambisol profiles in Gorski Kotar. The A horizon of cambisol profiles opened on Velebit is poorly supplied with physiologically active phosphorus, whereas in GorskiKotar the supply ranges from poor to good. With regard to texture, cambisol in the A horizon on Velebit and in GorskiKotar is predominantly silty clay loam and in the B horizon it is light clay. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the pH value of cambisol on Velebit is lower (more acid) than in all the other localities in GorskiKotar. In terms of NH4 + content, a statistically significant difference between Velebit and Gorski Kotar was established with the t-test and the variance analysis.

Background and Purpose: Beech forests in the subalpine belt of Velebit (1-4) have not been extensively investigated so far, nor have their nomenclatural and systematic affiliation been analyzed according to the latest phytocoenological concepts (5-7). Phytocoenological research and adjustment were combined with the study and analysis of basic soil types and their pedophysiographic properties. Materials and Methods: Phytocoenological research, encompassing the analysis of 11 relevés and comparisons with other relevant studies (3, 8, 9), follows classical principles of the Braun-Blanquet School (10). Taxonomic nomenclature was coordinated according to Nikoli} (11-13). Pedophysiographic soil features were described by types and pedogenetic horizons on the basis of the profiles opened within the community. Results: As many as 96 species, or 41 species per relevé on average, were registered in 11 phytocoenological relevés. The dominant layer of the community under study was characterized by Fagus sylvatica, with Acer pseudoplatanus also taking an important position and Abies alba featuring on the bottom boundary. There were no distinctly dominant species in the shrub layer, while the ground layer contained important species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion and the order Fagetalia. The substrate of limestones with dolomite interbeds, dolomitized limestones, and calcareous breccias (14-17) supports a long series of subtypes and varieties of mollic leptosol and cambisols, luvisols in sinkholes and sporadic occurrences of rendzic leptosols. Conclusion: Beech forests in the subalpine belt of northern Velebit at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,500 m manifest their affiliation to the association Ranunculo platanifoliae-Fagetum Marin~ek et al. 1993. The comparison with adjacent areas shows very high similarity in physiognomy, ecological conditions and floristic composition. Pedological research revealed exceptional variability of soil types over a relatively small space. The studie

Background and Purpose: Cambisol is the best represented soil in Dinaric beech-fir forests. The paper presents and compares properties of cambisol in the areas of northern Velebit and Gorski Kotar. Materials and Methods: Localities with cambisols over limestone were selected on Velebit and Gorski Kotar. All the localities were reconnoitred and their affiliation to the association Omphalodo-Fagetum was established. Soil samples were taken in 47 pedological profiles. The following were analyzed: pH values, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, nitrate and ammonia nitrogen content, physiologically active phosphorus and potassium content, and soil texture. The data were statistically processed by Statistica 7.1. Results: Cambisol on Velebit is deeper than cambisol in Gorski Kotar. A lower pH value was recorded in cambisol on Velebit. Cambisols of Velebit and Gorski Kotar belong to humus-rich soils and soils that are very rich in total nitrogen content. A statistically significantly higher NH4 + content was recorded within the entire cambisol profiles in Gorski Kotar. The A horizon of cambisol profiles opened on Velebit is poorly supplied with physiologically active phosphorus, whereas in GorskiKotar the supply ranges from poor to good. With regard to texture, cambisol in the A horizon on Velebit and in GorskiKotar is predominantly silty clay loam and in the B horizon it is light clay. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, the pH value of cambisol on Velebit is lower (more acid) than in all the other localities in GorskiKotar. In terms of NH4 + content, a statistically significant difference between Velebit and Gorski Kotar was established with the t-test and the variance analysis.

The purpose of this study is to research the effects of different concentrations of mineral and biodegradable oils for chainsaws on seedling growth of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) during two-year vegetation period. The paper also examines the influence of the above mentioned oils and their concentrations on the development of the seedling root system at the end of the second vegetation. Tests were carried out in forest nurseries on seven 1 m2 plots. Three plots were treated, after the planting of the pedunculate oak acorns, with biodegradable oil in the concentrations of 0.1 L/m2, 0.2 L/m2, and 0.5 L/m2. The other three plots were treated with mineral oil of the same concentrations. The control plot received only seed sowing. The analysis of the root system of the two-year-old seedlings of pedunculate oak was carried out with WinRHIZO ProLA 2400 software. The SAS and Statistica 7 program packages were used for the statistic data processing and for determination of statistically significant differences among variables. Results showed that the lower oil concentration the larger root lengths. The lowest heights of the two-year-old pedunculate oak seedlings were measured from the test plots treated with mineral oil and the highest on those from the plots treated with bio-oil, although the heights of seedlings from the control plots were very close to heights of those treated with bio-oil.

Ovaj rad rezultat je istraživanja provedenih u polivalentnom šumskom ekosustavu u središnjoj Posavini, na rubu Parka prirode Lonjsko polje. Šuma Žutica je vrlo vrijedan šumsko gospodarski kompleks, retencijsko područje za visoke vode rijeke Save, te u većem dijelu i naftno-plinsko polje. U posljednjih 30-40 godina u ovoj šumi dolazi do pojedinačnog i skupinastog fiziološkog slabljenja i propadanja stabala, ponajprije hrasta lužnjaka. Ove pojave prepoznaju se kao rezultat poremećene ekološke ravnoteže, a povezuje ih se s intenziviranjem gospodarskih aktivnosti na ovom prostoru tijekom navedenog razdoblja. Naša istraživanja postavili smo u funkciju determinacije mogućih uzroka takvih pojava povezanih s kemijskim i biološkim stanjem tla. Usmjerili smo ih u analizu i monitoring kemijskih i bioloških značajki površinskog dijela tla najnižih lokaliteta (mikrodepresija). Istraživana je koncentracija fosfora i kalija te elemenata u tragovima, zatim mineralnih ulja i ukupnih lipoidnih tvari te mikrobiološka aktivnost. Pokazalo se da tlo šume Žutica nije onečišćeno na većim površinama, te se onečišćenje kao takvo ne dovodi u vezu sa propadanjem stabala na većim površinama. Permanentni izvori onečišćenja na razini vrlo slabe opterećenosti povezuju se sa saniranim isplačnim jamama, no oni se vjerojatno ne odražavaju na širi prostor Žutice. Mikrobiološki parametri upućuju na populacije adaptiranih mikroorganizama, koji su vrlo učinkoviti u biorazgradnji ulja na takvim malim površinama., This work is the result of research undertaken in a polyvalent forest ecosystem situated on the edge of Lonjsko Polje Nature Park in central Posavina. The forest of Žutica is a very valuable forest management complex. Being a retention area for high waters of the River Sava, its larger part is also an oil-gas field. The last 30 to 40 years have seen physiological weakening and dieback of single trees and groups of trees and of pedunculate oak in particular. These phenomena, resulting from the disturbed ecological balance, are associated with intensive commercial activities in the area during the period mentioned above. The basic hypothesis is that the ecosystem has undergone complex disturbance, which is associated with the following: oil well fluid spills in the past 40 years, hydrological changes resulting from a dense road network built to serve the needs of the oil-gas field and forest management. To a lesser extent, it is also linked with hydrological and microbiological changes associated with occasional retention of floodwater. The purpose of our research was to identify some possible causes of these occurrences from the aspect of chemical and biological soil condition. We focused on the analysis and monitoring of chemical and biological properties of the surface soil in the lowest localities (microdepressions). Phosphorus and potassium concentrations and trace elements were investigated, and so were mineral oils and total lipoidal substances, as well as microbiological activity. The research is based on twice-yearly measurements of the above parameters in 14 points in those microdepressions whose location (e.g. in relation to some possible contamination with oil well fluids), as well as the occurrence of pedunculate oak dieback has led us to conclude that they represent micro-sites most exposed to the mentioned impacts. Although the forest of Žutica is a homogeneous area in geographic and relief terms, the surface part of the soil in this forest has proved t

Pri rekognosciranju terena, 28. srpnja 1995., slovački speleolozi B. Šmida i M. Griflik pronašli su ulaz u Slovačku jamu. Nakon devetodnevnih speleoloških istraživanja Slovaci se spustili do "dna" na dubini od 514 m. Tom prilikom zamijećen je horizontalni kanal, -350 m. Tijekom ljeta 1996. Slovaci zajedno s kolegama iz Planinarskog društva Sveučilišta "Velebit" nastavljaju istraživanja Slovačke jame u horizontalnom kanalu na 350 dubine. Tri tjedna kasnije spustili su se do dubine od 1000 m. Tada je prvi put u ovoj jami viđena endemska troglobiontna pijavica Croatobranchus mestrovi. U listopadu 1996. grupa zagrebačkih speleologa iz planinarskih društava "Velebit" i "Željezničar" u suradnji s Hrvatskim prirodoslovnim muzejom spušta se u jamu do dubine 570 m kako bi za znanstvena istraživanja skupila jedinke pijavice. Iako taj put pijavica nije nađena, pronađeni su ostaci nepoznate vrste kornjaša iz roda Radziella. Radi nastavka istraživanja jame, 1998. i 1999. ostvarene su zajedničke hrvatsko-slovačke ekspedicije pod vodstvom Darka Bakšića i Branislava Šmide. 1998. Slovačka jama istraživana je u dva odvojena kanala. Slovački su speleolozi u nastavku dvorane Pompeji dosegli dubinu od 1022 m, dok su se u Kankulovskom kanalu čiji je nastavak nazvan Velebni kanal) hrvatski speleolozi spustili do dubine od 1268 m. U 1999. godini, nakon osmodnevnog boravka na dubini od 1254 m, hrvatski speleolozi istražili su novih -670 m horizontalnih kanala, te su dosegli dubinu od 1301 m. Slovački kolege u višim dijelovima jame otkrivaju nove dijelove nazvane Žumpa, dubine 866 m, i Hermanova studnja, dubine 530 m. Tom dubinom Slovačka jama zauzima 17. mjesto na listi najdubljih jama svijeta. Značajna je i duljina ovoga objekta, koja iznosi 2414 a poligonska duljina 5548 m., While surveying the terrain on the 28th July 1995, Slovak cavers B. Šmida and M. Grifik found the entrance of a Slovak cave pot-hole. After nine days of speleo exploration, Slovaks reached the "bottom" at the depth of-514 m. They have also noted the side passage at the depth of-350 m. During summer 1996 Slovaks, together with their colleagues from the University Mountaineering Society "Velebit", continued the exploration of the Slovak cave in the horizontal passage at 350 m of depth. Three weeks later they reached depth of -1000 m. For the first time they observed in the cave an endemic troglobiontic leech named Croatobranchus mestrovi. In October 1996 a group of cavers from Zagreb, members of the societies "Velebit" and "Željezničar", in co-operation with the Croatian Natural History Museum, descended into the cave to the depth of 570 m with aim to collect a specimen of the leech for further scientific research. But, instead of a leech, they found the remnants of the unknown Coleopteran species of genus Radziella. In 1998 and 1999 Croatian-Slovak expeditions, under the leadership of Darko Bakšić and Branislav Šmida, took place with aim to continue survey of the cave. In 1998 Slovak cave was surveyed in two separated passages. Slovak cavers by the end of cavern Pompeji reached the depth of 1022 m, while the Croatian cavers reached in Kalkulovski passage (the continuation of the passage is named Velebni kanal) the depth of 1268 m. In 1999, after eight days of long surveying at the depth of 1254 m, Croatian cavers explored 670 new metres of horizontal passages and reached the depth of 1301 m. Slovak cavers discovered in upper parts passage named Zumpa at the depth of 866 m and Hermanova studnja at -530 m. This depth makes Slovak cave the 17th deepest in the world at the list of the deepest world caves. Important values are length that is 2414 m and included length of 5548 m., Bei der Rekognoszierung des Terrains am 28. Juli 1995 fanden die slowakischen Spelaeologen B. Šmida und M. Griflik den Eingang in die "Slowakische Grube". Nach neun Tagen spelaelogischer Untersuchungen ließen sich die Slowaken bis zum Boden der Grube auf der Tiefe von 514 herab. Dabei wurde ein waagrechter Kanal auf-350 m gefunden. Im Laufe des Sommers setzten die Slowaken mit den Kollegen aus der Universitaets-Alpinisten-geselleschaft "Velebit" die Untersuchung in dem waagrechten Kanal fort, auf der Tiefe von 1000 m, und dann wurde zum ersten Mai der endemische dreiglobionte Egel Croatobranchus Mestrovi gesehen. Im Oktober 1996 ließ sich eine Gruppe der Zagreber Spelaeologen aus den Alpinisten-Gesellschaften "Velebit" und "Željezničar" (Eisenbahner) in Mitarbeit mit dem kroatischen naturwissenschaftlichen Museum in die Tiefe von 570 m herab, um die Exemplare des Egels zu sammeln und zu untersuchen. Obwohl diesmal der Egel nicht gefunden wurde, wurden Reste einei unbekannten Art Hartfluegel aus dem Geschlecht der Radziella aufgefunden. Um das Untersuchen der Grube fortzusetzen, wurden gemeinsame kroatisch-slowakische Expeditionen unter Fuehrung von Darko Bakšić und Branislav Smid organisiert. 1998 wurde die "Slowakische Grube" in zwei getrennten Kanaelen untersucht. Die slowakischen Spelaeologen erreichten in der Fortsetzung des Saals "Pompei" die Tiefe von 1022, und die kroatischen Spelaeologen ließen sich in den "Kankulovski Kanal" bis zur Tiefe von 1268 m herab (seine Fortsetzung wurde "Velebni Kanal" genannt). Im Jahre 1999, nach 8 Tagen des Verweilens auf der Tiefe von 1254 m, untersuchten die kroatischen Spelaelogen noch 670 m der waagrechten Kanaele und erreichten die Tiefe von 1301 m. Die slowakischen Kollegen entdeckten in hoeheren Teilen der Grube neue Teile, die "Žumpa" (-866) und "Hermanova Studnja" (-530) gennant wurden. Mit dieser Tiefe nimmt die Slowakische Grube den 17. Platz auf der Liste der tiefsten Gruben der Welt ein. Es ist auch die Laenge dies