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Due to the vast range of different types of crude oil characteristics which differ from region to region, wells and even day to day, developing and selecting effective demulsifiers for regional crude oils has been a time-consuming and tedious process. This experimental study was performed to define a relationship between crude characteristics of wax, asphaltene and crude API with relative solubility number (RSN) properties and chemistry groups of demulsifiers with their performances accordingly. Twenty-five different types of demulsifiers with RSN ranging from ten to twenty-three were tested using demulsifier bottle test. The demulsifiers comprise resin alkoxylate, modified polyol and polyimine derivative. Synthetic crude is used throughout the study with API of 27, 34 and 40. The wax and asphaltene contents of each crude API are varied. The study used 2% NaCl water representing the average salinity of the produced water in Malaysian offshore fields. Demulsification test was conducted using a 50:50 ratio in terms of the crude and brine volume.100 ppm demulsifier dosed into emulsion mixture, and the separation was monitored and recorded after 30 minutes. The demulsifier bottle test is performed at 60 oC, similar to the operating temperature of demulsifier injection in Malaysia offshore field. Based on the three chemistry groups, resin alkoxylate showed the best performance, while polyimine derivative-based demulsifiers had the poorest performance. The demulsifier with high RSN, which is from 19 to 23, works best in resolving the emulsion compared to the low RSN demulsifiers.

In this paper, special attention is paid to the study of the most significant surface-active properties: demulsifiers, wetting agents, washing agents and composite compositions, as well as to clarify the mechanism of their action in real oil disperse systems.

In this paper, special attention is paid to the study of the most significant surface-active properties: demulsifiers, wetting agents, washing agents and composite compositions, as well as to clarify the mechanism of their action in real oil disperse systems.

In this paper, special attention is paid to the study of the most significant surface-active properties: demulsifiers, wetting agents, washing agents and composite compositions, as well as to clarify the mechanism of their action in real oil disperse systems.

In this paper, special attention is paid to the study of the most significant surface-active properties: demulsifiers, wetting agents, washing agents and composite compositions, as well as to clarify the mechanism of their action in real oil disperse systems.

Asphaltenes are surface-active molecules which naturally appear in the crude oil. They can adsorb at the water-oil interface and form a viscoelastic film, which stabilizes emulsion drops and makes water-oil separation extremely challenging. These emulsion drops can cause serious problems in the petroleum industry, so the understanding of the asphaltene film and a reliable method to enhance water-oil separation needs to be established.In this study, we apply the interfacial shear rheology on the water-oil interface to characterize the adsorption of asphaltene. Generally, the evolving asphaltene adsorption results in the increase of interfacial stiffness and brings a transition from viscous-dominated to more viscoelastic response to the interface. However, significant variation in the rheological evolution is observed between the nominally-identical experiments. The direct visualization of the interface reveals the mechanical heterogeneity appearing at the evolving film, from both micron and millimeter scale. This heterogeneity seems to be an inherent feature of the asphaltene film and impact the coalescence of asphaltene-stabilized emulsion drops. In addition, we also reveal that the asphaltenes interfacial rheology can be impacted by the chemical and physical parameters of the experiment. The oil composition such as aromatic fraction, bulk asphaltene composition and the choice of model oil can all influence the evolving rheology. Furthermore, the water-oil geometry, selection of rheometry probes and the way conducted shear rheology can also vary the measured rheological response. Our results thus reveal a more complex adsorption process and interfacial structure than that reported in the literature and provide a deep understanding of how to control the asphaltene adsorption.The asphaltene-stabilized emulsions are often demulsified by the chemical demulsifier. The second focus in this dissertation is investigating how the various chemical demulsifiers impact the asph

Asphaltenes are surface-active molecules which naturally appear in the crude oil. They can adsorb at the water-oil interface and form a viscoelastic film, which stabilizes emulsion drops and makes water-oil separation extremely challenging. These emulsion drops can cause serious problems in the petroleum industry, so the understanding of the asphaltene film and a reliable method to enhance water-oil separation needs to be established.In this study, we apply the interfacial shear rheology on the water-oil interface to characterize the adsorption of asphaltene. Generally, the evolving asphaltene adsorption results in the increase of interfacial stiffness and brings a transition from viscous-dominated to more viscoelastic response to the interface. However, significant variation in the rheological evolution is observed between the nominally-identical experiments. The direct visualization of the interface reveals the mechanical heterogeneity appearing at the evolving film, from both micron and millimeter scale. This heterogeneity seems to be an inherent feature of the asphaltene film and impact the coalescence of asphaltene-stabilized emulsion drops. In addition, we also reveal that the asphaltenes interfacial rheology can be impacted by the chemical and physical parameters of the experiment. The oil composition such as aromatic fraction, bulk asphaltene composition and the choice of model oil can all influence the evolving rheology. Furthermore, the water-oil geometry, selection of rheometry probes and the way conducted shear rheology can also vary the measured rheological response. Our results thus reveal a more complex adsorption process and interfacial structure than that reported in the literature and provide a deep understanding of how to control the asphaltene adsorption.The asphaltene-stabilized emulsions are often demulsified by the chemical demulsifier. The second focus in this dissertation is investigating how the various chemical demulsifiers impact the asph

Phenoxymethylpenicillin Kalium wird fermentativ als Stoffwechselprodukt des Mycels Penicillium chrysogenum gewonnen. Im ersten Prozessschritt wird der Wirkstoff mit Butylacetat aus dem Fermentationsbrei extrahiert. Hydrophobe Proteinfragmente lagern sich bei der Phasentrennung zwischen dem organischen und dem wässrigen Medium an, wo sie eine Zwischenphase ausbilden, welche die Extraktion erschwert. Durch Zusatz von oberflächenaktiven Substanzen, sogenannter Netzmittel, können die Phasentrennung bei der Extraktion verbessert und die Ausbildung der Zwischenschicht minimiert werden. Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Identifikation neuer Netzmittel, welche die Phasentrennung bei der Extraktion verbessern und der Untersuchung des zugrunde liegenden Mechanismus. Geeignete neue Netzmittel wurden bei Penicillinaufarbeitungen im Labormaßstab in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen eingesetzt, um die Einwirkung dieser Verbindungen auf die weiteren Prozessschritte und auf die Qualität der Produkte zu untersuchen. Die Verbesserung der Phasentrennung durch thermische Denaturierung der Proteine wurde ebenfalls untersucht., Phenoxymethylpenicillin Potassium is obtained fermentatively as a metabolic product of the Mycels Penicillium chrysogenum. In the first process step, the active ingredient is extracted from the fermentation broth with butyl acetate. Hydrophobic protein fragments accumulate during the phase separation between the organic and the aqueous medium by forming an intermediate layer, which makes the extraction more difficult. By adding surface-active substances, so-called demulsifiers, the phase separation during the extraction can be improved and the formation of the intermediate layer can be minimized. This dissertation deals with the identification of new wetting agents to improve the phase separation during extraction and the investigation of the underlying mechanism. Suitable new wetting agents were used in the penicillin process in different concentrations in order to examine the effect of these compounds on the further process steps and on the quality of the products. The improvement of the phase separation by thermal denaturation of the proteins was also investigated., Meera Moulaert, in englischer Sprache, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Universität Innsbruck, Dissertation, 2016, OeBB, (VLID)1520643

Separation of water from oil before transportation or refining is very essential for economic and operational reasons. Several methods in use have suffered from drawbacks such as high costs of production and environmental concerns. The need to develop a cost effective and efficient demulsifier in treating crude oil emulsions without compromising quality and environmental safety is a major concern to the oil industry worldwide. Hence, this study aims at developing and formulating cheap and environmentally safe demulsifier from plant extracts. Single plant screening of two groups of plant samples; A, B, C (Calotropis procera: dry and fresh extract and Citrus limonum: fresh extract) and D, E, F (Jathropha curcas: dry and fresh extract and Thevetia ferifolia: fresh extract) using bottle test and centrifuge methods was conducted at 700C for 300 seconds. The effect of modifier (ether, ethylacetate, ethylene glycol, ethanol and buthanol) was determined using the same methods. The optimum concentrations in g/ml for combination of oil and water-soluble demulsifier was determined using prediction profiler plot. Model formulation was based on 23 full factorial (custom) experimental design for the two groups and the final product was compared with commercial demulsifier; product code W054 in emulsion treatments.

Separation of water from oil before transportation or refining is very essential for economic and operational reasons. Several methods in use have suffered from drawbacks such as high costs of production and environmental concerns. The need to develop a cost effective and efficient demulsifier in treating crude oil emulsions without compromising quality and environmental safety is a major concern to the oil industry worldwide. Hence, this study aims at developing and formulating cheap and environmentally safe demulsifier from plant extracts. Single plant screening of two groups of plant samples; A, B, C (Calotropis procera: dry and fresh extract and Citrus limonum: fresh extract) and D, E, F (Jathropha curcas: dry and fresh extract and Thevetia ferifolia: fresh extract) using bottle test and centrifuge methods was conducted at 700C for 300 seconds. The effect of modifier (ether, ethylacetate, ethylene glycol, ethanol and buthanol) was determined using the same methods. The optimum concentrations in g/ml for combination of oil and water-soluble demulsifier was determined using prediction profiler plot. Model formulation was based on 23 full factorial (custom) experimental design for the two groups and the final product was compared with commercial demulsifier; product code W054 in emulsion treatments.

Chemicals are used for demulsification of water in crude oil emulsions. Composition of commercially available demulsifiers is seldom clearly known. In this work, demulsification has been studied with chemicals of known composition, like aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, Triton X-45, Triton X-114 and Triton N-101 and commercial ethyleneoxide/propyleneoxide block copolymers. Demulsification performance was correlated with chemical composition, surface pressure and partition coefficient of demulsifiers. High molecular weight, high surface pressure and unit partition coefficient led to best demulsification.

Chemicals are used for demulsification of water in crude oil emulsions. Composition of commercially available demulsifiers is seldom clearly known. In this work, demulsification has been studied with chemicals of known composition, like aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, Triton X-45, Triton X-114 and Triton N-101 and commercial ethyleneoxide/propyleneoxide block copolymers. Demulsification performance was correlated with chemical composition, surface pressure and partition coefficient of demulsifiers. High molecular weight, high surface pressure and unit partition coefficient led to best demulsification.

Separation of water from oil before transportation or refining is very essential for economic and operational reasons. Several methods in use have suffered from drawbacks such as high costs of production and environmental concerns. The need to develop a cost effective and efficient demulsifier in treating crude oil emulsions without compromising quality and environmental safety is a major concern to the oil industry worldwide. Hence, this study aims at developing and formulating cheap and environmentally safe demulsifier from plant extracts. Single plant screening of two groups of plant samples; A, B, C (Calotropis procera: dry and fresh extract and Citrus limonum: fresh extract) and D, E, F (Jathropha curcas: dry and fresh extract and Thevetia ferifolia: fresh extract) using bottle test and centrifuge methods was conducted at 700C for 300 seconds. The effect of modifier (ether, ethylacetate, ethylene glycol, ethanol and buthanol) was determined using the same methods. The optimum concentrations in g/ml for combination of oil and water-soluble demulsifier was determined using prediction profiler plot. Model formulation was based on 23 full factorial (custom) experimental design for the two groups and the final product was compared with commercial demulsifier; product code W054 in emulsion treatments.

In practice, settling, heating, alternating electric field application and reagent-demulsifier supply are combined to increase oil emulsion destruction efficiency. Application of demulsifiers is considered the most effective method to influence the adsorption layers of oil emulsions, and its use is necessary in combination with the above-named and all other technological methods, which are not widely used. Nonionic demulsifiers are the most effective. Blockpolymers, based on ethylene and propylene oxides with different molecular masses: M=3200, M=3500, M=6000 and different ratios of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (EO/PO) were taken for research. Demulsifiers were prepared by adding 40% of water and 10% of isopropyl alcohol to the base. All experiments were carried out at a temperature of 60ºC. After been mixed, the emulsion was settled during 1, 2 and 3 hours. The amounts of demulsifier, added to the emulsion are 10, 50, 70 and 100 g/t. The water, released during the emulsion settling was separated, and its volume was measured.Blockpolymers with the molecular mass of 3200 and 3500 showed the greatest demulsifying property. The increase of ethylene oxide in the macromolecule had a positive effect on the blockpolymers demulsifying ability. Each of these blockpolymers showed its highest demulsifying ability at the ratios EO/PO - 90/10 and 85/15 respectively.Dehydration degree practically in all substances was insufficient at the consumption of 10-50g/t. When comparing demulsifying ability of blockpolymers with the consumption of 70 g/t it was found that blockpolymers with M=6000 shows the lowest demulsifying ability. All other blockpolymers with M=3200 and M=3500 showed 90% efficiency. Further increase in the blockpolymers consumption up to100 g/t increases the blockpolymers dehydration degree by 5%, reaching the value of 97-98% for blockpolymers with M=3200 and M=3500., В статье приводятся результаты исследований деэмульгирующей способности полимерных веществ, которые могут быть использованы как деэмульгаторы в нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности. Установлено, что увеличение содержания оксида этилена в макромолекуле положительно влияет на деэмульгирующую способность блоксополимеров. На основе результатов исследований отобраны вещества для дальнейших исследований в различных углеводородных средах., В статті наводяться результати досліджень деемульгуючої здатності полімерних речовин, які можуть бути використані як деемульгатори в нафтопереробній промисловості. Встановлено, що збільшення вмісту оксиду етилену в макромолекулі позитивно впливає на деемульгуючу здатність блоккополімерів. На основі результатів досліджень відібрані речовини для подальших досліджень у різних вуглеводневих середовищах.

This thesis is an investigation into the development of amidine and guanidine based compounds to be employed as switchable surfactants. The surface activity of these molecules can be triggered by reaction with a benign gas, CO2. The ultimate application of these surfactants was to be used as emulsifying and demulsifying agents of crude oil and water emulsions. Synthesis and characterization of the following desired bases: N’-octyl-N,N-dimethylacetamidine (1), 2-octyl-2-imidazoline (2), 1-methyl-2-octyl-2-imidiazoline (3), N’-(4-heptylphenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamidine (4), N’-(4-(octyloxy)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamidine (5), N’-(4-(methyloxy)phenyl)-N,N-dimethylacetamidine (6), and N-octyl-N',N',N",N"-tetramethylguanidine (7) was carried out. Their solubility in water was quantified with NMR spectroscopy. All bases were reacted with CO2 and H2O to form bicarbonate salts, of which in situ characterization was achieved by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Percent conversion to the protonated forms at elevated temperatures was determined using NMR spectroscopy. A direct correlation between switchability and basicity was observed, as the strongest bases possessed the largest conversions to the protonated species, even at higher temperatures. The enthalpy of protonation was determined for each base through calorimetry experiments. These compounds were tested as demulsifying surfactants of crude oil and water emulsions. Demulsifying ability was determined to differ greatly with the head group structure of the various surfactants., Thesis (Master, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2009-10-27 16:56:13.631

The paper studied the breaking of highly stable oil-water and water-hydrocarbon emulsions of natural and technogenic origin. The main factors are specified which determine the stability and an increased resistance of emulsions to the traditional destruction methods. The effectiveness of thermochemical treatment on various water-oil and water-hydrocarbon emulsions was tested. The demulsifier Rekod-118A was selected as the main reagent used on fields for the destruction of highly stable water-oil emulsions. It was shown that among five provided samples only one sample reduced the content of water to the required standard level after a thermochemical dehydration. It was established that thermochemical dehydration method is generally ineffective for the destruction of highly stable water-oil emulsions and may serve only as the means of preliminary emulsion treatment. It was shown that after thermochemical exposure at 60 °C the water content in IL, HPR, YS emulsions remained at an original level and in MOCW emulsion the water content decreased by 14% and made 19% wt. After the dehydration by thermochemical method, only one sample (LP) out five ones demonstrated the water content reduction to the required standard of performance. Optimum reagent dosage for this raw material made 800 g/t and the process temperature made 60 °C with settling duration of 24 hours.

The paper studied the breaking of highly stable oil-water and water-hydrocarbon emulsions of natural and technogenic origin. The main factors are specified which determine the stability and an increased resistance of emulsions to the traditional destruction methods. The effectiveness of thermochemical treatment on various water-oil and water-hydrocarbon emulsions was tested. The demulsifier Rekod-118A was selected as the main reagent used on fields for the destruction of highly stable water-oil emulsions. It was shown that among five provided samples only one sample reduced the content of water to the required standard level after a thermochemical dehydration. It was established that thermochemical dehydration method is generally ineffective for the destruction of highly stable water-oil emulsions and may serve only as the means of preliminary emulsion treatment. It was shown that after thermochemical exposure at 60 °C the water content in IL, HPR, YS emulsions remained at an original level and in MOCW emulsion the water content decreased by 14% and made 19% wt. After the dehydration by thermochemical method, only one sample (LP) out five ones demonstrated the water content reduction to the required standard of performance. Optimum reagent dosage for this raw material made 800 g/t and the process temperature made 60 °C with settling duration of 24 hours.