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1. Recombination between heterologous human acrocentric chromosomes

Author

Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium: "Haley J. Abel, Lucinda L. Antonacci-Fulton, Mobin Asri, Gunjan Baid, Carl A. Baker, Anastasiya Belyaeva, Konstantinos Billis, Guillaume Bourque, Silvia Buonaiuto, Andrew Carroll, Mark J. P. Chaisson, Pi-Chuan Chang, Xian H. Chang, Haoyu Cheng, Justin Chu, Sarah Cody, Vincenza Colonna, Daniel E. Cook, Robert M. Cook-Deegan, Omar E. Cornejo, Mark Diekhans, Daniel Doerr, Peter Ebert, Jana Ebler, Evan E. Eichler, Jordan M. Eizenga, Susan Fairley, Olivier Fedrigo, Adam L. Felsenfeld, Xiaowen Feng, Christian Fischer, Paul Flicek, Giulio Formenti, Adam Frankish, Robert S. Fulton, Yan Gao, Shilpa Garg, Erik Garrison, Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, Carlos Garcia Giron, Richard E. Green, Cristian Groza, Andrea Guarracino, Leanne Haggerty, Ira Hall, William T. Harvey, Marina Haukness, David Haussler, Simon Heumos, Glenn Hickey, Kendra Hoekzema, Thibaut Hourlier, Kerstin Howe, Miten Jain, Erich D. Jarvis, Hanlee P. Ji, Eimear E. Kenny, Barbara A. Koenig, Alexey Kolesnikov, Jan O. Korbel, Jennifer Kordosky, Sergey Koren, HoJoon Lee, Alexandra P. Lewis, Heng Li, Wen-Wei Liao, Shuangjia Lu, Tsung-Yu Lu, Julian K. Lucas, Hugo Magalhães, Santiago Marco-Sola, Pierre Marijon, Charles Markello, Tobias Marschall, Fergal J. Martin, Ann McCartney, Jennifer McDaniel, Karen H. Miga, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jean Monlong, Jacquelyn Mountcastle, Katherine M. Munson, Moses Njagi Mwaniki, Maria Nattestad, Adam M. Novak, Sergey Nurk, Hugh E. Olsen, Nathan D. Olson, Benedict Paten, Trevor Pesout, Adam M. Phillippy, Alice B. Popejoy, David Porubsky, Pjotr Prins, Daniela Puiu, Mikko Rautiainen, Allison A. Regier, Arang Rhie, Samuel Sacco, Ashley D. Sanders, Valerie A. Schneider, Baergen I. Schultz, Kishwar Shafin, Jonas A. Sibbesen, Jouni Sirén, Michael W. Smith, Heidi J. Sofia, Ahmad N. Abou Tayoun, Françoise Thibaud-Nissen, Chad Tomlinson, Francesca Floriana Tricomi, Flavia Villani, Mitchell R. Vollger, Justin Wagner, Brian Walenz, Ting Wang, Jonathan M. D. Wood, Aleksey, Guarracino, Andrea, Buonaiuto, Silvia, Gomes de Lima, Leonardo, Potapova, Tamara, Rhie, Arang, Marco, Santiago, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium: "Haley J. Abel, Lucinda L. Antonacci-Fulton, Mobin Asri, Gunjan Baid, Carl A. Baker, Anastasiya Belyaeva, Konstantinos Billis, Guillaume Bourque, Silvia Buonaiuto, Andrew Carroll, Mark J. P. Chaisson, Pi-Chuan Chang, Xian H. Chang, Haoyu Cheng, Justin Chu, Sarah Cody, Vincenza Colonna, Daniel E. Cook, Robert M. Cook-Deegan, Omar E. Cornejo, Mark Diekhans, Daniel Doerr, Peter Ebert, Jana Ebler, Evan E. Eichler, Jordan M. Eizenga, Susan Fairley, Olivier Fedrigo, Adam L. Felsenfeld, Xiaowen Feng, Christian Fischer, Paul Flicek, Giulio Formenti, Adam Frankish, Robert S. Fulton, Yan Gao, Shilpa Garg, Erik Garrison, Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, Carlos Garcia Giron, Richard E. Green, Cristian Groza, Andrea Guarracino, Leanne Haggerty, Ira Hall, William T. Harvey, Marina Haukness, David Haussler, Simon Heumos, Glenn Hickey, Kendra Hoekzema, Thibaut Hourlier, Kerstin Howe, Miten Jain, Erich D. Jarvis, Hanlee P. Ji, Eimear E. Kenny, Barbara A. Koenig, Alexey Kolesnikov, Jan O. Korbel, Jennifer Kordosky, Sergey Koren, HoJoon Lee, Alexandra P. Lewis, Heng Li, Wen-Wei Liao, Shuangjia Lu, Tsung-Yu Lu, Julian K. Lucas, Hugo Magalhães, Santiago Marco-Sola, Pierre Marijon, Charles Markello, Tobias Marschall, Fergal J. Martin, Ann McCartney, Jennifer McDaniel, Karen H. Miga, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jean Monlong, Jacquelyn Mountcastle, Katherine M. Munson, Moses Njagi Mwaniki, Maria Nattestad, Adam M. Novak, Sergey Nurk, Hugh E. Olsen, Nathan D. Olson, Benedict Paten, Trevor Pesout, Adam M. Phillippy, Alice B. Popejoy, David Porubsky, Pjotr Prins, Daniela Puiu, Mikko Rautiainen, Allison A. Regier, Arang Rhie, Samuel Sacco, Ashley D. Sanders, Valerie A. Schneider, Baergen I. Schultz, Kishwar Shafin, Jonas A. Sibbesen, Jouni Sirén, Michael W. Smith, Heidi J. Sofia, Ahmad N. Abou Tayoun, Françoise Thibaud-Nissen, Chad Tomlinson, Francesca Floriana Tricomi, Flavia Villani, Mitchell R. Vollger, Justin Wagner, Brian Walenz, Ting Wang, Jonathan M. D. Wood, Aleksey, Guarracino, Andrea, Buonaiuto, Silvia, Gomes de Lima, Leonardo, Potapova, Tamara, Rhie, Arang, and Marco, Santiago

Abstract

The short arms of the human acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 (SAACs) share large homologous regions, including ribosomal DNA repeats and extended segmental duplications1,2. Although the resolution of these regions in the first complete assembly of a human genome—the Telomere-to-Telomere Consortium’s CHM13 assembly (T2T-CHM13)—provided a model of their homology3, it remained unclear whether these patterns were ancestral or maintained by ongoing recombination exchange. Here we show that acrocentric chromosomes contain pseudo-homologous regions (PHRs) indicative of recombination between non-homologous sequences. Utilizing an all-to-all comparison of the human pangenome from the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium4 (HPRC), we find that contigs from all of the SAACs form a community. A variation graph5 constructed from centromere-spanning acrocentric contigs indicates the presence of regions in which most contigs appear nearly identical between heterologous acrocentric chromosomes in T2T-CHM13. Except on chromosome 15, we observe faster decay of linkage disequilibrium in the pseudo-homologous regions than in the corresponding short and long arms, indicating higher rates of recombination6,7. The pseudo-homologous regions include sequences that have previously been shown to lie at the breakpoint of Robertsonian translocations8, and their arrangement is compatible with crossover in inverted duplications on chromosomes 13, 14 and 21. The ubiquity of signals of recombination between heterologous acrocentric chromosomes seen in the HPRC draft pangenome suggests that these shared sequences form the basis for recurrent Robertsonian translocations, providing sequence and population-based confirmation of hypotheses first developed from cytogenetic studies 50 years ago9., Our work depends on the HPRC draft human pangenome resource established in the accompanying Article4, and we thank the production and assembly groups for their efforts in establishing this resource. This work used the computational resources of the UTHSC Octopus cluster and NIH HPC Biowulf cluster. We acknowledge support in maintaining these systems that was critical to our analyses. The authors thank M. Miller for the development of a graphical synopsis of our study (Fig. 5); and R. Williams and N. Soranzo for support and guidance in the design and discussion of our work. This work was supported, in part, by National Institutes of Health/NIDA U01DA047638 (E.G.), National Institutes of Health/NIGMS R01GM123489 (E.G.), NSF PPoSS Award no. 2118709 (E.G. and C.F.), the Tennessee Governor’s Chairs programme (C.F. and E.G.), National Institutes of Health/NCI R01CA266339 (T.P., L.G.d.L. and J.L.G.), and the Intramural Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (A.R., S.K. and A.M.P.). We acknowledge support from Human Technopole (A.G.), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy (S.B. and V.C.), and Stowers Institute for Medical Research (T.P., L.G.d.L., B.R. and J.L.G.)., Peer Reviewed, "Article signat per 13 autors/es: Andrea Guarracino, Silvia Buonaiuto, Leonardo Gomes de Lima, Tamara Potapova, Arang Rhie, Sergey Koren, Boris Rubinstein, Christian Fischer, Human Pangenome Reference Consortium, Jennifer L. Gerton, Adam M. Phillippy, Vincenza Colonna & Erik Garrison " Human Pangenome Reference Consortium: "Haley J. Abel, Lucinda L. Antonacci-Fulton, Mobin Asri, Gunjan Baid, Carl A. Baker, Anastasiya Belyaeva, Konstantinos Billis, Guillaume Bourque, Silvia Buonaiuto, Andrew Carroll, Mark J. P. Chaisson, Pi-Chuan Chang, Xian H. Chang, Haoyu Cheng, Justin Chu, Sarah Cody, Vincenza Colonna, Daniel E. Cook, Robert M. Cook-Deegan, Omar E. Cornejo, Mark Diekhans, Daniel Doerr, Peter Ebert, Jana Ebler, Evan E. Eichler, Jordan M. Eizenga, Susan Fairley, Olivier Fedrigo, Adam L. Felsenfeld, Xiaowen Feng, Christian Fischer, Paul Flicek, Giulio Formenti, Adam Frankish, Robert S. Fulton, Yan Gao, Shilpa Garg, Erik Garrison, Nanibaa’ A. Garrison, Carlos Garcia Giron, Richard E. Green, Cristian Groza, Andrea Guarracino, Leanne Haggerty, Ira Hall, William T. Harvey, Marina Haukness, David Haussler, Simon Heumos, Glenn Hickey, Kendra Hoekzema, Thibaut Hourlier, Kerstin Howe, Miten Jain, Erich D. Jarvis, Hanlee P. Ji, Eimear E. Kenny, Barbara A. Koenig, Alexey Kolesnikov, Jan O. Korbel, Jennifer Kordosky, Sergey Koren, HoJoon Lee, Alexandra P. Lewis, Heng Li, Wen-Wei Liao, Shuangjia Lu, Tsung-Yu Lu, Julian K. Lucas, Hugo Magalhães, Santiago Marco-Sola, Pierre Marijon, Charles Markello, Tobias Marschall, Fergal J. Martin, Ann McCartney, Jennifer McDaniel, Karen H. Miga, Matthew W. Mitchell, Jean Monlong, Jacquelyn Mountcastle, Katherine M. Munson, Moses Njagi Mwaniki, Maria Nattestad, Adam M. Novak, Sergey Nurk, Hugh E. Olsen, Nathan D. Olson, Benedict Paten, Trevor Pesout, Adam M. Phillippy, Alice B. Popejoy, David Porubsky, Pjotr Prins, Daniela Puiu, Mikko Rautiainen, Allison A. Regier, Arang Rhie, Samuel Sacco, Ashley D. Sanders, Valerie A. Schneider, Baergen I. S, Postprint (published version)

Published
2023

2. AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit defects are a cause of neurodevelopmental disorders

Author

Vincenzo, Salpietro, Christine L, Dixon, Hui, Guo, Oscar D, Bello, Jana, Vandrovcova, Stephanie, Efthymiou, Reza, Maroofian, Gali, Heimer, Lydie, Burglen, Stephanie, Valence, Erin, Torti, Moritz, Hacke, Julia, Rankin, Huma, Tariq, Estelle, Colin, Vincent, Procaccio, Pasquale, Striano, Kshitij, Mankad, Andreas, Lieb, Sharon, Chen, Laura, Pisani, Conceicao, Bettencourt, Roope, Männikkö, Andreea, Manole, Alfredo, Brusco, Enrico, Grosso, Giovanni Battista, Ferrero, Judith, Armstrong-Moron, Sophie, Gueden, Omer, Bar-Yosef, Michal, Tzadok, Kristin G, Monaghan, Teresa, Santiago-Sim, Richard E, Person, Megan T, Cho, Rebecca, Willaert, Yongjin, Yoo, Jong-Hee, Chae, Yingting, Quan, Huidan, Wu, Tianyun, Wang, Raphael A, Bernier, Kun, Xia, Alyssa, Blesson, Mahim, Jain, Mohammad M, Motazacker, Bregje, Jaeger, Amy L, Schneider, Katja, Boysen, Alison M, Muir, Candace T, Myer, Ralitza H, Gavrilova, Lauren, Gunderson, Laura, Schultz-Roger, Eric W, Klee, David, Dyment, Matthew, Osmond, Mara, Parellada, Cloe, Llorente, Javier, Gonzalez-Peña, Angel, Carracedo, Arie, Van Haeringen, Claudia, Ruivenkamp, Caroline, Nava, Delphine, Heron, Rosaria, Nardello, Michele, Iacomino, Carlo, Minetti, Aldo, Skabar, Antonella, Fabretto, Hanna, Michael G., Bugiardini, Enrico, Hostettler, Isabel, O’Callaghan, Benjamin, Khan, Alaa, Cortese, Andrea, O’Connor, Emer, Yau, Wai Y., Bourinaris, Thoma, Kaiyrzhanov, Rauan, Chelban, Viorica, Madej, Monika, Diana, Maria C., Vari, Maria S., Pedemonte, Marina, Bruno, Claudio, Balagura, Ganna, Scala, Marcello, Fiorillo, Chiara, Nobili, Lino, Malintan, Nancy T., Zanetti, Maria N., Krishnakumar, Shyam S., Lignani, Gabriele, Jepson, James E. C., Broda, Paolo, Baldassari, Simona, Rossi, Pia, Fruscione, Floriana, Madia, Francesca, Traverso, Monica, De-Marco, Patrizia, Pérez-Dueñas, Belen, Munell, Francina, Kriouile, Yamna, El-Khorassani, Mohamed, Karashova, Blagovesta, Avdjieva, Daniela, Kathom, Hadil, Tincheva, Radka, Van-Maldergem, Lionel, Nachbauer, Wolfgang, Boesch, Sylvia, Gagliano, Antonella, Amadori, Elisabetta, Goraya, Jatinder S., Sultan, Tipu, Kirmani, Salman, Ibrahim, Shahnaz, Jan, Farida, Mine, Jun, Banu, Selina, Veggiotti, Pierangelo, Zuccotti, Gian V., Ferrari, Michel D., Van Den Maagdenberg, Arn M. J., Verrotti, Alberto, Marseglia, Gian L., Savasta, Salvatore, Soler, Miguel A., Scuderi, Carmela, Borgione, Eugenia, Chimenz, Roberto, Gitto, Eloisa, Dipasquale, Valeria, Sallemi, Alessia, Fusco, Monica, Cuppari, Caterina, Cutrupi, Maria C., Ruggieri, Martino, Cama, Armando, Capra, Valeria, Mencacci, Niccolò E., Boles, Richard, Gupta, Neerja, Kabra, Madhulika, Papacostas, Savva, Zamba-Papanicolaou, Eleni, Dardiotis, Efthymio, Maqbool, Shazia, Rana, Nuzhat, Atawneh, Osama, Lim, Shen Y., Shaikh, Farooq, Koutsis, George, Breza, Marianthi, Coviello, Domenico A., Dauvilliers, Yves A., Alkhawaja, Issam, Alkhawaja, Mariam, Al-Mutairi, Fuad, Stojkovic, Tanya, Ferrucci, Veronica, Zollo, Massimo, Alkuraya, Fowzan S., Kinali, Maria, Sherifa, Hamed, Benrhouma, Hanene, Turki, Ilhem B. Y., Tazir, Meriem, Obeid, Makram, Bakhtadze, Sophia, Saadi, Nebal W., Zaki, Maha S., Triki, Chahnez C., Benfenati, Fabio, Gustincich, Stefano, Kara, Majdi, Belcastro, Vincenzo, Specchio, Nicola, Capovilla, Giuseppe, Karimiani, Ehsan G., Salih, Ahmed M., Okubadejo, Njideka U., Ojo, Oluwadamilola O., Oshinaike, Olajumoke O., Oguntunde, Olapeju, Wahab, Kolawole, Bello, Abiodun H., Abubakar, Sanni, Obiabo, Yahaya, Nwazor, Ernest, Ekenze, Oluchi, Williams, Uduak, Iyagba, Alagoma, Taiwo, Lolade, Komolafe, Morenikeji, Senkevich, Konstantin, Shashkin, Chingiz, Zharkynbekova, Nazira, Koneyev, Kairgali, Manizha, Ganieva, Isrofilov, Maksud, Guliyeva, Ulviyya, Salayev, Kamran, Khachatryan, Samson, Rossi, Salvatore, Silvestri, Gabriella, Haridy, Nourelhoda, Ramenghi, Luca A., Xiromerisiou, Georgia, David, Emanuele, Aguennouz, Mhammed, Fidani, Liana, Spanaki &amp, Cleanthe, Tucci, Arianna, Miquel, Raspall-Chaure, Michael, Chez, Anne, Tsai, Emily, Fassi, Marwan, Shinawi, John N, Constantino, Rita, De Zorzi, Sara, Fortuna, Fernando, Kok, Boris, Keren, Dominique, Bonneau, Murim, Choi, Bruria, Benzeev, Federico, Zara, Heather C, Mefford, Ingrid E, Scheffer, Jill, Clayton-Smith, Alfons, Macaya, James E, Rothman, Evan E, Eichler, Dimitri M, Kullmann, Henry, Houlden, Salvatore Rossi, Gabriella Silvestri (ORCID:0000-0002-1950-1468), Vincenzo, Salpietro, Christine L, Dixon, Hui, Guo, Oscar D, Bello, Jana, Vandrovcova, Stephanie, Efthymiou, Reza, Maroofian, Gali, Heimer, Lydie, Burglen, Stephanie, Valence, Erin, Torti, Moritz, Hacke, Julia, Rankin, Huma, Tariq, Estelle, Colin, Vincent, Procaccio, Pasquale, Striano, Kshitij, Mankad, Andreas, Lieb, Sharon, Chen, Laura, Pisani, Conceicao, Bettencourt, Roope, Männikkö, Andreea, Manole, Alfredo, Brusco, Enrico, Grosso, Giovanni Battista, Ferrero, Judith, Armstrong-Moron, Sophie, Gueden, Omer, Bar-Yosef, Michal, Tzadok, Kristin G, Monaghan, Teresa, Santiago-Sim, Richard E, Person, Megan T, Cho, Rebecca, Willaert, Yongjin, Yoo, Jong-Hee, Chae, Yingting, Quan, Huidan, Wu, Tianyun, Wang, Raphael A, Bernier, Kun, Xia, Alyssa, Blesson, Mahim, Jain, Mohammad M, Motazacker, Bregje, Jaeger, Amy L, Schneider, Katja, Boysen, Alison M, Muir, Candace T, Myer, Ralitza H, Gavrilova, Lauren, Gunderson, Laura, Schultz-Roger, Eric W, Klee, David, Dyment, Matthew, Osmond, Mara, Parellada, Cloe, Llorente, Javier, Gonzalez-Peña, Angel, Carracedo, Arie, Van Haeringen, Claudia, Ruivenkamp, Caroline, Nava, Delphine, Heron, Rosaria, Nardello, Michele, Iacomino, Carlo, Minetti, Aldo, Skabar, Antonella, Fabretto, Hanna, Michael G., Bugiardini, Enrico, Hostettler, Isabel, O’Callaghan, Benjamin, Khan, Alaa, Cortese, Andrea, O’Connor, Emer, Yau, Wai Y., Bourinaris, Thoma, Kaiyrzhanov, Rauan, Chelban, Viorica, Madej, Monika, Diana, Maria C., Vari, Maria S., Pedemonte, Marina, Bruno, Claudio, Balagura, Ganna, Scala, Marcello, Fiorillo, Chiara, Nobili, Lino, Malintan, Nancy T., Zanetti, Maria N., Krishnakumar, Shyam S., Lignani, Gabriele, Jepson, James E. C., Broda, Paolo, Baldassari, Simona, Rossi, Pia, Fruscione, Floriana, Madia, Francesca, Traverso, Monica, De-Marco, Patrizia, Pérez-Dueñas, Belen, Munell, Francina, Kriouile, Yamna, El-Khorassani, Mohamed, Karashova, Blagovesta, Avdjieva, Daniela, Kathom, Hadil, Tincheva, Radka, Van-Maldergem, Lionel, Nachbauer, Wolfgang, Boesch, Sylvia, Gagliano, Antonella, Amadori, Elisabetta, Goraya, Jatinder S., Sultan, Tipu, Kirmani, Salman, Ibrahim, Shahnaz, Jan, Farida, Mine, Jun, Banu, Selina, Veggiotti, Pierangelo, Zuccotti, Gian V., Ferrari, Michel D., Van Den Maagdenberg, Arn M. J., Verrotti, Alberto, Marseglia, Gian L., Savasta, Salvatore, Soler, Miguel A., Scuderi, Carmela, Borgione, Eugenia, Chimenz, Roberto, Gitto, Eloisa, Dipasquale, Valeria, Sallemi, Alessia, Fusco, Monica, Cuppari, Caterina, Cutrupi, Maria C., Ruggieri, Martino, Cama, Armando, Capra, Valeria, Mencacci, Niccolò E., Boles, Richard, Gupta, Neerja, Kabra, Madhulika, Papacostas, Savva, Zamba-Papanicolaou, Eleni, Dardiotis, Efthymio, Maqbool, Shazia, Rana, Nuzhat, Atawneh, Osama, Lim, Shen Y., Shaikh, Farooq, Koutsis, George, Breza, Marianthi, Coviello, Domenico A., Dauvilliers, Yves A., Alkhawaja, Issam, Alkhawaja, Mariam, Al-Mutairi, Fuad, Stojkovic, Tanya, Ferrucci, Veronica, Zollo, Massimo, Alkuraya, Fowzan S., Kinali, Maria, Sherifa, Hamed, Benrhouma, Hanene, Turki, Ilhem B. Y., Tazir, Meriem, Obeid, Makram, Bakhtadze, Sophia, Saadi, Nebal W., Zaki, Maha S., Triki, Chahnez C., Benfenati, Fabio, Gustincich, Stefano, Kara, Majdi, Belcastro, Vincenzo, Specchio, Nicola, Capovilla, Giuseppe, Karimiani, Ehsan G., Salih, Ahmed M., Okubadejo, Njideka U., Ojo, Oluwadamilola O., Oshinaike, Olajumoke O., Oguntunde, Olapeju, Wahab, Kolawole, Bello, Abiodun H., Abubakar, Sanni, Obiabo, Yahaya, Nwazor, Ernest, Ekenze, Oluchi, Williams, Uduak, Iyagba, Alagoma, Taiwo, Lolade, Komolafe, Morenikeji, Senkevich, Konstantin, Shashkin, Chingiz, Zharkynbekova, Nazira, Koneyev, Kairgali, Manizha, Ganieva, Isrofilov, Maksud, Guliyeva, Ulviyya, Salayev, Kamran, Khachatryan, Samson, Rossi, Salvatore, Silvestri, Gabriella, Haridy, Nourelhoda, Ramenghi, Luca A., Xiromerisiou, Georgia, David, Emanuele, Aguennouz, Mhammed, Fidani, Liana, Spanaki &amp, Cleanthe, Tucci, Arianna, Miquel, Raspall-Chaure, Michael, Chez, Anne, Tsai, Emily, Fassi, Marwan, Shinawi, John N, Constantino, Rita, De Zorzi, Sara, Fortuna, Fernando, Kok, Boris, Keren, Dominique, Bonneau, Murim, Choi, Bruria, Benzeev, Federico, Zara, Heather C, Mefford, Ingrid E, Scheffer, Jill, Clayton-Smith, Alfons, Macaya, James E, Rothman, Evan E, Eichler, Dimitri M, Kullmann, Henry, Houlden, Salvatore Rossi, and Gabriella Silvestri (ORCID:0000-0002-1950-1468)

Abstract

AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are tetrameric ligand-gated channels made up of combinations of GluA1-4 subunits encoded by GRIA1-4 genes. GluA2 has an especially important role because, following post-transcriptional editing at the Q607 site, it renders heteromultimeric AMPARs Ca2+-impermeable, with a linear relationship between current and trans-membrane voltage. Here, we report heterozygous de novo GRIA2 mutations in 28 unrelated patients with intellectual disability (ID) and neurodevelopmental abnormalities including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome-like features, and seizures or developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). In functional expression studies, mutations lead to a decrease in agonist-evoked current mediated by mutant subunits compared to wild-type channels. When GluA2 subunits are co-expressed with GluA1, most GRIA2 mutations cause a decreased current amplitude and some also affect voltage rectification. Our results show that de-novo variants in GRIA2 can cause neurodevelopmental disorders, complementing evidence that other genetic causes of ID, ASD and DEE also disrupt glutamatergic synaptic transmission.

Published
2019

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