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2. Format-independence and content-addressing in databases

Author

Evans, J. M.

Subjects
004.5
Abstract

This thesis describes two experimental Data Management systems developed using a common integrated approach to system design. An integrated approach involves consideration of three things during the development of a new system:- user requirements, existing software and hardware. Only by consideration of these three things is it possible to ensure the relevence of system design and development. In addition to providing a context for system design the integrated approach attempts to circumvent the undesirable dichotomy of computing into separate disciplines of "hardware" and "software". The bias and presentation of the work in thesis is towards the latter, primarily because the author's background has been mainly in this area. However, the ideas behind the work derive from considerations of user, software and hardware. The first system to be described is a Content-Addressable Store (CAS) system concerned primarily with inter-record relations. The user requirement identified was content-addressing. Existing systems provide this facility inefficiently on current direct-access hardware. Existing hardware for content-addressing was found to be unsuitable for meeting the user requirements identified. The CAS system is based on the design of a new class of hardware device (CAS) for content-addressing and described at a functional level in this thesis together with its supporting software. The second system to be described is a Commercial Record Handling (CRH) system concerned primarily with intra-record relations. The user requirement identified was format-independence. Existing software systems (at the time of designing the system) did not offer this facility. Hardware suitable for the implementation existed in the form of the Basic Language Machine. The CRH system is a software implementation of a simple Data Management system which provides format-independence as its main feature. The CAS and CRH systems are complementary, since the former is concerned with inter-record relations and the latter with intra-record relations.

Published
1973

4. Superconducting Properties of (Mx/YBa2Cu3O7-delta y)N Multilayer Films with Variable Layer Thickness x (Postprint)

Author

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIR/POWER DIV/MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION BRANCH, Haugan, T J, Barnes, P N, Campbell, T A, Pierce, N A, Locke, M F, Brockman, I, Westerfield, A L, Evans, J M, Morgan, R, Klenk, P, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIR/POWER DIV/MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION BRANCH, Haugan, T J, Barnes, P N, Campbell, T A, Pierce, N A, Locke, M F, Brockman, I, Westerfield, A L, Evans, J M, Morgan, R, and Klenk, P

Abstract

The superconducting properties of (Mx /YBa2Cu3O7-dy)N multilayer films were studied for varying layer thickness x. Different M phases were examined including green-phase Y2BaCuO5 (211), Y2O3, BaZrO3, CeO2, SmBa2Cu3O7-d (Sm123), brown-phase La2BaCuO5 (La211), and MgO. Multilayer (Mx /YBa2 Cu3O7-dy)N structures were grown by pulsed laser deposition onto SrTiO3 or LaAlO3 single-crystal substrates by alternate ablation of separate YBa2-Cu3O7-d (123) and M targets, at temperatures of 750 deg C to 790 deg C. The x layer thickness was varied from 0.1 nm to 4.5 nm, and the y 123 layer thickness was kept constant within a given range of 10 to 25 nm. Different M phase and x layer thicknesses caused large variations of the microstructural and superconducting properties, including superconducting transition (Tc), critical current density as a function of applied magnetic field Jc(H), self-field Jc(77 K), and nanoparticle layer coverage. Strong flux-pinning enhancement up to 1 to 3x was observed to occur for M additions of 211 and BaZrO3 at 65 to 77 K, Y2O3 at 65 K, and CeO2 for H 0.5 T. BaZrO3 had a noticeably different epitaxy forming smaller size nanoparticles 8 nm with 3 to 4x higher areal surface particle densities than other M phases, reaching 5 x 10(exp 11) nanoparticles/sq cm. To optimize flux pinning and Jc (65 to 77 K, H = 2 to 3 T), the M layer thickness had to be reduced below a critical value that correlated with a nanoparticle surface coverage 15% by area. Unusual effects were observed for poor pinning materials including Sm123 and La211, where properties such as self-field Jc unexpectedly increased with increasing x layer thickness., Published in the Journal of Electronic Materials, v36 n10 p1234-1242, 2007.

Published
2012

5. Crystal Chemical Substitutions of YBa2Cu3O7-d to Enhance Flux Pinning (Postprint)

Author

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIR/POWER DIV/MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION BRANCH, Haugan, T J, Tolliver, J C, Evans, J M, Kell, J W, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIR/POWER DIV/MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION BRANCH, Haugan, T J, Tolliver, J C, Evans, J M, and Kell, J W

Abstract

A review of the physical properties and principles of chemical substitution of YBCO to enhance flux pinning was provided. Chemical substitution is a potential cost-effective method of introducing nano-size defections into the superconductor to provide significant enhancement of Jc. It is especially important to consider this as a method for flux pinning to achieve ultra-small defects 1-4 nm in size, that were show in this paper to be essential to realize pinning for ultra-high magnetic fields 15 Tesla. While a significant number of studies have been done in this field, large gaps of knowledge still exist in the literature on the effect of RE substitution on Jc and pinning of YBCO. Initial studies indicate a consistent trend that substitution of 0.25 molar fraction of RE for Y or Y for RE provides significant increase of low-field Jc., Published as a chapter in Studies of High Temperature Superconductors, v49, 2005.

Published
2012

6. In TNF-stimulated cells, RIPK1 promotes cell survival by stabilizing TRAF2 and cIAP1, which limits induction of non-canonical NF-kappaB and activation of caspase-8

Author

Gentle, I E, Wong, W W L, Evans, J M, Bankovacki, A, Cook, W D, Khan, N R, Nachbur, U, Rickard, J, Anderton, H, Moulin, M, Lluis, J M, Moujalled, D M, Silke, J, Vaux, D L, Gentle, I E, Wong, W W L, Evans, J M, Bankovacki, A, Cook, W D, Khan, N R, Nachbur, U, Rickard, J, Anderton, H, Moulin, M, Lluis, J M, Moujalled, D M, Silke, J, and Vaux, D L

Published
2011

7. Scientific Presentations on Superconductivity from 2002-2005

Author

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE/POWER DIVISION/POWER GENERATION BRANCH, Barnes, Paul N, Harrison, Brandon C, Haugan, Timothy, Levin, G A, Sathiraju, Srinivas, Srinivasan, Raghavan, Campbell, T A, Tolliver, J C, Evans, J M, Varanasi, C V, Maartense, I, AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE/POWER DIVISION/POWER GENERATION BRANCH, Barnes, Paul N, Harrison, Brandon C, Haugan, Timothy, Levin, G A, Sathiraju, Srinivas, Srinivasan, Raghavan, Campbell, T A, Tolliver, J C, Evans, J M, Varanasi, C V, and Maartense, I

Abstract

This program addresses the basic scientific and engineering issues related to the development of the second-generation high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductor for use in magnet and generator coil windings of power applications relevant to the Air Force (AF). Current work focuses on the development of an ac YBCO-coated conductor and enhancement of the current dc coated conductor. The dc coated conductor development is done as part of an overall AF program that includes industry and academic research facilities. This program is coordinated with the Department of Energy's Coated Conductor Program to ensure integration with no redundancy. Flux pinning in the conductor is a significant focus of the overall coated conductor work to improve in-field critical currents. The ac loss issues as well as stability (and quench protection) ultimately must be considered for study, and work has commenced in this area within the in-house program. In order for the conductor to be ready for projected power generation requirements (for directed energy weapons), the superconductivity group is determining the unique AF requirements of the conductor and investigating ac loss and flux pinning issues.

Published
2006

8. Higher-spin conserved currents in supersymmetric sigma models on symmetric spaces

Author

Evans, J. M., Young, C. A. S., Evans, J. M., and Young, C. A. S.

Abstract

Local higher-spin conserved currents are constructed in the supersymmetric sigma models with target manifolds symmetric spaces $G/H$. One class of currents is based on generators of the de Rham cohomology ring of $G/H$; a second class of currents are higher-spin generalizations of the (super)energy-momentum tensor. A comprehensive analysis of the invariant tensors required to construct these currents is given from two complimentary points of view, and sets of primitive currents are identified from which all others can be constructed as differential polynomials. The Poisson bracket algebra of the top component charges of the primitive currents is calculated. It is shown that one can choose the primitive currents so that the bosonic charges all Poisson-commute, while the fermionic charges obey an algebra which is a form of higher-spin generalization of supersymmetry. Brief comments are made on some implications for the quantized theories., Comment: 40 pages; LaTeX

Published
2005
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9. Quantum, higher-spin, local charges in symmetric space sigma models

Author

Evans, J. M., Kagan, D., MacKay, N. J., Young, C. A. S., Evans, J. M., Kagan, D., MacKay, N. J., and Young, C. A. S.

Abstract

Potential anomalies are analysed for the local spin-3 and spin-4 classically conserved currents in any two-dimensional sigma model on a compact symmetric space $G/H$, with $G$ and $H$ classical groups. Quantum local conserved charges are shown to exist in exactly those models which also possess quantum non-local (Yangian) charges. The possibility of larger sets of quantum local charges is discussed and shown to be consistent with known S-matrix results and the behaviour of the corresponding Yangian representations., Comment: v2: 17 pages; refs added

Published
2004
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10. Non-local charges and quantum integrability of sigma models on the symmetric spaces SO(2n)/SO(n)xSO(n) and Sp(2n)/Sp(n)xSp(n)

Author

Evans, J. M., Kagan, D., Young, C. A. S., Evans, J. M., Kagan, D., and Young, C. A. S.

Abstract

Non-local conserved charges in two-dimensional sigma models with target spaces $SO(2n)/SO(n){\times}SO(n)$ and $Sp(2n)/Sp(n){\times}Sp(n)$ are shown to survive quantization, unspoiled by anomalies; these theories are therefore integrable at the quantum level. Local, higher-spin, conserved charges are also shown to survive quantization in the $SO(2n)/SO(n){\times}SO(n)$ models., Comment: 11 pages (v2: minor additions and improvements)

Published
2004
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11. Pulsed Laser Deposition of YBCO Coated Conductor Using Y(2)O(3) as the Seed and Cap Layer (Postprint)

Author

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE, Barnes, P. N., Nekkanti, R. M., Haugan, T. J., Campbell, T. A., Yust, N. A., Evans, J. M., AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE, Barnes, P. N., Nekkanti, R. M., Haugan, T. J., Campbell, T. A., Yust, N. A., and Evans, J. M.

Abstract

Although a variety of buffer layers have been routinely reported, a standard architecture commonly used for the YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) coated conductor is YBCO/CeO2/YSZ/CeO2/substrate or YBCO/CeO2/YSZ/Y2O3/substrate where ceria is typically the cap layer. CeO2 is generally used as only a seed (or cap layer) since cracking within the film occurs in thicker CeO2 layers due to the stress of lattice mismatching. Y2O3 has been proposed as a seed and as a cap layer but usually not for both in a given architecture, especially with all layers deposited in situ. Yttrium oxide films grown on nickel by electron beam evaporation processes were found to be dense and crack free with good epitaxy. In this report, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) of Y2O3 is given where Y2O3 serves as both the seed and cap layer in the YBCO architecture. A comparison to PLD CeO2 is provided. Deposited layers of the YBCO coated conductor are also grown by laser ablation. Initial deposition resulted in specimens on textured Ni substrates with current densities of more than 1 MA cm-2 at 77 K, self-field.

Published
2004

12. Flux Pinning and Properties of Solid-Solution (Y,Nd)1+XBa2-x Cu3O7-delta Superconductors Processed in Air and Partial Oxygen Atmospheres (Preprint)

Author

AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE, Haugan, T. J., Evans, J. M., Tolliver, J. C., Maartense, I., Barnes, P. N., Wong-Ng, W., Cook, L. P., Shull, R. D., AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE, Haugan, T. J., Evans, J. M., Tolliver, J. C., Maartense, I., Barnes, P. N., Wong-Ng, W., Cook, L. P., and Shull, R. D.

Abstract

The effect of chemical composition substitutions on the flux pinning and physical properties of (Y,Nd) 1 + (XB(alpha2)-xCu3O7(-gamma)) superconductors was studied in powders processed by solid-state reaction and equilibrated in air at 910 deg C. The powders were subsequently processed in 1% O2 atmosphere at <920 deg C to increased the superconducting transition temperature (T sub c) and critical current density (J sub c). After processing in air, the powders were nearly pure single-phase compositions as determined by X-ray diffraction. Powders were finally annealed in 100% O2 atmosphere at temperatures <500 deg C to maximize T(sub c). The T(sub cs) of the powders were measured by ac susceptibility and dc magnetization methods. Annealing powders with a final step in 1% O2 atmosphere compared to processing in air significantly enhanced T(sub c) from 65-90 K to >92 K for all compositions tested, and also increased from about 1000 - 100,000 A/sq cm to approximately 10(exp 6) A/sq cm. The flux pinning properties varied depending on exact composition, and the intrinsic behaviors changed with the final 1% O2 annealing treatment., Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society (105th) held in Nashville, TN on 27-30 Apr 2003. Prepared in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Gaithersburg, MD. Submitted for publication in the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society (105th), v149, 2003.

Published
2004

13. Commuting charges and symmetric spaces

Author

Evans, J. M., Mountain, A. J., Evans, J. M., and Mountain, A. J.

Abstract

Every classical sigma-model with target space a compact symmetric space $G/H$ (with $G$ classical) is shown to possess infinitely many local, commuting, conserved charges which can be written in closed form. The spins of these charges run over a characteristic set of values, playing the role of exponents of $G/H$, and repeating modulo an integer $h$ which plays the role of a Coxeter number., Comment: LaTeX, 16 pages; v2: footnote added

Published
2000
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14. Conserved charges and supersymmetry in principal chiral and WZW models

Author

Evans, J. M., Hassan, M., MacKay, N. J., Mountain, A. J., Evans, J. M., Hassan, M., MacKay, N. J., and Mountain, A. J.

Abstract

Conserved and commuting charges are investigated in both bosonic and supersymmetric classical chiral models, with and without Wess-Zumino terms. In the bosonic theories, there are conserved currents based on symmetric invariant tensors of the underlying algebra, and the construction of infinitely many commuting charges, with spins equal to the exponents of the algebra modulo its Coxeter number, can be carried out irrespective of the coefficient of the Wess-Zumino term. In the supersymmetric models, a different pattern of conserved quantities emerges, based on antisymmetric invariant tensors. The current algebra is much more complicated than in the bosonic case, and it is analysed in some detail. Two families of commuting charges can be constructed, each with finitely many members whose spins are exactly the exponents of the algebra (with no repetition modulo the Coxeter number). The conserved quantities in the bosonic and supersymmetric theories are only indirectly related, except for the special case of the WZW model and its supersymmetric extension., Comment: LaTeX; 49 pages; v2: minor changes and additions to text and refs

Published
2000
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15. Local conserved charges in principal chiral models

Author

Evans, J. M., Hassan, M., MacKay, N. J., Mountain, A. J., Evans, J. M., Hassan, M., MacKay, N. J., and Mountain, A. J.

Abstract

Local conserved charges in principal chiral models in 1+1 dimensions are investigated. There is a classically conserved local charge for each totally symmetric invariant tensor of the underlying group. These local charges are shown to be in involution with the non-local Yangian charges. The Poisson bracket algebra of the local charges is then studied. For each classical algebra, an infinite set of local charges with spins equal to the exponents modulo the Coxeter number is constructed, and it is shown that these commute with one another. Brief comments are made on the evidence for, and implications of, survival of these charges in the quantum theory., Comment: 36 pages, LaTeX; v2: minor corrections

Published
1999
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16. The No-ghost Theorem and Strings on AdS_3

Author

Evans, J. M., Gaberdiel, M. R., Perry, M. J., Evans, J. M., Gaberdiel, M. R., and Perry, M. J.

Abstract

A brief review of string theory on group manifolds is given, and comparisons are then drawn between Minkowski space, SU(2), and SU(1,1) = AdS_3. The proof of the no-ghost theorem is outlined, assuming a certain restriction on the representation content for bosonic and fermionic strings on SU(1,1). Some possible connections with the AdS/CFT correspondence are mentioned. (Based on invited talk by JME at Trieste Conference on Super 5-branes and Physics in (5+1)-dimensions.), Comment: 10 pages, LaTeX

Published
1998

17. On the Classification of Real Forms of Non-Abelian Toda Theories and W-algebras

Author

Evans, J. M., Madsen, J. O., Evans, J. M., and Madsen, J. O.

Abstract

We consider conformal non-Abelian Toda theories obtained by hamiltonian reduction from Wess-Zumino-Witten models based on general real Lie groups. We study in detail the possible choices of reality conditions which can be imposed on the WZW or Toda fields and prove correspondences with sl(2,R) embeddings into real Lie algebras and with the possible real forms of the associated W-algebras. We devise a a method for finding all real embeddings which can be obtained from a given embedding of sl(2,C) into a complex Lie algebra. We then apply this to give a complete classification of real embeddings which are principal in some simple regular subalgebra of a classical Lie algebra., Comment: 42 pages, LaTeX; Minor corrections to ensure consistent conventions; some references added

Published
1998
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18. The No-ghost Theorem for AdS_3 and the Stringy Exclusion Principle

Author

Evans, J. M., Gaberdiel, M. R., Perry, M. J., Evans, J. M., Gaberdiel, M. R., and Perry, M. J.

Abstract

A complete proof of the No-ghost Theorem for bosonic and fermionic string theories on AdS_3, or the group manifold of SU(1,1), is given. It is then shown that the restriction on the spin (in terms of the level) that is necessary to obtain a ghost-free spectrum corresponds to the stringy exclusion principle of Maldacena and Strominger., Comment: 20 pages, LaTeX; references added

Published
1998
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19. Conserved Charges and Supersymmetry in Principal Chiral Models

Author

Evans, J. M., Hassan, M., MacKay, N. J., Mountain, A. J., Evans, J. M., Hassan, M., MacKay, N. J., and Mountain, A. J.

Abstract

We report on investigations of local (and non-local) charges in bosonic and supersymmetric principal chiral models in 1+1 dimensions. In the bosonic PCM there is a classically conserved local charge for each symmetric invariant tensor of the underlying group. These all commute with the non-local Yangian charges. The algebra of the local charges amongst themselves is rather more subtle. We give a universal formula for infinite sets of mutually commuting local charges with spins equal to the exponents of the underlying classical algebra modulo its Coxeter number. Many of these results extend to the supersymmetric PCM, but with local conserved charges associated with antisymmetric invariants in the Lie algebra. We comment briefly on the quantum conservation of local charges in both the bosonic and super PCMs., Comment: 18 pages, LaTeX. Revised and up-dated version based on conference talks by JME and NJM

Published
1997

20. The Octonionic Membrane

Author

Duff, M. J., Evans, J. M., Khuri, R. R., Lu, J. X., Minasian, R., Duff, M. J., Evans, J. M., Khuri, R. R., Lu, J. X., and Minasian, R.

Abstract

We generalize the supermembrane solution of D=11 supergravity by permitting the 4-form $G$ to be either self-dual or anti-self-dual in the eight dimensions transverse to the membrane. After analyzing the supergravity field equations directly, and also discussing necessary conditions for unbroken supersymmetry, we focus on two specific, related solutions. The self-dual solution is not asymptotically flat. The anti-self-dual solution is asymptotically flat, has finite mass per unit area and saturates the same mass=charge Bogomolnyi bound as the usual supermembrane. Nevertheless, neither solution preserves any supersymmetry. Both solutions involve the octonionic structure constants but, perhaps surprisingly, they are unrelated to the octonionic instanton 2-form $F$, for which $TrF \wedge F$ is neither self-dual nor anti-self-dual., Comment: 17 pages, Latex; enhanced discussion on supersymmetry, some references added

Published
1997
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21. Integrability vs. Supersymmetry

Author

Evans, J. M., Madsen, J. O., Evans, J. M., and Madsen, J. O.

Abstract

We investigate (1,0)-superconformal Toda theories based on simple Lie algebras and find that the classical integrability properties of the underlying bosonic theories do not survive. For several models based on algebras of low rank, we show explicitly that none of the conserved W-algebra generators can be generalized to the supersymmetric case. Using these results we deduce that at least one W-algebra generator fails to generalize in any model based on a classical Lie algebra. This argument involves a method for relating the bosonic Toda theories and their conserved currents within each classical series. We also scrutinize claims that the (1,0)-superconformal models actually admit (1,1) supersymmetry and find that they do not. Our results are consistent with the belief that all integrable Toda models with fermions arise from Lie superalgebras., Comment: plain TeX file, 11 pages output, macros included; minor errors corrected, extra references added

Published
1996
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22. Real Forms of Non-abelian Toda Theories and their W-algebras

Author

Evans, J. M., Madsen, J. O., Evans, J. M., and Madsen, J. O.

Abstract

We consider real forms of Lie algebras and embeddings of sl(2) which are consistent with the construction of integrable models via Hamiltonian reduction. In other words: we examine possible non-standard reality conditions for non-abelian Toda theories. We point out in particular that the usual restriction to the maximally non-compact form of the algebra is unnecessary, and we show how relaxing this condition can lead to new real forms of the resulting W-algebras. Previous results for abelian Toda theories are recovered as special cases. The construction can be extended straightforwardly to deal with osp(1|2) embeddings in Lie superalgebras. Two examples are worked out in detail, one based on a bosonic Lie algebra, the other based on a Lie superalgebra leading to an action which realizes the N=4 superconformal algebra., Comment: 11 pages, LaTex; minor errors corrected, extra references added

Published
1996
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24. Response of the Cardiovascular System to Vibration and Combined Stresses

Author

KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, Knapp, C. F., Evans, J. M., Randall, D. C., Charles, J. B., Kelley, B. S., KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, Knapp, C. F., Evans, J. M., Randall, D. C., Charles, J. B., and Kelley, B. S.

Abstract

Contents: Heart Rate Responses of Humans to Sinusoidally Varying + or - 1 Gz Gravitational Stress; A new chronically instrumented animal preparation in which heart rate (via AV sequential pacing) can be computer controlled in either an open or closed-looped manner; Cardiovascular Responses of Untrained and Endurance Trained Dogs to Oscillatory Blood Volume Shifts; and Changes in Peak Left Ventricular Wall Stress in Normal and Cardiac Denervated CAnines During Sinusoidal Acceleration.

Published
1983

25. Response of the Cardiovascular System to Vibration and Combined Stresses

Author

KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, Knapp, Charles F., Evans, J. M., Randall, D. R., KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, Knapp, Charles F., Evans, J. M., and Randall, D. R.

Abstract

Studies of the previous year indicated an inability of cardiac denervated dogs to maintain stroke volume during the positive g sub z portion of sinusoidal plus or minus 2 g sub z acceleration stress across the frequency range of 0.004 to 0.25 Hz. To investigate the inadequacy of stroke volume maintenance in these chronically instrumented animals, three cardiac dimensions have been added to provide heart volume information in addition to our standard instrumentation for measuring aortic flow and left and right ventricular and aortic arch pressures. To date, crystals have been implanted to record heart size in 27 animals (16 normal and 11 cardiac denervated) whose body weights ranged from 17 to 26 kg.

Published
1980

26. The Causes of Decrements in Aircrew Performance: Physiological Changes Produced by Vibration and Other Environmental Stresses and Response of the Cardiovascular System to Vibration and Combined Stress.

Author

KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, Knapp,Charles F, Evans,J M, Randall,D R, KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, Knapp,Charles F, Evans,J M, and Randall,D R

Abstract

The goal of this program is the understanding of cardiovascular responses to whole body, low frequency, sinusoidal acceleration loading of the intact physiological system. Our efforts in the early phase of the program were limited to investigating cardiovascular responses to high frequency whole body acceleration (2-30Hz), but more recently have been extended to the domain between sustained and time-varying acceleration of less than 1 Hz. Results from the early phase indicated that whole-body acceleration in the 2-3Hz range produced an exercise-type response that was directly dependent on the force level applied. Mean heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and whole body oxygen consumption were found to be linearly dependent on the peak net force delivered to each animal. Results from the later phase of this study indicated that whole body acceleration in the .005 to 0.25 Hz range included a resonance-type phenomenon in which the neural regulatory systems appeared to be unable to regulate arterial pressure in the middle portion of this frequency range. (Author)

Published
1978

27. A Standard Psychophysiological Preparation for Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Vibration Stress. Phase II. Implementation

Author

KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, McCutcheon,E. P., Edwards,R. G., Evans,J. M., Lafferty,J. F., McCoy,D. F., KENTUCKY UNIV LEXINGTON WENNER-GREN RESEARCH LAB, McCutcheon,E. P., Edwards,R. G., Evans,J. M., Lafferty,J. F., and McCoy,D. F.

Abstract

A Standard Psychophysiological Preparation (SPP) for the evaluation of the physiological and biomechanical mechanisms responsible for performance decrement during repeated, long term exposure to vibration has been developed. The SPP is comprised of a trained Rhesus monkey, chronically implanted with probes to measure cardiovascular, hormonal and thermal parameters, with provisions for external measurements of the ECG, skin temperature, oxygen consumption, biomechanical parameters and performance level. Implementation of the SPP concept verifies the applicability and utility of the SPP and demonstrates the high quality, quantitative physiological and biomechanical data can be obtained with multiple systems from a performing subject during vibration exposure. Performance level, cardiovascular parameters, and biomechanical response of the SPP are presented as a function of vibration frequency and acceleration amplitude. (Author), See also AD-759 265.

Published
1974

29. Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 mutations in immunodeficient patients

Author

Wilkinson, S. A. J., Sparks, N., Kele, B., Peacock, T. P., Robson, S. C., Connor, T. R., Loman, N. J., Golubchik, T., Martinez Nunez, R. T., Bonsall, D., Rambaut, A., Snell, L. B., Livett, R., Ludden, C., Corden, S., Nastouli, E., Nebbia, G., Johnston, I., Lythgoe, K., Estee Torok, M., Goodfellow, I. G., Prieto, J. A., Saeed, K., Jackson, D. K., Houlihan, C., Frampton, D., Hamilton, W. L., Witney, A. A., Bucca, G., Pope, C. F., Moore, C., Thomson, E. C., Harrison, E. M., Smith, C. P., Rogan, F., Beckwith, S. M., Murray, A., Singleton, D., Eastick, K., Sheridan, L. A., Randell, P., Jackson, L. M., Ariani, C. V., Gonçalves, S., Fairley, D. J., Loose, M. W., Watkins, J., Moses, S., Nicholls, S., Bull, M., Amato, R., Smith, D. L., Aanensen, D. M., Barrett, J. C., Aggarwal, D., Shepherd, J. G., Curran, M. D., Parmar, S., Parker, M. D., Williams, C., Glaysher, S., Underwood, A. P., Bashton, M., Pacchiarini, N., Loveson, K. F., Byott, M., Carabelli, A. M., Templeton, K. E., de Silva, T. I., Wang, D., Langford, C. F., Sillitoe, J., Gunson, R. N., Cottrell, S., O’Grady, J., Kwiatkowski, D., Lillie, P. J., Cortes, N., Moore, N., Thomas, C., Burns, P. J., Mahungu, T. W., Liggett, S., Beckett, A. H., Holden, M. T. G., Levett, L. J., Osman, H., Hassan-Ibrahim, M. O., Simpson, D. A., Chand, M., Gupta, R. K., Darby, A. C., Paterson, S., Pybus, O. G., Volz, E. M., de Angelis, D., Robertson, D. L., Page, A. J., Martincorena, I., Aigrain, L., Bassett, A. R., Wong, N., Taha, Y., Erkiert, M. J., Spencer Chapman, M. H., Dewar, R., McHugh, M. P., Mookerjee, S., Aplin, S., Harvey, M., Sass, T., Umpleby, H., Wheeler, H., McKenna, J. P., Warne, B., Taylor, J. F., Chaudhry, Y., Izuagbe, R., Jahun, A. S., Young, G. R., McMurray, C., McCann, C. M., Nelson, A., Elliott, S., Price, A., Crown, M. R., Rey, S, Roy, S., Temperton, B., Shaaban, S., Hesketh, A. R., Laing, K. G., Monahan, I. M., Heaney, J., Pelosi, E., Silviera, S., Wilson-Davies, E., Fryer, H., Adams, H., du Plessis, L., Johnson, R., Harvey, W. T., Hughes, J., Orton, R. J., Spurgin, L. G., Bourgeois, Y., Ruis, C., O’Toole, Á., Gourtovaia, M., Sanderson, T., Fraser, C., Edgeworth, J., Breuer, J., Michell, S. L., Todd, J. A., John, M., Buck, D., Gajee, K., Kay, G. L., Peacock, S. J., Heyburn, D., Kitchman, K., McNally, A., Pritchard, D. T., Dervisevic, S., Muir, P., Robinson, E., Vipond, B. B., Ramadan, N. A., Jeanes, C., Weldon, D., Catalan, J., Jones, N., da Silva Filipe, A., Fuchs, M., Miskelly, J., Jeffries, A. R., Oliver, K., Park, N. R., Ash, A., Koshy, C., Barrow, M., Buchan, S. L., Mantzouratou, A., Clark, G., Holmes, C. W., Campbell, S., Davis, T., Tan, N. K., Brown, J. R., Harris, K. A., Kidd, S. P., Grant, P. R., Xu-McCrae, L., Cox, A., Madona, P., Pond, M., Randell, P. A., Withell, K. T., Graham, C., Denton-Smith, R., Swindells, E., Turnbull, R., Sloan, T. J., Bosworth, A., Hutchings, S., Pymont, H. M., Casey, A., Ratcliffe, L., Jones, C. R., Knight, B. A., Haque, T., Hart, J., Irish-Tavares, D., Witele, E., Mower, C., Watson, L. K., Collins, J., Eltringham, G., Crudgington, D., Macklin, B., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Lucaci, A. O., McClure, P. C., Carlile, M., Holmes, N., Storey, N., Rooke, S., Yebra, G., Craine, N., Perry, M., Alikhan, N. F., Bridgett, S., Cook, K. F., Fearn, C., Goudarzi, S., Lyons, R. A., Williams, T., Haldenby, S. T., Durham, J., Leonard, S., Davies, R. M., Batra, R., Blane, B., Spyer, M. J., Smith, P., Yavus, M., Williams, R. J., Mahanama, A. I. K., Samaraweera, B., Girgis, S. T., Hansford, S. E., Green, A., Beaver, C., Bellis, K. L., Dorman, M. J., Kay, S., Prestwood, L., Rajatileka, S., Quick, J., Poplawski, R., Reynolds, N., Mack, A., Morriss, A., Whalley, T., Patel, B., Georgana, I., Hosmillo, M., Pinckert, M. L., Stockton, J., Henderson, J. H., Hollis, A., Stanley, W., Yew, W. C., Myers, R., Thornton, A., Adams, A., Annett, T., Asad, H., Birchley, A., Coombes, J., Evans, J. M., Fina, L., Gatica-Wilcox, B., Gilbert, L., Graham, L., Hey, J., Hilvers, E., Jones, S., Jones, H., Kumziene-Summerhayes, S., McKerr, C., Powell, J., Pugh, G., Taylor, S., Trotter, A. J., Williams, C. A., Kermack, L. M., Foulkes, B. H., Gallis, M., Hornsby, H. R., Louka, S. F., Pohare, M., Wolverson, P., Zhang, P., MacIntyre-Cockett, G., Trebes, A., Moll, R. J., Ferguson, L., Goldstein, E. J., Maclean, A., Tomb, R., Starinskij, I., Thomson, L., Southgate, J., Kraemer, M. U. G., Raghwani, J., Zarebski, A. E., Boyd, O., Geidelberg, L., Illingworth, C. J., Jackson, C., Pascall, D., Vattipally, S., Freeman, T. M., Hsu, S. N., Lindsey, B. B., James, K., Lewis, K., Tonkin-Hill, G., Tovar-Corona, J. M., Cox, M., Abudahab, K., Menegazzo, M., Taylor, B. E. W., Yeats, C. A., Mukaddas, A., Wright, D. W., de Oliveira Martins, L., Colquhoun, R., Hill, V., Jackson, B., McCrone, J. T., Medd, N., Scher, E., Keatley, J. P., Curran, T., Morgan, S., Maxwell, P., Smith, K., Eldirdiri, S., Kenyon, A., Holmes, A. H., Price, J. R., Wyatt, T., Mather, A. E., Skvortsov, T., Hartley, J. A., Guest, M., Kitchen, C., Merrick, I., Munn, R., Bertolusso, B., Lynch, J., Vernet, G., Kirk, S., Wastnedge, E., Stanley, R., Idle, G., Bradley, D. T., Poyner, J., Mori, M., Jones, O., Wright, V., Brooks, E., Churcher, C. M., Fragakis, M., Galai, K., Jermy, A., Judges, S., McManus, G. M., Smith, K. S., Westwick, E., Attwood, S. W., Bolt, F., Davies, A., De Lacy, E., Downing, F., Edwards, S., Meadows, L., Jeremiah, S., Smith, N., Foulser, L., Charalampous, T., Patel, A., Berry, L., Boswell, T., Fleming, V. M., Howson-Wells, H. C., Joseph, A., Khakh, M., Lister, M. M., Bird, P. W., Fallon, K., Helmer, T., McMurray, C. L., Odedra, M., Shaw, J., Tang, J. W., Willford, N. J., Blakey, V., Raviprakash, V., Sheriff, N., Williams, L. A., Feltwell, T., Bedford, L., Cargill, J. S., Hughes, W., Moore, J., Stonehouse, S., Atkinson, L., Lee, J. C. D., Shah, D., Alcolea-Medina, A., Ohemeng-Kumi, N., Ramble, J., Sehmi, J., Williams, R., Chatterton, W., Pusok, M., Everson, W., Castigador, A., Macnaughton, E., El Bouzidi, K., Lampejo, T., Sudhanva, M., Breen, C., Sluga, G., Ahmad, S. S. Y., George, R. P., Machin, N. W., Binns, D., James, V., Blacow, R., Coupland, L., Smith, L., Barton, E., Padgett, D., Scott, G., Cross, A., Mirfenderesky, M., Greenaway, J., Cole, K., Clarke, P., Duckworth, N., Walsh, S., Bicknell, K., Impey, R., Wyllie, S., Hopes, R., Bishop, C., Chalker, V., Harrison, I., Gifford, L., Molnar, Z., Auckland, C., Evans, C., Johnson, K., Partridge, D. G., Raza, M., Baker, P., Bonner, S., Essex, S., Murray, L. J., Lawton, A. I., Burton-Fanning, S., Payne, B. A. I., Waugh, S., Gomes, A. N., Kimuli, M., Murray, D. R., Ashfield, P., Dobie, D., Ashford, F., Best, A., Crawford, L., Cumley, N., Mayhew, M., Megram, O., Mirza, J., Moles-Garcia, E., Percival, B., Driscoll, M., Ensell, L., Lowe, H. L., Maftei, L., Mondani, M., Chaloner, N. J., Cogger, B. J., Easton, L. J., Huckson, H., Lewis, J., Lowdon, S., Malone, C. S., Munemo, F., Mutingwende, M., Nicodemi, R., Podplomyk, O., Somassa, T., Beggs, A., Richter, A., Cormie, C., Dias, J., Forrest, S., Higginson, E. E., Maes, M., Young, J., Davidson, R. K., Jackson, K. A., Turtle, L., Keeley, A. J., Ball, J., Byaruhanga, T., Chappell, J. G., Dey, J., Hill, J. D., Park, E. J., Fanaie, A., Hilson, R. A., Yaze, G., Lo, S., Afifi, S., Beer, R., Maksimovic, J., McCluggage, K., Spellman, K., Bresner, C., Fuller, W., Marchbank, A., Workman, T., Shelest, E., Debebe, J., Sang, F., Zamudio, M. E., Francois, S., Gutierrez, B., Vasylyeva, T. I., Flaviani, F., Ragonnet-Cronin, M, Smollett, K. L., Broos, A., Mair, D., Nichols, J., Nomikou, K., Tong, L., Tsatsani, I., O’Brien, S., Rushton, S., Sanderson, R., Perkins, J., Cotton, S., Gallagher, A., Allara, E., Pearson, C., Bibby, D., Dabrera, G., Ellaby, N., Gallagher, E., Hubb, J., Lackenby, A., Lee, D., Manesis, N., Mbisa, T., Platt, S., Twohig, K. A., Morgan, M., Aydin, A., Baker, D. J., Foster-Nyarko, E., Prosolek, S. J., Rudder, S., Baxter, C., Carvalho, S. F., Lavin, D., Mariappan, A., Radulescu, C., Singh, A., Tang, M., Morcrette, H., Bayzid, N., Cotic, M., Balcazar, C. E, Gallagher, M. D., Maloney, D., Stanton, T. D., Williamson, K. A., Manley, R., Michelsen, M. L., Sambles, C. M., Studholme, D. J., Warwick-Dugdale, J., Eccles, R., Gemmell, M., Gregory, R., Hughes, M., Nelson, C., Rainbow, L., Vamos, E. E., Webster, H. J., Whitehead, M., Wierzbicki, C., Angyal, A., Green, L. R., Whiteley, M., Betteridge, E., Bronner, I. F., Farr, B. W., Goodwin, S., Lensing, S. V., McCarthy, S. A., Quail, M. A., Rajan, D., Redshaw, N. M., Scott, C., Shirley, L., Thurston, S. A. J., Rowe, W., Gaskin, A., Le-Viet, T., Bonfield, J., Liddle, J., Whitwham, A., Wilkinson, S. A. J., Sparks, N., Kele, B., Peacock, T. P., Robson, S. C., Connor, T. R., Loman, N. J., Golubchik, T., Martinez Nunez, R. T., Bonsall, D., Rambaut, A., Snell, L. B., Livett, R., Ludden, C., Corden, S., Nastouli, E., Nebbia, G., Johnston, I., Lythgoe, K., Estee Torok, M., Goodfellow, I. G., Prieto, J. A., Saeed, K., Jackson, D. K., Houlihan, C., Frampton, D., Hamilton, W. L., Witney, A. A., Bucca, G., Pope, C. F., Moore, C., Thomson, E. C., Harrison, E. M., Smith, C. P., Rogan, F., Beckwith, S. M., Murray, A., Singleton, D., Eastick, K., Sheridan, L. A., Randell, P., Jackson, L. M., Ariani, C. V., Gonçalves, S., Fairley, D. J., Loose, M. W., Watkins, J., Moses, S., Nicholls, S., Bull, M., Amato, R., Smith, D. L., Aanensen, D. M., Barrett, J. C., Aggarwal, D., Shepherd, J. G., Curran, M. D., Parmar, S., Parker, M. D., Williams, C., Glaysher, S., Underwood, A. P., Bashton, M., Pacchiarini, N., Loveson, K. F., Byott, M., Carabelli, A. M., Templeton, K. E., de Silva, T. I., Wang, D., Langford, C. F., Sillitoe, J., Gunson, R. N., Cottrell, S., O’Grady, J., Kwiatkowski, D., Lillie, P. J., Cortes, N., Moore, N., Thomas, C., Burns, P. J., Mahungu, T. W., Liggett, S., Beckett, A. H., Holden, M. T. G., Levett, L. J., Osman, H., Hassan-Ibrahim, M. O., Simpson, D. A., Chand, M., Gupta, R. K., Darby, A. C., Paterson, S., Pybus, O. G., Volz, E. M., de Angelis, D., Robertson, D. L., Page, A. J., Martincorena, I., Aigrain, L., Bassett, A. R., Wong, N., Taha, Y., Erkiert, M. J., Spencer Chapman, M. H., Dewar, R., McHugh, M. P., Mookerjee, S., Aplin, S., Harvey, M., Sass, T., Umpleby, H., Wheeler, H., McKenna, J. P., Warne, B., Taylor, J. F., Chaudhry, Y., Izuagbe, R., Jahun, A. S., Young, G. R., McMurray, C., McCann, C. M., Nelson, A., Elliott, S., Price, A., Crown, M. R., Rey, S, Roy, S., Temperton, B., Shaaban, S., Hesketh, A. R., Laing, K. G., Monahan, I. M., Heaney, J., Pelosi, E., Silviera, S., Wilson-Davies, E., Fryer, H., Adams, H., du Plessis, L., Johnson, R., Harvey, W. T., Hughes, J., Orton, R. J., Spurgin, L. G., Bourgeois, Y., Ruis, C., O’Toole, Á., Gourtovaia, M., Sanderson, T., Fraser, C., Edgeworth, J., Breuer, J., Michell, S. L., Todd, J. A., John, M., Buck, D., Gajee, K., Kay, G. L., Peacock, S. J., Heyburn, D., Kitchman, K., McNally, A., Pritchard, D. T., Dervisevic, S., Muir, P., Robinson, E., Vipond, B. B., Ramadan, N. A., Jeanes, C., Weldon, D., Catalan, J., Jones, N., da Silva Filipe, A., Fuchs, M., Miskelly, J., Jeffries, A. R., Oliver, K., Park, N. R., Ash, A., Koshy, C., Barrow, M., Buchan, S. L., Mantzouratou, A., Clark, G., Holmes, C. W., Campbell, S., Davis, T., Tan, N. K., Brown, J. R., Harris, K. A., Kidd, S. P., Grant, P. R., Xu-McCrae, L., Cox, A., Madona, P., Pond, M., Randell, P. A., Withell, K. T., Graham, C., Denton-Smith, R., Swindells, E., Turnbull, R., Sloan, T. J., Bosworth, A., Hutchings, S., Pymont, H. M., Casey, A., Ratcliffe, L., Jones, C. R., Knight, B. A., Haque, T., Hart, J., Irish-Tavares, D., Witele, E., Mower, C., Watson, L. K., Collins, J., Eltringham, G., Crudgington, D., Macklin, B., Iturriza-Gomara, M., Lucaci, A. O., McClure, P. C., Carlile, M., Holmes, N., Storey, N., Rooke, S., Yebra, G., Craine, N., Perry, M., Alikhan, N. F., Bridgett, S., Cook, K. F., Fearn, C., Goudarzi, S., Lyons, R. A., Williams, T., Haldenby, S. T., Durham, J., Leonard, S., Davies, R. M., Batra, R., Blane, B., Spyer, M. J., Smith, P., Yavus, M., Williams, R. J., Mahanama, A. I. K., Samaraweera, B., Girgis, S. T., Hansford, S. E., Green, A., Beaver, C., Bellis, K. L., Dorman, M. J., Kay, S., Prestwood, L., Rajatileka, S., Quick, J., Poplawski, R., Reynolds, N., Mack, A., Morriss, A., Whalley, T., Patel, B., Georgana, I., Hosmillo, M., Pinckert, M. L., Stockton, J., Henderson, J. H., Hollis, A., Stanley, W., Yew, W. C., Myers, R., Thornton, A., Adams, A., Annett, T., Asad, H., Birchley, A., Coombes, J., Evans, J. M., Fina, L., Gatica-Wilcox, B., Gilbert, L., Graham, L., Hey, J., Hilvers, E., Jones, S., Jones, H., Kumziene-Summerhayes, S., McKerr, C., Powell, J., Pugh, G., Taylor, S., Trotter, A. J., Williams, C. A., Kermack, L. M., Foulkes, B. H., Gallis, M., Hornsby, H. R., Louka, S. F., Pohare, M., Wolverson, P., Zhang, P., MacIntyre-Cockett, G., Trebes, A., Moll, R. J., Ferguson, L., Goldstein, E. J., Maclean, A., Tomb, R., Starinskij, I., Thomson, L., Southgate, J., Kraemer, M. U. G., Raghwani, J., Zarebski, A. E., Boyd, O., Geidelberg, L., Illingworth, C. J., Jackson, C., Pascall, D., Vattipally, S., Freeman, T. M., Hsu, S. N., Lindsey, B. B., James, K., Lewis, K., Tonkin-Hill, G., Tovar-Corona, J. M., Cox, M., Abudahab, K., Menegazzo, M., Taylor, B. E. W., Yeats, C. A., Mukaddas, A., Wright, D. W., de Oliveira Martins, L., Colquhoun, R., Hill, V., Jackson, B., McCrone, J. T., Medd, N., Scher, E., Keatley, J. P., Curran, T., Morgan, S., Maxwell, P., Smith, K., Eldirdiri, S., Kenyon, A., Holmes, A. H., Price, J. R., Wyatt, T., Mather, A. E., Skvortsov, T., Hartley, J. A., Guest, M., Kitchen, C., Merrick, I., Munn, R., Bertolusso, B., Lynch, J., Vernet, G., Kirk, S., Wastnedge, E., Stanley, R., Idle, G., Bradley, D. T., Poyner, J., Mori, M., Jones, O., Wright, V., Brooks, E., Churcher, C. M., Fragakis, M., Galai, K., Jermy, A., Judges, S., McManus, G. M., Smith, K. S., Westwick, E., Attwood, S. W., Bolt, F., Davies, A., De Lacy, E., Downing, F., Edwards, S., Meadows, L., Jeremiah, S., Smith, N., Foulser, L., Charalampous, T., Patel, A., Berry, L., Boswell, T., Fleming, V. M., Howson-Wells, H. C., Joseph, A., Khakh, M., Lister, M. M., Bird, P. W., Fallon, K., Helmer, T., McMurray, C. L., Odedra, M., Shaw, J., Tang, J. W., Willford, N. J., Blakey, V., Raviprakash, V., Sheriff, N., Williams, L. A., Feltwell, T., Bedford, L., Cargill, J. S., Hughes, W., Moore, J., Stonehouse, S., Atkinson, L., Lee, J. C. D., Shah, D., Alcolea-Medina, A., Ohemeng-Kumi, N., Ramble, J., Sehmi, J., Williams, R., Chatterton, W., Pusok, M., Everson, W., Castigador, A., Macnaughton, E., El Bouzidi, K., Lampejo, T., Sudhanva, M., Breen, C., Sluga, G., Ahmad, S. S. Y., George, R. P., Machin, N. W., Binns, D., James, V., Blacow, R., Coupland, L., Smith, L., Barton, E., Padgett, D., Scott, G., Cross, A., Mirfenderesky, M., Greenaway, J., Cole, K., Clarke, P., Duckworth, N., Walsh, S., Bicknell, K., Impey, R., Wyllie, S., Hopes, R., Bishop, C., Chalker, V., Harrison, I., Gifford, L., Molnar, Z., Auckland, C., Evans, C., Johnson, K., Partridge, D. G., Raza, M., Baker, P., Bonner, S., Essex, S., Murray, L. J., Lawton, A. I., Burton-Fanning, S., Payne, B. A. I., Waugh, S., Gomes, A. N., Kimuli, M., Murray, D. R., Ashfield, P., Dobie, D., Ashford, F., Best, A., Crawford, L., Cumley, N., Mayhew, M., Megram, O., Mirza, J., Moles-Garcia, E., Percival, B., Driscoll, M., Ensell, L., Lowe, H. L., Maftei, L., Mondani, M., Chaloner, N. J., Cogger, B. J., Easton, L. J., Huckson, H., Lewis, J., Lowdon, S., Malone, C. S., Munemo, F., Mutingwende, M., Nicodemi, R., Podplomyk, O., Somassa, T., Beggs, A., Richter, A., Cormie, C., Dias, J., Forrest, S., Higginson, E. E., Maes, M., Young, J., Davidson, R. K., Jackson, K. A., Turtle, L., Keeley, A. J., Ball, J., Byaruhanga, T., Chappell, J. G., Dey, J., Hill, J. D., Park, E. J., Fanaie, A., Hilson, R. A., Yaze, G., Lo, S., Afifi, S., Beer, R., Maksimovic, J., McCluggage, K., Spellman, K., Bresner, C., Fuller, W., Marchbank, A., Workman, T., Shelest, E., Debebe, J., Sang, F., Zamudio, M. E., Francois, S., Gutierrez, B., Vasylyeva, T. I., Flaviani, F., Ragonnet-Cronin, M, Smollett, K. L., Broos, A., Mair, D., Nichols, J., Nomikou, K., Tong, L., Tsatsani, I., O’Brien, S., Rushton, S., Sanderson, R., Perkins, J., Cotton, S., Gallagher, A., Allara, E., Pearson, C., Bibby, D., Dabrera, G., Ellaby, N., Gallagher, E., Hubb, J., Lackenby, A., Lee, D., Manesis, N., Mbisa, T., Platt, S., Twohig, K. A., Morgan, M., Aydin, A., Baker, D. J., Foster-Nyarko, E., Prosolek, S. J., Rudder, S., Baxter, C., Carvalho, S. F., Lavin, D., Mariappan, A., Radulescu, C., Singh, A., Tang, M., Morcrette, H., Bayzid, N., Cotic, M., Balcazar, C. E, Gallagher, M. D., Maloney, D., Stanton, T. D., Williamson, K. A., Manley, R., Michelsen, M. L., Sambles, C. M., Studholme, D. J., Warwick-Dugdale, J., Eccles, R., Gemmell, M., Gregory, R., Hughes, M., Nelson, C., Rainbow, L., Vamos, E. E., Webster, H. J., Whitehead, M., Wierzbicki, C., Angyal, A., Green, L. R., Whiteley, M., Betteridge, E., Bronner, I. F., Farr, B. W., Goodwin, S., Lensing, S. V., McCarthy, S. A., Quail, M. A., Rajan, D., Redshaw, N. M., Scott, C., Shirley, L., Thurston, S. A. J., Rowe, W., Gaskin, A., Le-Viet, T., Bonfield, J., Liddle, J., and Whitwham, A.

Abstract

Long-term severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in immunodeficient patients are an important source of variation for the virus but are understudied. Many case studies have been published which describe one or a small number of long-term infected individuals but no study has combined these sequences into a cohesive dataset. This work aims to rectify this and study the genomics of this patient group through a combination of literature searches as well as identifying new case series directly from the COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) dataset. The spike gene receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain (NTD) were identified as mutation hotspots. Numerous mutations associated with variants of concern were observed to emerge recurrently. Additionally a mutation in the envelope gene, T30I was determined to be the second most frequent recurrently occurring mutation arising in persistent infections. A high proportion of recurrent mutations in immunodeficient individuals are associated with ACE2 affinity, immune escape, or viral packaging optimisation.There is an apparent selective pressure for mutations that aid cell–cell transmission within the host or persistence which are often different from mutations that aid inter-host transmission, although the fact that multiple recurrent de novo mutations are considered defining for variants of concern strongly indicates that this potential source of novel variants should not be discounted. © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.

30. COVID-19 due to the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant compared to B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant of SARS-CoV-2: a prospective observational cohort study

Author

Kläser, K., Molteni, E., Graham, M., Canas, L. S., Österdahl, M. F., Antonelli, M., Chen, L., Deng, J., Murray, B., Kerfoot, E., Wolf, J., May, A., Fox, B., Capdevila, J., Aanensen, D. M., Abudahab, K., Adams, H., Adams, A., Afifi, S., Aggarwal, D., Ahmad, S. S. Y., Aigrain, L., Alcolea-Medina, A., Alikhan, N-F, Allara, E., Amato, R., Angyal, A., Annett, T., Aplin, S., Ariani, C. V., Asad, H., Ash, A., Ashfield, P., Ashford, F., Atkinson, L., Attwood, S. W., Auckland, C., Aydin, A., Baker, D. J., Baker, P., Balcazar, C. E., Ball, J., Barrett, J. C., Barrow, M., Barton, E., Bashton, M., Bassett, A. R., Batra, R., Baxter, C., Bayzid, N., Beaver, C., Beckett, A. H., Beckwith, S. M., Bedford, L., Beer, R., Beggs, A., Bellis, K. L., Berry, L., Bertolusso, B., Best, A., Betteridge, E., Bibby, D., Bicknell, K., Binns, D., Birchley, A., Bird, P. W., Bishop, C., Blacow, R., Blakey, V., Blane, B., Bolt, F., Bonfield, J., Bonner, S., Bonsall, D., Boswell, T., Bosworth, A., Bourgeois, Y., Boyd, O., Bradley, D. T., Breen, C., Bresner, C., Breuer, J., Bridgett, S., Bronner, I. F., Brooks, E., Broos, A., Brown, J. R., Bucca, G., Buchan, S. L., Buck, D., Bull, M., Burns, P. J., Burton-Fanning, S., Byaruhanga, T., Byott, M., Campbell, S., Carabelli, A. M., Cargill, J. S., Carlile, M., Carvalho, S. F., Casey, A., Castigador, A., Catalan, J., Chalker, V., Chaloner, N. J., Chand, M., Chappell, J. G., Charalampous, T., Chatterton, W., Chaudhry, Y., Churcher, C. M., Clark, G., Clarke, P., Cogger, B. J., Cole, K., Collins, J., Colquhoun, R., Connor, T. R., Cook, K. F., Coombes, J., Corden, S., Cormie, C., Cortes, N., Cotic, M., Cotton, S., Cottrell, S., Coupland, L., Cox, M. G., Cox, A., Craine, N., Crawford, L., Cross, A., Crown, M. R., Crudgington, D., Cumley, N., Curran, T., Curran, M. D., da Silva Filipe, A., Dabrera, G., Darby, A. C., Davidson, R. K., Davies, A., Davies, R. M., Davis, T., de Angelis, D., De Lacy, E., de Oliveira Martins, L., de Silva, T. I., Debebe, J., Denton-Smith, R., Dervisevic, S., Dewar, R., Dey, J., Dias, J., Dobie, D., Dorman, M. J., Downing, F., Driscoll, M., du Plessis, L., Duckworth, N., Durham, J., Eastick, K., Easton, L. J., Eccles, R., Edgeworth, J., Edwards, S., Bouzidi, K. E., Eldirdiri, S., Ellaby, N., Elliott, S., Eltringham, G., Ensell, L., Erkiert, M. J., Zamudio, M. E., Essex, S., Evans, J. M., Evans, C., Everson, W., Fairley, D. J., Fallon, K., Fanaie, A., Farr, B. W., Fearn, C., Feltwell, T., Ferguson, L., Fina, L., Flaviani, F., Fleming, V. M., Forrest, S., Foster-Nyarko, E., Foulkes, B. H., Foulser, L., Fragakis, M., Frampton, D., Francois, S., Fraser, C., Freeman, T. M., Fryer, H., Fuchs, M., Fuller, W., Gajee, K., Galai, K., Gallagher, A., Gallagher, E., Gallagher, M. D., Gallis, M., Gaskin, A., Gatica-Wilcox, B., Geidelberg, L., Gemmell, M., Georgana, I., George, R. P., Gifford, L., Gilbert, L., Girgis, S. T., Glaysher, S., Goldstein, E. J., Golubchik, T., Gomes, A. N., Gonçalves, S., Goodfellow, I. G., Goodwin, S., Goudarzi, S., Gourtovaia, M., Graham, C. A., Graham, L., Grant, P. R., Green, L. R., Green, A., Greenaway, J., Gregory, R., Guest, M., Gunson, R. N., Gupta, R. K., Gutierrez, B., Haldenby, S. T., Hamilton, W. L., Hansford, S. E., Haque, T., Harris, K. A., Harrison, I., Harrison, E. M., Hart, J., Hartley, .J. A., Harvey, W. T., Harvey, M., Hassan-Ibrahim, M. O., Heaney, J., Helmer, T., Henderson, J. H., Hesketh, A. R., Hey, J., Heyburn, D., Higginson, E. E., Hill, V., Hill, J. D., Hilson, R. A., Hilvers, E., Holden, M. T. G., Hollis, A., Holmes, C. W., Holmes, N., Holmes, A. H., Hopes, R., Hornsby, H. R., Hosmillo, M., Houlihan, C., Howson-Wells, H. C., Hsu, S. N., Hubb, J., Huckson, H., Hughes, W., Hughes, J., Hughes, M., Hutchings, S., Idle, G, Illingworth, CJ, Impey, R, Irish-Tavares, D, Iturriza-Gomara, M, Izuagbe, R, Jackson, C, Jackson, B, Jackson, LM, Jackson, KA, Jackson, DK, Jahun, AS, James, V, James, K, Jeanes, C, Jeffries, AR, Jeremiah, S, Jermy, A, John, M, Johnson, R, Johnson, K, Johnston, I, Jones, O, Jones, S, Jones, H, Jones, CR, Jones, N, Joseph, A, Judges, S, Kay, GL, Kay, S, Keatley, J - P, Keeley, AJ, Kenyon, A, Kermack, LM, Khakh, M, Kidd, SP, Kimuli, M, Kirk, S, Kitchen, C, Kitchman, K, Knight, BA, Koshy, C, Kraemer, MUG, Kumziene-Summerhayes, S, Kwiatkowski, D, Lackenby, A, Laing, KG, Lampejo, T, Langford, CF, Lavin, D, Lawton, AI, Lee, JCD, Lee, D, Lensing, SV, Leonard, S, Levett, LJ, Le-Viet, T, Lewis, J, Lewis, K, Liddle, J, Liggett, S, Lillie, PJ, Lindsey, BB, Lister, MM, Livett, R, Lo, S, Loman, NJ, Loose, MW, Louka, SF, Loveson, KF, Lowdon, S, Lowe, H, Lowe, HL, Lucaci, AO, Ludden, C, Lynch, J, Lyons, RA, Lythgoe, K, Machin, NW, MacIntyre-Cockett, G, Mack, A, Macklin, B, Maclean, A, Macnaughton, E, Madona, P, Maes, M, Maftei, L, Mahanama, AIK, Mahungu, TW, Mair, D, Maksimovic, J, Malone, CS, Maloney, D, Manesis, N, Manley, R, Mantzouratou, A, Marchbank, A, Mariappan, A, Martincorena, I, Nunez, RTM, Mather, AE, Maxwell, P, Mayhew, M, Mbisa, T, McCann, CM, McCarthy, SA, McCluggage, K, McClure, PC, McCrone, JT, McHugh, MP, McKenna, JP, McKerr, C, McManus, GM, McMurray, CL, McMurray, C, McNally, A, Meadows, L, Medd, N, Megram, O, Menegazzo, M, Merrick, I, Michell, SL, Michelsen, ML, Mirfenderesky, M, Mirza, J, Miskelly, J, Moles-Garcia, E, Moll, RJ, Molnar, Z, Monahan, IM, Mondani, M, Mookerjee, S, Moore, C, Moore, J, Moore, N, Morcrette, H, Morgan, S, Morgan, M, Mori, M, Morriss, A, Moses, S, Mower, C, Muir, P, Mukaddas, A, Munemo, F, Munn, R, Murray, A, Murray, LJ, Murray, DR, Mutingwende, M, Myers, R, Nastouli, E, Nebbia, G, Nelson, A, Nelson, C, Nicholls, S, Nichols, J, Nicodemi, R, Nomikou, K, O’Grady, J, O’Brien, S, Odedra, M, Ohemeng-Kumi, N, Oliver, K, Orton, RJ, Osman, H, O’Toole, Á, Pacchiarini, N, Padgett, D, Page, AJ, Park, EJ, Park, NR, Parker, MD, Parmar, S, Partridge, DG, Pascall, D, Patel, A, Patel, B, Paterson, S, Payne, BAI, Peacock, SJ, Pearson, C, Pelosi, E, Percival, B, Perkins, J, Perry, M, Pinckert, ML, Platt, S, Podplomyk, O, Pohare, M, Pond, M, Pope, CF, Poplawski, R, Powell, J, Poyner, J, Prestwood, L, Price, A, Price, JR, Prieto, JA, Pritchard, DT, Prosolek, SJ, Pugh, G, Pusok, M, Pybus, OG, Pymont, HM, Quail, MA, Quick, J, Radulescu, C, Raghwani, J, Ragonnet-Cronin, M, Rainbow, L, Rajan, D, Rajatileka, S, Ramadan, NA, Rambaut, A, Ramble, J, Randell, PA, Randell, P, Ratcliffe, L, Raviprakash, V, Raza, M, Redshaw, NM, Rey, S, Reynolds, N, Richter, A, Robertson, DL, Robinson, E, Robson, SC, Rogan, F, Rooke, S, Rowe, W, Roy, S, Rudder, S, Ruis, C, Rushton, S, Ryan, F, Saeed, K, Samaraweera, B, Sambles, CM, Sanderson, R, Sanderson, T, Sang, F, Sass, T, Scher, E, Scott, G, Scott, C, Sehmi, J, Shaaban, S, Shah, D, Shaw, J, Shelest, E, Shepherd, JG, Sheridan, LA, Sheriff, N, Shirley, L, Sillitoe, J, Silviera, S, Simpson, DA, Singh, A, Singleton, D, Skvortsov, T, Sloan, TJ, Sluga, G, Smith, K, Smith, KS, Smith, P, Smith, DL, Smith, L, Smith, CP, Smith, N, Smollett, KL, Snell, LB, Somassa, T, Southgate, J, Spellman, K, Chapman, MHS, Spurgin, LG, Spyer, MJ, Stanley, R, Stanley, W, Stanton, TD, Starinskij, I, Stockton, J, Stonehouse, S, Storey, N, Studholme, DJ, Sudhanva, M, Swindells, E, Taha, Y, Tan, NK, Tang, JW, Tang, M, Taylor, BEW, Taylor, JF, Taylor, S, Temperton, B, Templeton, KE, Thomas, C, Thomson, L, Thomson, EC, Thornton, A, Thurston, SAJ, Todd, JA, Tomb, R, Tong, L, Tonkin-Hill, G, Torok, ME, Tovar-Corona, JM, Trebes, A, Trotter, AJ, Tsatsani, I, Turnbull, R, Turtle, L, Twohig, KA, Umpleby, H, Underwood, AP, Vamos, EE, Vasylyeva, TI, Vattipally, S, Vernet, G, Vipond, BB, Volz, EM, Walsh, S, Wang, D, Warne, B, Warwick-Dugdale, J, Wastnedge, E, Watkins, J, Watson, LK, Waugh, S, Webster, HJ, Weldon, D, Westwick, E, Whalley, T, Wheeler, H, Whitehead, M, Whiteley, M, Whitwham, A, Wierzbicki, C, Willford, NJ, Williams, L-A, Williams, R, Williams, C, Williams, CA, Williams, RJ, Williams, T, Williamson, KA, Wilson-Davies, E, Witele, E, Withell, KT, Witney, AA, Wolverson, P, Wong, N, Workman, T, Wright, V, Wright, DW, Wyatt, T, Wyllie, S, Xu-McCrae, L., Yavus, M., Yaze, G., Yeats, C. A., Yebra, G., Yew, W. C., Young, G. R., Young, J., Zarebski, A. E., Zhang, P., Modat, M., Hammers, A., Spector, T. D., Steves, C. J., Sudre, C. H., Ourselin, S., Duncan, E. L., Kläser, K., Molteni, E., Graham, M., Canas, L. S., Österdahl, M. F., Antonelli, M., Chen, L., Deng, J., Murray, B., Kerfoot, E., Wolf, J., May, A., Fox, B., Capdevila, J., Aanensen, D. M., Abudahab, K., Adams, H., Adams, A., Afifi, S., Aggarwal, D., Ahmad, S. S. Y., Aigrain, L., Alcolea-Medina, A., Alikhan, N-F, Allara, E., Amato, R., Angyal, A., Annett, T., Aplin, S., Ariani, C. V., Asad, H., Ash, A., Ashfield, P., Ashford, F., Atkinson, L., Attwood, S. W., Auckland, C., Aydin, A., Baker, D. J., Baker, P., Balcazar, C. E., Ball, J., Barrett, J. C., Barrow, M., Barton, E., Bashton, M., Bassett, A. R., Batra, R., Baxter, C., Bayzid, N., Beaver, C., Beckett, A. H., Beckwith, S. M., Bedford, L., Beer, R., Beggs, A., Bellis, K. L., Berry, L., Bertolusso, B., Best, A., Betteridge, E., Bibby, D., Bicknell, K., Binns, D., Birchley, A., Bird, P. W., Bishop, C., Blacow, R., Blakey, V., Blane, B., Bolt, F., Bonfield, J., Bonner, S., Bonsall, D., Boswell, T., Bosworth, A., Bourgeois, Y., Boyd, O., Bradley, D. T., Breen, C., Bresner, C., Breuer, J., Bridgett, S., Bronner, I. F., Brooks, E., Broos, A., Brown, J. R., Bucca, G., Buchan, S. L., Buck, D., Bull, M., Burns, P. J., Burton-Fanning, S., Byaruhanga, T., Byott, M., Campbell, S., Carabelli, A. M., Cargill, J. S., Carlile, M., Carvalho, S. F., Casey, A., Castigador, A., Catalan, J., Chalker, V., Chaloner, N. J., Chand, M., Chappell, J. G., Charalampous, T., Chatterton, W., Chaudhry, Y., Churcher, C. M., Clark, G., Clarke, P., Cogger, B. J., Cole, K., Collins, J., Colquhoun, R., Connor, T. R., Cook, K. F., Coombes, J., Corden, S., Cormie, C., Cortes, N., Cotic, M., Cotton, S., Cottrell, S., Coupland, L., Cox, M. G., Cox, A., Craine, N., Crawford, L., Cross, A., Crown, M. R., Crudgington, D., Cumley, N., Curran, T., Curran, M. D., da Silva Filipe, A., Dabrera, G., Darby, A. C., Davidson, R. K., Davies, A., Davies, R. M., Davis, T., de Angelis, D., De Lacy, E., de Oliveira Martins, L., de Silva, T. I., Debebe, J., Denton-Smith, R., Dervisevic, S., Dewar, R., Dey, J., Dias, J., Dobie, D., Dorman, M. J., Downing, F., Driscoll, M., du Plessis, L., Duckworth, N., Durham, J., Eastick, K., Easton, L. J., Eccles, R., Edgeworth, J., Edwards, S., Bouzidi, K. E., Eldirdiri, S., Ellaby, N., Elliott, S., Eltringham, G., Ensell, L., Erkiert, M. J., Zamudio, M. E., Essex, S., Evans, J. M., Evans, C., Everson, W., Fairley, D. J., Fallon, K., Fanaie, A., Farr, B. W., Fearn, C., Feltwell, T., Ferguson, L., Fina, L., Flaviani, F., Fleming, V. M., Forrest, S., Foster-Nyarko, E., Foulkes, B. H., Foulser, L., Fragakis, M., Frampton, D., Francois, S., Fraser, C., Freeman, T. M., Fryer, H., Fuchs, M., Fuller, W., Gajee, K., Galai, K., Gallagher, A., Gallagher, E., Gallagher, M. D., Gallis, M., Gaskin, A., Gatica-Wilcox, B., Geidelberg, L., Gemmell, M., Georgana, I., George, R. P., Gifford, L., Gilbert, L., Girgis, S. T., Glaysher, S., Goldstein, E. J., Golubchik, T., Gomes, A. N., Gonçalves, S., Goodfellow, I. G., Goodwin, S., Goudarzi, S., Gourtovaia, M., Graham, C. A., Graham, L., Grant, P. R., Green, L. R., Green, A., Greenaway, J., Gregory, R., Guest, M., Gunson, R. N., Gupta, R. K., Gutierrez, B., Haldenby, S. T., Hamilton, W. L., Hansford, S. E., Haque, T., Harris, K. A., Harrison, I., Harrison, E. M., Hart, J., Hartley, .J. A., Harvey, W. T., Harvey, M., Hassan-Ibrahim, M. O., Heaney, J., Helmer, T., Henderson, J. H., Hesketh, A. R., Hey, J., Heyburn, D., Higginson, E. E., Hill, V., Hill, J. D., Hilson, R. A., Hilvers, E., Holden, M. T. G., Hollis, A., Holmes, C. W., Holmes, N., Holmes, A. H., Hopes, R., Hornsby, H. R., Hosmillo, M., Houlihan, C., Howson-Wells, H. C., Hsu, S. N., Hubb, J., Huckson, H., Hughes, W., Hughes, J., Hughes, M., Hutchings, S., Idle, G, Illingworth, CJ, Impey, R, Irish-Tavares, D, Iturriza-Gomara, M, Izuagbe, R, Jackson, C, Jackson, B, Jackson, LM, Jackson, KA, Jackson, DK, Jahun, AS, James, V, James, K, Jeanes, C, Jeffries, AR, Jeremiah, S, Jermy, A, John, M, Johnson, R, Johnson, K, Johnston, I, Jones, O, Jones, S, Jones, H, Jones, CR, Jones, N, Joseph, A, Judges, S, Kay, GL, Kay, S, Keatley, J - P, Keeley, AJ, Kenyon, A, Kermack, LM, Khakh, M, Kidd, SP, Kimuli, M, Kirk, S, Kitchen, C, Kitchman, K, Knight, BA, Koshy, C, Kraemer, MUG, Kumziene-Summerhayes, S, Kwiatkowski, D, Lackenby, A, Laing, KG, Lampejo, T, Langford, CF, Lavin, D, Lawton, AI, Lee, JCD, Lee, D, Lensing, SV, Leonard, S, Levett, LJ, Le-Viet, T, Lewis, J, Lewis, K, Liddle, J, Liggett, S, Lillie, PJ, Lindsey, BB, Lister, MM, Livett, R, Lo, S, Loman, NJ, Loose, MW, Louka, SF, Loveson, KF, Lowdon, S, Lowe, H, Lowe, HL, Lucaci, AO, Ludden, C, Lynch, J, Lyons, RA, Lythgoe, K, Machin, NW, MacIntyre-Cockett, G, Mack, A, Macklin, B, Maclean, A, Macnaughton, E, Madona, P, Maes, M, Maftei, L, Mahanama, AIK, Mahungu, TW, Mair, D, Maksimovic, J, Malone, CS, Maloney, D, Manesis, N, Manley, R, Mantzouratou, A, Marchbank, A, Mariappan, A, Martincorena, I, Nunez, RTM, Mather, AE, Maxwell, P, Mayhew, M, Mbisa, T, McCann, CM, McCarthy, SA, McCluggage, K, McClure, PC, McCrone, JT, McHugh, MP, McKenna, JP, McKerr, C, McManus, GM, McMurray, CL, McMurray, C, McNally, A, Meadows, L, Medd, N, Megram, O, Menegazzo, M, Merrick, I, Michell, SL, Michelsen, ML, Mirfenderesky, M, Mirza, J, Miskelly, J, Moles-Garcia, E, Moll, RJ, Molnar, Z, Monahan, IM, Mondani, M, Mookerjee, S, Moore, C, Moore, J, Moore, N, Morcrette, H, Morgan, S, Morgan, M, Mori, M, Morriss, A, Moses, S, Mower, C, Muir, P, Mukaddas, A, Munemo, F, Munn, R, Murray, A, Murray, LJ, Murray, DR, Mutingwende, M, Myers, R, Nastouli, E, Nebbia, G, Nelson, A, Nelson, C, Nicholls, S, Nichols, J, Nicodemi, R, Nomikou, K, O’Grady, J, O’Brien, S, Odedra, M, Ohemeng-Kumi, N, Oliver, K, Orton, RJ, Osman, H, O’Toole, Á, Pacchiarini, N, Padgett, D, Page, AJ, Park, EJ, Park, NR, Parker, MD, Parmar, S, Partridge, DG, Pascall, D, Patel, A, Patel, B, Paterson, S, Payne, BAI, Peacock, SJ, Pearson, C, Pelosi, E, Percival, B, Perkins, J, Perry, M, Pinckert, ML, Platt, S, Podplomyk, O, Pohare, M, Pond, M, Pope, CF, Poplawski, R, Powell, J, Poyner, J, Prestwood, L, Price, A, Price, JR, Prieto, JA, Pritchard, DT, Prosolek, SJ, Pugh, G, Pusok, M, Pybus, OG, Pymont, HM, Quail, MA, Quick, J, Radulescu, C, Raghwani, J, Ragonnet-Cronin, M, Rainbow, L, Rajan, D, Rajatileka, S, Ramadan, NA, Rambaut, A, Ramble, J, Randell, PA, Randell, P, Ratcliffe, L, Raviprakash, V, Raza, M, Redshaw, NM, Rey, S, Reynolds, N, Richter, A, Robertson, DL, Robinson, E, Robson, SC, Rogan, F, Rooke, S, Rowe, W, Roy, S, Rudder, S, Ruis, C, Rushton, S, Ryan, F, Saeed, K, Samaraweera, B, Sambles, CM, Sanderson, R, Sanderson, T, Sang, F, Sass, T, Scher, E, Scott, G, Scott, C, Sehmi, J, Shaaban, S, Shah, D, Shaw, J, Shelest, E, Shepherd, JG, Sheridan, LA, Sheriff, N, Shirley, L, Sillitoe, J, Silviera, S, Simpson, DA, Singh, A, Singleton, D, Skvortsov, T, Sloan, TJ, Sluga, G, Smith, K, Smith, KS, Smith, P, Smith, DL, Smith, L, Smith, CP, Smith, N, Smollett, KL, Snell, LB, Somassa, T, Southgate, J, Spellman, K, Chapman, MHS, Spurgin, LG, Spyer, MJ, Stanley, R, Stanley, W, Stanton, TD, Starinskij, I, Stockton, J, Stonehouse, S, Storey, N, Studholme, DJ, Sudhanva, M, Swindells, E, Taha, Y, Tan, NK, Tang, JW, Tang, M, Taylor, BEW, Taylor, JF, Taylor, S, Temperton, B, Templeton, KE, Thomas, C, Thomson, L, Thomson, EC, Thornton, A, Thurston, SAJ, Todd, JA, Tomb, R, Tong, L, Tonkin-Hill, G, Torok, ME, Tovar-Corona, JM, Trebes, A, Trotter, AJ, Tsatsani, I, Turnbull, R, Turtle, L, Twohig, KA, Umpleby, H, Underwood, AP, Vamos, EE, Vasylyeva, TI, Vattipally, S, Vernet, G, Vipond, BB, Volz, EM, Walsh, S, Wang, D, Warne, B, Warwick-Dugdale, J, Wastnedge, E, Watkins, J, Watson, LK, Waugh, S, Webster, HJ, Weldon, D, Westwick, E, Whalley, T, Wheeler, H, Whitehead, M, Whiteley, M, Whitwham, A, Wierzbicki, C, Willford, NJ, Williams, L-A, Williams, R, Williams, C, Williams, CA, Williams, RJ, Williams, T, Williamson, KA, Wilson-Davies, E, Witele, E, Withell, KT, Witney, AA, Wolverson, P, Wong, N, Workman, T, Wright, V, Wright, DW, Wyatt, T, Wyllie, S, Xu-McCrae, L., Yavus, M., Yaze, G., Yeats, C. A., Yebra, G., Yew, W. C., Young, G. R., Young, J., Zarebski, A. E., Zhang, P., Modat, M., Hammers, A., Spector, T. D., Steves, C. J., Sudre, C. H., Ourselin, S., and Duncan, E. L.

Abstract

The Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was the predominant UK circulating SARS-CoV-2 strain between May and December 2021. How Delta infection compares with previous variants is unknown. This prospective observational cohort study assessed symptomatic adults participating in the app-based COVID Symptom Study who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from May 26 to July 1, 2021 (Delta overwhelmingly the predominant circulating UK variant), compared (1:1, age- and sex-matched) with individuals presenting from December 28, 2020 to May 6, 2021 (Alpha (B.1.1.7) the predominant variant). We assessed illness (symptoms, duration, presentation to hospital) during Alpha- and Delta-predominant timeframes; and transmission, reinfection, and vaccine effectiveness during the Delta-predominant period. 3581 individuals (aged 18 to 100 years) from each timeframe were assessed. The seven most frequent symptoms were common to both variants. Within the first 28 days of illness, some symptoms were more common with Delta versus Alpha infection (including fever, sore throat, and headache) and some vice versa (dyspnoea). Symptom burden in the first week was higher with Delta versus Alpha infection; however, the odds of any given symptom lasting ≥ 7 days was either lower or unchanged. Illness duration ≥ 28 days was lower with Delta versus Alpha infection, though unchanged in unvaccinated individuals. Hospitalisation for COVID-19 was unchanged. The Delta variant appeared more (1.49) transmissible than Alpha. Re-infections were low in all UK regions. Vaccination markedly reduced the risk of Delta infection (by 69-84%). We conclude that COVID-19 from Delta or Alpha infections is similar. The Delta variant is more transmissible than Alpha; however, current vaccines showed good efficacy against disease. This research framework can be useful for future comparisons with new emerging variants. © 2022, The Author(s).

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