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In iron-fortified bouillon, reactivity of the iron ion with (acylated) flavone glycosides from herbs can affect product color and bioavailability of iron. This study investigates the influence of 7-O-glycosylation and additional 6″-O-acetylation or 6″-O-malonylation of flavones on their interaction with iron. Nine (6″-O-acylated) flavone 7-O-apiosylglucosides were purified from celery (Apium graveolens), and their structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the presence of iron, a bathochromic shift and darker color were observed for the 7-O-apiosylglucosides compared to the aglycon of flavones that only possess the 4-5 site. Thus, the ability of iron to coordinate to the flavone 4-5 site is increased by 7-O-glycosylation. For flavones with an additional 3′-4′ site, less discoloration was observed for the 7-O-apiosylglucoside compared to the aglycon. Additional 6″-O-acylation did not affect the color. These findings indicate that model systems used to study discoloration in iron-fortified foods should also comprise (acylated) glycosides of flavonoids.

This thesis investigates the possibility of utilizing data from multiple modalities to enable an automated recycling system to separate ferrous from non-ferrous debris. The two methods sensor fusion and hallucinogenic sensor fusion were implemented in a four-step approach of deep CNNs. Sensor fusion implies that multiple modalities are run simultaneously during the operation of the system.The individual outputs are further fused, and the joint performance expects to be superior to having only one of the sensors. In hallucinogenic sensor fusion, the goal is to achieve the benefits of sensor fusion in respect to cost and complexity even when one of the modalities is reduced from the system. This is achieved by leveraging data from a more complex modality onto a simpler one in a student/teacher approach. As a result, the teacher modality will train the student sensor to hallucinate features beyond its visual spectra. Based on the results of a performed prestudy involving multiple types of modalities, a hyperspectral sensor was deployed as the teacher to complement a simple RGB camera. Three studies involving differently composed datasets were further conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods. The results show that the joint performance of a hyperspectral sensor and an RGB camera is superior to both individual dispatches. It can also be concluded that training a network with hyperspectral images can improve the classification accuracy when operating with only RGB data. However, the addition of a hyperspectral sensor might be considered as superfluous as this report shows that the standardized shapes of industrial debris enable a single RGB to achieve an accuracy above 90%. The material used in this thesis can also be concluded to be suboptimal for hyperspectral analysis. Compared to the vegetation scenes, only a limited amount of additional data could be obtained by including wavelengths besides the ones representing red, green and blue.

This thesis investigates the possibility of utilizing data from multiple modalities to enable an automated recycling system to separate ferrous from non-ferrous debris. The two methods sensor fusion and hallucinogenic sensor fusion were implemented in a four-step approach of deep CNNs. Sensor fusion implies that multiple modalities are run simultaneously during the operation of the system.The individual outputs are further fused, and the joint performance expects to be superior to having only one of the sensors. In hallucinogenic sensor fusion, the goal is to achieve the benefits of sensor fusion in respect to cost and complexity even when one of the modalities is reduced from the system. This is achieved by leveraging data from a more complex modality onto a simpler one in a student/teacher approach. As a result, the teacher modality will train the student sensor to hallucinate features beyond its visual spectra. Based on the results of a performed prestudy involving multiple types of modalities, a hyperspectral sensor was deployed as the teacher to complement a simple RGB camera. Three studies involving differently composed datasets were further conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the methods. The results show that the joint performance of a hyperspectral sensor and an RGB camera is superior to both individual dispatches. It can also be concluded that training a network with hyperspectral images can improve the classification accuracy when operating with only RGB data. However, the addition of a hyperspectral sensor might be considered as superfluous as this report shows that the standardized shapes of industrial debris enable a single RGB to achieve an accuracy above 90%. The material used in this thesis can also be concluded to be suboptimal for hyperspectral analysis. Compared to the vegetation scenes, only a limited amount of additional data could be obtained by including wavelengths besides the ones representing red, green and blue.

Целью исследования было изучение эффективности и безопасности железа (ІІІ)-гидроксид полимальтозного комплекса (препарат Мальтофер) по сравнению с сульфатом железа (II) у беременных с дефицитом железа, которые получают препараты в рекомендованных дозах. Методы: мы провели поисковое, открытое, рандомизированное, контролированное, многоцентровое исследование с участием 80 беременных женщин с железодефицитной анемией (гемоглобин <10,5 г/дл, феритин сыворотки крови <15 нг/мл и средний объем эритроциту <80 фл). Пациентки были рандомизированы в соотношении 1:1 на пероральний прием железа (ІІІ)-гидроксид полимальтозного комплекса (ГПК) или сульфата железа (II): каждый препарат назначали в дозе по 100 мг железа 2 раза в сутки в течение 90 дней. Результаты: достоверных отличий между группами по первоначальной конечной точке — изменения уровня гемоглобина через 60 и 90 дней по сравнению с исходным уровнем — не было. Среднее изменение (и стандартное отклонение) уровня гемоглобина через 90 дней составило 2,16 (0,67) г/дл в группе железа (ІІІ)-ГПК и 1,93 (0,97) г/дл в группе сульфата железа. Средний уровень феритина сыворотки через 90 дней составил 179 (38) нг/мл в группе железа (ІІІ)-ГПК и 157 (34) нг/мл в группе сульфата железа (р=0,014). Нежелательные явления возникали достоверно реже в группе железа (ІІІ)-ГПК (12/41 пациентка [29,3%]), чем в группе сульфата железа (22/39 [56,4%]) (р=0,015). Выводы: при лечении железодефицитной анемии у беременных пероральное железо (ІІІ)-ГПК обладает как минимум такой ж эффективностью, как и сульфат железа, но имеет более благоприятные характеристики безопасности. Ключевые слова: анемия, дефицит, железо (II), гидроксид полимальтозный комплекс железа (ІІІ), беременность, беременная, железо, сульфат., Метою дослідження було вивчення ефективності та безпечності заліза (ІІІ)-гідроксид полімальтозного комплексу (препарат Мальтофер) порівняно зі сульфатом заліза (II) у вагітних з дефіцитом заліза, які отримують препарати в рекомендованих дозах. Методи: ми провели пошукове, відкрите, рандомізоване, контрольоване, багатоцентрове дослідження за участю 80 вагітних жінок із залізодефіцитною анемією (гемоглобін <10,5 г/дл, феритин сироватки крові <15 нг/мл і середній обсяг еритроциту <80 фл). Пацієнтки були рандомізовані у співвідношенні 1:1 на пероральний прийом заліза (ІІІ)-гідроксид полімальтозного комплексу (ГПК) або сульфату заліза (II): кожен препарат призначали в дозі по 100 мг заліза 2 рази на добу протягом 90 днів. Результати: достовірних відмінностей між групами по первинній кінцевій точці — зміни рівня гемоглобіну через 60 і 90 днів порівняно з вихідним рівнем — не було. Середня зміна (і стандартне відхилення) рівня гемоглобіну через 90 днів склала 2,16 (0,67) г/дл у групі заліза (ІІІ)-ГПК і 1,93 (0,97) г/дл у групі сульфату заліза. Середній рівень феритину сироватки через 90 днів склав 179 (38) нг/мл в групі заліза (ІІІ)-ГПК і 157 (34) нг/мл в групі сульфату заліза (р=0,014). Небажані явища виникали достовірно рідше у групі заліза (ІІІ)-ГПК (12/41 пацієнтка [29,3%]), ніж у групі сульфату заліза (22/39 [56,4%]) (р=0,015). Висновки: при лікуванні залізодефіцитної анемії у вагітних пероральне залізо (ІІІ)-ГПК володіє як мінімум такою ж ефективністю, як і сульфат заліза, але має сприятливіші характеристики безпечності. Ключові слова: анемія, дефіцит, залізо (II), гідроксид полімальтозний комплекс заліза (ІІІ), вагітність, вагітна, залізо, сульфат., Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of iron (III) polymaltose complex (Maltofer) versus ferrous sulfate in iron-deficient pregnant women using recommended doses. Methods: An exploratory, open-label, randomized, controlled, multicenter study was undertaken in 80 pregnant women with iron-deficiency anemia (hemoglobin <10.5 g/dL, serum ferritin <15 ng/mL and mean corpuscular volume <80 fL). Patients were randomized 1:1 to oral iron (III) polymaltose complex or ferrous sulfate (each 100 mg iron twice daily) for 90 days. Results. The primary endpoint, change in hemoglobin from baseline to days 60 and 90, did not differ significantly between treatment groups. The mean change to day 90 was 2.16 (0.67) g/dL in the iron (III) polymaltose complex group and 1.93 (0.97) g/dL in the ferrous sulfate group. Mean serum ferritin at day 90 was 179 (38) ng/mL and 157 (34) ng/mL with iron (III) polymaltose complex and ferrous sulfate, respectively (p=0.014). Adverse events were significantly less frequent in the iron (III) polymaltose group, occurring in 12/41 (29.3%) patients, than in the ferrous sulfate group (22/39 [56.4%]) (p=0.015). Conclusions: Oral iron (III) polymaltose complex offers at least equivalent efficacy and a superior safety profile compared to ferrous sulfate for the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Key words: anemia, deficiency, ferrous, IPC, pregnancy, pregnant, iron, sulfate.

The solar-photocatalytic degradation of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) and 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was investigated individually and combined in the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. The results revealed that both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions enhanced the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation potentially. Fe3+ ions rapidly converted to Fe2+ ions as soon as the irradiation started. The intermediates formed during the degradation of 4-CP/2,4-DCP were also monitored and identified. Three main intermediates were observed, hydroquinone (HQ),phenol (Ph), and 4-chlorocatechol (4-cCat) with traces of benzoquinone (BQ). The results support a new trend of research by utilizing other cheap iron ions sources in the photocataltyic degradation.

The influence of different types of iron salts (i.e., ferrous or ferric cations with sulphate, nitrate or chloride anions) on the reaction between coarse thermomechanical pulp and acid hydrogen peroxide (Fenton chemistry) was studied when the initial pH was 3.2 and 5.3. Also, ferric ions chelated with EDTA or EDG at different molar ratios were compared with ferrous sulphate when the initial pH was extended from about 3 to 8. Different anions of ferric ion salt gave a similar catalytic effect. At an initial pH of 7–8, the ferric-EDTA catalyzed reaction resulted in similar or higher hydrogen peroxide consumption and more detectable hydroxyl radicals than the ferrous sulphate catalyzed reaction, but less reaction with the pulp was indicated. Between pH 5–8, using Fe-EDG as a catalyst gave higher hydrogen peroxide consumption and more detectable hydroxyl radicals than if using ferrous sulphate; however, the measured effect on the pulp was similar or less.

Iron-based shape memory alloys have been studied intensively over the last few decades by several research groups, notably those led by Maki (Kyoto University), Hsu (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Sato (Tokyo Institute of Technology) and Kajiwara (NIMS, Tsukuba). These researchers have published authoritative reviews of this topic and the present contribution draws on these and other significant publications to analyse fundamental factors that are important in producing shape memory. Although steels have generally not matched the performance of non-ferrous alloys, design strategies are proposed in this review that could lead to improved ferrous shape memory alloys.

Purpose: Iron's fluctuation between the II (ferrous) and III (ferric) oxidation states has been coined as the "FeIII-FeII redox wheel." Numerous studies have coupled the "iron redox wheel" with the biogeochemical cycle of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), or phosphorus (P) individually in soils or sediments, but evidence suggests that the FeIII-FeII redox wheel drives the biogeochemical cycles interactively in a fluctuating redox microenvironment. The interactions of the FeIII-FeII redox wheel with the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, S, and P in the fluctuating redox environments were reviewed in this paper. Discussion: In this review, we discuss the importance of iron with regard to each of the biogeochemical cycles individually as well as interactively. The importance of crystalline and non-crystalline FeIII (hydr)oxides is highlighted as they serve as terminal electron acceptors for organic matter mineralization and N and S transformation and also act as sorbents for dissolved P compounds. Mechanically, electron transfer from organic matter to FeIII (hydr)oxides via organic matter oxidation, oxidation of NH4+ to NO2-, formation and oxidation of Fe sulfide minerals in the S cycle, and P transformation were discussed to couple with the FeIII-FeII redox wheel. Conclusions: The knowledge gaps are identified at the end of the review. The natural environmental relationships still require further studies that link the iron redox wheel as a driver of the biogeochemical cycles of C, N, S, and P. Anthropogenically altered environments (nutrient and metal elevation, global warming, and acidification) require intensive studies to allow for improved integrated modeling of global C, N, S, and P biogeochemical cycles driven by the FeIII-FeII redox wheel.

Iron-based shape memory alloys have been studied intensively over the last few decades by several research groups, notably those led by Maki (Kyoto University), Hsu (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Sato (Tokyo Institute of Technology) and Kajiwara (NIMS, Tsukuba). These researchers have published authoritative reviews of this topic and the present contribution draws on these and other significant publications to analyse fundamental factors that are important in producing shape memory. Although steels have generally not matched the performance of non-ferrous alloys, design strategies are proposed in this review that could lead to improved ferrous shape memory alloys.

The aim of this study is to detect and count metal particles in the flow of bottom ash product after separation by the eddy current separator. By counting, the grade of the material can be determined if the average particle mass is known. The focus of this study is on electromagnetic detection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. By several experiments the properties of the sensor are tested, such as its sensitivity and the capacity. These tests are carried out on pure metal particles and on bottom ash material., Section Resource Engineering, Resources and Recycling group, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

The aim of this study is to detect and count metal particles in the flow of bottom ash product after separation by the eddy current separator. By counting, the grade of the material can be determined if the average particle mass is known. The focus of this study is on electromagnetic detection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. By several experiments the properties of the sensor are tested, such as its sensitivity and the capacity. These tests are carried out on pure metal particles and on bottom ash material., Section Resource Engineering, Resources and Recycling group, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

Nitroaromatic and cyclic nitramine compounds are frequently encountered as energetic residues in live-fire military training ranges. Careful assessment on the redox fate of current and emerging explosives will allow accurate assessment of potential site risks and remediation strategies to protect the warfighter. This study employed the naturally-occurring reductant ferrous iron to investigate the factors controlling the rate and extent of electron transfer processes between the energetic residues and the environmental media. Reliable experimental and theoretical techniques were first established to accurately determine the one-electron reduction potentials of explosives, a thermodynamic measure indicative of the "reducibility" of a given explosive. Experimental studies employing ferrous iron and various iron-coordinating ligands suggested that kinetic factors such as the coordination environment of the metal ion reductant and surface catalysis must be considered, in addition to the thermodynamic parameter, to accurately predict the fate of energetic residues., See also ADM002187. Presented at the Army Science Conference (26th) held in Orlando, Florida on 1-4 December 2008. Published in the Proceedings of the Army Science Conference (26th), December 2008. The original document contains color images.

Techniques for assessing the fate of selected chemical constituents in reservoir tailwaters were evaluated using a review or analytical methods and laboratory studies to determine applicable field methods and field studies to evaluate selected methods. An annotated bibliography of analytical methods is included. Analytical methods for the measurements of reduced and oxidized iron and manganese were the primary methods evaluated. Calorimetric methods using ferrozine were determined the most suitable for measurements of reduced iron. Colorimetric measurements of manganese using formaldoxime were considered the most suitable for measurements of reduced manganese. Filtration, a commonly used method to differentiate reduced and oxidized forms of iron and manganese in field applications, was considered inadequate, especially for reduced iron determinations. Field sampling recommendations included the use of colorimetric methods for real-time measurements of reduced iron and manganese and sample collection and preservation for laboratory analyses for measurements of total iron and manganese. Concentrations of oxidized iron and manganese can then be calculated by difference. A case study conducted at Nimrod Lake, a flood control reservoir in central Arkansas, using recommended colorimetic techniques supported laboratory investigations. Recommended analytical methods for measuring reduced iron and manganese will improve application and interpretation of the Tailwater Quality Model for describing water quality processes in reservoir releases.

Tests are reported on hydrolytic precipitation of uranium and precipitation of uranyl, arsenate, and vanadate; uranium peroxide; uranous fluoride, oxalate, and p-toluenesulfinate; and ferrous, ferric, and lead vanadates.