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Actualment la societat està patint una gran quantitat de canvis, provocats per els avanços tecnològics i la seva implementació en l'àmbit de la sostenibilitat. Els alumnes de Formació Professional estan directament afectats per aquests canvis i tenen un paper fonamental en el desenvolupament sostenible del futur, però quines perspectives tenen ells sobre el futur? En aquest treball de final de Màster es volen investigar les perspectives en relació al futur econòmic, social i laboral, així com les perspectives de desenvolupament sostenible que tenen els estudiants de Formació Professional de les branques tecnològiques i la vinculació que existeix amb les seves característiques sociodemogràfiques. Aquest anàlisi s'ha realitzat mitjançant una enquesta a 52 alumnes d'un centre educatiu on s'imparteixen Cicles formatius de grau Mitjà i Superior. Finalment s'han analitzat les dades i s'han obtingut les relacions entre les perspectives dels alumnes i les seves característiques sociodemogràfiques, definides per les respostes dels alumnes enquestats.

Purpose: The research aims to determine the nature of the relationship between the transparency of disclosure in the financial statements and the closing prices of stocks and future expectations. Theoretical framework: The knowledge bases of information transparency in the financial statements and how to disclose the future expectations of the economic units of the research sample were highlighted. Methodology: The financial data of five of the Iraqi banks listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange for five periods were collected, and then the data was analyzed according to the closing price of each bank, and then extracting the indicator for the tool used in the study according to special equations that were clarified in the practical side. Findings : The necessity for the economic units listed in the capital markets to improve the level of transparency in disclosure by disclosing all information related to their activities, whether they are historical, current or future information. Research & Social implications: This study achieves the objectives of the research the financial reports of a number of banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange (the National Bank of Iraq, the Gulf Commercial Bank, the Commercial Bank of Iraq, the Trans-Iraq Commercial Bank, the Investment Bank of Iraq) for the period 2015-2020. Originality/value: This study focuses on how to influence the financial statements for the purpose of clarifying future expectations of economic events in the banking sector, which is one of the important sectors in building the global economy.

Expectations for the future of adolescents aging out of care have a determinant influence on short and long-term outcomes. In Brazil, care leavers experience the transition to adult life largely unsupported. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the aspects that favor better future expectations of Brazilian adolescents who are aging out of care. The study participants were 190 male (55.8 %) and female (44.2 %) adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age (M = 15.92, SD = 1.00) from three Brazilian capitals. The discriminant analysis technique was used to identify profile characteristics that significantly distinguished two groups: adolescents with high and those with low expectations for the future. The results reveal that (1) the aspect that most contributes to the increase in future expectations is the perceived social support, (2) the greater the readiness to leave care and the satisfaction with life, the better the future expectations, and (3) participating in an employment-assistance program brought down the adolescents’ future expectations. These results point to the importance of preparation to leave care, combining instrumental support with socioemotional support and considering the adolescents as the protagonists of their process and plans., As expectativas futuras dos adolescentes que saem dos centros de acolhimento aos 18 anos têm uma influência importante nos resultados alcançados por eles a curto e longo prazo. No Brasil, a maioria dos jovens que saem dos centros de acolhimento aos 18 anos transitam para a vida adulta sem nenhum tipo de apoio. Portanto, buscamos investigar quais aspectos favorecem melhores perspectivas de futuro em adolescentes brasileiros que estão prestes a deixar os abrigos por já serem maiores de idade. Os participantes do estudo foram 190 adolescentes entre 14 e 18 anos (M = 15.92, DP = 1.00), de ambos os sexos (44.2 % meninas e 55.8 % meninos) de três capitais brasileiras. A técnica de análise discriminante foi utilizada para identificar características de perfil que distinguissem significativamente dois grupos: adolescentes com altas expectativas para o futuro e adolescentes com baixas expectativas para o futuro. Os resultados revelam que: (1) o aspecto que mais contribui para o aumento das expectativas futuras é o suporte social percebido; (2) quanto maior a percepção de preparação para deixar o centro de acolhida e a satisfação com a vida, melhores são as expectativas futuras; e (3) participar de um programa nacional de colocação profissional reduz as expectativas dos adolescentes para o futuro. Esses resultados apontam para a importância de preparar esses jovens para a transição para a vida adulta, aliando o apoio instrumental ao apoio socioemocional e considerando os adolescentes como protagonistas de seus processos e planos futuros., Las expectativas futuras de los adolescentes que dejan los centros de acogida con 18 años tienen una influencia determinante en los resultados que alcanzarán a corto y largo plazo. En Brasil, la mayoría de jóvenes que salen de los centros de acogida con 18 años transitan a la edad adulta sin ningún tipo de apoyo. Por ello, en este artículo apuntamos a investigar los aspectos que favorecen mejores expectativas de futuro en adolescentes brasileños que están a punto de salir de los centros de acogida por haber llegado a la mayoría de edad. Los participantes del estudio fueron 190 adolescentes de ambos sexos (44.2 % niñas y 55.8 % niños), entre 14 y 18 años (M = 15.92, DE = 1.00), de tres ciudades capitales brasileñas. Se utilizó la técnica de análisis discriminante para identificar características de perfil que distinguieron significativamente dos grupos: adolescentes con altas expectativas y adolescentes con bajas expectativas de futuro. Los resultados revelan que (1) el aspecto que más contribuye al aumento de dichas expectativas es el apoyo social percibido, (2) cuanto mayor sea la percepción de preparación para dejar el centro de acogida y la satisfacción con la vida, mejores serán las expectativas, y (3) participar en un programa nacional de inserción laboral disminuye las expectativas de futuro. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de preparar a estos jóvenes para la transición a la edad adulta, al combinar el apoyo instrumental con el socioemocional, y considerando a los adolescentes protagonistas de sus procesos y planes futuros.

Family businesses are considered complex organizations where emotional and management challenges need to be faced. This is even more difficult when time of succession arrives and the new members are expected to engage with the business. In this study, a total of 204 university students were asked about their present and future situation regarding the family business. Mindfulness levels were also evaluated using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. There were no significant mindfulness level differences between students who pertained to a family business and those who did not. In the first group, however, those students who were sure about their future in the family business, and had more motivation about it, obtained higher scores on the mindfulness scale as well as being more satisfied with their social relationships. It could be concluded that certainty and motivation about their future in a family business of young family business members correlates with higher mindfulness levels and social well-being.

Family businesses are considered complex organizations where emotional and management challenges need to be faced. This is even more difficult when time of succession arrives and the new members are expected to engage with the business. In this study, a total of 204 university students were asked about their present and future situation regarding the family business. Mindfulness levels were also evaluated using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. There were no significant mindfulness level differences between students who pertained to a family business and those who did not. In the first group, however, those students who were sure about their future in the family business, and had more motivation about it, obtained higher scores on the mindfulness scale as well as being more satisfied with their social relationships. It could be concluded that certainty and motivation about their future in a family business of young family business members correlates with higher mindfulness levels and social well-being.

Family businesses are considered complex organizations where emotional and management challenges need to be faced. This is even more difficult when time of succession arrives and the new members are expected to engage with the business. In this study, a total of 204 university students were asked about their present and future situation regarding the family business. Mindfulness levels were also evaluated using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. There were no significant mindfulness level differences between students who pertained to a family business and those who did not. In the first group, however, those students who were sure about their future in the family business, and had more motivation about it, obtained higher scores on the mindfulness scale as well as being more satisfied with their social relationships. It could be concluded that certainty and motivation about their future in a family business of young family business members correlates with higher mindfulness levels and social well-being.

[Resumen] La minería de carbón constituyó el principal eje ordenador de la vida social, económica y cultural en las comarcas de El Bierzo y Laciana durante casi un siglo. En 2020, con los yacimientos cerrados y las centrales térmicas desmanteladas, la época de prosperidad ha dado paso a un declive sociodemográfico y financiero de terribles consecuencias para la región (INE, 2019)1. Este trabajo pretende analizar las causas del cese de la actividad de uno de los sectores estratégicos de la economía española, atendiendo al rol desempeñado por los distintos actores implicados en los procesos de negociación acaecidos. Asimismo, también aspira a conocer de primera mano las expectativas y representaciones del futuro regional -en lo referido a la economía, las oportunidades de trabajo o la evolución poblacional- instaladas en las conciencias de los habitantes, y a esclarecer y evaluar los diversos proyectos programados para sacar a la zona del estancamiento y el desánimo. El estudio observa, del mismo modo, la importancia de factores como las prejubilaciones o la opaca utilización de los fondos para la reconstrucción en el devenir de la zona., [Resumo] A minería de carbón constituíu o principal eixo ordenador da vida social, económica e cultural nas comarcas de El Bierzo e Laciana durante case un século. En 2020, cos xacementos pechados e as centrais térmicas desmanteladas, a época de prosperidade deu paso a un declive sociodemográfico e financeiro de terribles consecuencias para a rexión (INE, 2019)¹. Este traballo pretende analizar as causas do cese da actividade dun dos sectores estratéxicos da economía española, atendendo ao rol desempeñado polos distintos actores implicados nos procesos de negociación acaecidos. Así mesmo, tamén aspira a coñecer de primeira man as expectativas e representacións do futuro rexional -no referido á economía, as oportunidades de traballo ou a evolución poboacional- instaladas nas conciencias dos habitantes, e a esclarecer e avaliar os diversos proxectos programados para sacar á zona do estancamento e o desánimo. O estudo observa, do mesmo xeito, a importancia de factores como as prexubilacións ou a opaca utilización dos fondos para a reconstrucción no devir da zona., [Abstract] Coal mining constituted the main ordering axis of social, economic and cultural life in the regions of El Bierzo and Laciana for almost a century. In 2020, mines are closed and thermal power stations are dismantled. The prosperous era has lead onto a socio-demographic and financial decline with terrible consequences for the region (INE, 2019)¹. This work tries to analyze the causes that triggered the interruption of the activity in one of the most strategic sectors of the Spanish economy, paying attention to the role played by several involved actors on the negotiation processes. Likewise, it also aspires to get a real knowledge about regional future expectations and representations –relating to the economy, job opportunities or the population evolution-, which are installed into people’s conscience, and to clarify and evaluate the different projects scheduled to pull the area out of the current stagnation and dejection. The study also shows the importance of factors like early retirements and opaque use of the reconstruction funds have had on the becoming of the area.

In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the role of future expectations-the extent to which a future outcome is deemed likely-in the health and well-being of adolescents, with research linking future expectations to outcomes such as an increased likelihood of engaging in risky health behaviors. As yet, however, there has been no research on future expectations and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence. To address this research gap, the current study examined the association between ADHD symptoms/possible ADHD status and future expectations in a school-based sample of adolescents. Data were analyzed from 537 Russian adolescents (aged 12-17) with teacher-reported ADHD symptoms and self-reported future expectations. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations. In fully adjusted analyses, inattention symptoms/possible ADHD inattentive status was associated with lower future educational expectations, while a possible ADHD hyperactivity status was associated with increased odds for negative future expectations relating to work, family and succeeding in what is most important. The findings of this study suggest that greater ADHD symptoms/possible ADHD status in adolescence may be linked to an increased risk for negative future expectations across a variety of different life domains.

Teenagers who hold optimistic expectations for their future are less likely to engage in crime and risk-taking. This dissertation examined three questions related to future expectations among two samples of adolescent males who had all been arrested (Crossroads Study, N = 1216; Pathways to Desistance, N = 1170). The Crossroads study recruited males between the ages of 13-17 who had experienced their first arrest after a low level offense (i.e., misdemeanor), and interviewed them for four additional years. The Pathways study consists of males between the ages of 14-18 who were arrested for serious felony-level offenses and were interviewed multiple times over the course of seven years. Study one used data from Crossroads and differentiated future expectations (the perceived likelihood of achieving one’s goals) from future orientation (the tendency to think about the long-term consequences of one’s decisions). Results supported the analytic distinction between expectations and orientation, and identified a portion of adolescents who displayed high expectations, but low orientation. This imbalance related to crime, substance use and casual sex. Study two assessed four mechanisms (impulse control, the perceived personal and social rewards of crime, and the perceived social costs of crime) to explain the link between future expectations and offending among youth in Pathways. Only the perceived social rewards of crime was a significant mediator, and suggested that youth with low expectations perceive more social rewards from crime, which relates to their decision to commit crime. Study three used data from Crossroads to understand the relation between estimated life expectancy and crime across development. The results revealed that youth become more optimistic about their chances for survival as they age, and also supported significant within-person associations with crime: as adolescents increase their life expectancy, they report lower levels of delinquency. The finding

Teenagers who hold optimistic expectations for their future are less likely to engage in crime and risk-taking. This dissertation examined three questions related to future expectations among two samples of adolescent males who had all been arrested (Crossroads Study, N = 1216; Pathways to Desistance, N = 1170). The Crossroads study recruited males between the ages of 13-17 who had experienced their first arrest after a low level offense (i.e., misdemeanor), and interviewed them for four additional years. The Pathways study consists of males between the ages of 14-18 who were arrested for serious felony-level offenses and were interviewed multiple times over the course of seven years. Study one used data from Crossroads and differentiated future expectations (the perceived likelihood of achieving one’s goals) from future orientation (the tendency to think about the long-term consequences of one’s decisions). Results supported the analytic distinction between expectations and orientation, and identified a portion of adolescents who displayed high expectations, but low orientation. This imbalance related to crime, substance use and casual sex. Study two assessed four mechanisms (impulse control, the perceived personal and social rewards of crime, and the perceived social costs of crime) to explain the link between future expectations and offending among youth in Pathways. Only the perceived social rewards of crime was a significant mediator, and suggested that youth with low expectations perceive more social rewards from crime, which relates to their decision to commit crime. Study three used data from Crossroads to understand the relation between estimated life expectancy and crime across development. The results revealed that youth become more optimistic about their chances for survival as they age, and also supported significant within-person associations with crime: as adolescents increase their life expectancy, they report lower levels of delinquency. The finding

In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the role of future expectations-the extent to which a future outcome is deemed likely-in the health and well-being of adolescents, with research linking future expectations to outcomes such as an increased likelihood of engaging in risky health behaviors. As yet, however, there has been no research on future expectations and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescence. To address this research gap, the current study examined the association between ADHD symptoms/possible ADHD status and future expectations in a school-based sample of adolescents. Data were analyzed from 537 Russian adolescents (aged 12-17) with teacher-reported ADHD symptoms and self-reported future expectations. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine associations. In fully adjusted analyses, inattention symptoms/possible ADHD inattentive status was associated with lower future educational expectations, while a possible ADHD hyperactivity status was associated with increased odds for negative future expectations relating to work, family and succeeding in what is most important. The findings of this study suggest that greater ADHD symptoms/possible ADHD status in adolescence may be linked to an increased risk for negative future expectations across a variety of different life domains.

Future orientation can be defined as an individual’s thoughts, beliefs, plans, and hopes for the future. Earlier research has shown adolescents’ future orientation to predict outcomes later in life, which makes it relevant to analyze differences in future orientation among youth. The aim of the present study was to analyze if bullying victimization was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting a pessimistic future orientation among school youth. To be able to distinguish between victims and bully-victims (i.e., students who are both bullies and victims), we also took perpetration into account. The data were derived from the Stockholm School Survey performed in 2016 among ninth grade students (ages 15–16 years) (n = 5144). Future orientation and involvement in school bullying and in cyberbullying were based on self-reports. The statistical method used was binary logistic regression. The results demonstrated that victims and bully-victims of school bullying and of cyberbullying were more likely to report a pessimistic future orientation compared with students not involved in bullying. These associations were shown also when involvement in school bullying and cyberbullying were mutually adjusted. The findings underline the importance of anti-bullying measures that target both school bullying and cyberbullying.

Although future expectations are consistently linked to juvenile delinquency, whether or not these expectations change contingent on behavior remains unclear. In addition, few studies have considered the role an official arrest plays in changing the expectations an adolescent holds for his future. The current study (1) examines the reciprocal relations between self-reported delinquency and adolescent future expectations to graduate from college, to have a successful job or career, and to stay out of trouble with the law, and (2) evaluates the reciprocal relations between re-arrest and future expectations. To address these questions, a sample of 1,166 male juvenile offenders were recruited after their first arrest and followed for 12 months. We find partial support for our prediction that educational, occupational and behavioral expectations will influence behavior, but also that behavior will influence future expectations. In addition, our results suggest that re-arrest predicts changes in expectations for staying out of trouble, but has no effect on educational and occupational expectations.

Although future expectations are consistently linked to juvenile delinquency, whether or not these expectations change contingent on behavior remains unclear. In addition, few studies have considered the role an official arrest plays in changing the expectations an adolescent holds for his future. The current study (1) examines the reciprocal relations between self-reported delinquency and adolescent future expectations to graduate from college, to have a successful job or career, and to stay out of trouble with the law, and (2) evaluates the reciprocal relations between re-arrest and future expectations. To address these questions, a sample of 1,166 male juvenile offenders were recruited after their first arrest and followed for 12 months. We find partial support for our prediction that educational, occupational and behavioral expectations will influence behavior, but also that behavior will influence future expectations. In addition, our results suggest that re-arrest predicts changes in expectations for staying out of trouble, but has no effect on educational and occupational expectations.

Objectives: To investigate future life expectations among male and female medical students in their first and final year. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and conducted at a Swedish medical school. Out of 600 invited students, 507 (85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 298 (59%) first-year students and 209 (41%) last-year students. Women constituted 60% of the respondents. A mixed model design was applied; qualitative content analysis was utilized to create statistically comparable themes and categories. Results: Students' written answers were coded, categorized and clustered into four themes: "Work", "Family", "Leisure" and "Quality of personal life". Almost all students included aspects of work in their answers. Female students were more detailed than male ones in their family concerns. Almost a third of all students reflected on a future work-life balance, but considerations regarding quality of personal life and leisure were more common among last-year students. Conclusions: Today's medical students expect more of life than work, especially those standing on the doorstep of working life. They intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure activities. Our results reflect work attitudes that challenge the health care system for more adaptive working conditions. We suggest that discussions about work-life balance should be included in medical curricula.

Objectives: To investigate future life expectations among male and female medical students in their first and final year. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and conducted at a Swedish medical school. Out of 600 invited students, 507 (85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 298 (59%) first-year students and 209 (41%) last-year students. Women constituted 60% of the respondents. A mixed model design was applied; qualitative content analysis was utilized to create statistically comparable themes and categories. Results: Students' written answers were coded, categorized and clustered into four themes: "Work", "Family", "Leisure" and "Quality of personal life". Almost all students included aspects of work in their answers. Female students were more detailed than male ones in their family concerns. Almost a third of all students reflected on a future work-life balance, but considerations regarding quality of personal life and leisure were more common among last-year students. Conclusions: Today's medical students expect more of life than work, especially those standing on the doorstep of working life. They intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure activities. Our results reflect work attitudes that challenge the health care system for more adaptive working conditions. We suggest that discussions about work-life balance should be included in medical curricula.

Objectives: To investigate future life expectations among male and female medical students in their first and final year. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and conducted at a Swedish medical school. Out of 600 invited students, 507 (85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 298 (59%) first-year students and 209 (41%) last-year students. Women constituted 60% of the respondents. A mixed model design was applied; qualitative content analysis was utilized to create statistically comparable themes and categories. Results: Students' written answers were coded, categorized and clustered into four themes: "Work", "Family", "Leisure" and "Quality of personal life". Almost all students included aspects of work in their answers. Female students were more detailed than male ones in their family concerns. Almost a third of all students reflected on a future work-life balance, but considerations regarding quality of personal life and leisure were more common among last-year students. Conclusions: Today's medical students expect more of life than work, especially those standing on the doorstep of working life. They intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure activities. Our results reflect work attitudes that challenge the health care system for more adaptive working conditions. We suggest that discussions about work-life balance should be included in medical curricula.

Objectives: To investigate future life expectations among male and female medical students in their first and final year. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and conducted at a Swedish medical school. Out of 600 invited students, 507 (85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 298 (59%) first-year students and 209 (41%) last-year students. Women constituted 60% of the respondents. A mixed model design was applied; qualitative content analysis was utilized to create statistically comparable themes and categories. Results: Students' written answers were coded, categorized and clustered into four themes: "Work", "Family", "Leisure" and "Quality of personal life". Almost all students included aspects of work in their answers. Female students were more detailed than male ones in their family concerns. Almost a third of all students reflected on a future work-life balance, but considerations regarding quality of personal life and leisure were more common among last-year students. Conclusions: Today's medical students expect more of life than work, especially those standing on the doorstep of working life. They intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure activities. Our results reflect work attitudes that challenge the health care system for more adaptive working conditions. We suggest that discussions about work-life balance should be included in medical curricula.

Objectives: To investigate future life expectations among male and female medical students in their first and final year. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and conducted at a Swedish medical school. Out of 600 invited students, 507 (85%) answered an open-ended question about their future life, 298 (59%) first-year students and 209 (41%) last-year students. Women constituted 60% of the respondents. A mixed model design was applied; qualitative content analysis was utilized to create statistically comparable themes and categories. Results: Students' written answers were coded, categorized and clustered into four themes: "Work", "Family", "Leisure" and "Quality of personal life". Almost all students included aspects of work in their answers. Female students were more detailed than male ones in their family concerns. Almost a third of all students reflected on a future work-life balance, but considerations regarding quality of personal life and leisure were more common among last-year students. Conclusions: Today's medical students expect more of life than work, especially those standing on the doorstep of working life. They intend to balance work not only with a family but also with leisure activities. Our results reflect work attitudes that challenge the health care system for more adaptive working conditions. We suggest that discussions about work-life balance should be included in medical curricula.

This study focuses on the impact of societal change and related societal problems on the black youth of post-apartheid South Africa. It is argued that adolescents' perspectives on their future in this country could be negatively influenced by the extent of societal problems which are currently experienced in South Africa. Other findings indicate that the influence of traditional cultural norms and values on the black youth is slowly but surely diminishing. Middle class Black adolescents tend to share the general consumerism of South Africa's wealthy classes, and many are detached from the history of the struggle for political freedom. Amidst severe societal problems such as poverty, unemployment, HIV / AIDS and violent crime, the findings of an empirical investigation into the views of 391 black adolescents from a variety of socio-economic backgrounds indicate that a general spirit of optimism and independence exists, paired with a strong desire to escape the trappings of poverty and to fulfil their career and social expectations.

This study focuses on the impact of societal change and related societal problems on the black youth of post-apartheid South Africa. It is argued that adolescents' perspectives on their future in this country could be negatively influenced by the extent of societal problems which are currently experienced in South Africa. Other findings indicate that the influence of traditional cultural norms and values on the black youth is slowly but surely diminishing. Middle class Black adolescents tend to share the general consumerism of South Africa's wealthy classes, and many are detached from the history of the struggle for political freedom. Amidst severe societal problems such as poverty, unemployment, HIV / AIDS and violent crime, the findings of an empirical investigation into the views of 391 black adolescents from a variety of socio-economic backgrounds indicate that a general spirit of optimism and independence exists, paired with a strong desire to escape the trappings of poverty and to fulfil their career and social expectations.

English: The primary aim of this research was to determine the similarities, as well as the differences, which exist between South African school leavers from the different race groups. The construct future expectations was investigated in the study. The theoretical principle of the research was based on the broad conceptual framework of Psychofortology. The ecological systems theory was used to investigate the different contexts in which the school leaver finds himself. Due to the fact that school leavers are in their late adolescence, this stage was discussed at length. The research design includes the Hope Scale of Snyder to determine the levels of hope, as well as the socio-economic index of Riordan, which determines the socio-economic standing of families, and which pointed out large differences between Whites on one side and Blacks and Coloureds on the other. In addition, the researcher has developed a future expectations scale to measure the future expectations of school leavers. Hope has been used as co-variant. Information was acquired from matriculants from 20 schools – 50% in rural areas and 50% in cities. A total of 1823 respondents participated in the research. Of these, 50.06% were Afrikaans speakers (mostly white and Coloured), while 42.46% indicated that they speak an African language. Due to the fact that the focus of the study was cross-cultural and because it was deemed necessary to keep the three groups as homogenous as possible with regard to language, a decision was made to use only respondents from the White and Coloured groups who speak Afrikaans and only speakers of an African language (Sesotho) from the black group. Following these adjustments, the total sample consisted out of 1637 respondents. The future expectations scale was designed in such a way that it was able to show cultural or ethnic, as well as gender differences between the three groups. This was not possible with the application of the Hope Scale. The future expectations scale, Afrikaans: Die primêre doel van hierdie navorsing was om die ooreenkomste en verskille wat daar tussen die verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse skoolverlaters van die onderskeie bevolkingsgroepe voorkom, vas te stel. Die konstruk toekomsverwagtinge is in die navorsing teoreties ondersoek. Die teoretiese grondslag van die navorsing is grootliks gebaseer op die breë konseptuele raamwerk van die Psigofortologie. Daar word van die ekologiese sisteemteorie gebruik gemaak om die verskillende kontekste waarin die skoolverlater hom bevind, te ondersoek. Aangesien die skoolverlaters in hul laat adolessente stadium verkeer, word hierdie ontwikkelingsfase breedvoerig bespreek. Die navorsingsontwerp sluit die gebruikmaking van die Hoopskaal van Snyder in om die skoolverlaters se vlakke van hoop vas te stel, asook die sosio-ekonomiese indeks van Riordan waardeur die gesin se sosio-ekonomiese stand bepaal is en waar groot verskille uitgewys is tussen die wit groep aan die een kant en die swart en bruin groepe aan die ander kant. Bykomstig is ‘n toekomsverwagtingeskaal deur die navorser saamgestel om die skoolverlaters se toekomsverwagtinge te bepaal. Hoop is as kovariant gebruik. Inligting is van matrikulante van 20 skole – 50% plattelands en 50% stedelik – verkry. Daar was 1823 skoolverlaters wat aan die navorsing deelgeneem het, waarvan 50.06% Afrikaanssprekend (oorwegend wit en bruin) was en 42.46% ‘n Afrikataal as huistaal opgegee het. Aangesien hierdie navorsing op kruiskulturaliteit fokus en dit wenslik is om die drie bevolkingsgroepe so homogeen moontlik ten opsigte van taal saam te stel, is besluit om by die wit en bruin skoolverlaters slegs die Afrikaanssprekendes en by die swart leerders slegs moedertaalsprekers van ‘n Afrikataal (Sesotho) te behou. Nadat hierdie aanpassings gemaak is, bestaan die totale steekproef uit 1637 respondente. Die ontwerp van die toekomsverwagtingeskaal was sodanig dat dit daarin kon slaag om kulturele of etniese en geslagsverskille tussen die drie be