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OBJECTIVE: Nigella sativa (N. sativa) from the family Ranunculaceae has medicinal properties. Previous studies have reported promising findings showing that N. sativa may benefit cardiometabolic health; however, current evidence on its cardiometabolic effects on those with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is still unclear. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of N. sativa on cardiometabolic parameters in population with prediabetes and T2DM. METHODS: PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane library were systematically searched up to June 20, 2022. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were used. RESULTS: Eleven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta-analysis. N. sativa intervention resulted in significant changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), c-reactive protein (CRP), and malondialdehyde (MDA), without overall changes in glucose levels after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and body mass index (BMI) when compared with the control group. In subgroup analyses, N. sativa supplementation enhanced serum levels of HDL-C in subjects with baseline HDL-C lower than 40 mg/dL. Furthermore, HOMA-IR and BMI values decreased in the N. sativa-supplemented group compared with the control group, when the length of follow-up was more than 8 weeks and the dose was more than 1 g/day for N. sativa supplementation, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that N. sativa supplementation may effectively improve cardiometabolic profiles in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM.

Baseflow is critical for water balance budget, water resources management, and environmental evaluation. Prediction of baseflow index (BFI), the ratio of baseflow to total streamflow, has a great significance in unravelling the baseflow characteristics for large scale trajectory. Therefore, this study compares BFI predictive performance derived from a new multilevel regression approach along with two other commonly used approaches: hydrological modelling (SIMHYD, a simplified version of the HYDROLOG model, and Xinanjiang model), and linear regression (traditional linear regression, and alternative traditional regression considers the second-order interaction). The multilevel regression approach does not only group the catchments into the four climate zones (arid, tropics, equiseasonal and winter rainfall), but also considers inter-catchment and inter-climate zone variances. Likewise, calibration and two regionalisation techniques namely spatial proximity and integrated similarity are used to obtain the BFI from hydrological modelling approach. Correspondingly, the traditional linear regression technique estimates BFI establishing linear regressions between catchment attributes and four climate zones. Then, all the three approaches are evaluated against combined average estimation from four well-parameterised baseflow separation methods (Lyne-Hollick (LH), United Kingdom Institute of Hydrology (UKIH), Chapman-Maxwell (CM) and Eckhardt (ECK)) at 596 catchments across Australia for 1980–2012. The findings show that the multilevel regression has greatly improved the performance of BFI prediction in comparison to other methods. In particular, the two calibrated and regionalised hydrological models perform worst in predicting BFI with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of −8.44 and −2.58 along with an absolute percent bias (PBIAS) of 81% and 146% (overestimation of baseflow), respectively. However, the traditional linear regression remains in intermediate position with the

This study quantifies the influences of climate variation and vegetation greening on the changes in evapotranspiration (ET) over 110 humid catchments of China from 1982 to 2016. A process-based model considering climate and vegetation changes is employed to estimate ET. The simulated ET compared well with the observed values based on the flux measurements and water balance equation, with the coefficients of determination above 0.62. During the study period, environmental change of the study area was characterized by the increases in air temperature and leaf area index, that is, climate warming and vegetation greening. Annual ET increased at 104 catchments with the trends ranging from 0.01 to 6.2 mm yr−2. The numerical experiment approach and sensitivity method are used to attribute ET changes to climate variation and vegetation greening. The results show that the contributions of climate variation to ET changes estimated by the two methods are 90.6% and 91.3%, respectively, whereas the contributions of vegetation greening to ET changes are only 9.4% and 8.7%, indicating that climate variation controls ET changes in the study area. However, vegetation greening alters the proportions of ET components, which contributes 59.0%–62.0% to the increase in the ratio of transpiration to ET. This study quantifies the roles of climate and vegetation changes in the dynamics of ET, suggesting that more concerns should be paid on the interactions between ecological processes and hydrological cycle in humid regions.

Baseflow is critical for water balance budget, water resources management, and environmental evaluation. Prediction of baseflow index (BFI), the ratio of baseflow to total streamflow, has a great significance in unravelling the baseflow characteristics for large scale trajectory. Therefore, this study compares BFI predictive performance derived from a new multilevel regression approach along with two other commonly used approaches: hydrological modelling (SIMHYD, a simplified version of the HYDROLOG model, and Xinanjiang model), and linear regression (traditional linear regression, and alternative traditional regression considers the second-order interaction). The multilevel regression approach does not only group the catchments into the four climate zones (arid, tropics, equiseasonal and winter rainfall), but also considers inter-catchment and inter-climate zone variances. Likewise, calibration and two regionalisation techniques namely spatial proximity and integrated similarity are used to obtain the BFI from hydrological modelling approach. Correspondingly, the traditional linear regression technique estimates BFI establishing linear regressions between catchment attributes and four climate zones. Then, all the three approaches are evaluated against combined average estimation from four well-parameterised baseflow separation methods (Lyne-Hollick (LH), United Kingdom Institute of Hydrology (UKIH), Chapman-Maxwell (CM) and Eckhardt (ECK)) at 596 catchments across Australia for 1980–2012. The findings show that the multilevel regression has greatly improved the performance of BFI prediction in comparison to other methods. In particular, the two calibrated and regionalised hydrological models perform worst in predicting BFI with a Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of −8.44 and −2.58 along with an absolute percent bias (PBIAS) of 81% and 146% (overestimation of baseflow), respectively. However, the traditional linear regression remains in intermediate position with the

This study quantifies the influences of climate variation and vegetation greening on the changes in evapotranspiration (ET) over 110 humid catchments of China from 1982 to 2016. A process-based model considering climate and vegetation changes is employed to estimate ET. The simulated ET compared well with the observed values based on the flux measurements and water balance equation, with the coefficients of determination above 0.62. During the study period, environmental change of the study area was characterized by the increases in air temperature and leaf area index, that is, climate warming and vegetation greening. Annual ET increased at 104 catchments with the trends ranging from 0.01 to 6.2 mm yr−2. The numerical experiment approach and sensitivity method are used to attribute ET changes to climate variation and vegetation greening. The results show that the contributions of climate variation to ET changes estimated by the two methods are 90.6% and 91.3%, respectively, whereas the contributions of vegetation greening to ET changes are only 9.4% and 8.7%, indicating that climate variation controls ET changes in the study area. However, vegetation greening alters the proportions of ET components, which contributes 59.0%–62.0% to the increase in the ratio of transpiration to ET. This study quantifies the roles of climate and vegetation changes in the dynamics of ET, suggesting that more concerns should be paid on the interactions between ecological processes and hydrological cycle in humid regions.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Accurate quantification of terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to understand the Earth's energy and water budgets under climate change. However, despite water and carbon cycle coupling, there are few diagnostic global evapotranspiration models that have complete carbon constraint on water flux run at a high spatial resolution. Here we estimate 8-day global ET and gross primary production (GPP) at 500 m resolution from July 2002 to December 2017 using a coupled diagnostic biophysical model (called PML-V2) that, built using Google Earth Engine, takes MODIS data (leaf area index, albedo, and emissivity) together with GLDAS meteorological forcing data as model inputs. PML-V2 is well calibrated against 8-day measurements at 95 widely-distributed flux towers for 10 plant functional types, indicated by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Bias being 0.69 mm d −1 and −1.8% for ET respectively, and being 1.99 g C m −2 d −1 and 4.2% for GPP. Compared to that performance, the cross-validation results are slightly degraded, with RMSE and Bias being 0.73 mm d −1 and −3% for ET, and 2.13 g C m −2 d −1 and 3.3% for GPP, which indicates robust model performance. The PML-V2 products are noticeably better than most GPP and ET products that have a similar spatial resolution, and suitable for assessing the influence of carbon-induced impacts on ET. Our estimates show that global ET and GPP both significantly (p < 0.05) increased over the past 15 years. Our results demonstrate it is very promising to use the coupled PML-V2 model to improve estimates of GPP, ET and water use efficiency, and its uncertainty can be further reduced by improving model inputs, model structure and parameterisation schemes.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Accurate quantification of terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is essential to understand the Earth's energy and water budgets under climate change. However, despite water and carbon cycle coupling, there are few diagnostic global evapotranspiration models that have complete carbon constraint on water flux run at a high spatial resolution. Here we estimate 8-day global ET and gross primary production (GPP) at 500 m resolution from July 2002 to December 2017 using a coupled diagnostic biophysical model (called PML-V2) that, built using Google Earth Engine, takes MODIS data (leaf area index, albedo, and emissivity) together with GLDAS meteorological forcing data as model inputs. PML-V2 is well calibrated against 8-day measurements at 95 widely-distributed flux towers for 10 plant functional types, indicated by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Bias being 0.69 mm d −1 and −1.8% for ET respectively, and being 1.99 g C m −2 d −1 and 4.2% for GPP. Compared to that performance, the cross-validation results are slightly degraded, with RMSE and Bias being 0.73 mm d −1 and −3% for ET, and 2.13 g C m −2 d −1 and 3.3% for GPP, which indicates robust model performance. The PML-V2 products are noticeably better than most GPP and ET products that have a similar spatial resolution, and suitable for assessing the influence of carbon-induced impacts on ET. Our estimates show that global ET and GPP both significantly (p < 0.05) increased over the past 15 years. Our results demonstrate it is very promising to use the coupled PML-V2 model to improve estimates of GPP, ET and water use efficiency, and its uncertainty can be further reduced by improving model inputs, model structure and parameterisation schemes.

The article devoted to the possible mechanisms of the impact of stress (that related to the military conflict in eastern Ukraine) for the indicators of physical and mental health in children, those were an internally displaced persons or those who lost their parents. This indicates are the need for a comprehensive integrated approach to health disorders and the search for ways to save it and provide the rehabilitation., Рассмотрены возможные механизмы влияния стресса, связанного с военным конфликтом на Востоке Украины, на показатели физического и психического здоровья детей пострадавших категорий — внутренне перемещенных лиц и таких, которые потеряли отца. Показана необходимость комплексного интегративного подхода к нарушения здоровья и поиска путей его сохранения и восстановления., Розглянуто можливі механізми впливу стресу, пов'язаного з воєнним конфліктом на Сході України, на показники фізичного та психічного здоров'я дітей постраждалих категорій — внутрішньо переміщених осіб і таких, що втратили батьків. Показано необхідність комплексного інтегративного підходу до порушень здоров'я та пошуку шляхів його збереження та відновлення.

В статье представлены особенности этиологии, патогенеза и клинических проявлений острых респираторных инфекций (ОРИ) у детей. Авторами обоснованы показания к назначению симптоматического лечения с учетом основных звеньев патогенеза ОРИ. Освещены вопросы возможности применения для лечения ОРИ у детей комплексных препаратов, позволяющих оказывать мультисимптомное воздействие — анальгетическое, жаропонижающее, противовоспалительное, противоаллергическое и противокашлевое, одним из которых является «Милистан мультисимптомный». Применение комплексного препарата «Милистан мультисимптомный» позволяет воздействовать на все основные звенья патогенеза ОРИ, быстро и эффективно устранять её клинические симптомы и улучшать качество жизни пациентов.Ключевые слова: острые респираторные инфекции, симптоматическое лечение, комбинированные препараты, дети., У статті наведені особливості етіології, патогенезу та клінічних проявів гострих респіраторних інфекцій (ГРІ) у дітей. Авторами обґрунтовані показання до призначення симптоматичного лікування з урахуванням основних ланок патогенезу ГРІ. Висвітлено питання можливості застосування для лікування ГРІ у дітей комплексних препаратів, що дозволяють чинити мультисимптомну дію — анальгетичну, жарознижувальну, протизапальну, протиалергічну і протикашльову, одним з яких є «Мілістан мультисимптомний». Застосування комплексного препарату «Мілістан мультисимптомний» дозволяє впливати на всі основні ланки патогенезу ГРІ, швидко та ефективно усувати її клінічні симптоми та покращувати якість життя пацієнтів.Ключові слова: гострі респіраторні інфекції, симптоматичне лікування, комбіновані препарати, діти., In the article the features of the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children are presented. The authors have substantiated indications for symptomatic treatment, taking into account the basic pathogenesis of ARI. The questions of the possibility of use of complex preparations for the treatment of acute respiratory infections in children, which are allowed providing multisimptomatic effects such as analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and antitussive are underlined. One of such preparation is «Milistan multisimptomatic». The use of complex preparation «Milistan multisimptomatic» allows to effect on all the main links of the ARI pathogenesis, quickly and effectively removes the clinical symptoms and improves quality of life for patients.Key words: acute respiratory infections, symptomatic treatment, combined preparations, children.

Architecture and The Built Environment, Architecture

Architecture and The Built Environment, Architecture

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd.An improved microwave-assisted method was developed for the preparation of ethyl 5-aminopyrazole carboxylates from ethyl 2-cyano-3-methylthioacrylates and hydrazine. It was shown that using microwave irradiation significantly reduced the reaction time and improved the process selectivity and yield. The reaction proved to be reproducible in different microwave reactors and on large scale, affording the desired products in high yields and purity. A representative library of 3-arylamino-substituted 5-aminopyrazole-4-carboxylates was successfully prepared to assess the scope of the method.