Search

The data presented here were collected independently for 6 real buildings by researchers of different institutions and gathered in the context of the IEA EBC Annex 81 Data-driven Smart Buildings, as a joint effort to compile a diverse range of datasets suitable for advanced control applications of indoor climate and energy use in buildings. The data were acquired by energy meters, both consumption and PV generation, and sensors of technical installation and indoor climate variables, such as temperature, flow rate, relative humidity, CO2 level, illuminance. Weather variables were either acquired by local sensors or obtained from a close by meteorological station. The data were collected either during normal operation of the building, with observation periods between 2 weeks and 2 months, or during experiments designed to excite the thermal mass of the building, with observation periods of approximately one week. The data have a time resolution varying between 1 min and 15 min; in some case the highest resolution data are also averaged at larger intervals, up to 30 min.

The data presented here were collected independently for 6 real buildings by researchers of different institutions and gathered in the context of the IEA EBC Annex 81 Data-driven Smart Buildings, as a joint effort to compile a diverse range of datasets suitable for advanced control applications of indoor climate and energy use in buildings. The data were acquired by energy meters, both consumption and PV generation, and sensors of technical installation and indoor climate variables, such as temperature, flow rate, relative humidity, CO2 level, illuminance. Weather variables were either acquired by local sensors or obtained from a close by meteorological station. The data were collected either during normal operation of the building, with observation periods between 2 weeks and 2 months, or during experiments designed to excite the thermal mass of the building, with observation periods of approximately one week. The data have a time resolution varying between 1 min and 15 min; in some case the highest resolution data are also averaged at larger intervals, up to 30 min.

Hybrid ventilation is an energy-efficient solution to provide fresh air for most climates, given that it has a reliable control system. To operate such systems optimally, a high-fidelity control-oriented modesl is required. It should enable near-real time forecast of the indoor air temperature based on operational conditions such as window opening and HVAC operating schedules. However, physics-based control-oriented models (i.e., white-box models) are labour-intensive and computationally expensive. Alternatively, black-box models based on artificial neural networks can be trained to be good estimators for building dynamics. This paper investigates the capabilities of a deep neural network (DNN), which is a multivariate multi-head attention-based long short-term memory (LSTM) encoder-decoder neural network, to predict indoor air temperature when windows are opened or closed. Training and test data are generated from a detailed multi-zone office building model (EnergyPlus). Pseudo-random signals are used for the indoor air temperature setpoints and window opening instances. The results indicate that the DNN is able to accurately predict the indoor air temperature of five zones whenever windows are opened or closed. The prediction error plateaus after the 24th step ahead prediction (6 hr ahead prediction)., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures

A large potential to shift the electricity consumption to adapt to the stochastic renewable electricity generation is identified through the utilisation of a combination of Heat Pumps (HP) and local Thermal Energy Storage (TES) devices in building heating systems. In this paper, a building heating system coupled with an active Phase Change Material (PCM) TES device and a HP is simulated to characterise its potential for Demand Response (DR) applications. A control-oriented numerical model for the PCM TES is developed and previously validated numerical models of the building, HP and hot water radiators are integrated to simulate the dynamics of the coupled building heating system. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) based control strategy is designed to optimise the building heating energy consumption and operational cost with respect to time-varying electricity price signals. The developed control strategy is successfully implemented to utilise the TES capability of the PCM and the thermal inertia of the building to intelligently shift the electrical load of the HP to low price periods, while satisfying the specified indoor comfort requirements. In comparison to a reference case utilising a sensible TES, cost savings and consumption reductions of more than 40% and 30%, respectively, are attained with the active PCM TES. Simulation results indicate that utilising an active PCM TES over a sensible TES offers significant advantages for DR applications in building heating systems in terms of load shift flexibility, energy costs and consumption.

The BuildSim-Nordic 2020 conference is the first in a series of events with a long-term objective to establish a key biannual international conference in building performance simulation, with a strong focus on Nordic countries. The purpose is to create a platform for exchanging ideas, issues, and research findings that facilitates international collaboration and the meeting of minds between practitioners, researchers, and students. This book contains selected papers approved by the reviewers and the scientific committee of the BuildSim-Nordic 2020 conference, October 13th & 14th 2020. The conference was hosted by OsloMet University in Oslo, Norway, and organized in cooperation between the Nordic chapter of IBPSA, OsloMet and NORVAC. All submissions to the conference underwent a review process and presentation type was determined. Two blind reviewers evaluated each paper, a third reviewer was asked for evaluation in cases where the first two reviewers were not in good agreement. The selected full papers are of a high quality theoretical (scientific) nature. IBPSA-Nordic is a regional affiliate of IBPSA, the International Building Performance Simulation Association, for four countries: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. IBPSA-Nordic is linked to IBPSA-World association but acts as an independent organization.

The BuildSim-Nordic 2020 conference is the first in a series of events with a long-term objective to establish a key biannual international conference in building performance simulation, with a strong focus on Nordic countries. The purpose is to create a platform for exchanging ideas, issues, and research findings that facilitates international collaboration and the meeting of minds between practitioners, researchers, and students. This book contains selected papers approved by the reviewers and the scientific committee of the BuildSim-Nordic 2020 conference, October 13th & 14th 2020. The conference was hosted by OsloMet University in Oslo, Norway, and organized in cooperation between the Nordic chapter of IBPSA, OsloMet and NORVAC. All submissions to the conference underwent a review process and presentation type was determined. Two blind reviewers evaluated each paper, a third reviewer was asked for evaluation in cases where the first two reviewers were not in good agreement. The selected full papers are of a high quality theoretical (scientific) nature. IBPSA-Nordic is a regional affiliate of IBPSA, the International Building Performance Simulation Association, for four countries: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. IBPSA-Nordic is linked to IBPSA-World association but acts as an independent organization.

Tumor budding (TB) is an important prognostic parameter in colorectal cancer (CRC) and associated with metastasis. However, the mechanisms of TB have not been fully elucidated and a major limitation is the absence of in vivo models. Here, we determine the suitability of human cell line derived xenografts (CDX) as models of TB in CRC. Pan-cytokeratin (CK)-stained next-generation Tissue Microarrays (ngTMA) of two CDX models (HT-29, n = 12 and HCT-8, n = 8) and human CRC (n = 27 high-grade and 25 low-grade budding tumors, each) were evaluated for TB. Immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, β-catenin, Ki-67, ZEB1, and TWIST1 was performed. HT-29 and HCT-8 were predominantly high-grade and no/low-grade TB tumors, respectively. TB counts in the tumor center (intratumoral budding, ITB) were significantly higher in HT-29 CDX tumors compared to human CRC (p = 0.0099). No difference was found in TB counts at the invasion front (peritumoral budding, PTB; p=0.07). ITB and PTB were strongly correlated (r = 0.438 and r = 0.62 in CDX and human CRC, respectively). Immunohistochemistry profiles were comparable in CDX and human CRC tissues. TB in the CDX mouse models is phenotypically similar to human CRCs and highlights comparable protein profiles. The HT-29 CDX could be a suitable model for the in vivo assessment of TB., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This work introduces a generic methodology to determine the hourly average CO 2eq . intensity of the electricity mix of a bidding zone. The proposed method is based on the logic of input-output models and avails the balance between electricity generation and demand. The methodology also takes into account electricity trading between bidding zones and time-varying CO 2eq . intensities of the electricity traded. The paper shows that it is essential to take into account electricity imports and their varying CO 2eq . intensities for the evaluation of the CO 2eq . intensity in Scandinavian bidding zones. Generally, the average CO 2eq . intensity of the Norwegian electricity mix increases during times of electricity imports since the average CO 2eq . intensity is normally low because electricity is mainly generated from hydropower. Among other applications, the CO 2eq . intensity can be used as a penalty signal in predictive controls of building energy systems since ENTSO-E provides 72 h forecasts of electricity generation. Therefore, as a second contribution, the demand response potential for heating a single-family residential building based on the hourly average CO 2eq . intensity of six Scandinavian bidding zones is investigated. Predictive rule-based controls are implemented into a building performance simulation tool (here IDA ICE) to study the influence that the daily fluctuations of the CO 2eq . intensity signal have on the potential overall emission savings. The results show that control strategies based on the CO 2eq . intensity can achieve emission reductions, if daily fluctuations of the CO 2eq . intensity are large enough to compensate for the increased electricity use due to load shifting. Furthermore, the results reveal that price-based control strategies usually lead to increased overall emissions for the Scandinavian bidding zones a

Tumour Budding (TB) is recognized as an adverse prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). TB is the detachment of isolated cancer cells or small clusters of such cells mainly at the invasion front. One question that arises is of the role of the tumour stroma regarding the permissiveness of the formation and progression of TB. In this review, we will examine potential factors affecting TB, in particular we will analyse the potential effect of inflammation, hypoxia, extracellular matrix and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In order to reduce the energy consumption of the building stock, a major trend is to drastically reduce the space-heating (SH) needs by improving the thermal performance of the envelope. In general, this measure is combined with efficient heating systems to minimize the delivered energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, these better systems are often more expensive so that the extra-investment could be hardly recovered for small-scale energy consumption. The main objective of the article is to show how equilibria between cost-effectiveness and environmental performance of heating systems are changed when small SH needs are considered (i.e. for passive and low-energy houses). The scope is limited to new single-family dwellings. Furthermore, the passive house standard provides means of simplifying the SH by using the ventilation air: the idea is that savings should counterbalance the extra-investment in super-insulation. In theory, a new global economic optimum is generated at the passive house level. The second objective of the work is to study which conditions could lead to this new optimum. Only a detached-house typology is investigated to address this last issue. Regarding methodology, all the investigations are done considering the Belgian context. Energy and environmental performance is evaluated using a method that complies with the EN-15603 and EN-15316 standards.

Pour mener à bien un projet de construction et de rénovation, il faut tout d’abord analyser la situation existante : - Quel est le confort fourni ? - Que consomme l’installation par rapport à une installation performante ? - Quelle est l’effic acité énergétique des équipements, … ? - Que peut rapporter une rénovation ? Ensuite, il s’agit de réaliser une nouvelle installation performante : - Quels sont les équipements existants sur le marché ? - Peut-on remplacer simplement certains équipements ou faut-il remplacer toute l’installation ? - Comment éclairer un local équipé d'ordinateurs, une salle de classe ou une chambre d’hôpital ? - Comment climatiser une salle de conférence ? - Quelle chaudière choisir ? - Quelles techniques de cuisson choisir en cuisines collectives ? - Comment rénover la toiture ? - Combien de luminaires faut-il installer ? - Comment les disposer? C’est à toutes ces questions que répond la version 6 du site internet Énergie+ :http://www.energieplus-lesite.be

Standard numerical methods used to solve the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are known to be too dissipative to carry out large eddy simulations since the artificial dissipation they introduce to stabilize the discretization of the convection term usually interacts strongly with the subgrid scale model. A possible solution is to resort to non-dissipative central schemes. Unfortunately, these schemes are in general unstable. A way to reach stability is to select a central scheme that conserves the discrete kinetic energy. To that purpose, a family of kinetic energy conserving schemes is developed to perform simulations of compressible shock-free flows on unstructured grids. A direct numerical simulation of the flow past a sphere at a Reynolds number of 300 and a large eddy simulation at a Reynolds number of 10,000 are performed to validate the methodology. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Turbulent flows present structures with a wide range of scales. The computation of the complete physics of a turbulent flow (termed DNS) is very expensive and is, for the time being, limited to low and medium Reynolds number flows. As a way to capture high Reynolds number flows, a part of the physics complexity has to be modeled. Large eddy simulation (LES) is a simulation strategy where the large turbulent eddies present on a given mesh are captured and the influence of the non-resolved scales onto the resolved ones is modeled. The present thesis reports on the development and validation of a methodology in order to apply LES for complex wall-bounded flows. Discretization methods and LES models, termed subgrid scale models (SGS), compatible with such a geometrical complexity are discussed. It is proved that discrete a kinetic energy conserving discretization of the convective term is an attractive solution to perform stable simulations without the use of an artificial dissipation, as upwinding. The dissipative effect of the SGS model is thus unaffected by any additional dissipation process. The methodology is first applied to a developed parallel fourth-order incompressible flow solver for cartesian non-uniform meshes. In order to solve the resulting Poisson equation, an efficient multigrid solver is also developed. The code is first validated using DNS (Taylor-Green vortex, channel flow, four-vortex system) and LES (channel flow), and finally applied to the investigation of an aircraft two-vortex system in ground effect. The methodology is then applied to improve a RANS-based industrial unstructured compressible flow solver, developed at CENAERO, to perform well for LES applications. The proposed modifications are tested successfully on the unsteady flow past a sphere at Reynolds of 300 and 10000, corresponding to the subcritical regime., (FSA 3)--UCL, 2007

The aim of this study is to compare several subgrid scale (SGS) models in terms of their ability to correctly dissipate energy for LES at high Reynolds number, with a good spectral behavior. We consider first homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT), then more complex flows involving large vortical structures: aircraft wake vortices interacting with turbulence, and aircraft wake vortices interacting with a ground. The performance of the SGS models used is assessed for each of these flows.

This paper aims at presenting DNS and LES as applied to the simulation of vortex wakes: in laboratory conditions (moderate to medium Reynolds numbers) and up to real aircraft conditions (high to very high Reynolds numbers). Only incompressible °ows are considered. DNS and LES are able to capture complex 3-D physics provided one uses high quality numerical methods: methods with negligible numerical dissipation (i.e., methods that conserve energy in absence of viscosity and/or subgrid modelling) and with low dispersion errors (to properly transport complex vortical structures). Methods that can do that are: spectral methods, high order ¯nite di®erence methods, and vortex-in-cell (VIC) methods. As the problems of interest are of large spatial extent and contain vortices with small cores, it is also essential that the methods be e±ciently parallelized. As to LES of wake vortex °ows, this require subgrid scale (SGS) models that are essentially inactive during the gentle, well-resolved, phases of the °ow and within the vortex cores, and that become active only during the complex turbulent phases of the °ow. The recent multiscale models, that act solely on the high wavenumbers modes of the LES, are seen to be most appropriate. We present some illustrative examples of DNS and LES results that were obtained within our group.

Avec mode texte

Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Centre1, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : PaysLoir1, Contient une table des matières, Avec mode texte

Avec mode texte

Contient une table des matières, Avec mode texte

Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Centre1, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : PaysLoir1, Contient une table des matières, Avec mode texte

par Du Petit-Thouars