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Anyone familiar with the Modern Icelandic language will know that the country’s policy is to avoid borrowing lexemes from other languages, and instead to draw on their own vocabulary. This often results in the formation of a word pair, consisting of a loanword and its respective native equivalent, as the process of borrowing systematically eludes the tight tangles of language policy. But how did this phenomenon develop in the Middle Ages, before a purist ideology was formed? This volume offers a unique analysis of a previously unexplored area of Old Norse linguistics by investigating the way in which loanwords and native synonyms interacted in the Middle Ages. Through a linguistic-philological investigation of texts from all medieval Icelandic prose genres, the book maps out the strategies by which the variation and interplay between loanwords and native words were manifested in medieval Iceland and suggests that it is possible to identify the same dynamics in other languages with a comparable literary tradition. In doing so, new light is shed on language development and usage in the Middle Ages, and the gap between case-study and general linguistic theory is bridged over.

The article addresses a selection of meanings fundamental to linguistic discourse in Icelandic. Their diverse lexical manifestations were collected from twenty-four works, produced during eight centuries: from the First Grammatical Treatise (1130–1140) to Alexander Jóhannesson’s Frumnorræn málfræði (1920), by which time current grammatical terminology had for the most part reached its “modern” state. The excerpted data is analyzed with regard to its internal organization, by exploring the nature of its systematization, the strategies employed in coining grammatical terminology, and the relationship between current Icelandic grammatical terminology and medieval and early-modern terminology. From the analysis it becomes clear that: (1) calquing (mostly structural) and autonomous word coinage are the most prolific strategies, whereas borrowing and the employment of inherited lexemes are marginal; (2) Latin is the principal direct model for terms, and Danish constitutes another important source. Direct influence of Ælfrician terminology on the Old Icelandic grammatical lexicon is questionable; (3) the terminology currently used primarily comprises terms stemming from the 19th, and to a lesser extent the 18th century, with medieval terminology still being employed only in the case of very basic terms.

Publisher: UniorPress Series: Archivio di Studi Ebraici Pages: 464 Language: English NBN: http://nbn.depositolegale.it/urn:nbn:it:unina-28028 Abstract: Through a critical examination of extensive documentation ‒ archival, epigraphic, historical and literary ‒ this study reconstructs, for the first time in its entirety, the geography of the Jewish population in Late Antique and Early Medieval Southern Italy. It highlights the gradual changes of the position of Jews in the context of the shaping of identity in the Christian West. Between the 6th and 10th centuries, two distinct areas of civilization thereby emerged: on the one hand, the Kingdom of the Lombards, which was characterized by a lack of interest on the part of public powers towards the Jewish population and, on the other hand, the Byzantine Empire, in which the anti-Judaism of the State and of the ecclesiastical hierarchies periodically affected the Jews without, however, having any real structural impact on them. The turning point was the 11th century and the Norman invasion. With the triumph of the Reform of the Church, the precursors to the spirit of the Crusades and the configuring of new frameworks for living there was a change in the relations between Christians and Jews in urban contexts which was marked by the social retreat and the growing marginalization of the Jewish population., Editore: UniorPress Collana: Archivio di Studi Ebraici Pagine: 464 Lingua: Italiano NBN: http://nbn.depositolegale.it/urn:nbn:it:unina-28028 Abstract: Attraverso l’esame critico di un’amplissima documentazione ‒ archivistica, epigrafica, storica e letteraria ‒ questo studio ricostruisce, per la prima volta nella sua interezza, la geografia del popolamento giudaico nell’Italia meridionale tardoantica e altomedievale, evidenziando i progressivi mutamenti della posizione degli ebrei nel contesto e nel corso della formazione identitaria dell’Occidente cristiano. Si delineano in tal modo, tra VI e X secolo, due distinte aree di civiltà: da un lato, quella longobarda, che si caratterizza per il disinteresse del potere pubblico nei confronti della popolazione giudaica; dall’altro, quella bizantina, in cui l’antigiudaismo di Stato e delle gerarchie ecclesiastiche si abbatte invece ciclicamente sulla vita degli ebrei, senza mai incidere in maniera strutturale su di essa. Il tornante della vicenda è costituito dall’XI secolo e dall’invasione normanna: quando, con il trionfo della Riforma della Chiesa, i prodromi dello spirito di Crociata e la configurazione di nuovi quadri esistenziali, mutano i rapporti tra cristiani ed ebrei in ambito cittadino, segnando l’arretramento sociale e la crescente marginalizzazione della popolazione ebraica.

With this report, I present the progresses of the digital edition of Áns Saga Bogsveigis began in 2018. It is the prototype of a diplomatic-interpretative image-based digital edition that allows the investigation of the text interactively and the evaluation of the physical support of the saga.

Tutkielman tarkoituksena on kartoittaa suomalaisten saksanopettajien käsityksiä monikielisyydestä ja monikielisyysdidaktiikasta saksan kielen opetuksessa. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa selvitetään, millainen kielellinen tausta saksanopettajilla on. Monikielisyys on ajankohtainen teema vieraan kielen tutkimuksessa ja Euroopan koulutuspolitiikassa. Monikielisyys korostuu myös uudistetuissa peruskoulun (POPS 2014) ja lukion (LOPS 2015) opetussuunnitelmissa, joissa painotetaan, että jokainen kouluyhteisön on monikielinen. Vieraan kielen opetuksen tulee mm. tukea yksilöllistä kaksi- ja monikielisyyttä ja parantaa oppilaiden kielitietoisuutta. Tutkimus pohjautuu ajankohtaiseen monikielisyys- ja tertiäärikielididaktiseen tutkimukseen, jotka puoltavat tutkimuksen aiheellisuutta saksan kielen aseman huomioon ottaen. Saksaa opiskellaan usein vasta toisena vieraana kielenä eli tertiäärikielenä englannin jälkeen, jolloin saksan kielen oppimista voidaan helpottaa aiemman kielitaidon, kielten vertailun ja kieltenoppimisstrategioiden avulla. Tämän lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan identiteetti- ja asennetutkimuksen tärkeimpiä käsitteitä, jotka ovat oleellisia tutkimuksen kannalta. Kyseessä on empiirinen tutkimus, jonka tutkimusaineisto on kerätty Helsingin yliopiston sähköisen kyselylomakkeen (E-lomake) avulla. Kyselylomake on puolistrukturoitu ja sisältää kielibiografisen osuuden, asenneväittämiä sekä avoimia kysymyksiä. Kyselylomakkeeseen vastasi yhteensä kolmekymmentäyksi saksanopettajaa. Tutkimusmateriaalin analysoinnissa hyödynnettiin laadullisia ja määrällisiä menetelmiä. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että kaikki tutkimukseen osallistuneet saksanopettajat ovat taustaltaan monikielisiä. Kaikki saksanopettajat käyttävät säännöllisesti vähintään kahta oppimaansa vierasta kieltä äidinkielen ohella. Aktiivisesti käytetyt kielet, erityisesti opetuskielet, ovat osa saksanopettajien ammatillista, henkilökohtaista ja monikielistä identiteettiä. Saksanopettajat suhtautuvat positiivisesti sekä monik

Kirjallisuusfilmatisoinnit ovat suhteellisen uusi tutkimusalue. Alalla tehty vähäinen tutkimus on osoittanut, että kirjallisuusfilmatisointeja ei ole tähän asti pidetty itsenäisinä teoksina, vaan pikemminkin hieman väheksyttyinä yritelminä toistaa kirjallisia alkuteoksiaan. Suuri osa nykyfilmeistä kuitenkin perustuu kirjalliseen alkuteokseen, ja siksi aihe kaipaa lisätutkimusta. Tässä tutkielmassa paneudutaan saksankielisen kirjallisuusfilmatisoinnin tutkimukseen. Tutkielmassa pyritään analysoimaan, miten tutkimusmateriaalina olleen kirjallisen alkuteoksen kerrontatekniikat on siirretty elokuvakerronnan muotoon, miten tämä on onnistunut sekä miten teokset mahdollisesti eroavat toisistaan ja miksi. Lisäksi tutkielmassa pohditaan, voisiko kirjallisuusfilmatisointi vihdoin saada tunnustusta itsenäisenä teoksena. Tutkimusmateriaalina käytettiin Claudia Schreiberin saksankielistä romaania Emmas Glück (2003) sekä samannimistä Sven Taddickenin ohjaamaa elokuvaa vuodelta 2006. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin hermeneuttista aineistontulkintamenetelmää, sisällönanalyysiä sekä joiltakin osin vertailua. Materiaalista valittiin tutkittava aines ja työstettiin edellisten tulkintojen perusteella aina uusia tulkintoja. Kumpikin teos käytiin läpi lukuisia kertoja. Kirjallisen alkuteoksen tutkittaville parametreille pyrittiin löytämään vastaavuuksia elokuvassa. Elokuvan ohjaaja oli luonut teoksestaan alkuperäisteokselle suhteellisen uskollisen elo-kuvasovituksen. Elokuva kuitenkin eroaa tietyiltä osin alkuperäisteoksestaan (esim. elo-kuvan loppu), mikä muuttaa oleellisesti tarinan tunnelmaa ja tekee elokuvasta harmonisemman kokonaisuuden kuin alkuperäisteoksensa, jonka tyyli poikkeaa lopussa liikaa alkuperäisideasta. Kun elokuvan genre pysyy loppuun asti draamana, voi kirjallisen alku-teoksen loppuosaa kutsua pikemminkin viihteeksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa analysoidun kirjallisuusfilmatisoinnin perusteella on aiheellista todeta, että kirjallisuusfilmatisointi voi myös olla itsenäinen ja toimiva

Comprehensive editions of the oldest runic inscriptions are few and largely outdated;even the more recent ones do not meet modern critical standards. Other runic publications that treat this material tend to concentrate on selected data only. An up-to-date scholarly edition of the oldest runic inscriptions is thus currently lacking. The question is: what criteria must a new edition fulfil? Of course, information has to be provided concerning the rune-bearing object, such as (1) a description of the artifact, including the present place of keeping, (2) the find circumstances and (3) an archaeological dating. The description of the inscription itself has to be thorough, and must include (1) a plausible reading of the runes with remarks on runic forms and the textual composition, and (2) a transliteration, which constitutes the basis for a transcription. The transcription is the starting point for the internal, viz. linguistic interpretation that has to contain etymological as well as syntactic information (where necessary). In the etymological component, all important proposals have to be reconsidered. The linguistic interpretation must be the starting point for any broader analyses, which of necessity will require an interdisciplinary approach. The paper shows how such an edition can be laid out by means of one selected example.

Comprehensive editions of the oldest runic inscriptions are few and largely outdated;even the more recent ones do not meet modern critical standards. Other runic publications that treat this material tend to concentrate on selected data only. An up-to-date scholarly edition of the oldest runic inscriptions is thus currently lacking. The question is: what criteria must a new edition fulfil? Of course, information has to be provided concerning the rune-bearing object, such as (1) a description of the artifact, including the present place of keeping, (2) the find circumstances and (3) an archaeological dating. The description of the inscription itself has to be thorough, and must include (1) a plausible reading of the runes with remarks on runic forms and the textual composition, and (2) a transliteration, which constitutes the basis for a transcription. The transcription is the starting point for the internal, viz. linguistic interpretation that has to contain etymological as well as syntactic information (where necessary). In the etymological component, all important proposals have to be reconsidered. The linguistic interpretation must be the starting point for any broader analyses, which of necessity will require an interdisciplinary approach. The paper shows how such an edition can be laid out by means of one selected example.

Comprehensive editions of the oldest runic inscriptions are few and largely outdated;even the more recent ones do not meet modern critical standards. Other runic publications that treat this material tend to concentrate on selected data only. An up-to-date scholarly edition of the oldest runic inscriptions is thus currently lacking. The question is: what criteria must a new edition fulfil? Of course, information has to be provided concerning the rune-bearing object, such as (1) a description of the artifact, including the present place of keeping, (2) the find circumstances and (3) an archaeological dating. The description of the inscription itself has to be thorough, and must include (1) a plausible reading of the runes with remarks on runic forms and the textual composition, and (2) a transliteration, which constitutes the basis for a transcription. The transcription is the starting point for the internal, viz. linguistic interpretation that has to contain etymological as well as syntactic information (where necessary). In the etymological component, all important proposals have to be reconsidered. The linguistic interpretation must be the starting point for any broader analyses, which of necessity will require an interdisciplinary approach. The paper shows how such an edition can be laid out by means of one selected example.

Comprehensive editions of the oldest runic inscriptions are few and largely outdated;even the more recent ones do not meet modern critical standards. Other runic publications that treat this material tend to concentrate on selected data only. An up-to-date scholarly edition of the oldest runic inscriptions is thus currently lacking. The question is: what criteria must a new edition fulfil? Of course, information has to be provided concerning the rune-bearing object, such as (1) a description of the artifact, including the present place of keeping, (2) the find circumstances and (3) an archaeological dating. The description of the inscription itself has to be thorough, and must include (1) a plausible reading of the runes with remarks on runic forms and the textual composition, and (2) a transliteration, which constitutes the basis for a transcription. The transcription is the starting point for the internal, viz. linguistic interpretation that has to contain etymological as well as syntactic information (where necessary). In the etymological component, all important proposals have to be reconsidered. The linguistic interpretation must be the starting point for any broader analyses, which of necessity will require an interdisciplinary approach. The paper shows how such an edition can be laid out by means of one selected example.

Comprehensive editions of the oldest runic inscriptions are few and largely outdated;even the more recent ones do not meet modern critical standards. Other runic publications that treat this material tend to concentrate on selected data only. An up-to-date scholarly edition of the oldest runic inscriptions is thus currently lacking. The question is: what criteria must a new edition fulfil? Of course, information has to be provided concerning the rune-bearing object, such as (1) a description of the artifact, including the present place of keeping, (2) the find circumstances and (3) an archaeological dating. The description of the inscription itself has to be thorough, and must include (1) a plausible reading of the runes with remarks on runic forms and the textual composition, and (2) a transliteration, which constitutes the basis for a transcription. The transcription is the starting point for the internal, viz. linguistic interpretation that has to contain etymological as well as syntactic information (where necessary). In the etymological component, all important proposals have to be reconsidered. The linguistic interpretation must be the starting point for any broader analyses, which of necessity will require an interdisciplinary approach. The paper shows how such an edition can be laid out by means of one selected example.

This study assumes the subject's pursuit of meaning is generally incapacitating and should be suspended. It aims to demonstrate how such a suspension is theoretically accomplished by utilizing Lacan's formulae of sexuation integrated with his work in discourse theory and topology. Part I places this study into context by examining scholarship from the established fields of hermeneutics, phenomenology, (post)structuralism, aesthetic theory and psychoanalysis in order to extract out their respective theory of meaning. These theories reveal that an historical struggle with meaning has been underway since the Reformation and reaches near crisis proportions in the 20th century. On the one hand this crisis is mollified by the rise of Heideggerian-Gadamerian hermeneutical phenomenology which questions traditional epistemological approaches to the text using a new ontological conceptualization of meaning and a conscious rejection of methodology. On the other hand this crisis is exacerbated when the ubiquitous nature of meaning is itself challenged by (post)structuralism's discovery of the signifier which inscribes a limit to meaning, and by the domains of sense and nonsense newly opened up by aesthetic theory. These historical developments culminate in the field of psychoanalysis which most consequentially delimits a cause of meaning said to be closely linked to the core of subjectivity. Part II extends these findings by rigorously constructing out of the Lacanian sexuated formulae a decidedly non-hermeneutical phenomenological approach useful in demonstrating the sexual nature of meaning. Explicated in their static state by way of an account of their original derivation from the Aristotelian logical square, it is argued that these four formulae are relevant to basic concerns of textual theory inclusive of the hermeneutical circle of meaning. These formulae are then set into motion by integrating them with Lacan's four discourses to demonstrate the breakdown of meaning. Fin

Issued as suppl. to the International journal of American linguistics, v. 35, no. 1:2, 1969; and, v. 35, no. 4, Oct. 1969; and v. 36, no. 2, April 1970, 22. A contrastive study of Old German and Old Norwegian kinship terms / Robert Bjerke -- 23 and 24. On the meaning of the Tararscan suffixes of space / Paul Friedrich; and On the classification in the Athapascan, Eyak, and the Tlingit verb / Michael E. Krauss -- 25. A semantically based sketch of Onondaga / Wallace L. Chafe