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This booklet provides graphs, tables, and a summary compiled from data collected in schools using the 1998-1999 PRIDE Questionnaire. The data reflect prevalence and patterns of drug and alcohol abuse, violence, gang activity, and suicide. This report is designed for educators to use within their drug abuse and violence awareness and prevention programs with faculty, students, and parents. This report is divided into four chapters. Chapter One, Introduction, contains two news releases about results of the Pride Survey and an Outline of Procedures Used to Obtain PRIDE National Summary. Chapter 2, Standard Graphs, includes 22 graphs that explain the relationship between student behavior and alcohol/drug use. The time of drug use graphs help with understanding the need for a commitment to drug abuse prevention by parents and the larger community. They show that student alcohol and other drug use occurs most often outside the school and at times when school is not in session. The graph showing perceived harm of alcohol and other drugs assists with understanding how false assumptions concerning harm are related to drug use. When drugs are perceived as harmless, the probability of use increases. The availability graphs show that easy access to drugs increases the probability of use and that availability increases at higher grade levels. Chapter 3, Summary Statistics, includes five figures that summarize some of the student information questions with regard to drug use. The data were gathered by examining specific subsets of the youth population. Chapter 4, Percentage Tables, contains 158 tables, each corresponding to an item on the questionnaire. Data is presented by grade level. (MKA)

This booklet provides graphs, tables, and a summary compiled from data collected in schools using the 1997-1998 PRIDE Questionnaire. The data reflect prevalence and patterns of drug and alcohol abuse, violence, gang activity, and suicide. This report is designed for educators to use within their drug abuse and violence awareness and prevention programs with faculty, students, and parents. This report is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1, Introduction, contains two news releases about results of the Pride Survey and an Outline of Procedures Used to Obtain PRIDE National Summary Data. Chapter 2, Standard Graphs, includes 26 graphs that explain the relationship between student behavior and alcohol/drug use. The location and time of drug use graphs help with understanding the need for a commitment to drug abuse prevention by parents and the larger community. They show that student alcohol and other drug use occurs most often outside the school and at times when school is not in session. The Perceived Harm of alcohol and other drugs graphs assist with understanding how false assumptions concerning harm are related to drug use. When drugs are perceived as harmless, the probability of use increases. The availability graphs show that easy access to drugs increases the probability of use and that availability increases at higher grade levels. Chapter 3, Summary Statistics, includes 5 figures that summarize some of the student information questions in regards to drug use. These data were gathered by examining specific subsets of the youth population. Chapter 4, Percentage Tables, contains 135 tables. Each table corresponds to an item on the questionnaire. Data is presented by grade level. (MKA)

This booklet provides graphs, tables, and a summary compiled from data collected in schools using the 1996-1997 PRIDE Questionnaire. The data reflect prevalence and patterns of drug and alcohol abuse, violence, gang activity, and suicide. This report is designed for educators to use within their drug abuse and violence awareness and prevention programs with faculty, students, and parents. This report is divided into four chapters. Chapter One, Introduction, contains two news releases about results of the Pride Survey and an Outline of Procedures Used to Obtain PRIDE National Summary Data. Chapter 2, Standard Graphs, includes 26 graphs that explain the relationship between student behavior and alcohol/drug use. The location and time of drug use graphs help with understanding the need for a commitment to drug abuse prevention by parents and the larger community. They show that student alcohol and other drug use occurs most often outside the school and at times when school is not in session. The Perceived Harm of alcohol and other drugs graphs assist with understanding how false assumptions concerning harm are related to drug use. When drugs are perceived as harmless, the probability of use increases. The availability graphs show that easy access to drugs increases the probability of use and that availability increases at higher grade levels. Chapter 3, Summary Statistics, includes 5 figures that summarize some of the student information questions in regards to drug use. These data were gathered by examining specific subsets of the youth population. Chapter 4, Percentage Tables, contains 135 tables. Each table corresponds to an item on the questionnaire. Data is presented by grade level. (MKA)

This booklet provides graphs, tables, and a summary compiled from data collected in schools using the 1995-1996 PRIDE Questionnaire. The data reflect prevalence and patterns of drug and alcohol abuse, violence, gang activity, and suicide. This report is designed for educators to use within their drug abuse and violence awareness and prevention programs with faculty, students, and parents. This report is divided into four chapters. Chapter One, Introduction, contains a news release about results of the Pride Survey. Chapter 2, Summary Statistics, includes five figures that summarize some of the student information questions in regards to drug use. These data were gathered by examining specific subsets of the youth population. Chapter 3, Standard Graphs, includes 26 graphs that explain the relationship between student behavior and alcohol/drug use. The location and time of drug use graphs help with understanding the need for a commitment to drug abuse prevention by parents and the larger community. They show that student alcohol and other drug use occurs most often outside the school and at times when school is not in session. The Perceived Harm of alcohol and other drugs graphs assist with understanding how false assumptions concerning harm are related to drug use. When drugs are perceived as harmless, the probability of use increases. The availability graphs show that easy access to drugs increases the probability of use and that availability increases at higher grade levels. Chapter 4, Percentage Tables, contains 135 tables. Each table corresponds to an item on the questionnaire. Data is presented by grade level. (MKA)

This booklet provides graphs, tables, and a summary compiled from data collected in schools using the 1994-1995 PRIDE Questionnaire. The data reflect prevalence and patterns of drug and alcohol abuse, violence, gang activity, and suicide. This report is designed for educators to use within their drug abuse and violence awareness and prevention programs with faculty, students, and parents. This report provides a news release about results of the Pride Survey, an Outline of Procedures Used to Obtain PRIDE National Survey Data, information about PRIDE, and graphs that explain the relationship between student behavior and alcohol/drug use. The location and time of drug use graphs help with understanding the need for a commitment to drug abuse prevention by parents and the larger community. They show that student alcohol and other drug use occurs most often outside the school and at times when school is not in session. The availability graphs show that easy access to drugs increases the probability of use and that availability increases at higher grade levels. One hundred and fifteen percentage tables are included. Each table corresponds to an item on the questionnaire. Data is presented by grade level. (MKA)

ChatGPT, a language-learning model chatbot, has garnered considerable attention for its ability to respond to users’ questions. Using data from 14 countries and 186 institutions, we compare ChatGPT and student performance for 28,085 questions from accounting assessments and textbook test banks. As of January 2023, ChatGPT provides correct answers for 56.5 percent of questions and partially correct answers for an additional 9.4 percent of questions. When considering point values for questions, students significantly outperform ChatGPT with a 76.7 percent average on assessments compared to 47.5 percent for ChatGPT if no partial credit is awarded and 56.5 percent if partial credit is awarded. Still, ChatGPT performs better than the student average for 15.8 percent of assessments when we include partial credit. We provide evidence of how ChatGPT performs on different question types, accounting topics, class levels, open/closed assessments, and test bank questions. We also discuss implications for accounting education and research.

Norovirus (NoV) infections are a significant health burden to society, yet the lack of reliable tissue culture systems has hampered the development of appropriate antiviral therapies. Here we show that the NoV NS3 protein, derived from murine NoV (MNV), is intimately associated with the MNV replication complex and the viral replication intermediate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). We observed that when expressed individually, MNV NS3 and NS3 encoded by human Norwalk virus (NV) induced the formation of distinct vesicle-like structures that did not colocalize with any particular protein markers to cellular organelles but localized to cellular membranes, in particular those with a high cholesterol content. Both proteins also showed some degree of colocalization with the cytoskeleton marker β-tubulin. Although the distribution of MNV and NV NS3s were similar, NV NS3 displayed a higher level of colocalization with the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, we observed that although both proteins colocalized in membranes counterstained with filipin, an indicator of cholesterol content, MNV NS3 displayed a greater association with flotillin and stomatin, proteins known to associate with sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich microdomains. Utilizing time-lapse epifluorescence microscopy, we observed that the membrane-derived vesicular structures induced by MNV NS3 were highly motile and dynamic in nature, and their movement was dependent on intact microtubules. These results begin to interrogate the functions of NoV proteins during virus replication and highlight the conserved properties of the NoV NS3 proteins among the seven Norovirus genogroups.

Noroviruses (NoVs) are important human pathogens associated with foodborne and waterborne gastroenteritis. These viruses are genetically highly heterogeneous, with more than forty genotypes within three genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) identified in humans. However, the vast majority of human infections are associated with variants of a unique genotype, GII.4. Aside from these NoV strains of epidemiological relevance, NoV strains of genogroup GIV (Alphatron-like) are reported in a sporadic fashion and their overall prevalence in the community is unknown and this likely reflects the lack of specific diagnostic tools. We analyzed raw sewages collected from 32 wastewater treatment plants distributed throughout Italy (307 samples) and stool specimens collected from hospitalized patients with clinical signs of diarrhea of unknown etiology (285 samples). By using specific qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR assays, 21.8 % of the sewage samples and 3.2 % of the stool specimens tested positive for GIV NoVs. The number of genome copies in fecal samples ranged from 5.08 × 10(4) to 1.73× 10(6)/g of feces. Sequence analysis showed limited genetic variability in human GIV viruses. The presence of GIV NoV both in sewage and in clinical samples confirms that not only GI and GII NoVs but also GIV strains are circulating in humans. Monitoring of GIV NoV is recommended in order to understand the dynamics of circulation in human populations, environmental contamination, and potential health risks.

Noroviruses are understudied because these important enteric pathogens have not been cultured to date. We found that the norovirus murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) infects macrophage-like cells in vivo and replicates in cultured primary dendritic cells and macrophages. MNV-1 growth was inhibited by the interferon-alphabeta receptor and STAT-1, and was associated with extensive rearrangements of intracellular membranes. An amino acid substitution in the capsid protein of serially passaged MNV-1 was associated with virulence attenuation in vivo. This is the first report of replication of a norovirus in cell culture. The capacity of MNV-1 to replicate in a STAT-1-regulated fashion and the unexpected tropism of a norovirus for cells of the hematopoietic lineage provide important insights into norovirus biology.

This report identifies factors that alter the relative abundance of tailwater fishes. Specifically, the objectives of this study were to determine the significance of fish recruitment from the reservoir into the tailwater, determine which species are recruited from the reservoir, identify conditions in the tailwater that foster the concentration of fish, identify the season of recruitment, and describe the direction and season of movement of tailwater fishes. To meet these objectives, fish were intensively sampled, marked, and recaptured in the immediate tailwater of Barren River Lake, Ky., for 1 year. Analyses of the resulting data indicated that the reservoir may be the source of recruitment for the most abundant fish in the tailwater of deep-release, flood control reservoirs; the passage of fish the reservoir into the tailwater exhibits pronounced seasonality; the seasonality of fish passage can be related to conditions in the reservoir relative to the behavior of certain common fishes; and project operation can have substantial effects on the tailwater fishery by altering conditions that foster the movement of reservoir fish into the tailwater.

This report summarizes field investigations conducted at seven reservoirs in 1979 and 1980 to determine the effect of reservoir releases on tailwater biota. The study sites differ greatly in project purpose, depth of water release from the reservoir, and location and are representative of many U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs throughout the United States. Studies were conducted in tailwaters below both flood-control and peaking hydropower projects. Effects of reservoir discharge were most evident near the dams where environmental stress was most severe; farther downstream the effect were moderated. The invertebrate and fish communities in tailwaters were affected most by the temperature, volume, and timing of the discharges. High levels of iron and manganese occurred in most tailwaters, but their effects on invertebrates and fish were not addresed in this study. The numbers of invertebrate and fish species were largest in tailwaters of flood-control projects with warmwater release and smallest in tailwaters of large hydropower projects., Report on Environmental and Water Quality Operational Studies.

This document presents a review of the often contradictory literature describing the effects of release waters on the tailwater environment and biota. The physical and chemical conditions found in tailwaters downstream from warmwater and coldwater discharge impoundments are compared and contrasted to those found in natural streams. Reservoir discharges modify the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the stream ecosystem. Physical and chemical characteristics in tailwaters are primarily determined by the depth, volume, and schedule of water releases. The magnitude of change is related to the type of reservoir and to the design and operation of outlet structures. The structure of the biotic community reflects the physical and chemical conditions existing in a particular tailwater. The community is composed of organisms, including nonnative species, that are adapted to this environment. The effects of the tailwater environment on the life history, physiology, and abundance of selected species are described. This information will aid in the development of reservoir discharge guidelines that will enhance the quality of the tailwater environment to increase project benefits. (Author)

This report is in four parts. The first part is an article presented at the February 1983 meeting of the IRIS Specialty Group on Targets, Backgrounds, and Discrimination. Since the text is classified CONFIDENTIAL, it is not included here. Instead the article is represented by a page giving the unclassified title, the authors, and a reference to the symposium proceedings where the text can be found. The work leading to the IRIS article uncovered deficiencies in the methods of manipulating recorded clutter data to study the effect of spatial resolution on clutter rejection and signal detection. The second part of this report notes the deficiencies and indicates whether and how they can be corrected. One of the correction techniques will be described in a future article after it has been tested and proven by computations. Part 3 is an article which reports the results of studies to elucidate the operation of an adaptive threshold sensor and to determine how its size affects signal detection. This article has been submitted for publication in the journal, Applied Optics. Finally, part 4 summarizes work done to obtain data suitable for simulating two-dimensional signal processing. (Author)