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This work contains the analysis of the catalog of the archive of the monastery of Santa María de Carbajal (León) carried out in the second half of the 18th century. The instruments of archival description are the key to access information of the documents. But the study of these tools can provide much more information. Through the Libro manual of the archive, aspects such as the history, organization and use of the archive, staff and the installation of documents are delved into. A process of identification of the units described with the current document numbers has also been carried out. The work highlights the importance that the Benedictine community gave to its documentary treasure and the role of the abbesses in using it as a management tool. It also provides relevant information for understanding the history of archival science., Este trabajo contiene el análisis del catálogo del archivo del monasterio de Santa María de Carbajal (León) realizado en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Los instrumentos de descripción de fondos archivísticos son la llave de acceso a la información contenida en los documentos. Pero el estudio de estas herramientas pueden proporcionar mucha más información. A través del Libro manual del archivo se ahonda en aspectos como la historia, organización y uso del archivo, el personal y la instalación de los documentos. También se ha llevado a cabo un proceso de identificación de las unidades descritas con las signaturas actuales de los documentos. El trabajo pone de relieve la importancia que la comunidad benedictina dio a su tesoro documental y el papel de las abadesas en su uso como herramienta de gestión. Asimismo aporta información relevante para la comprensión de la historia de la ciencia archivística.

The work of organizing and describing the records and judicial proceedings of the courts has led to a division of labor, such as putting them in inlay cards and sort them by their sequence number and year, describing them in a database, or warn the existence sketches, photographs and drawings, such as the image of Cañada de la Cruz, which requires an effort of observation., La labor de organizar y describir los expedientes y actuaciones judiciales de los juzgados ha llevado a una división del trabajo, como es ponerlos en carpetillas y ordenarlos por su número de secuencia y año, describirlos en una base de datos, o advertir la existencia de croquis, fotografías y dibujos, como esta imagen de Cañada de la Cruz, que requiere un esfuerzo de observación.

В статье раскрывается история первых 50 лет работы архива Уральского государственного университета имени А.М. Горького., The article is devoted to the archive of the Ural State University named after A.M. Gorky (USU) during the first 50 years of its history and service.

The Sertoriana University in Huesca was founded in 1354 –the oldest in the kingdom of Aragon and the second oldest in the Corona– and was closed in 1845 when it was turned into an institute of secondary education. After its closure, the fonds were preserved in the head office of the institute until it was moved to the Provincial Historical Archive of Huesca (1940). Working from the preserved documents and the rules of the university itself, the history of the archive was pieced together: how it was built, the system of organising the documents and, finally, the relationship between the archive and the institution it served. The description and dissemination work of the last decade is also shown, especially the publication of the fonds that are partly digitalised on DARA, the Aragon Information System for Documents and Archives., La Universidad Sertoriana de Huesca se fundó en 1354 –la más antigua del Reino de Aragón y la segunda de la Corona– y fue suprimida en 1845 al transformarse en Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza. Tras la supresión, el fondo fue conservado en la misma sede del Instituto hasta que fue transferido al Archivo Histórico Provincial de Huesca (1940). A partir de los documentos conservados y de la reglamentación de la misma Universidad se reconstruye la historia del Archivo, cómo se formó, la lógica en la organización de los documentos y, en última instancia, la relación entre el Archivo y la institución a la que sirvió. También se exponen los trabajos de descripción y difusión realizados en la última década, especialmente la publicación del fondo en parte digitalizado en DARA, el Sistema de Información de Documentos y Archivos de Aragón.

The Sertoriana University in Huesca was founded in 1354 –the oldest in the kingdom of Aragon and the second oldest in the Corona– and was closed in 1845 when it was turned into an institute of secondary education. After its closure, the fonds were preserved in the head office of the institute until it was moved to the Provincial Historical Archive of Huesca (1940). Working from the preserved documents and the rules of the university itself, the history of the archive was pieced together: how it was built, the system of organising the documents and, finally, the relationship between the archive and the institution it served. The description and dissemination work of the last decade is also shown, especially the publication of the fonds that are partly digitalised on DARA, the Aragon Information System for Documents and Archives., La Universidad Sertoriana de Huesca se fundó en 1354 –la más antigua del Reino de Aragón y la segunda de la Corona– y fue suprimida en 1845 al transformarse en Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza. Tras la supresión, el fondo fue conservado en la misma sede del Instituto hasta que fue transferido al Archivo Histórico Provincial de Huesca (1940). A partir de los documentos conservados y de la reglamentación de la misma Universidad se reconstruye la historia del Archivo, cómo se formó, la lógica en la organización de los documentos y, en última instancia, la relación entre el Archivo y la institución a la que sirvió. También se exponen los trabajos de descripción y difusión realizados en la última década, especialmente la publicación del fondo en parte digitalizado en DARA, el Sistema de Información de Documentos y Archivos de Aragón.

How far the archivist could actively go − or should he go − processing on personal archives? This kind of archive is very often, during his creation, lacking a structure; in other cases it has been reorganized, selected and redefined by the same producer, his descendants and collaborators, and even by the previous “experts”. In these Fonds, the original small organization is intertwined with the desire to project an identity value in the archive, and intercepted by family members or other people: when is it appropriate to restore the original situation? How important is the traceability of the archivist’s work? The presentation of some real situations illustrates the problems that can arise in various cases., Fino a che punto può o deve spingersi l’intervento attivo dell’archivista nell’affrontare il trattamento di un archivio di persona? Questo tipo di archivio si presenta assai spesso, in origine, privo di una struttura; in altri casi è stato riorganizzato, selezionato e ridefinito dallo stesso soggetto produttore, o dai suoi discendenti e collaboratori, se non dagli stessi “addetti ai lavori”. In questi fondi, in cui la scarsa organizzazione originale s’intreccia alle aspirazioni di proiettare una valenza identitaria nelle carte, e agli interventi di costruzione biografica da parte di familiari o di altri, quando è opportuno ripristinare la situazione originaria? Quanto si fa necessaria la tracciabilità dell’intervento dell’archivista? La presentazione di alcune situazioni reali illustra i problemi che possono sorgere nei vari casi.

This article presents the “Smolensk Archives”, which consist mainly of documents from the Chancellery of Smolensk from the time of the Polish king Sigismund III’s siege of the city (1609–1611). Most of the documents are now in the Swedish National Archives in Stockholm, but a significant number are also to be found at the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The archives have a complex history. Following the fall of Smolensk in 1611, they were taken as spoils of war, ending up on the Sapieha family estate in present-day Belarus. In the mid‑17th century they were seized as war booty once again — now by Swedish troops — and taken to Skokloster Castle in Sweden. There they were discovered in the 1830s by Helsinki professor Sergej Solov’ev, who in turn removed a relatively large part of the collection to St Petersburg. Portions of Solov’ev’s collection of documents from Skokloster were published in 1841 in Akty istoričeskie. Around 1900, Russian historian Jurij Got’e worked on the documents from the Swedish National Archives, and in 1912, he published a text edition comprising much of the collection, Pamjatniki oborony Smolenska 1609–1611. The article includes a brief overview of the contents of the material in Stockholm, with a few examples of individual documents. A digital catalogue of the Smolensk Archives is currently being prepared, including brief descriptions of the contents and information on external characteristics such as condition, inscriptions and watermarks., В статье представлен так называемый Смоленский архив, содержащий документы из воеводской избы времен осады Смоленска польским королем Сигизмундом III (1609–1611 гг.). Бóльшая часть документов находится в Государственном архиве в Стокгольме, но значительное их количество хранится в архиве Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН. Архив смоленской воеводской избы имеет сложную историю. В 1611 г. он стал военной добычей осаждавших и попал в имение рода Сапег в Беларуси. В середине XVII в. он снова стал военной добычей, на этот раз шведских войск, и был перевезен в Швецию, в замок Скуклостер. В середине 1830-х гг. его обнаружил профессор С. В. Соловьев, который увез сравнительно большую часть собрания в Санкт-Петербург. Часть этих документов была опубликована в 1841 г. в Актах исторических. На рубеже XIX–XX вв. Ю. В. Готье работал с документами Государственного архива, и в 1912 г. он издал текст 283 архивных номеров из Смоленского архива в Памятниках обороны Смоленска 1609–1611 гг. В статье дается краткий обзор содержания стокгольмских документов и представлено несколько примеров отдельных документов. В настоящее время вырабатывается опись Смоленского архива. Результатом будет оцифрованный каталог с краткими описаниями содержания каждого документа, а также со сведениями о внешних признаках, таких как, например, приписках, водяных знаках, внешнем облике.

This article presents the “Smolensk Archives”, which consist mainly of documents from the Chancellery of Smolensk from the time of the Polish king Sigismund III’s siege of the city (1609–1611). Most of the documents are now in the Swedish National Archives in Stockholm, but a significant number are also to be found at the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The archives have a complex history. Following the fall of Smolensk in 1611, they were taken as spoils of war, ending up on the Sapieha family estate in present-day Belarus. In the mid‑17th century they were seized as war booty once again — now by Swedish troops — and taken to Skokloster Castle in Sweden. There they were discovered in the 1830s by Helsinki professor Sergej Solov’ev, who in turn removed a relatively large part of the collection to St Petersburg. Portions of Solov’ev’s collection of documents from Skokloster were published in 1841 in Akty istoričeskie. Around 1900, Russian historian Jurij Got’e worked on the documents from the Swedish National Archives, and in 1912, he published a text edition comprising much of the collection, Pamjatniki oborony Smolenska 1609–1611. The article includes a brief overview of the contents of the material in Stockholm, with a few examples of individual documents. A digital catalogue of the Smolensk Archives is currently being prepared, including brief descriptions of the contents and information on external characteristics such as condition, inscriptions and watermarks., В статье представлен так называемый Смоленский архив, содержащий документы из воеводской избы времен осады Смоленска польским королем Сигизмундом III (1609–1611 гг.). Бóльшая часть документов находится в Государственном архиве в Стокгольме, но значительное их количество хранится в архиве Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН. Архив смоленской воеводской избы имеет сложную историю. В 1611 г. он стал военной добычей осаждавших и попал в имение рода Сапег в Беларуси. В середине XVII в. он снова стал военной добычей, на этот раз шведских войск, и был перевезен в Швецию, в замок Скуклостер. В середине 1830-х гг. его обнаружил профессор С. В. Соловьев, который увез сравнительно большую часть собрания в Санкт-Петербург. Часть этих документов была опубликована в 1841 г. в Актах исторических. На рубеже XIX–XX вв. Ю. В. Готье работал с документами Государственного архива, и в 1912 г. он издал текст 283 архивных номеров из Смоленского архива в Памятниках обороны Смоленска 1609–1611 гг. В статье дается краткий обзор содержания стокгольмских документов и представлено несколько примеров отдельных документов. В настоящее время вырабатывается опись Смоленского архива. Результатом будет оцифрованный каталог с краткими описаниями содержания каждого документа, а также со сведениями о внешних признаках, таких как, например, приписках, водяных знаках, внешнем облике.

This article presents the “Smolensk Archives”, which consist mainly of documents from the Chancellery of Smolensk from the time of the Polish king Sigismund III’s siege of the city (1609–1611). Most of the documents are now in the Swedish National Archives in Stockholm, but a significant number are also to be found at the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The archives have a complex history. Following the fall of Smolensk in 1611, they were taken as spoils of war, ending up on the Sapieha family estate in present-day Belarus. In the mid‑17th century they were seized as war booty once again — now by Swedish troops — and taken to Skokloster Castle in Sweden. There they were discovered in the 1830s by Helsinki professor Sergej Solov’ev, who in turn removed a relatively large part of the collection to St Petersburg. Portions of Solov’ev’s collection of documents from Skokloster were published in 1841 in Akty istoričeskie. Around 1900, Russian historian Jurij Got’e worked on the documents from the Swedish National Archives, and in 1912, he published a text edition comprising much of the collection, Pamjatniki oborony Smolenska 1609–1611. The article includes a brief overview of the contents of the material in Stockholm, with a few examples of individual documents. A digital catalogue of the Smolensk Archives is currently being prepared, including brief descriptions of the contents and information on external characteristics such as condition, inscriptions and watermarks., В статье представлен так называемый Смоленский архив, содержащий документы из воеводской избы времен осады Смоленска польским королем Сигизмундом III (1609–1611 гг.). Бóльшая часть документов находится в Государственном архиве в Стокгольме, но значительное их количество хранится в архиве Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН. Архив смоленской воеводской избы имеет сложную историю. В 1611 г. он стал военной добычей осаждавших и попал в имение рода Сапег в Беларуси. В середине XVII в. он снова стал военной добычей, на этот раз шведских войск, и был перевезен в Швецию, в замок Скуклостер. В середине 1830-х гг. его обнаружил профессор С. В. Соловьев, который увез сравнительно большую часть собрания в Санкт-Петербург. Часть этих документов была опубликована в 1841 г. в Актах исторических. На рубеже XIX–XX вв. Ю. В. Готье работал с документами Государственного архива, и в 1912 г. он издал текст 283 архивных номеров из Смоленского архива в Памятниках обороны Смоленска 1609–1611 гг. В статье дается краткий обзор содержания стокгольмских документов и представлено несколько примеров отдельных документов. В настоящее время вырабатывается опись Смоленского архива. Результатом будет оцифрованный каталог с краткими описаниями содержания каждого документа, а также со сведениями о внешних признаках, таких как, например, приписках, водяных знаках, внешнем облике.

This article presents the “Smolensk Archives”, which consist mainly of documents from the Chancellery of Smolensk from the time of the Polish king Sigismund III’s siege of the city (1609–1611). Most of the documents are now in the Swedish National Archives in Stockholm, but a significant number are also to be found at the Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The archives have a complex history. Following the fall of Smolensk in 1611, they were taken as spoils of war, ending up on the Sapieha family estate in present-day Belarus. In the mid‑17th century they were seized as war booty once again — now by Swedish troops — and taken to Skokloster Castle in Sweden. There they were discovered in the 1830s by Helsinki professor Sergej Solov’ev, who in turn removed a relatively large part of the collection to St Petersburg. Portions of Solov’ev’s collection of documents from Skokloster were published in 1841 in Akty istoričeskie. Around 1900, Russian historian Jurij Got’e worked on the documents from the Swedish National Archives, and in 1912, he published a text edition comprising much of the collection, Pamjatniki oborony Smolenska 1609–1611. The article includes a brief overview of the contents of the material in Stockholm, with a few examples of individual documents. A digital catalogue of the Smolensk Archives is currently being prepared, including brief descriptions of the contents and information on external characteristics such as condition, inscriptions and watermarks., В статье представлен так называемый Смоленский архив, содержащий документы из воеводской избы времен осады Смоленска польским королем Сигизмундом III (1609–1611 гг.). Бóльшая часть документов находится в Государственном архиве в Стокгольме, но значительное их количество хранится в архиве Санкт-Петербургского института истории РАН. Архив смоленской воеводской избы имеет сложную историю. В 1611 г. он стал военной добычей осаждавших и попал в имение рода Сапег в Беларуси. В середине XVII в. он снова стал военной добычей, на этот раз шведских войск, и был перевезен в Швецию, в замок Скуклостер. В середине 1830-х гг. его обнаружил профессор С. В. Соловьев, который увез сравнительно большую часть собрания в Санкт-Петербург. Часть этих документов была опубликована в 1841 г. в Актах исторических. На рубеже XIX–XX вв. Ю. В. Готье работал с документами Государственного архива, и в 1912 г. он издал текст 283 архивных номеров из Смоленского архива в Памятниках обороны Смоленска 1609–1611 гг. В статье дается краткий обзор содержания стокгольмских документов и представлено несколько примеров отдельных документов. В настоящее время вырабатывается опись Смоленского архива. Результатом будет оцифрованный каталог с краткими описаниями содержания каждого документа, а также со сведениями о внешних признаках, таких как, например, приписках, водяных знаках, внешнем облике.

Community archives have developed in response to gaps in the documentary record and the real and perceived limitations of state-funded archives. These communities, whether defined by location, shared identity, or common interests, recognize the vital role of records in building collective memory and the importance of having access to their history. Informed by postmodern and postcolonial intellectual concerns, archivists have explored such themes and taken a greater interest in community archives as models of archiving that offer new opportunities and tools for capturing diversity and multiple perspectives on the past. This thesis traces the history of archival thought in relation to community by examining the dichotomy between community and mainstream archives. It explores the breakdown of the dichotomy, as exemplified in recent models of independent community archives and participatory archives. Case studies of the Boissevain Community Archives and Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre test the hypothesis that archivists stand to benefit from a historical perspective on community archives, one that takes into account the ongoing production of community and the role of archives, archivists, and community members in that production. Throughout, this thesis reaffirms the value of historical analysis in archival studies, arguing that it enriches understandings of the provenance of records created, maintained, and preserved by community.

Community archives have developed in response to gaps in the documentary record and the real and perceived limitations of state-funded archives. These communities, whether defined by location, shared identity, or common interests, recognize the vital role of records in building collective memory and the importance of having access to their history. Informed by postmodern and postcolonial intellectual concerns, archivists have explored such themes and taken a greater interest in community archives as models of archiving that offer new opportunities and tools for capturing diversity and multiple perspectives on the past. This thesis traces the history of archival thought in relation to community by examining the dichotomy between community and mainstream archives. It explores the breakdown of the dichotomy, as exemplified in recent models of independent community archives and participatory archives. Case studies of the Boissevain Community Archives and Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre test the hypothesis that archivists stand to benefit from a historical perspective on community archives, one that takes into account the ongoing production of community and the role of archives, archivists, and community members in that production. Throughout, this thesis reaffirms the value of historical analysis in archival studies, arguing that it enriches understandings of the provenance of records created, maintained, and preserved by community.

Community archives have developed in response to gaps in the documentary record and the real and perceived limitations of state-funded archives. These communities, whether defined by location, shared identity, or common interests, recognize the vital role of records in building collective memory and the importance of having access to their history. Informed by postmodern and postcolonial intellectual concerns, archivists have explored such themes and taken a greater interest in community archives as models of archiving that offer new opportunities and tools for capturing diversity and multiple perspectives on the past. This thesis traces the history of archival thought in relation to community by examining the dichotomy between community and mainstream archives. It explores the breakdown of the dichotomy, as exemplified in recent models of independent community archives and participatory archives. Case studies of the Boissevain Community Archives and Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre test the hypothesis that archivists stand to benefit from a historical perspective on community archives, one that takes into account the ongoing production of community and the role of archives, archivists, and community members in that production. Throughout, this thesis reaffirms the value of historical analysis in archival studies, arguing that it enriches understandings of the provenance of records created, maintained, and preserved by community.

Community archives have developed in response to gaps in the documentary record and the real and perceived limitations of state-funded archives. These communities, whether defined by location, shared identity, or common interests, recognize the vital role of records in building collective memory and the importance of having access to their history. Informed by postmodern and postcolonial intellectual concerns, archivists have explored such themes and taken a greater interest in community archives as models of archiving that offer new opportunities and tools for capturing diversity and multiple perspectives on the past. This thesis traces the history of archival thought in relation to community by examining the dichotomy between community and mainstream archives. It explores the breakdown of the dichotomy, as exemplified in recent models of independent community archives and participatory archives. Case studies of the Boissevain Community Archives and Shingwauk Residential Schools Centre test the hypothesis that archivists stand to benefit from a historical perspective on community archives, one that takes into account the ongoing production of community and the role of archives, archivists, and community members in that production. Throughout, this thesis reaffirms the value of historical analysis in archival studies, arguing that it enriches understandings of the provenance of records created, maintained, and preserved by community.

The article examines the manner in which the Comunero Uprising of 1781 was interpreted and chronicled, in three documents produced in the XVIII and XIX centuries. It is remarkable that early on, as regards the uprising, diverse representatives of the Spanish Empire (scribes, civil and religious authorities, etc.) assumed the task of interpreting the insurrectional movement and of providing corrective measures to circumvent their reproduction in the viceroyalty. Thereby, the article seeks to give account of the creation of a counter insurgent narrative concerning the rebellion of the joint owners of land, by visiting the proposal made by Ranajit Guha, on the subject of the peasant uprisings in India between the XVIII and XIX centuries., O artigo analisa a forma como foi interpretada a revolta dos comuneros de 1781 em três documentos elaborados nos séculos XVIII e XIX. É surpreendente que desde muito cedo, em conexão com a revolta, vários agentes do Império Espanhol (notários, autoridades civis e religiosas, etc.) propuseram de interpretar o movimento insurrecional e fornecer ações corretivas para evitar sua reprodução no vice-reinado como uma tarefa. Assim, o artigo pretende dar conta do processo de elaboração de uma prosa contrainsurgente sobre a revolta de comuneros, acudindo à proposta de Ranajit Guha, em referência às revoltas camponesas na Índia entre o século XVIII e XIX., El artículo analiza la forma como se interpretó y registró el levantamiento de los comuneros de 1781, en tres documentos elaborados en los siglos XVIII y XIX. Llama la atención que desde temprano, en relación con el levantamiento, distintos agentes del imperio español (escribanos, autoridades civiles y religiosas, etc.) se propusieron como tarea interpretar el movimiento insurreccional y proporcionar correctivos para evitar su reproducción en el virreinato. De ese modo, el artículo pretende dar cuenta del proceso de elaboración de una prosa contrainsurgente sobre la rebelión comunera, acudiendo para ello a la propuesta de Ranajit Guha, a propósito de los levantamientos campesinos en la India entre los siglos XVIII y XIX.

Gracias a las narraciones que nos dejaron por escrito algunos testigos presenciales de los acontecimientos que tuvieron lugar en Santafé de Bogotá en julio de 1810, podemos conocer bastantes detalles de esa etapa importante en el proceso de independencia de Colombia. Entre esos testigos de hace doscientos años hay, al menos, cuatro que se quedaron en el anonimato y son conocidos como el Criollo Anónimo, el Anónimo Santafereño, el Testigo Anónimo y el Testigo Ocular. Pero, ¿quiénes eran estos testigos anónimos?, ¿quiénes descubrieron sus narraciones?, ¿dónde se encuentran los escritos originales?, ¿quiénes los han publicado? Estas son las preguntas que trataré de responder mediante un estudio bibliográfico, hemerográfico y de archivo., Through the written narrations provided by eyewitnesses of the events, which took place in Santafé de Bogota in July of 1810, we can discern many particulars of this important stage of the process of independence in Colombia. Of those witnesses, two hundred years ago, there are at least four, which remained anonymous and are known as the Anonymous Creole, the Anonymous from Santafé, the Anonymous Witness and the Eyewitness. But, who were these anonymous witnesses, who discovered their narrations, where are the original writings, who has published them? These are the questions I will try to answer through a bibliographic, hemerographic and archival review., Graças às narrações escritas deixadas por algumas testemunhas oculares dos acontecimentos que tiveram lugar em Santafé de Bogotá em julho de 1810, sabemos de muitos detalhes desta fase importante no processo de independência da Colômbia. Entre estas, de duzentos anos atrás lá, pelo menos quatro ficaram no anonimato, mas são conhecidos como Crioulo Anônimo, Anônimo Santafereño, Testemunha Anônima e Testemunha Ocular. Mas quem eram estas testemunhas anônimas? Quem descobriu as suas histórias? Onde estão os escritos originais? Quem os publicaram? São essas as perguntas que vou tentar responder através de estudo bibliográfico, hemerográfico e de arquivamento.

Gracias a las narraciones que nos dejaron por escrito algunos testigos presenciales de los acontecimientos que tuvieron lugar en Santafé de Bogotá en julio de 1810, podemos conocer bastantes detalles de esa etapa importante en el proceso de independencia de Colombia. Entre esos testigos de hace doscientos años hay, al menos, cuatro que se quedaron en el anonimato y son conocidos como el Criollo Anónimo, el Anónimo Santafereño, el Testigo Anónimo y el Testigo Ocular. Pero, ¿quiénes eran estos testigos anónimos?, ¿quiénes descubrieron sus narraciones?, ¿dónde se encuentran los escritos originales?, ¿quiénes los han publicado? Estas son las preguntas que trataré de responder mediante un estudio bibliográfico, hemerográfico y de archivo., Through the written narrations provided by eyewitnesses of the events, which took place in Santafé de Bogota in July of 1810, we can discern many particulars of this important stage of the process of independence in Colombia. Of those witnesses, two hundred years ago, there are at least four, which remained anonymous and are known as the Anonymous Creole, the Anonymous from Santafé, the Anonymous Witness and the Eyewitness. But, who were these anonymous witnesses, who discovered their narrations, where are the original writings, who has published them? These are the questions I will try to answer through a bibliographic, hemerographic and archival review., Graças às narrações escritas deixadas por algumas testemunhas oculares dos acontecimentos que tiveram lugar em Santafé de Bogotá em julho de 1810, sabemos de muitos detalhes desta fase importante no processo de independência da Colômbia. Entre estas, de duzentos anos atrás lá, pelo menos quatro ficaram no anonimato, mas são conhecidos como Crioulo Anônimo, Anônimo Santafereño, Testemunha Anônima e Testemunha Ocular. Mas quem eram estas testemunhas anônimas? Quem descobriu as suas histórias? Onde estão os escritos originais? Quem os publicaram? São essas as perguntas que vou tentar responder através de estudo bibliográfico, hemerográfico e de arquivamento.

The article examines the manner in which the Comunero Uprising of 1781 was interpreted and chronicled, in three documents produced in the XVIII and XIX centuries. It is remarkable that early on, as regards the uprising, diverse representatives of the Spanish Empire (scribes, civil and religious authorities, etc.) assumed the task of interpreting the insurrectional movement and of providing corrective measures to circumvent their reproduction in the viceroyalty. Thereby, the article seeks to give account of the creation of a counter insurgent narrative concerning the rebellion of the joint owners of land, by visiting the proposal made by Ranajit Guha, on the subject of the peasant uprisings in India between the XVIII and XIX centuries., O artigo analisa a forma como foi interpretada a revolta dos comuneros de 1781 em três documentos elaborados nos séculos XVIII e XIX. É surpreendente que desde muito cedo, em conexão com a revolta, vários agentes do Império Espanhol (notários, autoridades civis e religiosas, etc.) propuseram de interpretar o movimento insurrecional e fornecer ações corretivas para evitar sua reprodução no vice-reinado como uma tarefa. Assim, o artigo pretende dar conta do processo de elaboração de uma prosa contrainsurgente sobre a revolta de comuneros, acudindo à proposta de Ranajit Guha, em referência às revoltas camponesas na Índia entre o século XVIII e XIX., El artículo analiza la forma como se interpretó y registró el levantamiento de los comuneros de 1781, en tres documentos elaborados en los siglos XVIII y XIX. Llama la atención que desde temprano, en relación con el levantamiento, distintos agentes del imperio español (escribanos, autoridades civiles y religiosas, etc.) se propusieron como tarea interpretar el movimiento insurreccional y proporcionar correctivos para evitar su reproducción en el virreinato. De ese modo, el artículo pretende dar cuenta del proceso de elaboración de una prosa contrainsurgente sobre la rebelión comunera, acudiendo para ello a la propuesta de Ranajit Guha, a propósito de los levantamientos campesinos en la India entre los siglos XVIII y XIX.

La Historia de los archivos municipales de los Reinos Hispanos ha sido una materia insuficientemente estudiada. De ello derivan varios problemas, uno de los cuales se refleja en las periodizaciones de la Historia de la Archivística de la Edad Moderna, donde los tratadistas han dado excesivo protagonismo a la teoría denominada de los Archivos de Estado, pero se trata de una hipótesis importada de Europa que no se adapta a la realidad hispánica. En esas periodizaciones han de tenerse en cuenta los archivos municipales, así como las leyes que dictaron los monarcas para imponer su obligatoriedad en los concejos, con las consecuencias que todo ello comportó. [ABSTRACT] The History of the municipal archives of the Hispanic Kingdoms has been insufficiently studied. Due to this a number of problems arise. One of these problems is the periodisation of archivism in the Modern Age, to which specialists have given an excessive role to the socalled State Archive theory, a hypothesis imported from Europe which cannot be adapted to Hispanic reality. These periodisations should take into account laws dictated by the kings to enforce the creation of Town Hall archives everywhere in the realm, and their consequences., Depto. de Historia de América y Medieval y Ciencias Historiográficas, Fac. de Geografía e Historia, TRUE, pub

The History of the municipal archives of the Hispanic Kingdoms has been insufficiently studied. Due to this a number of problems arise. One of these problems is the periodisation of archivism in the Modern Age, to which specialists have given an excessive role to the socalled State Archive theory, a hypothesis imported from Europe which cannot be adapted to Hispanic reality. These periodisations should take into account laws dictated by the kings to enforce the creation of Town Hall archives everywhere in the realm, and their consequences., La Historia de los archivos municipales de los Reinos Hispanos ha sido una materia insuficientemente estudiada. De ello derivan varios problemas, uno de los cuales se refleja en las periodizaciones de la Historia de la Archivística de la Edad Moderna, donde los tratadistas han dado excesivo protagonismo a la teoría denominada de los Archivos de Estado, pero se trata de una hipótesis importada de Europa que no se adapta a la realidad hispánica. En esas periodizaciones han de tenerse en cuenta los archivos municipales, así como las leyes que dictaron los monarcas para imponer su obligatoriedad en los concejos, con las consecuencias que todo ello comportó.

The History of the municipal archives of the Hispanic Kingdoms has been insufficiently studied. Due to this a number of problems arise. One of these problems is the periodisation of archivism in the Modern Age, to which specialists have given an excessive role to the socalled State Archive theory, a hypothesis imported from Europe which cannot be adapted to Hispanic reality. These periodisations should take into account laws dictated by the kings to enforce the creation of Town Hall archives everywhere in the realm, and their consequences., La Historia de los archivos municipales de los Reinos Hispanos ha sido una materia insuficientemente estudiada. De ello derivan varios problemas, uno de los cuales se refleja en las periodizaciones de la Historia de la Archivística de la Edad Moderna, donde los tratadistas han dado excesivo protagonismo a la teoría denominada de los Archivos de Estado, pero se trata de una hipótesis importada de Europa que no se adapta a la realidad hispánica. En esas periodizaciones han de tenerse en cuenta los archivos municipales, así como las leyes que dictaron los monarcas para imponer su obligatoriedad en los concejos, con las consecuencias que todo ello comportó.

В статье освещаются основные направления использования документов двух важнейших архивов дореволюционного Екатеринбурга – архива Уральского горного управления и екатеринбургского заводского архива. Особое внимание автора направлено на историю использования горнозаводских архивов в научных целях., In the article it is considered the main directions of the use of documents of the most important archives of pre-revolutionary Yekaterinburg – archives of the Ural Mining Control and Yekaterinburg factory archive. It is paid attention to the history of use of mining-factories archives for the research purposes.

This article aims at analysing the history of archives and their documentary practice through indirect sources. These sources may not have as their main objective an analysis of institutions and their documents, but offer significant accounts of the social perception of archives and their professional use. Our research, therefore, has three main aims: determining the theoretical foundations of the culture history of archives, establishing an analysis of social perception as a valid tool for historical research on archives and, finally, making this methodology explicit through an assessment of a wide range of indirect documentary sources., El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad el análisis de la historia de los archivos y su práctica documental a través de las fuentes indirectas, esto es, aquéllas que no tienen por objeto la descripción y análisis de las diferentes instituciones o sus fondos documentales, pero que son especialmente convenientes para el análisis de la percepción social que de los archivos y la archivística se tenía. Tres son, pues, los objetivos propuestos: confeccionar las bases teóricas que conforman la historia cultural de la archivística, establecer como método de análisis para la investigación histórica archivística la imagen social o representativa, y, por último, explicitar el método propuesto a través de tres fuentes indirectas muy diversas entre sí: una, de carácter narrativo y literario: “El Quijote”; otra, de carácter socio-político: “El Interrogatorio de la Real Audiencia de Extremadura de 1790”; y una tercera, de carácter memorialista y epistolar: las memorias y relatos de viajeros.

This article aims at analysing the history of archives and their documentary practice through indirect sources. These sources may not have as their main objective an analysis of institutions and their documents, but offer significant accounts of the social perception of archives and their professional use. Our research, therefore, has three main aims: determining the theoretical foundations of the culture history of archives, establishing an analysis of social perception as a valid tool for historical research on archives and, finally, making this methodology explicit through an assessment of a wide range of indirect documentary sources., El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad el análisis de la historia de los archivos y su práctica documental a través de las fuentes indirectas, esto es, aquéllas que no tienen por objeto la descripción y análisis de las diferentes instituciones o sus fondos documentales, pero que son especialmente convenientes para el análisis de la percepción social que de los archivos y la archivística se tenía. Tres son, pues, los objetivos propuestos: confeccionar las bases teóricas que conforman la historia cultural de la archivística, establecer como método de análisis para la investigación histórica archivística la imagen social o representativa, y, por último, explicitar el método propuesto a través de tres fuentes indirectas muy diversas entre sí: una, de carácter narrativo y literario: “El Quijote”; otra, de carácter socio-político: “El Interrogatorio de la Real Audiencia de Extremadura de 1790”; y una tercera, de carácter memorialista y epistolar: las memorias y relatos de viajeros.

The article reviews a digital repatriation project carried out by the Center for Native American and Indigenous Research at the American Philosophical Society over the course of eight years (2008-present). The project focused on building digital archives in four indigenous communities: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Penobscot Nation, Tuscarora Nation, and Ojibwe communities in both the United States and Canada. The article features insights from traditional knowledge keepers who helped to create a new system of co-stewarding the APS’ indigenous archival materials and recounts how the APS established protocols for cultural sensitivity. A new model of community-based scholarship is proposed to create a more equal and respectful relationship between indigenous communities, scholars, and archives.

The article reviews a digital repatriation project carried out by the Center for Native American and Indigenous Research at the American Philosophical Society over the course of eight years (2008-present). The project focused on building digital archives in four indigenous communities: Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Penobscot Nation, Tuscarora Nation, and Ojibwe communities in both the United States and Canada. The article features insights from traditional knowledge keepers who helped to create a new system of co-stewarding the APS’ indigenous archival materials and recounts how the APS established protocols for cultural sensitivity. A new model of community-based scholarship is proposed to create a more equal and respectful relationship between indigenous communities, scholars, and archives.