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Conferència del Departament de Projectes Arquitectònics d'Arquitectura del Vallès a càrrec del professor Txatxo Sabater.

Cultural resources are our record of the human experience. Collectively, these archeological sites, cultural landscapes, ethnographic resources, museum collections, and historic buildings and structures connect one generation to the next. The National Park Service is the lead federal agency charged with conserving cultural resources so that they may be enjoyed by future generations. Climate change is adding challenges to this role, and will continue to affect cultural resources in diverse ways. At the same time, through the tangible and intangible qualities they hold, cultural resources are also part of the solution to climate change. The Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy sets out a vision and broad approach for managing impacts to and learning from cultural resources under modern climate change. Cultural resources are our record of the human experience. Collectively, these archeological sites, cultural landscapes, ethnographic resources, museum collections, and historic buildings and structures connect one generation to the next. The National Park Service is charged with conserving cultural resources so that they may be enjoyed by future generations. Climate change is adding challenges to this role, and will continue to affect cultural resources in diverse ways. At the same time, through the tangible and intangible qualities they hold, cultural resources are also part of the solution to climate change. The Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy connects major directions for action from the NPS Climate Change Response Strategy (2010) and the NPS Director’s Policy Memo Climate Change and Stewardship of Cultural Resources (2014) to create four overarching Goals for cultural resources and climate change..

Cultural resources are our record of the human experience. Collectively, these archeological sites, cultural landscapes, ethnographic resources, museum collections, and historic buildings and structures connect one generation to the next. The National Park Service is the lead federal agency charged with conserving cultural resources so that they may be enjoyed by future generations. Climate change is adding challenges to this role, and will continue to affect cultural resources in diverse ways. At the same time, through the tangible and intangible qualities they hold, cultural resources are also part of the solution to climate change. The Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy sets out a vision and broad approach for managing impacts to and learning from cultural resources under modern climate change. Cultural resources are our record of the human experience. Collectively, these archeological sites, cultural landscapes, ethnographic resources, museum collections, and historic buildings and structures connect one generation to the next. The National Park Service is charged with conserving cultural resources so that they may be enjoyed by future generations. Climate change is adding challenges to this role, and will continue to affect cultural resources in diverse ways. At the same time, through the tangible and intangible qualities they hold, cultural resources are also part of the solution to climate change. The Cultural Resources Climate Change Strategy connects major directions for action from the NPS Climate Change Response Strategy (2010) and the NPS Director’s Policy Memo Climate Change and Stewardship of Cultural Resources (2014) to create four overarching Goals for cultural resources and climate change..

Large carnivores can be found in different scenarios of cohabitation with humans. Behavioral adaptations to minimize risk from humans are expected to be exacerbated where large carnivores are most vulnerable, such as at breeding sites. Using wolves as a model species, along with data from 26 study areas across the species' worldwide range, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the role of humans in breeding site selection by a large carnivore. Some of the patterns previously observed at the local scale become extrapolatable to the entire species range provided that important sources of variation are taken into account. Generally, wolves minimised the risk of exposure at breeding sites by avoiding human-made structures, selecting shelter from vegetation and avoiding agricultural lands. Our results suggest a scaled hierarchical habitat selection process across selection orders by which wolves compensate higher exposure risk to humans within their territories via a stronger selection at breeding sites. Dissimilar patterns between continents suggest that adaptations to cope with human-associated risks are modulated by the history of coexistence and persecution. Although many large carnivores persisting in human-dominated landscapes do not require large-scale habitat preservation, habitat selection at levels below occupancy and territory should be regarded in management and conservation strategies aiming to preserve these species in such contexts. In this case, we recommend providing shelter from human interference at least in small portions of land in order to fulfill the requirements of the species to locate their breeding sites.

Postprint (author’s final draft)

Peer Reviewed

Esta ponencia plantea el análisis comparativo de una selección de propuestas urbanas de Antonio Bonet a través de dos piezas contrapuestas que abarcan un arco temporal de treinta años (1945-1975). La contraposición contempla dos etapas, dos paisajes y dos escalas diferentes, la etapa en Argentina-Uruguay y la etapa española, el bosque atlántico y el bosque mediterráneo, son: la urbanización de Punta Ballena, Maldonado, Uruguay (1945-48) y el poblado HIFRENSA, L’Hospitalet de l’Infant, Tarragona, España (1967-75). El análisis se centra en dos aspectos: trazado viario y paisaje. La obra de Bonet, con la de Sert, a diferencia de otros arquitectos españoles de su generación, se caracteriza por tener una sólida base teórica. Bonet asistió, con tan solo 20 años, al IV CIAM de Atenas (1933), fue miembro estudiante del GATCPAC y colaboró con Sert, Torres-Clavé y Le Corbusier. En 1949 asiste al VII CIAM en Bérgamo como delegado Uruguayo-Argentino. En las obras seleccionadas, en general, no se puede establecer una línea clara que separe arquitectura y urbanismo., This paper presents a comparative analysis of selected urban proposals of the architect Antonio Bonet, through two contrasting pieces covering a time span of thirty years (1945-1975). The opposition includes two stages, two landscapes and two different scales, the stage in Argentina-Uruguay and the Spanish stage, the Atlantic forest and the Mediterranean forest, are: the urbanization of Punta Ballena, Maldonado, Uruguay (1945-48) and the HIFRENSA Settlement, L'Hospitalet de l'Infant, Tarragona, Spain (1967-1975). The analysis focuses on two aspects: road layout and landscape. Bonet's work with Sert, unlike other Spanish architects of his generation, is characterized by having a solid theoretical foundation. Bonet assists, with only 20 years, the CIAM IV, Athens (1933), was a student member of GATCPAC and worked with Sert, Torres-Clavé and Le Corbusier. In 1949, assists the CIAM VII in Bérgamo as Uruguayan-Argentine delegate. In the selected works, in general, cannot establish a clear line separating architecture and urbanism., http://hdl.handle.net/2099.2/3491, Peer Reviewed

Silage is an important feed for livestock-based agriculture. When properly harvested and stored, silage poses little or no pollution threat, but improper handling can lead to a significant flow of silage juices (or leachate) from the silo. Leachate is an organic liquid that results from pressure in the silo or from extra water entering the silo. It is usually a problem only when silage is fresh, or just after storage. This loss of leachate represents a loss of nutrient value from the silage.

Effluent from the dairy milking center, including discharges from the milking parlor (manure, feed solids, hoof dirt) and milkhouse (bulk tank and pipeline rinse water and detergent used in cleaning), is commonly disposed of in a variety of ways. Milking center effluent offers several unique challenges due to the presence of: 1. Large volumes of contaminated water which can overwhelm soil absorption systems. 2. Milk solids and fats and manure solids which plug many systems. 3. Cleaning sanitizers which reduce bacterial breakdown of solids. When these systems fail, effluent will become a risk to surface and groundwater quality.

Waste is inevitable. Things which have been outgrown, broken, replaced, or are just no longer needed add to the waste produced at homes, acreages and around farms. Most of the waste accumulated around the farm, acreage and home is solid waste. Solid waste includes all discarded materials — newspapers, empty paint cans, liquids, gases, pickle jars, orange peelings, leftover food, worn out shoes, junk mail — this list is endless. Some of these solid wastes contain potentially hazardous materials.

Why should I be concerned? Aboveground and underground storage of liquid petroleum products such as motor fuel and heating fuel presents a threat to public health and the environment. Nearly one out of every four underground storage tanks in the United States may now be leaking, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. If an underground petroleum tank is more than 20 years old, especially if it’s not protected against corrosion, the potential for leaking increases dramatically. Newer tanks and piping can leak, too, especially if they were improperly installed.

Why should I be concerned? Nebraska’s 80,000+ irrigation wells can provide a direct conduit for contaminants to reach groundwater supplies unless properly located, constructed, and protected. Groundwater is the source of drinking water for essentially all of Nebraska’s rural residents and most residents of our towns and cities. It is critical that every effort be made to protect groundwater quality. Irrigation wells can be constructed and maintained to assure that groundwater quality is protected. Improperly constructed or maintained wells can allow bacteria, pesticides, fertilizers, oil products, or other pollutants to contaminate groundwater.

Why should I be concerned? Most Nebraska farmers apply some source of plant nutrients to help improve their crop production each year. Nutrients come from applied chemical fertilizers, manure or sewage sludge, and soil organic matter or legumes. When nutrients move off site or leach out of the root zone, they can pose a threat to the environment and the water we drink.

Why should I be concerned? Livestock yards, such as barnyards, holding areas and feedlots, are areas of concentrated livestock wastes and a potential source of nutrient, solids, and bacteria contamination of surface and groundwater. Yards that are abandoned permanently or are inactive temporarily also represent a potential risk.

Stormwater is water from irrigation, rain or melting snow that does not soak into the ground. It flows from rooftops, over paved areas and bare soil, and across sloped lawns. As it flows, this runoff can collect and transport soil, pet waste, livestock manure, salt, pesticides, fertilizer, oil and grease, leaves, litter and other potential pollutants. A heavy rainstorm isn’t needed to send pollutants rushing toward streams, wetlands and lakes. A garden hose alone can supply enough water.

Why should I be concerned? Essentially all of Nebraska’s rural residents use groundwater to supply their drinking water and farm needs. Wells should provide clean water. If wells are improperly constructed or maintained, however, they can allow bacteria, pesticides, fertilizer, oil products, or other pollutants to contaminate groundwater. These contaminants can put family, pets and livestock health at risk.

Why should I be concerned? Fertilizers play a vital role in agriculture. Over the years, fertilizers have increased farm production dramatically. Commercial fertilizer is, however, a major source of nitrate. Your drinking water is least likely to be contaminated if you follow appropriate management procedures or dispose of wastes off the farm site. However, proper offsite disposal practices are essential to avoid risking contamination that could affect the water supplies and health of others.

Manure storage is an important manure management option for livestock producers. Stored manure can be applied to the soil when nutrient uptake by crops can be maximized and weather related losses minimized. Preplant applications of manure incorporated into the soil ensures maximum crop nutrient value, while reducing risks of water contamination.

Petroleum product storage is an area of great concern for groundwater safety. It’s not uncommon for fuel to leak into aquifers and pollute the drinking water of a family or even a community, and it can be very costly for the landowner. Petroleum product storage is regulated by laws regarding fire safety and air quality as well. Therefore, petroleum product storage must be evaluated from various perspectives. This factsheet examines some important aspects of petroleum product storage: where the tank is located on your property, the type of tank, how to monitor the tank, reduction of losses from aboveground tanks, storage of lubricants, and how to close a tank.

Economics, energy and the environment are three primary reasons to be concerned about nutrient management, especially nitrogen (N) management. Nitrogen ranks high on a list of sixteen nutrients needed for the health of most plants, but unfortunately it also ranks high as a contaminant of Nebraska’s surface and groundwater. Most other nutrients occur naturally in the soil. Besides nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the nutrients most often added to Nebraska soils.

by Vera Hau Tsz Lai., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-236)., p.i-ii, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii-iv, TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v-ix, LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x, LIST OF PLATES --- p.xi-xiii, LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv-xvi, Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Statement --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Role of GIS in Housing Price Study --- p.3, Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.4, Chapter 1.4 --- Significance --- p.5, Chapter 1.5 --- Methodologies --- p.6, Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of Thesis --- p.7, Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.9, Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9, Chapter 2.2 --- Geography of Housing --- p.10, Chapter 2.3 --- Housing as a Research Question --- p.11, Chapter 2.4 --- Housing Services and Housing Price --- p.12, Chapter 2.5 --- Property Price Valuation --- p.14, Chapter 2.6 --- Hedonic Price Function --- p.15, Chapter 2.6.1 --- Dependent Variable - Property Price --- p.16, Chapter 2.6.2 --- Independent Variables Affecting Housing Price --- p.17, Chapter 2.6.2.1 --- Aspatial Factors --- p.17, Chapter 2.6.2.2 --- Spatial Factors --- p.18, Chapter 2.6.2.3 --- Evaluation on Importance of Parameters --- p.26, Chapter 2.7 --- Functional Form of Hedonic Price Models --- p.33, Chapter 2.7.1 --- Conventional Specifications --- p.34, Chapter 2.7.2 --- Box-Cox Transformation --- p.34, Chapter 2.7.3 --- Conventional Specifications versus Box-Cox Transformation --- p.35, Chapter 2.8 --- Submarket Analysis and its Delineation --- p.36, Chapter 2.9 --- Geographic Information Systems --- p.39, Chapter 2.10 --- GIS in Real Estate --- p.39, Chapter 2.11 --- Present Adoption of GIS in Real Estate --- p.42, Chapter 2.11.1 --- Commercial Applications --- p.42, Chapter 2.11.2 --- Research-wise Applications --- p.43, Chapter 2.12 --- Hedonic Price Study with GIS --- p.43, Chapter 2.13 --- Conclusion --- p.45, Chapter CHAPTER III --- THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.47, Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.47, Chapter 3.2 --- Real Estate Sector in Hong Kong --- p.47, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Importance to Local Economy --- p.48, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Importance to Housing Production --- p.48, Chapter 3.3 --- Urban Development and Housing in Hong Kong --- p.51, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Land Availability and Landuses --- p.51, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Housing and Urban Development --- p.54, Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Early Period of Industrialization --- p.54, Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Phase of Economic Restructuring --- p.55, Chapter 3.3.3 --- Urban Renewal --- p.55, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Comprehensive Housing Projects --- p.56, Chapter 3.4 --- New Town Housing - Public or Private-Led --- p.57, Chapter 3.5 --- Hedonic Price of Private Dormitory in Hong Kong --- p.61, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Temporal Change in Property Price --- p.62, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Spatial Variation of Property Price --- p.66, Chapter 3.6 --- The Research --- p.68, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Cartographic Analysis --- p.68, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Hedonic Price Model --- p.69, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Dependent Variable --- p.69, Chapter 3.6.4 --- Independent Variables --- p.70, Chapter 3.6.5 --- Chosen Functional Form in this Research --- p.72, Chapter 3.6.6 --- Submarket Analysis in Hong Kong --- p.72, Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion --- p.72, Chapter CHAPTER IV --- DATABASE CONSTRUCTIONS --- p.74, Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.74, Chapter 4.2 --- Data Collection --- p.74, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Base Maps --- p.75, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Housing Stock and its Attributes --- p.76, Chapter 4.2.3 --- Official Statistics --- p.76, Chapter 4.2.4 --- School Quality --- p.77, Chapter 4.3 --- Data Input --- p.78, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Graphical Input --- p.78, Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Base Maps --- p.78, Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Line Data --- p.78, Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Point/Polygon Data --- p.79, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Attribute Data Input --- p.82, Chapter 4.4 --- Data Editing and Conversions --- p.82, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Graphical Input --- p.82, Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Standard Coverage Editing Procedures --- p.82, Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Specific Coverage Editing Procedures --- p.83, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Attribute Data --- p.84, Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Housing Attributes --- p.84, Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Landuse Mix --- p.88, Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Socioeconomic Status --- p.91, Chapter 4.4.2.4 --- Employment Figures --- p.91, Chapter 4.5 --- Data Pre-processing and Manipulation --- p.93, Chapter 4.5.1 --- Employment Potentials --- p.93, Chapter 4.5.2 --- Socioeconomic Variables --- p.96, Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Interpretation --- p.97, Chapter 4.5.3 --- School Quality --- p.107, Chapter 4.5.4 --- Proximity Measurements --- p.110, Chapter 4.5.5 --- Final Step of Association : Overlay Operations --- p.110, Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.112, Chapter CHAPTER V --- CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS --- p.114, Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.114, Chapter 5.2 --- Representation of Data --- p.114, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Location of Premises --- p.114, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Proximity --- p.118, Chapter 5.2.3 --- School Quality --- p.118, Chapter 5.2.4 --- Landuse Mix --- p.129, Chapter 5.2.5 --- Employment --- p.132, Chapter 5.2.6 --- Property Price --- p.137, Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussions --- p.137, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Temporal Variation on Housing Supply --- p.143, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Temporal Variation on Floor Size --- p.145, Chapter 5.3.3 --- Temporal Variation on Property Price --- p.148, Chapter 5.4 --- Locational Variations --- p.150, Chapter 5.4.1 --- Shift towards the New Towns --- p.150, Chapter 5.4.2 --- Relative Importance among Districts in New Towns --- p.154, Chapter 5.4.3 --- Pattern of Development --- p.158, Chapter 5.4.3.1 --- Urban Core --- p.158, Chapter 5.4.3.2 --- New Towns --- p.161, Chapter 5.5 --- Spatial Variations on Floor Size --- p.171, Chapter 5.6 --- Spatial Variations on Property Price --- p.176, Chapter 5.7 --- Conclusion --- p.181, Chapter CHAPTER VI --- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS --- p.183, Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.183, Chapter 6.2 --- The Data Set --- p.183, Chapter 6.3 --- Stepwise Regression Modeling --- p.184, Chapter 6.4 --- Correlation among Variables --- p.184, Chapter 6.5 --- Validation of the Models --- p.186, Chapter 6.6 --- Findings --- p.193, Chapter 6.6.1 --- Pooled Market Results --- p.193, Chapter 6.6.2 --- Submarket Level Analyses --- p.198, Chapter 6.6.2.1 --- "Small-Sized, Low-Priced Flats " --- p.200, Chapter 6.6.2.2 --- "Small-Sized, High-Priced Flats " --- p.203, Chapter 6.6.2.3 --- "Medium-Sized, Low-Priced Flats " --- p.206, Chapter 6.6.2.4 --- "Medium-Sized, High-Priced Flats " --- p.210, Chapter 6.6.2.5 --- "Large-Sized, High-Priced Flats " --- p.213, Chapter 6.7 --- Conclusion --- p.213, Chapter CHAPTER VII --- CONCLUSION --- p.217, Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.217, Chapter 7.1.1 --- Summary on Housing Development in Hong Kong…… --- p.217, Chapter 7.1.2 --- Summary from Hedonic Price Models --- p.220, Chapter 7.1.3 --- Significance of GIS --- p.222, Chapter 7.2 --- Limitations and Recommendations --- p.222, Chapter 7.3 --- Direction of Future Research --- p.226, BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.227, APPENDICES --- p.237, APPENDIX 1 --- p.238, District Map of Hong Kong --- p.239, APPENDIX II --- p.240, List of Districts and its Components --- p.241, APPENDIX III --- p.243, Tertiary Planning Units (TPUs) - District Conversion List --- p.244, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888889, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Photograph of local resident Noyes’s structure on park property in the town of Medora, North Dakota.

Picture of a Cuban household.

Picture of a shack in Cuba.

Picture of a Cuban household.