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The human neocortex is increased in size and complexity as compared with most other species. Neocortical expansion has recently been attributed to protracted neurogenesis by outer radial glial cells in the outer subventricular zone, a region present in hum

The human neocortex is increased in size and complexity as compared with most other species. Neocortical expansion has recently been attributed to protracted neurogenesis by outer radial glial cells in the outer subventricular zone, a region present in hum

Observations of sea surface height departure (SSH') from November 1986 through September 1989 in the tropical Pacific from the improved (T2) GEOSAT data set (Cheney et al., 1991) are compared with monthly mean dynamic height anomaly departure (Delta D') from the ''second reanalysis'' using the NOAA ocean analysis system (Ji et al., 1994, 1995). For comparisons, Delta D' is calculated by removing north-south tilt and bias as in SSH orbit error removal, giving standard deviation fields sigma(SSH') and sigma(Delta D') that quantitatively reproduce variability of the North Equatorial Current (NEC)/North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC)/South Equatorial Current (SEC) system between El Nino and non-El Nino years. Hovmoller diagrams of SSH' and Delta D' variability at 110 degrees W, 140 degrees W, 170 degrees W, and 165 degrees E between 20 degrees S and 20 degrees N, and along the equator from 120 degrees E to 80 degrees W, display the amplitude and phase of the 1986-1987 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event as distinguished from the years following, with the NECC significantly weakened in 1987 as compared to 1988. Cross-correlations (r) between Delta D' and SSH' are highest near the Equator in the vicinity of the TOGA-TAO (Hayes et al., 1991; McPhaden, 1993) in situ mooring arrays, with values above r = 0.7 in much of the region +/- 7 degrees of the Equator across about half of the Pacific basin. Differences between Delta D' and SSH' are typically less than +/- 5 cm RMS in this same equatorial band, but there are two regions of differences in excess of +/- 15 cm RMS: off Central America and east of New Guinea. The reason for these large RMS differences is uncertain, but it is inferred from Lagrangian buoy data that intense eddy activity is unresolved in the model as compared to GEOSAT. For the 35 monthly realizations, the ensemble cross correlation r = 0.5 has +/- 7 cm RMS within +/- 15 degrees of the Equator, and peaks in 1988 with decay towards the end of the GEOS

Observations of sea surface height departure (SSH') from November 1986 through September 1989 in the tropical Pacific from the improved (T2) GEOSAT data set (Cheney et al., 1991) are compared with monthly mean dynamic height anomaly departure (Delta D') from the ''second reanalysis'' using the NOAA ocean analysis system (Ji et al., 1994, 1995). For comparisons, Delta D' is calculated by removing north-south tilt and bias as in SSH orbit error removal, giving standard deviation fields sigma(SSH') and sigma(Delta D') that quantitatively reproduce variability of the North Equatorial Current (NEC)/North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC)/South Equatorial Current (SEC) system between El Nino and non-El Nino years. Hovmoller diagrams of SSH' and Delta D' variability at 110 degrees W, 140 degrees W, 170 degrees W, and 165 degrees E between 20 degrees S and 20 degrees N, and along the equator from 120 degrees E to 80 degrees W, display the amplitude and phase of the 1986-1987 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event as distinguished from the years following, with the NECC significantly weakened in 1987 as compared to 1988. Cross-correlations (r) between Delta D' and SSH' are highest near the Equator in the vicinity of the TOGA-TAO (Hayes et al., 1991; McPhaden, 1993) in situ mooring arrays, with values above r = 0.7 in much of the region +/- 7 degrees of the Equator across about half of the Pacific basin. Differences between Delta D' and SSH' are typically less than +/- 5 cm RMS in this same equatorial band, but there are two regions of differences in excess of +/- 15 cm RMS: off Central America and east of New Guinea. The reason for these large RMS differences is uncertain, but it is inferred from Lagrangian buoy data that intense eddy activity is unresolved in the model as compared to GEOSAT. For the 35 monthly realizations, the ensemble cross correlation r = 0.5 has +/- 7 cm RMS within +/- 15 degrees of the Equator, and peaks in 1988 with decay towards the end of the GEOS

Observations of sea surface height departure (SSH') from November 1986 through September 1989 in the tropical Pacific from the improved (T2) GEOSAT data set (Cheney et al., 1991) are compared with monthly mean dynamic height anomaly departure (Delta D') from the ''second reanalysis'' using the NOAA ocean analysis system (Ji et al., 1994, 1995). For comparisons, Delta D' is calculated by removing north-south tilt and bias as in SSH orbit error removal, giving standard deviation fields sigma(SSH') and sigma(Delta D') that quantitatively reproduce variability of the North Equatorial Current (NEC)/North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC)/South Equatorial Current (SEC) system between El Nino and non-El Nino years. Hovmoller diagrams of SSH' and Delta D' variability at 110 degrees W, 140 degrees W, 170 degrees W, and 165 degrees E between 20 degrees S and 20 degrees N, and along the equator from 120 degrees E to 80 degrees W, display the amplitude and phase of the 1986-1987 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event as distinguished from the years following, with the NECC significantly weakened in 1987 as compared to 1988. Cross-correlations (r) between Delta D' and SSH' are highest near the Equator in the vicinity of the TOGA-TAO (Hayes et al., 1991; McPhaden, 1993) in situ mooring arrays, with values above r = 0.7 in much of the region +/- 7 degrees of the Equator across about half of the Pacific basin. Differences between Delta D' and SSH' are typically less than +/- 5 cm RMS in this same equatorial band, but there are two regions of differences in excess of +/- 15 cm RMS: off Central America and east of New Guinea. The reason for these large RMS differences is uncertain, but it is inferred from Lagrangian buoy data that intense eddy activity is unresolved in the model as compared to GEOSAT. For the 35 monthly realizations, the ensemble cross correlation r = 0.5 has +/- 7 cm RMS within +/- 15 degrees of the Equator, and peaks in 1988 with decay towards the end of the GEOS

Observations of sea surface height departure (SSH') from November 1986 through September 1989 in the tropical Pacific from the improved (T2) GEOSAT data set (Cheney et al., 1991) are compared with monthly mean dynamic height anomaly departure (Delta D') from the ''second reanalysis'' using the NOAA ocean analysis system (Ji et al., 1994, 1995). For comparisons, Delta D' is calculated by removing north-south tilt and bias as in SSH orbit error removal, giving standard deviation fields sigma(SSH') and sigma(Delta D') that quantitatively reproduce variability of the North Equatorial Current (NEC)/North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC)/South Equatorial Current (SEC) system between El Nino and non-El Nino years. Hovmoller diagrams of SSH' and Delta D' variability at 110 degrees W, 140 degrees W, 170 degrees W, and 165 degrees E between 20 degrees S and 20 degrees N, and along the equator from 120 degrees E to 80 degrees W, display the amplitude and phase of the 1986-1987 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event as distinguished from the years following, with the NECC significantly weakened in 1987 as compared to 1988. Cross-correlations (r) between Delta D' and SSH' are highest near the Equator in the vicinity of the TOGA-TAO (Hayes et al., 1991; McPhaden, 1993) in situ mooring arrays, with values above r = 0.7 in much of the region +/- 7 degrees of the Equator across about half of the Pacific basin. Differences between Delta D' and SSH' are typically less than +/- 5 cm RMS in this same equatorial band, but there are two regions of differences in excess of +/- 15 cm RMS: off Central America and east of New Guinea. The reason for these large RMS differences is uncertain, but it is inferred from Lagrangian buoy data that intense eddy activity is unresolved in the model as compared to GEOSAT. For the 35 monthly realizations, the ensemble cross correlation r = 0.5 has +/- 7 cm RMS within +/- 15 degrees of the Equator, and peaks in 1988 with decay towards the end of the GEOS