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Indium antimonide nanowires were synthesized by electrochemical deposition using anodic aluminum oxide template in the presence of gold film as conductive layers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry measurements were carried out to investigate the effect of adhesive insulated tape covered below the conductive layer. Results showed that the anodic aluminum oxide template covered with insulating tapes had better morphology with less presence of overgrown rough film on the topside of the anodic aluminum oxide template and it exhibited a smoother nanowire sidewall as compared to the uncovered ones. Additionally, the unique properties of anodic aluminum oxide were controllable pore diameter with a narrow size distribution at some intervals. It was evident from the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum that the nanowires synthesized from the covered template condition exhibited better InSb composition and stoichiometric ratio compared to the uncovered template condition.

Indium antimonide nanowires were synthesized by electrochemical deposition using anodic aluminum oxide template in the presence of gold film as conductive layers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry measurements were carried out to investigate the effect of adhesive insulated tape covered below the conductive layer. Results showed that the anodic aluminum oxide template covered with insulating tapes had better morphology with less presence of overgrown rough film on the topside of the anodic aluminum oxide template and it exhibited a smoother nanowire sidewall as compared to the uncovered ones. Additionally, the unique properties of anodic aluminum oxide were controllable pore diameter with a narrow size distribution at some intervals. It was evident from the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum that the nanowires synthesized from the covered template condition exhibited better InSb composition and stoichiometric ratio compared to the uncovered template condition.

La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal treatment method using water as solvent and polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP) as capping agent. The as prepared precursor was calcined at various temperatures ranging from 500°C to 1000°C. Structural characterization using X-rays diffractions (XRD) showed that the LSMO nanoparticles, calcined at temperature ≥ 600°C, have single phase of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 with rhombohedral crystal structure without any secondary phases being detected. The average particle size of nanoparticles increased gradually from 23 to 163 nm for samples calcined at 500 to 1000°C. Magnetic measurement at room temperature using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) indicated that the LSMO nanoparticles had soft ferromagnetic behaviour with coercivity ranged from 3.43 to 33.78 G. The magnetic saturation (Ms) of nanoparticles increased with the increment of particle size. From Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurement, the g-value of LSMO nanoparticles increased with the increasing of calcination temperature. The ESR indicated a coexistence of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases in LSMO nanoparticles below Curie temperature (Tc). The Tc was in the range of 50-80°C for LSMO calcined at 500°C and it is in the range of 80-110°C for LSMO calcined 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000°C.

La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal treatment method using water as solvent and polyvinyl pyrollidone (PVP) as capping agent. The as prepared precursor was calcined at various temperatures ranging from 500°C to 1000°C. Structural characterization using X-rays diffractions (XRD) showed that the LSMO nanoparticles, calcined at temperature ≥ 600°C, have single phase of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 with rhombohedral crystal structure without any secondary phases being detected. The average particle size of nanoparticles increased gradually from 23 to 163 nm for samples calcined at 500 to 1000°C. Magnetic measurement at room temperature using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) indicated that the LSMO nanoparticles had soft ferromagnetic behaviour with coercivity ranged from 3.43 to 33.78 G. The magnetic saturation (Ms) of nanoparticles increased with the increment of particle size. From Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurement, the g-value of LSMO nanoparticles increased with the increasing of calcination temperature. The ESR indicated a coexistence of ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases in LSMO nanoparticles below Curie temperature (Tc). The Tc was in the range of 50-80°C for LSMO calcined at 500°C and it is in the range of 80-110°C for LSMO calcined 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000°C.

In this study, nanosized of Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 prepared via sol-gel method followed by heat treatment at 600–1000 °C in intervals of 100 °C were synthesized. The structure, surface morphology, electrical, magneto-transport and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated. Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction patterns confirm that single phase orthorhombic crystal structure with the space group of Pnma (62) is formed at 600 °C. A strong dependence of surface morphology, electrical and magneto-transport properties on grain size have been observed in this manganites system. Both grain size and crystallite size are increases with the sintering temperature due to the congregation effect. Upon increasing grain size, the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition temperature increases from 278 K to 295 K. The resistivity drops and the metal-insulator transition temperature shifted from 184 K to 248 K with increases of grain size due to the grain growth and reduction of grain boundary. Below metal-insulator transition temperature, the samples fit well to the combination of resistivity due to grain or domain boundaries, electron-electron scattering process and electron-phonon interaction. The resistivity data above the metal-insulator transition temperature is well described using small polaron hopping and variable range hopping models. It is found that the negative magnetoresistance also increases with larger grain size where the highest %MR of – 26% can be observed for sample sintered at 1000 °C (245 nm).

In this study, nanosized of Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 prepared via sol-gel method followed by heat treatment at 600–1000 °C in intervals of 100 °C were synthesized. The structure, surface morphology, electrical, magneto-transport and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated. Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction patterns confirm that single phase orthorhombic crystal structure with the space group of Pnma (62) is formed at 600 °C. A strong dependence of surface morphology, electrical and magneto-transport properties on grain size have been observed in this manganites system. Both grain size and crystallite size are increases with the sintering temperature due to the congregation effect. Upon increasing grain size, the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transition temperature increases from 278 K to 295 K. The resistivity drops and the metal-insulator transition temperature shifted from 184 K to 248 K with increases of grain size due to the grain growth and reduction of grain boundary. Below metal-insulator transition temperature, the samples fit well to the combination of resistivity due to grain or domain boundaries, electron-electron scattering process and electron-phonon interaction. The resistivity data above the metal-insulator transition temperature is well described using small polaron hopping and variable range hopping models. It is found that the negative magnetoresistance also increases with larger grain size where the highest %MR of – 26% can be observed for sample sintered at 1000 °C (245 nm).

This paper investigates the effect of the ratio of ammonium nitrate (AN) on the structural, microstructural, magnetic, and alternating current (AC) conductivity properties of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19). The BaFe12O19 were prepared by using the salt melt method. The samples were synthesized using different powder-to-salt weight ratio variations (1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7) of BaCO3 + Fe2O3 and ammonium nitrate salt. The NH4NO3 was melted on a hot plate at 170 °C. A mixture of BaCO3 and Fe2O3 were added into the NH4NO3 melt solution and stirred for several hours using a magnetic stirrer under a controlled temperature of 170 °C. The heating temperature was then increased up to 260 °C for 24 hr to produce an ash powder. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the intense peak of BaFe12O19 for all the samples and the presence of a small amount of the impurity Fe2O3 in the samples, at a ratio of 1:5 and 1:6. From the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectra, the band appears at 542.71 cm−1 and 432.48 cm−1 , which corresponding to metal–oxygen bending and the vibration of the octahedral sites of BaFe12O19. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images show that the grains of the samples appear to stick each other and agglomerate at different masses throughout the image with the grain size 5.26, 5.88, 6.14, 6.22, and 6.18 µm for the ratios 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7 respectively. From the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis, the magnetic properties of the sample ratio at 1:3 show the highest value of coercivity Hc of 1317 Oe, a saturation magnetization Ms of 91 emu/g, and a remnant Mr of 44 emu/g, respectively. As the temperature rises, the AC conductivity is increases with an increase in frequency.

This paper investigates the effect of the ratio of ammonium nitrate (AN) on the structural, microstructural, magnetic, and alternating current (AC) conductivity properties of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19). The BaFe12O19 were prepared by using the salt melt method. The samples were synthesized using different powder-to-salt weight ratio variations (1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 and 1:7) of BaCO3 + Fe2O3 and ammonium nitrate salt. The NH4NO3 was melted on a hot plate at 170 °C. A mixture of BaCO3 and Fe2O3 were added into the NH4NO3 melt solution and stirred for several hours using a magnetic stirrer under a controlled temperature of 170 °C. The heating temperature was then increased up to 260 °C for 24 hr to produce an ash powder. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the intense peak of BaFe12O19 for all the samples and the presence of a small amount of the impurity Fe2O3 in the samples, at a ratio of 1:5 and 1:6. From the Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectra, the band appears at 542.71 cm−1 and 432.48 cm−1 , which corresponding to metal–oxygen bending and the vibration of the octahedral sites of BaFe12O19. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images show that the grains of the samples appear to stick each other and agglomerate at different masses throughout the image with the grain size 5.26, 5.88, 6.14, 6.22, and 6.18 µm for the ratios 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7 respectively. From the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis, the magnetic properties of the sample ratio at 1:3 show the highest value of coercivity Hc of 1317 Oe, a saturation magnetization Ms of 91 emu/g, and a remnant Mr of 44 emu/g, respectively. As the temperature rises, the AC conductivity is increases with an increase in frequency.

Synthesis of nanocrystalline strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) via sol–gel is sensitive to its modification parameters. Therefore, in this study, an attempt of regulating the pH as a sol–gel modification parameter during preparation of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles sintered at a low sintering temperature of 900 °C has been presented. The relationship of varying pH (pH 0 to 8) on structural, microstructures, and magnetic behaviors of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FESEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Varying the pH of precursor exhibited a strong effect on the sintered density, crystal structure and magnetic properties of the SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. As the pH is 0, the SrFe12O19 produced relatively largest density, saturation magnetization, Ms, and coercivity, Hc, at a low sintering temperature of 900 °C. The grain size of SrFe12O19 is obtained in the range of 73.6 to 133.3 nm. The porosity of the sample affected the density and the magnetic properties of the SrFe12O19 ferrite. It is suggested that the low-temperature sintered SrFe12O19 at pH 0 displayed Ms of 44.19 emu/g and Hc of 6403.6 Oe, possessing a significant potential for applying in low-temperature co-fired ceramic permanent magnet.

Synthesis of nanocrystalline strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) via sol–gel is sensitive to its modification parameters. Therefore, in this study, an attempt of regulating the pH as a sol–gel modification parameter during preparation of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles sintered at a low sintering temperature of 900 °C has been presented. The relationship of varying pH (pH 0 to 8) on structural, microstructures, and magnetic behaviors of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning microscope (FESEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Varying the pH of precursor exhibited a strong effect on the sintered density, crystal structure and magnetic properties of the SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. As the pH is 0, the SrFe12O19 produced relatively largest density, saturation magnetization, Ms, and coercivity, Hc, at a low sintering temperature of 900 °C. The grain size of SrFe12O19 is obtained in the range of 73.6 to 133.3 nm. The porosity of the sample affected the density and the magnetic properties of the SrFe12O19 ferrite. It is suggested that the low-temperature sintered SrFe12O19 at pH 0 displayed Ms of 44.19 emu/g and Hc of 6403.6 Oe, possessing a significant potential for applying in low-temperature co-fired ceramic permanent magnet.

The dielectric properties of four types of rhizomes from Zingiberaceace families, namely Java turmeric, Mango ginger, Black turmeric and Turmeric were measured. The non-destructive measurement technique was adopted for the measurement using HP-85070B open-ended coaxial line probe coupled with a computer-controlled Automated Network Analyzer (ANA) at the frequency range of 0.13–20 GHz which is in the microwave frequency region. The dielectric properties of all samples are presented graphically to show the dependence of these properties on moisture content and frequency. The results show that the dielectric properties of samples follow the trend of dielectric properties of deionised water. The dielectric constant decreased with increase in frequency and the dielectric loss factor decreased in low frequency before increasing at 1.5 GHz and above. The penetration depths for all samples were calculated. The results show that they were only dependent upon the moisture at low frequency (≤ 10 GHz).

The dielectric properties of four types of rhizomes from Zingiberaceace families, namely Java turmeric, Mango ginger, Black turmeric and Turmeric were measured. The non-destructive measurement technique was adopted for the measurement using HP-85070B open-ended coaxial line probe coupled with a computer-controlled Automated Network Analyzer (ANA) at the frequency range of 0.13–20 GHz which is in the microwave frequency region. The dielectric properties of all samples are presented graphically to show the dependence of these properties on moisture content and frequency. The results show that the dielectric properties of samples follow the trend of dielectric properties of deionised water. The dielectric constant decreased with increase in frequency and the dielectric loss factor decreased in low frequency before increasing at 1.5 GHz and above. The penetration depths for all samples were calculated. The results show that they were only dependent upon the moisture at low frequency (≤ 10 GHz).

Lithium hafnium phosphate LiHf2(PO4)3 (LHP) was synthesized via solid-state synthesis technique. The sintering behavior, structure, and phase composition of the as-prepared sample was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization technique. The XRD-Rietveld refinement analysis showed that after sintering at low temperatures 500 to 1000 °C, it exhibited various secondary phases. However, a single phase was observed as the sintering temperature increases from 1100 to 1200 °C. LHP sintered at 1100 °C produced real features of sodium superionic conductor type (NASICON-type) with hexagonal crystal axis indicating R-3c space group. The electrical properties were studied using impedance spectroscopy technique. Frequency and temperature dependence behavior of conductivity (ac and dc) and dielectric permittivity were studied. The results obtained describes the conduction mechanism in the system. Electric modulus formalism was performed to investigate the relaxation behavior which showed that as measuring temperature increases, the relaxation frequency increases whereas relaxation time decreases. This behavior explains the hopping mechanism of the charge carriers in the system. Likewise, the correlated barrier hopping model elucidates the dominant hopping mechanism.

Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a combination of dry and wet distillation with microwave heating. Both methods were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) for the extraction of essential oil from three types of rhizomes in Zingibereaceace family: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada), Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb), and Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa). Better results were obtained with SFME and MAE in terms of rapidity with 1 h extraction time using SFME and MAE vs. 4 h of extraction time using HD. SFME and MAE gives highest yield of essential oils at every second during the extraction process compared with HD.

A series of polycrystalline bulk samples (Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3)1-x/ (NiO)x were prepared by solid state reaction, and its structure, electrical transport and magnetoresistance properties were investigated. X-ray analysis showed that parent compound of Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (PSMO) formed in single phase with crystal structure of orthorhombic while secondary phase of NiO can be detected with the addition of composite. The electrical properties showed that the resistivity increased with the addition of NiO due to enhancement of spin dependent-tunneling scattering across the artificial grain boundaries of NiO layer. Magnetic field dependence MR curve at various temperatures clearly indicates that extrinsic magnetoresistance had been enhanced due to addition of NiO as the artificial grain boundary.

A novel environmental friendly strategy towards red phosphors in optoelectronic applications employing Pr6O11 doped SLS-ZnO with chemical composition x(Pr6O11)·100-x(SLS·ZnO) where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% via melt-quenching technique was successfully synthesized. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of all these glasses show broad and diffused humps, which confirm the amorphous structure of samples. The Differential Thermal Calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the value of glass transition is higher from 625 °C to 637 °C with increasingly of Pr6O11 content. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) spectra display a decreasing trend towards a smaller wavenumber with the increase of Pr content is due to the formation of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) in SLS-ZnO host matrix. The absorption spectra had revealed the most intense absorption band at ∼444 nm, which was assigned as excitation wavelength to determine the photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity of the glass. The indirect band gap values varies from ∼2.44 eV to ∼3.02 eV as a function of Pr6O11 concentration. The PL emission bands at ∼530 (blue), ∼556 (green), ∼613 (red) and ∼650 (red) nm increases from 0 wt% to 4 wt% and slightly decreases as Pr6O11 increases with a maximum at 5 wt%. Therefore, the SLS-ZnO doped with Pr6O11 as a good potential as red phosphors in an optoelectronic application in accordance with the highest red emission intensity at ∼613 nm and ∼650 nm.

Effect of In3+ ion substitutions on yttrium iron garnet samples’ morphology, magnetic properties and dc electrical resistivity was examined closely and reported in this study. A series of polycrystalline garnet ferrites with composition of Y3Fe5−xInxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were prepared by using the mechanical alloying technique. The morphological properties of the samples was analysed by using a TEM, XRD, FESEM and EDX. The electrical dc resistivity of the samples was investigated as a function of temperature and composition by using a Picoammeter, the complex permeability was analysed by using an Impedance Materials Analyzer meanwhile microwave properties was measured by using VNA. The lattice constant increases as In3+ content increases which can be understood by the difference in ionic radii of In3+ ions replacing the smaller Fe3+ ions. The grain size also increased with In3+ content, indicating that the In3+ ion acts as a grain growth promoter. Both complex permeability components, µ′ and µ″ reaching about 92.75 and 85.03 respectively at x = 0.3; later decreased with further In substitution. This result is synchronized with FMR linewidth which manifests magnetic loss of the samples. By correlating the phase analysis, morphology, electrical resistivity and complex permeability results, it is believed that there was an increase in number of crystalline-growth regions with increasing In3+ content, which together increased a total mass of ferromagnetic grains with the latter starting to dominate the samples. The results also showed that In3+ ions increase the dc resistivity of the system.

Effect of In3+ ion substitutions on yttrium iron garnet samples’ morphology, magnetic properties and dc electrical resistivity was examined closely and reported in this study. A series of polycrystalline garnet ferrites with composition of Y3Fe5−xInxO12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were prepared by using the mechanical alloying technique. The morphological properties of the samples was analysed by using a TEM, XRD, FESEM and EDX. The electrical dc resistivity of the samples was investigated as a function of temperature and composition by using a Picoammeter, the complex permeability was analysed by using an Impedance Materials Analyzer meanwhile microwave properties was measured by using VNA. The lattice constant increases as In3+ content increases which can be understood by the difference in ionic radii of In3+ ions replacing the smaller Fe3+ ions. The grain size also increased with In3+ content, indicating that the In3+ ion acts as a grain growth promoter. Both complex permeability components, µ′ and µ″ reaching about 92.75 and 85.03 respectively at x = 0.3; later decreased with further In substitution. This result is synchronized with FMR linewidth which manifests magnetic loss of the samples. By correlating the phase analysis, morphology, electrical resistivity and complex permeability results, it is believed that there was an increase in number of crystalline-growth regions with increasing In3+ content, which together increased a total mass of ferromagnetic grains with the latter starting to dominate the samples. The results also showed that In3+ ions increase the dc resistivity of the system.

A novel environmental friendly strategy towards red phosphors in optoelectronic applications employing Pr6O11 doped SLS-ZnO with chemical composition x(Pr6O11)·100-x(SLS·ZnO) where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt% via melt-quenching technique was successfully synthesized. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns of all these glasses show broad and diffused humps, which confirm the amorphous structure of samples. The Differential Thermal Calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the value of glass transition is higher from 625 °C to 637 °C with increasingly of Pr6O11 content. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) spectra display a decreasing trend towards a smaller wavenumber with the increase of Pr content is due to the formation of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) in SLS-ZnO host matrix. The absorption spectra had revealed the most intense absorption band at ∼444 nm, which was assigned as excitation wavelength to determine the photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity of the glass. The indirect band gap values varies from ∼2.44 eV to ∼3.02 eV as a function of Pr6O11 concentration. The PL emission bands at ∼530 (blue), ∼556 (green), ∼613 (red) and ∼650 (red) nm increases from 0 wt% to 4 wt% and slightly decreases as Pr6O11 increases with a maximum at 5 wt%. Therefore, the SLS-ZnO doped with Pr6O11 as a good potential as red phosphors in an optoelectronic application in accordance with the highest red emission intensity at ∼613 nm and ∼650 nm.

Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a combination of dry and wet distillation with microwave heating. Both methods were compared with hydrodistillation (HD) for the extraction of essential oil from three types of rhizomes in Zingibereaceace family: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada), Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb), and Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa). Better results were obtained with SFME and MAE in terms of rapidity with 1 h extraction time using SFME and MAE vs. 4 h of extraction time using HD. SFME and MAE gives highest yield of essential oils at every second during the extraction process compared with HD.

A series of polycrystalline bulk samples (Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3)1-x/ (NiO)x were prepared by solid state reaction, and its structure, electrical transport and magnetoresistance properties were investigated. X-ray analysis showed that parent compound of Pr0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (PSMO) formed in single phase with crystal structure of orthorhombic while secondary phase of NiO can be detected with the addition of composite. The electrical properties showed that the resistivity increased with the addition of NiO due to enhancement of spin dependent-tunneling scattering across the artificial grain boundaries of NiO layer. Magnetic field dependence MR curve at various temperatures clearly indicates that extrinsic magnetoresistance had been enhanced due to addition of NiO as the artificial grain boundary.

Lithium hafnium phosphate LiHf2(PO4)3 (LHP) was synthesized via solid-state synthesis technique. The sintering behavior, structure, and phase composition of the as-prepared sample was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization technique. The XRD-Rietveld refinement analysis showed that after sintering at low temperatures 500 to 1000 °C, it exhibited various secondary phases. However, a single phase was observed as the sintering temperature increases from 1100 to 1200 °C. LHP sintered at 1100 °C produced real features of sodium superionic conductor type (NASICON-type) with hexagonal crystal axis indicating R-3c space group. The electrical properties were studied using impedance spectroscopy technique. Frequency and temperature dependence behavior of conductivity (ac and dc) and dielectric permittivity were studied. The results obtained describes the conduction mechanism in the system. Electric modulus formalism was performed to investigate the relaxation behavior which showed that as measuring temperature increases, the relaxation frequency increases whereas relaxation time decreases. This behavior explains the hopping mechanism of the charge carriers in the system. Likewise, the correlated barrier hopping model elucidates the dominant hopping mechanism.

The investigation on electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of mixed oxide of manganese (Mn) and vanadium (V) was carried out to study the mixed oxides response to different frequencies and different measuring temperatures. The frequency and temperature dependence of AC conductivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of mixed oxides were studied in the frequency range of 40 Hz–1 MHz and a temperature range of 30–250 °C. Since the mixed oxides are multi phase materials, hence the properties of the pure oxides are also presented in this study to discuss the multi phase behaviour of the mixed oxides. The XRD pattern shows the Mn–V oxide is multiphase and quantitative phase analysis was performed to determine the relative phases. The overall results indicate that with increasing temperature, the AC conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and loss tangent of the Mn–V mixed oxide increases. However, it shows an overlap in the dielectric constant at 225 °C and 250 °C due to the V2O5 phase in the mixed oxide. From the AC activation energy, the mixed oxides underwent conduction mechanism transition from band to hopping in the investigated frequency range. The MnV2O6 has relatively good resistivity, therefore the mixed oxide sintered at 550 °C with the highest composition of MnV2O6 gives the highest dielectric constant of 9845 at 1 kHz, and at 250 °C.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is regarded as a semi-conductor and thus characterized mainly for its electrical conductivity. However, SiC does exhibit significant electrical resistance at low ambient temperatures and represents a possible dielectric insulator. In this paper, the dielectric properties of the b-SiC nanopowders were examined by X-ray diffraction and dielectric spectroscopy within the humid Malaysian environment. Research emphasis is placed on the stable dielectric behavior of the nanopowder itself as the nanopowder phase is susceptible to hydroxyloxidization as mentioned by the nanopowder manufacturer. The XRD results identified the presence of b-SiC peaks whereas EDX detected minor oxygen presence in the nanopowder. Dielectric permittivity response of the nanopowder pellet indicated stable Quasi-DC dielectric behavior from 30 to 400° C with minor increments of the initial relative dielectric permittivity at the lower temperatures. The relative dielectric permittivity of the SiC nanoparticles was determined to be 44 (30° C) to 31 (400° C) at 1MHz. Arrhenius plot of the dielectric data resulted in a two linear energy activation plots due to possible hopping mechanisms within the SiC nanoparticles covalent structure. Overall, the b-SiC nanopowder exhibited a stable Quasi-DC behavior at the measured temperatures.

Objectives: We focus solely on a comprehensive conductivity analysis of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic, in a bid to bring seminal ideas for dielectric components, in particular frequency and temperature ranges. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The synthesis of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic is based on a mechanical activation method. The following sintering at 1273 K ascertains the Bi4Ti3O12 appears to be of single phase crystallizes in orthorhombic form, whose conductivity is determined from the dielectric function in the context of Kramers-Kronig relation on which of this is measured in the frequency domain at varying temperatures. The evaluation of conductivity data is mainly in terms of activation energy. Findings: We find that the separately discussed dc and ac conductivities in similar manner are best isolated into two distinct temperature regions. Charge transport by hopping to the target localized states is the relevant conduction mechanism in bringing insights into the dynamic responses. Variable range and small polaron hopping models associated with the adiabatic small polaron are the decent choices, each of which explaining the dc conductions in these temperature regions. The former involves distant hops, whereas the latter denotes as nearest-neighbour hopping. The percolation treatments applied in the dc conductivity yield promising results if different percolation expressions are used. The correlation between dc and ac conductions for each temperature is irrefutably made through the Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa fitting. In frequency dependence ac regions, the thermally activated hopping carriers are transported in a correlated to a random manner between preferred sites. Performing a Summerfield ac scaling in these temperature regions leads to different scenarios in view of time-temperature superposition principle. Applications/Improvements: Further experiments are encouraged to support the hopping conduction mechanisms from another aspect in order to prompt the use as energy storage fu

The mechanical alloying technique was used to prepare barium hexaferrite (BaM) with 3, 5, 10 and 20 wt% cobalt oxide (Co3O4). In this work, steel waste flakes were cold-rolling steel mill for several hours to form a fine powder. The steel waste powder was purified by using magnetic separation to isolate the magnetic and non magnetic particles. The method was continued for Curie temperature separation technique to separate the magnetic ions by varied Curie temperature of the magnetic powder. The purified powder was then oxidize at 500 °C at 6 °C/mins to form hematite, Fe2O3. The steel waste-derived hematite was used as the raw material in preparing BaM ferrites. The BaCO3, Fe2O3and different percentages of Co3O4 (Co) were mixed and milled for several hours by using mechanical alloying. The powder were pelletised in 11 × 1 mm (diameter × height) and the sintered at 1200 °C for 10 hours. The addition of Co2+/3+ ions to the BaM shows a varying in the magnetic properties of BaM. By increasing the Co doping, the remanence Mr was reduced from 17.6 emu/g to 6.2 emu/g. The coercivity Hc results varying magnitude from 102 Oe to 1079 Oe. The Mr and Hc of undoped BaM is obtain at 14.6 emu/g and 860 Oe, respectively. The grain size of BaM also increases with Co doping. The densities of the compounds are decreasing with increasing Co doping with a maximum value of 4.2 g/cm3.

In this paper, the use of the Finite Difference Method (FDM) is proposed to determine the reflection coefficient of an open-ended coaxial sensor for determining the moisture content of oil palm fruit. Semirigid open-ended coaxial sensor is used in conjunction with Vector Network Analyzer for reflection coefficient measurement of oil palm fruit. Moisture content in oil palm fruit determine optimum harvest time of oil palm fruit. Finite difference method is then used to simulate measured reflection coefficient due to different moisture contents in oil palm fruit at various stages of ripeness. The FDM results were found to be in good agreement with measured data when compared with the quasi-static and capacitance model. Overall, the mean errors in magnitude and phase for the FDM were 0.03 and 3.70°, respectively.

Mohd. Nizar Hamidon/ Jumiah Binti Hassan/ Arash Dehzangi/ Farhad Larki, Sawal Hamid Md Ali, Sabar Derita Hutagalung, Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis

Praseodymium (Pr) doped SLS–ZnO glass composite material of chemical formula [(SLS)0.5 (ZnO)0.5 (Pr)x] where x = 1 wt% sintered at 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C were prepared by solid state technique. The structure, morphology and luminescence properties have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD, FTIR and EDX studies reveal the formation of Zn2SiO4 from SLS–ZnO host lattice. FESEM shown the particle size distribution would lead to a higher packing density by increasing sintering temperatures. The presence of Pr3+ ions into Zn2SiO4 was confirmed by EDX analysis. The absorption peaks at 360, 444 and 616 nm originate in the UV and visible range were observed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The PL spectrums with excitation at 444 nm exhibit two strong red emission peaks at ~613 and ~637 nm were attributed to the transition of 3Po → 3H6 and 3Po → 3F2. It is found that Pr3+ ions substituted into the host lattice could improve to the luminescence properties with increasing sintering temperatures. These results indicate that Pr doped SLS–ZnO exhibits great potential red phosphors in WLEDs application.

The phenomenon of relaxation in dielectric materials is described as one of the powerful tools to determine the behavior and properties of ion transport. The kinetics of ionic species and dipole in solid-state electrolyte are dependent on frequency, temperature, and dielectric relaxation. Li1+xTi2−xAlx(PO4)3 conducting solid state electrolyte with x = 0.3 was synthesized via conventional solid state technique using the raw materials Li2CO3, TiO2, Al2O3, and NH4H2PO4 as starting materials. TGA/DTG and X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out to study the thermal behavior and phases of the composition. It was observed from the TGA/DTA curves that there is no mass loss above 500 °C. The XRD peaks were observed to start appearing at 500 °C which corresponds to small peaks in TGA. It was also pointed out that at increasing sintering temperatures from 700 °C to 1000 °C the number of phases drastically decreased which is attributed to the complete chemical reaction. Temperature and frequency dependence of dielectric relaxation and electric modulus of the compounds were investigated at temperatures 30–230 °C and at frequencies of 40 kHz–1 MHz. The findings showed that the dielectric relaxation peaks shift to higher temperature as frequency increases and the change in ac conductivity with frequency is in agreement with Jonscher’s power law.

The mechanical alloying technique was used to prepare barium hexaferrite (BaM) with 3, 5, 10 and 20 wt% cobalt oxide (Co3O4). In this work, steel waste flakes were cold-rolling steel mill for several hours to form a fine powder. The steel waste powder was purified by using magnetic separation to isolate the magnetic and non magnetic particles. The method was continued for Curie temperature separation technique to separate the magnetic ions by varied Curie temperature of the magnetic powder. The purified powder was then oxidize at 500 °C at 6 °C/mins to form hematite, Fe2O3. The steel waste-derived hematite was used as the raw material in preparing BaM ferrites. The BaCO3, Fe2O3and different percentages of Co3O4 (Co) were mixed and milled for several hours by using mechanical alloying. The powder were pelletised in 11 × 1 mm (diameter × height) and the sintered at 1200 °C for 10 hours. The addition of Co2+/3+ ions to the BaM shows a varying in the magnetic properties of BaM. By increasing the Co doping, the remanence Mr was reduced from 17.6 emu/g to 6.2 emu/g. The coercivity Hc results varying magnitude from 102 Oe to 1079 Oe. The Mr and Hc of undoped BaM is obtain at 14.6 emu/g and 860 Oe, respectively. The grain size of BaM also increases with Co doping. The densities of the compounds are decreasing with increasing Co doping with a maximum value of 4.2 g/cm3.

In this paper, the use of the Finite Difference Method (FDM) is proposed to determine the reflection coefficient of an open-ended coaxial sensor for determining the moisture content of oil palm fruit. Semirigid open-ended coaxial sensor is used in conjunction with Vector Network Analyzer for reflection coefficient measurement of oil palm fruit. Moisture content in oil palm fruit determine optimum harvest time of oil palm fruit. Finite difference method is then used to simulate measured reflection coefficient due to different moisture contents in oil palm fruit at various stages of ripeness. The FDM results were found to be in good agreement with measured data when compared with the quasi-static and capacitance model. Overall, the mean errors in magnitude and phase for the FDM were 0.03 and 3.70°, respectively.

The investigation on electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of mixed oxide of manganese (Mn) and vanadium (V) was carried out to study the mixed oxides response to different frequencies and different measuring temperatures. The frequency and temperature dependence of AC conductivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of mixed oxides were studied in the frequency range of 40 Hz–1 MHz and a temperature range of 30–250 °C. Since the mixed oxides are multi phase materials, hence the properties of the pure oxides are also presented in this study to discuss the multi phase behaviour of the mixed oxides. The XRD pattern shows the Mn–V oxide is multiphase and quantitative phase analysis was performed to determine the relative phases. The overall results indicate that with increasing temperature, the AC conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and loss tangent of the Mn–V mixed oxide increases. However, it shows an overlap in the dielectric constant at 225 °C and 250 °C due to the V2O5 phase in the mixed oxide. From the AC activation energy, the mixed oxides underwent conduction mechanism transition from band to hopping in the investigated frequency range. The MnV2O6 has relatively good resistivity, therefore the mixed oxide sintered at 550 °C with the highest composition of MnV2O6 gives the highest dielectric constant of 9845 at 1 kHz, and at 250 °C.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is regarded as a semi-conductor and thus characterized mainly for its electrical conductivity. However, SiC does exhibit significant electrical resistance at low ambient temperatures and represents a possible dielectric insulator. In this paper, the dielectric properties of the b-SiC nanopowders were examined by X-ray diffraction and dielectric spectroscopy within the humid Malaysian environment. Research emphasis is placed on the stable dielectric behavior of the nanopowder itself as the nanopowder phase is susceptible to hydroxyloxidization as mentioned by the nanopowder manufacturer. The XRD results identified the presence of b-SiC peaks whereas EDX detected minor oxygen presence in the nanopowder. Dielectric permittivity response of the nanopowder pellet indicated stable Quasi-DC dielectric behavior from 30 to 400° C with minor increments of the initial relative dielectric permittivity at the lower temperatures. The relative dielectric permittivity of the SiC nanoparticles was determined to be 44 (30° C) to 31 (400° C) at 1MHz. Arrhenius plot of the dielectric data resulted in a two linear energy activation plots due to possible hopping mechanisms within the SiC nanoparticles covalent structure. Overall, the b-SiC nanopowder exhibited a stable Quasi-DC behavior at the measured temperatures.

Objectives: We focus solely on a comprehensive conductivity analysis of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic, in a bid to bring seminal ideas for dielectric components, in particular frequency and temperature ranges. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The synthesis of Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic is based on a mechanical activation method. The following sintering at 1273 K ascertains the Bi4Ti3O12 appears to be of single phase crystallizes in orthorhombic form, whose conductivity is determined from the dielectric function in the context of Kramers-Kronig relation on which of this is measured in the frequency domain at varying temperatures. The evaluation of conductivity data is mainly in terms of activation energy. Findings: We find that the separately discussed dc and ac conductivities in similar manner are best isolated into two distinct temperature regions. Charge transport by hopping to the target localized states is the relevant conduction mechanism in bringing insights into the dynamic responses. Variable range and small polaron hopping models associated with the adiabatic small polaron are the decent choices, each of which explaining the dc conductions in these temperature regions. The former involves distant hops, whereas the latter denotes as nearest-neighbour hopping. The percolation treatments applied in the dc conductivity yield promising results if different percolation expressions are used. The correlation between dc and ac conductions for each temperature is irrefutably made through the Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa fitting. In frequency dependence ac regions, the thermally activated hopping carriers are transported in a correlated to a random manner between preferred sites. Performing a Summerfield ac scaling in these temperature regions leads to different scenarios in view of time-temperature superposition principle. Applications/Improvements: Further experiments are encouraged to support the hopping conduction mechanisms from another aspect in order to prompt the use as energy storage fu

Praseodymium (Pr) doped SLS–ZnO glass composite material of chemical formula [(SLS)0.5 (ZnO)0.5 (Pr)x] where x = 1 wt% sintered at 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C were prepared by solid state technique. The structure, morphology and luminescence properties have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR), UV–Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD, FTIR and EDX studies reveal the formation of Zn2SiO4 from SLS–ZnO host lattice. FESEM shown the particle size distribution would lead to a higher packing density by increasing sintering temperatures. The presence of Pr3+ ions into Zn2SiO4 was confirmed by EDX analysis. The absorption peaks at 360, 444 and 616 nm originate in the UV and visible range were observed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The PL spectrums with excitation at 444 nm exhibit two strong red emission peaks at ~613 and ~637 nm were attributed to the transition of 3Po → 3H6 and 3Po → 3F2. It is found that Pr3+ ions substituted into the host lattice could improve to the luminescence properties with increasing sintering temperatures. These results indicate that Pr doped SLS–ZnO exhibits great potential red phosphors in WLEDs application.

Mohd. Nizar Hamidon/ Jumiah Binti Hassan/ Arash Dehzangi/ Farhad Larki, Sawal Hamid Md Ali, Sabar Derita Hutagalung, Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis

The phenomenon of relaxation in dielectric materials is described as one of the powerful tools to determine the behavior and properties of ion transport. The kinetics of ionic species and dipole in solid-state electrolyte are dependent on frequency, temperature, and dielectric relaxation. Li1+xTi2−xAlx(PO4)3 conducting solid state electrolyte with x = 0.3 was synthesized via conventional solid state technique using the raw materials Li2CO3, TiO2, Al2O3, and NH4H2PO4 as starting materials. TGA/DTG and X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out to study the thermal behavior and phases of the composition. It was observed from the TGA/DTA curves that there is no mass loss above 500 °C. The XRD peaks were observed to start appearing at 500 °C which corresponds to small peaks in TGA. It was also pointed out that at increasing sintering temperatures from 700 °C to 1000 °C the number of phases drastically decreased which is attributed to the complete chemical reaction. Temperature and frequency dependence of dielectric relaxation and electric modulus of the compounds were investigated at temperatures 30–230 °C and at frequencies of 40 kHz–1 MHz. The findings showed that the dielectric relaxation peaks shift to higher temperature as frequency increases and the change in ac conductivity with frequency is in agreement with Jonscher’s power law.

Steel waste product had been used as the main source of raw material in the preparation of permanent magnets ferrites. Steel waste product is an impure material that contains the iron oxide and impurities. The steel waste product is a form of flakes is grinding for several hours to form a fine powder. The iron oxide powder is separated from magnetic and non-magnetic particle using magnetic particle separation. The magnetic particle was again been purified by using the Curie temperature separation technique. The magnetic powder was carried out from the purification and oxidize at 500 °C for 6 hours at 2 °C/ mins to form the hematite, Fe2O3, used as a raw powder to prepare SrFe12O19. Microstructure of Nd-doped strontium ferrites, Sr1-xNdxFe12O19, with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, were prepared through a mechanical alloying technique. Several characterizations have been done, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The magnetic properties of coercivity (Hc) and the energy product BHmax of samples are carried out. The magnetic properties of samples were investigated with an expectation of enhancing the magnetic properties by substitutions of Nd3+ ions on Fe3+ ion basis sites. The saturation magnetization Ms revealed magnetic behavior with respect to Nd3+ doping concentration, showing a decrease. The coercivity Hc increased with increasing Nd3+ doping concentration.

Glucose biosensor is generally based on the reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase, which produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The gluconic acid is a conductive material, while hydrogen peroxide has polar molecules. This article examines the changes of dielectric properties due to the conductive loss below 2 GHz and dipole orientation of above that frequency of this reaction. The difference between the dielectric loss of glucose solution and the dielectric loss of glucose-enzyme reaction can be related to the glucose concentration in the samples, such as orange juice, black grape juice, sugarcane juice, and sapodilla juice. A good sensitivity to these differences due to the effect of ionic conductivity and dipole orientation was found at 1 and 16.44 GHz, respectively. The minimum detection limit of glucose concentration in the proposed technique was about 0.01 M (0.20 g/100 ml) with an optimum reaction ratio of about 1:1 between the enzyme solution and the glucose solution. This technique could benefit the future development of microwave biosensor by which both ionic conductivity and dipole effects can be considered simultaneously.

In this paper, a series of barium hexaferrite BaFe12O19 with different powder to salt ratio (1:3, 1:4, 1:5) were prepared using ammonium salt melt technique. Iron oxide were process from steel waste product were mixed with barium carbonate, used as starting materials to produce barium hexaferrites. The ammonium nitrates in this experiment act as oxidizing agent in this synthesis. The BaFe12O19 powders were sintered at 1300°C for six hours and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Field emission Scanning Microscope (FeSEM) to investigate its crystallography, magnetic properties and morphology. The maximum coercivity and saturation magnetization obtained for sample ratio 1:3 of 1017 G and 90.9 emu/g, respectively. Increase the salt ratio decrease the coercivity and saturation magnetization values.

This work focused on the preparation of yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12, YIG) via mechanical alloying technique derived by steel waste product. The steel waste was purified by using magnetic and non-magnetic particles (MNM) and Curie temperature separation (CTS) technique. The powder from the CTS technique was oxidized at 500°C for 9 hours in air to form the iron oxide (Fe2O3). The Fe2O3 was mixed with Y2O3 using high energy ball milling for 9 hours. The obtained mixed powder was pressed and sintered at varied temperature 500/600/700/800/900/1000/1100/1200 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the YIG was completely formed at 1100°C. The crystallite size and grain size of YIG powder were observed. The results show the grain size and crystallite size increased as a function of sintering temperatures.

Aluminum-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Al-YIG) powders was synthesize by using sol-gel citrate nitrate combustion technique with different doping concentration (x = 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0). The Y3-x Alx Fe5O12 samples were analyse of phase, structural and hysteresis by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM).The powder resulted a single phase nanostructured garnet was formed. Room temperature saturation magnetization Ms and coercivity of Al-YIG powders decreased as a function of increasing Al content. The samples has a room temperature Ms of 9.2 emu/g and decreased to 1.5 emu/g. Coercivity Hc value decreases from 71.7 G to 51.4 G.

Steel waste product had been used as the main source of raw material in the preparation of permanent magnets ferrites. Steel waste product is an impure material that contains the iron oxide and impurities. The steel waste product is a form of flakes is grinding for several hours to form a fine powder. The iron oxide powder is separated from magnetic and non-magnetic particle using magnetic particle separation. The magnetic particle was again been purified by using the Curie temperature separation technique. The magnetic powder was carried out from the purification and oxidize at 500 °C for 6 hours at 2 °C/ mins to form the hematite, Fe2O3, used as a raw powder to prepare SrFe12O19. Microstructure of Nd-doped strontium ferrites, Sr1-xNdxFe12O19, with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5, were prepared through a mechanical alloying technique. Several characterizations have been done, such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The magnetic properties of coercivity (Hc) and the energy product BHmax of samples are carried out. The magnetic properties of samples were investigated with an expectation of enhancing the magnetic properties by substitutions of Nd3+ ions on Fe3+ ion basis sites. The saturation magnetization Ms revealed magnetic behavior with respect to Nd3+ doping concentration, showing a decrease. The coercivity Hc increased with increasing Nd3+ doping concentration.

Glucose biosensor is generally based on the reaction between glucose and glucose oxidase, which produces gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The gluconic acid is a conductive material, while hydrogen peroxide has polar molecules. This article examines the changes of dielectric properties due to the conductive loss below 2 GHz and dipole orientation of above that frequency of this reaction. The difference between the dielectric loss of glucose solution and the dielectric loss of glucose-enzyme reaction can be related to the glucose concentration in the samples, such as orange juice, black grape juice, sugarcane juice, and sapodilla juice. A good sensitivity to these differences due to the effect of ionic conductivity and dipole orientation was found at 1 and 16.44 GHz, respectively. The minimum detection limit of glucose concentration in the proposed technique was about 0.01 M (0.20 g/100 ml) with an optimum reaction ratio of about 1:1 between the enzyme solution and the glucose solution. This technique could benefit the future development of microwave biosensor by which both ionic conductivity and dipole effects can be considered simultaneously.

A strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticle was prepared by sol gel auto combustion method at 800°C and 900°C and at various pH (pH 1, 3 and 5). The SrFe12O19 powder was characterized by using Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), and Field emission Scanning Microscope (FeSEM) to investigate thermal behavior, crystalline structure, magnetic properties and morphology. To review, the single crystal size of SrFe12O19 was found at 900°C has lower weight loss about 30.44%, crystalline size of 70.5 nm with Mr, Ms, and Hc were 64036 G, 44.188 emu/g and 27.593 emu/g. The average grain size was 80 ~ 100 nm. In brief, as pH increase, the Mr, Ms and Hc were increases.

This work focused on the preparation of yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12, YIG) via mechanical alloying technique derived by steel waste product. The steel waste was purified by using magnetic and non-magnetic particles (MNM) and Curie temperature separation (CTS) technique. The powder from the CTS technique was oxidized at 500°C for 9 hours in air to form the iron oxide (Fe2O3). The Fe2O3 was mixed with Y2O3 using high energy ball milling for 9 hours. The obtained mixed powder was pressed and sintered at varied temperature 500/600/700/800/900/1000/1100/1200 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the YIG was completely formed at 1100°C. The crystallite size and grain size of YIG powder were observed. The results show the grain size and crystallite size increased as a function of sintering temperatures.

Aluminum-substituted yttrium iron garnet (Al-YIG) powders was synthesize by using sol-gel citrate nitrate combustion technique with different doping concentration (x = 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0). The Y3-x Alx Fe5O12 samples were analyse of phase, structural and hysteresis by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM).The powder resulted a single phase nanostructured garnet was formed. Room temperature saturation magnetization Ms and coercivity of Al-YIG powders decreased as a function of increasing Al content. The samples has a room temperature Ms of 9.2 emu/g and decreased to 1.5 emu/g. Coercivity Hc value decreases from 71.7 G to 51.4 G.

In this paper, a series of barium hexaferrite BaFe12O19 with different powder to salt ratio (1:3, 1:4, 1:5) were prepared using ammonium salt melt technique. Iron oxide were process from steel waste product were mixed with barium carbonate, used as starting materials to produce barium hexaferrites. The ammonium nitrates in this experiment act as oxidizing agent in this synthesis. The BaFe12O19 powders were sintered at 1300°C for six hours and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR), Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and Field emission Scanning Microscope (FeSEM) to investigate its crystallography, magnetic properties and morphology. The maximum coercivity and saturation magnetization obtained for sample ratio 1:3 of 1017 G and 90.9 emu/g, respectively. Increase the salt ratio decrease the coercivity and saturation magnetization values.