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APUNCAC is a draft international convention designed to address systemic corruption, strengthening UNCAC’s provisions and adding mechanisms to make it more effective. ‘Corruption’ includes public officials abusing their powers. This article addresses an especially insidious form: when laws are created and applied to deny equal protection under the law. Ruling elites control the executive and parliament, to pass laws that selectively target and disadvantage a segment of the population. Our empirical data comes from a historical case, massive government-sanctioned wage theft from Western Australian Aboriginal workers between 1901 and 1972. We use these data to analyse how this kind of corruption works in practice, to evaluate APUNCAC’s measures and strategies, to see what specific measures might be used or modified, and where APUNCAC might need supplementing. We argue that Article 4(3) could have a major impact, especially supported by other Articles and processes, such as dedicated independent courts and strategic engagement with local courts. We evaluate two scenarios: The first scenario is prospective, assuming that APUNCAC is adopted. We evaluate the possible impact of APUNCAC in deterring future corruption involving selective application of the law. The second scenario is retrospective. We evaluate the possible support that APUNCAC might provide regarding court actions that seek redress for potential litigants, such as WA Aboriginal people who were injured in the past.

Rapidly increasing levels of variable inverter-based renewable energy sources (are quickly changing electric power systems and prompting questions about how the systems will be operated when renewable generation becomes the dominant technologies. In this article, we review the status of this shifting paradigm in power systems throughout the world. We then review the implications of this shift, focusing on the rising challenges, and we provide an overview and technology-readiness classifications of some proposed mitigation strategies. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions that will require solutions to reach these ultrahigh shares of variable inverter-based renewable energy sources., QC 20201217

The integration of renewable energy sources, including wind power, in the adequacy assessment of electricity generation capacity becomes increasingly important as renewable energy generation increases in volume and replaces conventional power plants. The contribution of wind power to cover the electricity demand is less certain than conventional power sources; therefore, the capacity value of wind power is smaller than that of conventional plants. This article presents an overview of the adequacy challenge, how wind power is handled in the regulation of capacity adequacy, and how wind power is treated in a selection of jurisdictions. The jurisdictions included in the overview are Sweden, Great Britain, France, Ireland, United States (PJM and ERCOT), Finland, Portugal, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands., QC 20220426

Objective: To estimate the proportion of over-the-counter antibiotic requests or consultations that resulted in non-prescription supply of antibiotics in community pharmacies globally. Methods: We systematically searched EMBASE, Medline and CINAHL databases for studies published from January 2000 to September 2017 reporting the frequency of non-prescription sale and supply of antibiotics in community pharmacies across the world. Additional articles were identified by checking reference lists and a Google Scholar search. A random effects meta-analysis was conducted to calculate pooled estimates of non-prescription supply of antibiotics. Results: Of the 3302 articles identified, 38 studies from 24 countries met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. All the included countries with the exception of one, classified antibiotics as prescription-only medicines. The overall pooled proportion of non-prescription supply of antibiotics was 62% (95% CI 53 – 72). The pooled proportion of non-prescription supply of antibiotics following a patient request was 78% (95% CI 59 - 97) and based on community pharmacy staff recommendation was 58% (95% CI 48 – 68). The regional supply of non-prescription antibiotics was highest in South America, 78% (95% CI 72 - 84). Antibiotics were commonly supplied without a prescription to patients with symptoms of urinary tract infections (68%, 95% CI 42 – 93) and upper respiratory tract infections (67%, 95% CI 55 - 79). Fluoroquinolones and Penicillins respectively were the most commonly supplied antibiotic classes for these indications. Conclusion: Antibiotics are frequently supplied without prescription in many countries. This overuse of antibiotics could facilitate the development and spread of antibiotic resistance.

This paper presents the new International Energy Agency Wind Task 36 on Forecasting, and invites to collaborate within the group. Wind power forecasts have been used operatively for over 20 years. Despite this fact, there are still several possibilities to improve the forecasts, both from the weather prediction side and from the usage of the forecasts. The new International Energy Agency (IEA) Task on Forecasting for Wind Energy tries to organise international collaboration, among national meteorological centres with an interest and/or large projects on wind forecast improvements (NOAA, DWD, MetOffice, met.no, DMI,...), operational forecaster and forecast users.The Task is divided in three work packages: Firstly, a collaboration on the improvement of the scientific basis for the wind predictions themselves. This includes numerical weather prediction model physics, but also widely distributed information on accessible datasets. Secondly, we will be aiming at an international pre-standard (an IEA Recommended Practice) on benchmarking and comparing wind power forecasts, including probabilistic forecasts. This WP will also organise benchmarks, in cooperation with the IEA Task WakeBench. Thirdly, we will be engaging end users aiming at dissemination of the best practice in the usage of wind power predictions. As first results, an overview of current issues for research in short-term forecasting of wind power is presented.

"Dark Side of the Dream" offers an assessment of Australian literature from a postcolonial perspective. Taking a post-bicentenary look at Australian culture and society through its literature, the authors argue that the shape of Australian society and literature has been profoundly affected by the processes that began when a colonizing society from Britain invaded Aboriginal Australia and dispossessed its people. "Australia" is not simply an autonomous White society; it also includes Aboriginal people and cultures and the problems of their relationship to the cultural practices of the colonizers. Nearly half of the book deals with Aboriginal texts, issues and themes, in recognition that this dimension of Australian literature is usually neglected. It also refers to recent work from Marxist, feminist and multicultural perspectives in order to analyze the "traditional" canon of Australian literature.

A perennial issue for digital politics has been the debate between those who claim a liberatory role for digital technologies and those who see them as instruments for a more effective oppression. We prefer to avoid such abstract oppositions and ask more specific questions: what kind of digital technology, used in what way by whom, for what purposes in what contexts, may support the efforts of those who work for a better, more open society? To focus our enquiry we look at the intersection of digital systems and planning. Planning in a general sense is a fundamental human activity in all societies exercising the rationality that has come to define humanity since the ancient Greeks. Yet the dominant form of planning in western societies today employs a specific form of `rationality which has emerged only recently, labelled `Occidental rationalism by Weber (1930:26), which insists on crisp, clear categories and a linear, reductive logic. Starting with Weber himself there has been a continuous tradition of critique of this form of reason, which we will categorize as linear reasoning.

This essay examines the "pastness" of postcolonial theory by locating it in the project of an "uncompleted" modernity. It argues that as a theoretical problematic "postcolonialism" seems to have lost two of its crucial "memories": the memory of lexicon (especially the etymology of the word "colony") and the memory of a revitalised understanding of the links between imperialism, labour and modernity. Invoking a reworking of a Marxist analytic that would not ignore premodern forms (including religion) the essay examines a number of decisive theoretical texts (Bhabha, Spivak, Lazarus, Viswanathan, Chakrabarty) to argue that we must rethink the program of postcolonialism as a departure, a release, an exit, a way out, a way of considering the difference that "today introduces in respect of yesterday." The latter quote from Foucault reminds us that this is how Foucault had read Kant's influential letter "What is Enlightenment?" The essay locates its mode of interrogation and its discursive form in Kant's letter and in Foucault's well-known response.

No abstract available

Emphasising the increasingly regional or national approach to the legacies of colonialism, this Reader provides an entirely new way for students to engage with an important and complex area of discourse.

As the British Empire broke up and attempted to sustain an illusion of unity under the euphemistic title of 'Commonwealth', a new object appear on the margins of departments of English Literature: 'Commonwealth Literature'. The ambiguous politics of the term was inscribed in the field that it called into being. 'Commonwealth literature' did not include the literature of the centre, which acted as the impossible absent standard by which it should be judged. The term also occluded the crucial differences between the 'old' and the 'new' Commonwealth, between White settler colonies and Black nations that typically had a very different and more difficult route into a different kind of independence.

The authors present a response to Patrick Wolfe's review of their book 'Dark Side of the Dream' (Meanjin 2/1992). They suggest that Wolfe's proposal to have an epistemological no-go zone around Aboriginal meanings which semioticians should not enter is wrong in that it creates a rift between history and semiotics, and also undermines the struggle of academics against racist elements in Australia.

This paper addresses the politics of the relations between texts in situations where one text offers commentary on another.

As the British Empire broke up and attempted to sustain an illusion of unity under the euphemisitic title of 'Commonwealth', a new object appeared on the margins of departments of English literature: 'Commonwealth literature'...

Mudrooroo Narogin's Writing from the Fringe is the most important piece of literary criticism to have come out of Australia since Frederick Sinnett's 'The Fiction Fields of Australia' (1856).

There are insights of interest and value to all in these pages. This book develops a fresh and insightful approach to the questions of children and television. Drawing on recent work in linguistics and semiotics, Hodge and Tripp analyse the rich and ambiguous messages of television and cartoons and examine the ways in which these messages are interpreted by children. The authors convincingly show that children are sophisticated viewers: they have a shrewd sense of fact and fantasy and are active interpreters of plot.

No abstract available

An earlier report examined the data from the first year of the officer resignation survey. Responses from 290 officers are involved. Results confirm the findings of an earlier preliminary report and are consistent with other findings in the area. Keywords: Officers, Resignation, Survey, Questionnaires, Australian army, Attrition, Morale, Military psychology.

A discrete element model for turbulent flow over two-dimensional rib-type roughness is developed and validated. Surface roughness blockage effects and form drag are included as a constituent part of the differential equations. Separation and reattachment of the flow over rib roughness are identified as the dominant flow phenomena, and models are developed which incorporate the separated region geometry into the blockage. The form drag model is based on the pressure difference between the windward and leeward forces of the roughness. Predictions are compared with a variety of data sets. These comparisons indicate that the discrete element approach can be successfully applied for rib-type roughness. However, the model has a more narrow range of application for different surface geometries than the very broad range which has previously been demonstrated for three-dimensional, distributed roughness. Keywords: Two-dimensional roughness; Rib roughness; Boundary layer.

A discrete element model for turbulent flow over rough surfaces has been rigorously derived from basic principles. This model includes surface roughness effects as a constituent part of the partial differential equations which describe momentum and energy transport in turbulent flows. The model includes the necessary empirical information on the interaction between the roughness elements and the flow around and between the elements in a general way which does not require experimental data on each specific surface. This empirical information is input via algebraic models for the local element drag coefficient and Nusselt number. These models have been calibrated by comparison with base data sets from surfaces with three-dimensional (distributed) roughness elements. Calculations using the present discrete element model are compared with experimental data from 118 separate experimental runs. The results of these comparisons range from good to excellent. The calculations are shown to compare equally well with both transitionally rough turbulent flow and fully rough turbulent flow without modification of the roughness model. In the course of the present work it was discovered that the definitive data set of Schlichting is flawed. Corrected values are presented for this data set.

Numerical calculations based on the compressible boundary-layer equations and an integral form of the kinetic-energy-of-turbulence (IKET) equation are presented for a variety of conditions. The addition of the IKET equation permits the streamwise computation of an additional dependent variable normally taken as an empirical constant in conventional mixing-length formulations. A baseline turbulence model is developed and then modified to account for the effects of favorable and adverse pressure gradients, roughness, and transpiration. Examples given include adverse and favorable pressure gradients, relaminarization, acoustic-energy-induced transition, surface roughness, and transpiration. The IKET-based extended mixing-length hypothesis is shown to be considerably more flexible than conventional mixing-length turbulence models. (Author), Prepared in cooperation with ARO, Inc., Tullahoma, TN, rept. no. ARO-VKF-TR-77-62.

This report presents the results of an investigation of hypersonic laminar boundary-layer/shock-wave interactions using the method of MacCormack to solve the time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Comparisons of the numerical solutions with experimental data were made to ascertain the validity of the numerical method and to identify regions of anomalous behavior. The algorithm gave good results when applied to hypersonic laminar interactions that caused either small or no separated regions and marginal performance when applied to hypersonic laminar interactions having large regions of separated flow. The extents of the separated regions in interactions having large regions of separated flow were underpredicted when compared with experimental data. The predicted wall heat-transfer rates exhibited the correct qualitative trend but not the experimentally measured quantitative values. Consideration of the effects of needed stabilizing terms as well as grid resolution suggests inadequate mesh spacing in the longitudinal direction as the cause of the aforementioned anomalies. If inadequate mesh spacing (and the corresponding lack of support for every term of the Navier-Stokes equations) is a prime cause of the cited discrepancies between the numerical results and the experimental data, then the needed reduction of several orders of magnitude in delta x, would increase CPU time and core storage requirements to untenable levels. (Author), Prepared in cooperation with ARO, Inc., Tullahoma, Tenn., Rept. no. ARO-VKF-TR-76-64.

A discrete element model for turbulent flow over rough surfaces has been rigorously derived from basic principles. This model includes surface roughness effects as a constitutent part of the partial differential equations which describe momentum and energy transport in turbulent flows. The model includes the necessary empirical information on the interaction between the roughness elements and the flow around and between the elements in a general way which does not require experimental data on each specific surface. This empirical information is input via algebraic models for the local element drag coefficient and Nusselt number. These models were calibrated by comparison with base data sets from surfaces with three-dimensional (distributed) roughness elements. Calculations using the present model have been compared with experimental data from 118 separate experimental runs. The results of these comparisons ranged from good to excellent. The calculations compared equally well with both transitionally rough and fully rough turbulent flow results without modification of the roughness model. (Author), This article is from 'Proceedings of the U.S. Air Force and the Federal Republic of Germany Data Exchange Agreement Meeting (9th), Viscous and Interacting Flow Field Effects Held at Silver Spring, Maryland on 9-10 May 1984,' AD-A153 020, p1-11.

An overview is presented of the global fluorspar industry with reference to the supply and demand situation for acid and metallurgical grades. Total output in China in 2011 was estimated to have reached 4 700 000 t, including an increase in acid-grade fluorspar production to 2 200 000 t, but production costs are increasing due to factors such as the labour-intensive mining methods employed and the more remote inland ore sources being developed to replace exhausted deposits in coastal provinces. Of particular importance are the deposits in Inner Mongolia and Hunan where large resources are reported to exist, including some in stratiform orebodies hosted by favourable limestone and dolomitic limestone. In addition to production from deposits such as Chifeng Harquin, Erlianhaote, Obot and Siziwang Qi, other significant deposits in Inner Mongolia include Sumochagan Obo which has reserves of about 10 000 000 t at 54% CaF2, and the Bayan Obo rare earth element-iron-niobium-fluorite deposit. Mexico is the second largest producer with output of 1 207 000 t in 2011, with operations including Minera Las Cuevas, Fluorita de Mexico, Fluorita de Rio Verde and Minera Muzquiz. Production in South Africa is assessed to have recovered to 235 000 t in 2011 based on one of the two current production operations at the Witkop mine, which had minimal production between June 2009 and March 2011, and VMC Fluorspar. Fluorspar projects include Nokeng, Buffalo and Doornhoek. Other global fluorspar sources are reviewed in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, USA and Vietnam. Acid- and metallurgical-grade fluorspar export and import figures are tabulated by country and price trends discussed., An overview is presented of the global fluorspar industry with reference to the supply and demand situation for acid and metallurgical grades. Total output in China in 2011 was estimated to have reached 4 700 000 t, including an increase in acid-grade fluorspar production to 2 200 000 t, but production costs are increasing due to factors such as the labour-intensive mining methods employed and the more remote inland ore sources being developed to replace exhausted deposits in coastal provinces. Of particular importance are the deposits in Inner Mongolia and Hunan where large resources are reported to exist, including some in stratiform orebodies hosted by favourable limestone and dolomitic limestone. In addition to production from deposits such as Chifeng Harquin, Erlianhaote, Obot and Siziwang Qi, other significant deposits in Inner Mongolia include Sumochagan Obo which has reserves of about 10 000 000 t at 54% CaF2, and the Bayan Obo rare earth element-iron-niobium-fluorite deposit. Mexico is the second largest producer with output of 1 207 000 t in 2011, with operations including Minera Las Cuevas, Fluorita de Mexico, Fluorita de Rio Verde and Minera Muzquiz. Production in South Africa is assessed to have recovered to 235 000 t in 2011 based on one of the two current production operations at the Witkop mine, which had minimal production between June 2009 and March 2011, and VMC Fluorspar. Fluorspar projects include Nokeng, Buffalo and Doornhoek. Other global fluorspar sources are reviewed in Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, UK, USA and Vietnam. Acid- and metallurgical-grade fluorspar export and import figures are tabulated by country and price trends discussed.

Historically doctors prescribe and pharmacists dispense, but these clear lines are rapidly eroding. The view that pharmacists should work closely with general practitioners and hospital doctors is a reality. It is encouraged by surveys and major reports such as that of Lord Carter. This shift is mediated by the need to balance the authority of doctors and patient safety with a shortage of doctors and a need to use the skills of pharmacists appropriately. As the population ages, more pharmacists, with the necessary skills and knowledge, will be required.