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The majority of 36 million Bangladeshi adolescents live in rural areas. Improved understanding of their dietary patterns is of great public health importance. This study aimed to explore dietary diversity (DD) with its socioeconomic and gender stratification in a rural adolescent cohort and to isolate factors associated with inadequate DD. Household survey provided data for constructing dietary diversity scores (DDS) and assessing relevant socio-demographic variables. Final analysis included 2463 adolescents. Means and proportions were compared, and a binary logistic regression model was fitted. Inadequate DD was observed among 42.3% (40.3-44.2). Consumption of nutrient-rich foods varied significantly across gender and SES categories. Belonging to the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.59; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.00) and food insecure households (aOR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.59), adolescents' attainment of secondary education (aOR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.71), and having mothers with secondary education or above (aOR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96) were associated with inadequate DD. Compared with girls from food secure households, girls from food insecure ones had higher odds of inadequate DD (aOR(girl)1.42; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.81). Improving rural adolescents' DD would require targeted interventions as well as broader poverty alleviation.

The majority of 36 million Bangladeshi adolescents live in rural areas. Improved understanding of their dietary patterns is of great public health importance. This study aimed to explore dietary diversity (DD) with its socioeconomic and gender stratification in a rural adolescent cohort and to isolate factors associated with inadequate DD. Household survey provided data for constructing dietary diversity scores (DDS) and assessing relevant socio-demographic variables. Final analysis included 2463 adolescents. Means and proportions were compared, and a binary logistic regression model was fitted. Inadequate DD was observed among 42.3% (40.3-44.2). Consumption of nutrient-rich foods varied significantly across gender and SES categories. Belonging to the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.59; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.00) and food insecure households (aOR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.59), adolescents' attainment of secondary education (aOR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.71), and having mothers with secondary education or above (aOR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96) were associated with inadequate DD. Compared with girls from food secure households, girls from food insecure ones had higher odds of inadequate DD (aOR(girl)1.42; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.81). Improving rural adolescents' DD would require targeted interventions as well as broader poverty alleviation.

The majority of 36 million Bangladeshi adolescents live in rural areas. Improved understanding of their dietary patterns is of great public health importance. This study aimed to explore dietary diversity (DD) with its socioeconomic and gender stratification in a rural adolescent cohort and to isolate factors associated with inadequate DD. Household survey provided data for constructing dietary diversity scores (DDS) and assessing relevant socio-demographic variables. Final analysis included 2463 adolescents. Means and proportions were compared, and a binary logistic regression model was fitted. Inadequate DD was observed among 42.3% (40.3-44.2). Consumption of nutrient-rich foods varied significantly across gender and SES categories. Belonging to the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.59; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.00) and food insecure households (aOR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.59), adolescents' attainment of secondary education (aOR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.71), and having mothers with secondary education or above (aOR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96) were associated with inadequate DD. Compared with girls from food secure households, girls from food insecure ones had higher odds of inadequate DD (aOR(girl)1.42; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.81). Improving rural adolescents' DD would require targeted interventions as well as broader poverty alleviation.

Food literacy interventions are widely implemented to improve the food security and health of low-socioeconomic adults. The purpose of this study was to conduct an inquiry into the value of OzHarvest’s six-week NEST (Nutrition Education and Skills Training) program in promoting food security and food literacy, and to identify the barriers and enablers that participants experienced in sustaining food security, and in utilising their food literacy skills beyond the program. A descriptive evaluation study with pre-post surveys (n = 21) and post-program interviews (n = 17) was conducted, with a convenience sample of NEST program participants living in Sydney, Newcastle, and Melbourne, Australia. Participants demonstrated improvements in food security status (p = 0.030), cooking confidence (p = 0.001), food preparation behaviours (p = 0.006), nutrition knowledge (p = 0.033), vegetable consumption (p = 0.043), and a reduction in intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (p = 0.017), and salty snack foods (p = 0.011). The interviews revealed that participants learned to stretch their food budgets and make meaningful changes to their food utilisation (a key dimension of food security). Interviews also identified enablers (e.g., social support) and barriers (e.g., health conditions) to achieving food security. Acknowledging the need for a multi-faceted approach that also addresses upstream determinants, interventions like NEST may play a role in promoting food security and food literacy.

The majority of 36 million Bangladeshi adolescents live in rural areas. Improved understanding of their dietary patterns is of great public health importance. This study aimed to explore dietary diversity (DD) with its socioeconomic and gender stratification in a rural adolescent cohort and to isolate factors associated with inadequate DD. Household survey provided data for constructing dietary diversity scores (DDS) and assessing relevant socio-demographic variables. Final analysis included 2463 adolescents. Means and proportions were compared, and a binary logistic regression model was fitted. Inadequate DD was observed among 42.3% (40.3-44.2). Consumption of nutrient-rich foods varied significantly across gender and SES categories. Belonging to the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.59; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.00) and food insecure households (aOR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.59), adolescents' attainment of secondary education (aOR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.71), and having mothers with secondary education or above (aOR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96) were associated with inadequate DD. Compared with girls from food secure households, girls from food insecure ones had higher odds of inadequate DD (aOR(girl)1.42; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.81). Improving rural adolescents' DD would require targeted interventions as well as broader poverty alleviation.

The majority of 36 million Bangladeshi adolescents live in rural areas. Improved understanding of their dietary patterns is of great public health importance. This study aimed to explore dietary diversity (DD) with its socioeconomic and gender stratification in a rural adolescent cohort and to isolate factors associated with inadequate DD. Household survey provided data for constructing dietary diversity scores (DDS) and assessing relevant socio-demographic variables. Final analysis included 2463 adolescents. Means and proportions were compared, and a binary logistic regression model was fitted. Inadequate DD was observed among 42.3% (40.3-44.2). Consumption of nutrient-rich foods varied significantly across gender and SES categories. Belonging to the poorest households (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.59; 95% CI: 1.27, 2.00) and food insecure households (aOR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.59), adolescents' attainment of secondary education (aOR 1.38; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.71), and having mothers with secondary education or above (aOR 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96) were associated with inadequate DD. Compared with girls from food secure households, girls from food insecure ones had higher odds of inadequate DD (aOR(girl)1.42; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.81). Improving rural adolescents' DD would require targeted interventions as well as broader poverty alleviation.

Since the inception of the homestead food garden programme in Gauteng Province, more than 3 000 individuals in the City of Tshwane Region 7 have benefited from the programme. It is not known whether the gardens were actually established after beneficiaries had received the tools from government, or whether the gardens still exist and produce food. The aim of the study was to investigate the contribution of the homestead food garden programme to household food security in Region 7 in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The study population consisted of beneficiaries of the homestead food garden programme from 2013 to 2016 in various wards in the region. The objectives of the study were to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the beneficiaries; to assess the current status of the homestead food gardens and other support programmes in which the beneficiaries were engaged; to assess the contribution of the homestead food garden programme to household food security (availability, accessibility, utilisation and stability); to ascertain the factors influencing food availability in the households of beneficiaries; and to identify the constraints and benefits of homestead food production. The study used a quantitative research approach involving a survey design. A semistructured questionnaire was used for data collection through face-to-face interviews in the homes of participants. The random sampling technique was employed to acquire a proportionate sample of 258 participants. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The analysis of quantitative data included frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation, standard error of mean, a binomial test and the Ordered Logistics Regression (OLR) model. Themes and codes were used to analyse data from open-ended questions (qualitative data) and convert them to frequencies and percentages. The results showed that 73% of women participated and96% participant, Go tloga mola go thongwago lenaneo la dirapana tša dijo la motsana ka Profenseng ya Gauteng, batho ba go feta ba 3 000 ka Seleteng sa 7 sa Tshwane ba holegile ka go fiwa dithulusi tša serapana, seabe sa tšweletšo le tlhahlo go thoma dirapana tša ka mafuri tša malapa a bona. Ga go tsebege ge eba dirapana dihlomilwe ka nnete morago ga gore baholegi ba amogele dithulusi go tšwa mmušong, goba ge eba dirapana di sa le gona le gore di tšweletša dijo. Dinepo tša dinyakišišo e be e le go nyakišiša seabe sa lenaneo la dirapana tša dijo la motsana go tšhireletšo ya dijo tša lapa Seleteng sa 7 ka Mmasepaleng wa Metropothene wa Toropo ya Tshwane. Bakgathema ba dinyakišišo ba bopilwe ke baholegi ba lenaneo la serapana sa dijo sa motsana go tloga ka 2013 go fihla ka 2016 ka diwateng tša go fapana tša selete. Maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo e be e le laetša dipharologantšho tša batho le leago tša baholegi; go sekaseka maemo a bjale a dirapana tša dijo tša motsana le mananeo a mangwe a thekgo ao baholegi ba bego ba le karolo ya ona; go sekaseka seabe sa lenaneo la serapana sa dijo sa motsana go tšhireletšo ya dijo (khwetšagalo, phihlelelo, tšhomišo le tielelo); go laetša mabaka a go huetša khwetšagalo ya dijo ka malapeng a baholegi; le go hlaola mathata le dikholego tša tšweletšo ya dijo tša motsana. Dinyakišišo di šomišitše mokgwa wa dinyakišišo tša khwalithethifi wa go akaretša popo ya lenaneopotšišo. Lenaneopotšišo le beakantšwego seripa le go šomišetšwa kgoboketšo ya datha ka dipoledišano tša go dirwa go lebelelanwe mahlong ka malapeng a bakgathatema. Thekniki ya tiro ya sampole ya go se kgethe e šomišeditšwe go hwetša sampole ya go lekanetšwa ya bakgathema ba 258. Datha di sekasekilwe ka go šomiša tlhalošo ya 4 ya Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Tshekatsheko ya datha ya khwalithethifi e akareditše dikelo, diphesente, palogare, phapano ya tekanetšo, phošo ya tekanetšo ya palogare, teko ya phapano le mmotlolo wa ponelopele ya diphetogo. Dikgwekgwe le Dikhoute di šomiš, Ku sukela loko ku sunguriwe nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya eka Xifundzhankulu xa Gauteng, vanhu vo tlula nhlayo ya 3 000 eTshwane eka Region 7 va vuyeriwile hi ku pfunetiwa hi mathulusi ya swirhapa, swipfuneto swo rima na vuleteri ku sungula swirhapa lomu majaratini ya miti ya vona. A swi tiveki loko swirhapa swi sunguriwe endzhaku ka loko vavuyeriwa va amukerile mathulusi eka mfumo, kumbe leswo xana swirhapa leswi swa ha ya emahlweni no rima swakudya. Xikongomelo xa ndzavisiso lowu wa tidyondzo a ku ri ku endla vulavisisi hi ndlela leyi nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya wu pfunetaku hi yona eka ku sirheleleka hi swakudya eka Region 7 eka Masipala wa Dorobankulu ra City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Vanhu lava a ku dyondziwa hi vona a va katsa vavuyeriwa va nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya lomu makaya ku sukela hi lembe ra 2013 ku fikela hi 2016 eka tiwadi to hlayanyana ta region. Swikongomelo swa ndzavisiso lowu i ku vona muxaka wa vanhu lava nga vuyeriwa; ku kambela xiyimo xa sweswi xa swirhapa swa swakudya na minongonoko yin'wana ya nseketelo laha vavuyeriwa va nga na xiavo eka yona; ku kambela xiavo xa nongonoko wa swirhapa swa swakudya eka ku sirheleleka hi ku kuma swakudya eka mindyangu (ku kumeka, ku fikelela, ku tirhisa, na ku tshamiseka); ku kumisisa mintiyiso kumbe swilo leswi swi nga na nkucetelo eka ku kumeka ka swakudya lomu makaya ya lava vuyeriwaka; na ku vona leswi swi nga swihingakanyi eka mimbuyelo ya ku rima swakudya. Ndzavisiso wu tirhise fambiselo leri vuriwaka quantitative research ku nga ku hlayela leswi a swi katsa dizayini ya survey. Ku tirhisiwe endlelo ra nongonoko wa swivutiso leswi nga tsariwa ku nga semi-structured questionnare ku hlengeleta data hi ku endla ti-interview ta xikandza-na-xikandza emakaya ya lava a va teka xiavo. Ku tirhisiwe thekniki ya random sampling ku kuma mpimanyeto wa proporionate sample eka vanhu va 258 lava a va teka xiavo eka ndzavisiso. Data yi ve yi hlahluviwa hi ku tirhisa Statistical Package fo

Background: Household food security in coastal areas can be seen from indicators of availability, access, food utilization and stability. One of the pillars of house hold food security can be influenced by household income.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the level of household income and the status of household food security in isolated coastal areas in Kalikajang Hamlet, Gebang Sub-District, District of Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo Regency.Method: This type of research was observational study with cross sectional design. The population in this study were all households in the area of Kalikajang Hamlet, Sub-District of Gebang. Sample was determined using simple random sampling technique and using formula from Lemeshow, resulted in 52 respondents included in this study. Primary data was collected through interviews with questionnaires. Data analysis using Chi Square statistical test to test the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables, and logistic regression tests to test whether there is a relationship between all independent variables with the dependent variable.Results: The results of the study showed that from the eight of independent variables tested, there was one variable that was positively related to the level of household food security, namely household income (p-value<0.001).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the level of income and the status of household food security in coastal areas in the District of Sidoarjo.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Ketahanan pangan rumah tangga di wilayah pesisir dapat dilihat dari indikator ketersediaan, akses, pemanfaatan pangan dan stabilitas. Salah satu pilar yang mempengaruhi adalah pendapatan rumah tangga.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara tingkat pendapatan rumah tangga dengan status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga di wilayah pesisir tambak terisolir di Dusun Kalikajang, Kelurahan Gebang, Kecamatan Sidoarjo, Kabupaten Sidoa

Background: Food security is an important aspect that plays a role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on the second purpose of SDGs, food security can be achieved if the community has been free from hunger, access to safe and nutritious food is sufficient for everyone. Food security is an important aspect because it can influence the nutritional status of the community, especially children. According to Riskesdas 2018, in Indonesia the prevalence of malnutrition and malnutrition in children are 13.85% and 3.9%.Objectives: To analyze the relationship of household food security, incidence of illness, and environmental sanitation with nutritional status of children in Sidotopo, Semampir Surabaya.Method: This research used cross sectional design. The sample size was 64 household. Sampling was done by multistage random sampling. Data was collected through interview using US-HFSSM, recall 2x24hours, environmental sanitation, and general questionnaire. The result was analyzed using spearman test. Result: Food security had a significant relationship between nutritional status WAZ (p<0.001), the incidence of illness had a significant relationship with nutritional status WAZ (p=0.001), and environmental sanitation had a significant relationship with nutritional status with WAZ (p=0.039). Conclusion: The conclusion that there were relationship of household food security, incidence of illness, and environmental sanitation with nutritional status of children.ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Ketahanan pangan merupakan salah satu aspek penting yang berperan dalam pencapaian Susteinable Development Goals (SDGs). Berdasarkan tujuan kedua SDGs, ketahanan pangan dapat dikatakan tercapai apabila masyarakat telah bebas dari kelaparan, akses pangan yang aman dan bergizi tercukupi untuk semua orang. Ketahanan pangan merupakan aspek yang penting karena mampu mempengaruhi status gizi masyarakat terutama balita. Menurut Riskesdas 2018, di Indonesia prevalensi status gizi

Background: Underweight is a problem caused by many factors, factors that directly affect nutritional status are nutritional intake and infectious disease. Meanwhile, indirect factors that affecting nutritional status is feeding practices, household food security and environmental health.Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the differences of feeding practice and household food security between toddlers with underweigt and normal nutritional status.Methods: The research was an observational analytic with cross sectional design. The sample was 80 toddlers from 6-24 months in Tanah Kali Kedinding Sub-District, Surabaya. They are consist of 40 normal and 40 underweight toddlers. Data was collected by interview using questionnaire, FFQ, recall 24 hours and US-HSFFM for household food security. Data were analyzed by using Mann-Whitney Test.Results: Good feeding practice for normal toddlers was 15% while for underweight toddlers was 7.5%. Toddlers with normal nutritional status come from secure household was 65.5% while underweight toddlers was 32.5%. The result found there was a difference of feeding practice (0.032) and household food security (0.012) between toddlers with underweight and normal nutritional status.Conclusion: There was difference in feeding practices, toddlers with normal nutritional status get better feeding practice than toddlers with underweight. There was difference in the household food security, toddlers with normal nutritional status mostly come from secure households.ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Gizi kurang adalah masalah gizi pada balita yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Faktor yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan status gizi adalah asupan zat gizi dan riwayat penyakit infeksi. Sementara itu, faktor tidak langsung yang mempengaruhi diantaranya praktik pemberian makan, status ketahanan pangan rumah tangga dan kesehatan lingkungan.Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perbedaan praktik pemberian makan dan

Rural households in sub-Saharan Africa earn a substantial part of their living from rain-fed smallholder agriculture, which is highly sensitive to climate change. There is a growing number of multi-level assessments on impacts and adaptation options for African smallholder systems under climate change, yet few studies translate impacts at the individual crop level to vulnerability at the household level, at which other livelihood activities need to be considered. Further, these assessments often use representative household types rather than considering the diversity of households for the identification of larger-scale patterns at sub-national and national levels. We developed a framework that combines crop suitability maps with a household food availability analysis to quantify household vulnerability to climate-related impacts on crop production and effects of adaptation options. The framework was tested for Uganda, identifying four hotspots of household vulnerability across the country. Hotspots were visually identified as areas with a relatively high concentration of vulnerable households, experiencing a decline in household crop suitability. About 30% of the households in the hotspots in (central) southwest were vulnerable to a combination of 3 °C temperature increase and 10% rainfall decline through declining suitability for several key crops (including highland banana, cassava, maize and sorghum). In contrast only 10% of the households in West Nile and central northern Uganda were negatively affected, and these were mainly affected by declining suitability of common beans. Households that depended on common beans and lived at lower elevations in West Nile and central north were vulnerable to a 2 to 3 °C temperature increase, while households located at higher elevations (above 1100–2000 m.a.s.l. depending on the crop) benefited from such an increase. Options for adaptation to increasing temperatures were most beneficial in northern Uganda, while drought-relat

There are no formal female food production organizations in the municipalities of Sibate, Sopo or Sumapaz (Bogotá rural area). Additionally, in the organizations in which women participate, they usually do not hold a decision-making position, which inhibits economic and social development despite the fact that women play an important role in the entire food system (production, preparation, consumption and food utilization). The aim of this research was to characterize the empowerment of rural women as a consequence of associative processes that contribute to food and nutrition security using the "descriptive case" qualitative research methodology. The main results indicated that, even though the participation of women in associative processes promotes decision-making, access to agricultural inputs, technical assistance and economic autonomy, there are still inequalities and inequities between men and women. For these reasons, it is necessary to strengthen associative processes with a cross-cutting gender approach and provide space for participation where both women and men analyze and question traditional roles in the household in order to transform inequity gaps and, therefore, contribute to food and nutrition security., En los municipios de Sibaté, Sopó y Sumapaz (Bogotá rural), no existen organizaciones de mujeres productoras de alimentos legalmente constituidas, y en las organizaciones en las que ellas participan, usualmente no ocupan cargos directivos. Esta situación va en contra del desarrollo económico y social, puesto que las mujeres ejercen un rol relevante en todo el sistema alimentario (producción, preparación, consumo y aprovechamiento biológico de alimentos). Por ello, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los procesos de empoderamiento desde la asociatividad de las mujeres campesinas como una contribución al logro de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, mediante una metodología de investigación cualitativa de "casos descriptivos". Los principales resultados indican que, si bien la participación de las mujeres en los procesos asociativos ha promovido en ellas la toma de decisiones, el acceso a insumos agrícolas, asistencia técnica y autonomía económica, aún persisten desigualdades e inequidades entre hombres y mujeres. Por esta razón se hace necesario fortalecer los procesos asociativos mediante un enfoque de género transversal, donde se brinden espacios de participación para que juntos, mujeres y hombres analicen y cuestionen los roles tradicionales en el hogar con el fin de transformar las brechas de inequidad y así contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional.

There are no formal female food production organizations in the municipalities of Sibate, Sopo or Sumapaz (Bogotá rural area). Additionally, in the organizations in which women participate, they usually do not hold a decision-making position, which inhibits economic and social development despite the fact that women play an important role in the entire food system (production, preparation, consumption and food utilization). The aim of this research was to characterize the empowerment of rural women as a consequence of associative processes that contribute to food and nutrition security using the "descriptive case" qualitative research methodology. The main results indicated that, even though the participation of women in associative processes promotes decision-making, access to agricultural inputs, technical assistance and economic autonomy, there are still inequalities and inequities between men and women. For these reasons, it is necessary to strengthen associative processes with a cross-cutting gender approach and provide space for participation where both women and men analyze and question traditional roles in the household in order to transform inequity gaps and, therefore, contribute to food and nutrition security., En los municipios de Sibaté, Sopó y Sumapaz (Bogotá rural), no existen organizaciones de mujeres productoras de alimentos legalmente constituidas, y en las organizaciones en las que ellas participan, usualmente no ocupan cargos directivos. Esta situación va en contra del desarrollo económico y social, puesto que las mujeres ejercen un rol relevante en todo el sistema alimentario (producción, preparación, consumo y aprovechamiento biológico de alimentos). Por ello, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los procesos de empoderamiento desde la asociatividad de las mujeres campesinas como una contribución al logro de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, mediante una metodología de investigación cualitativa de "casos descriptivos". Los principales resultados indican que, si bien la participación de las mujeres en los procesos asociativos ha promovido en ellas la toma de decisiones, el acceso a insumos agrícolas, asistencia técnica y autonomía económica, aún persisten desigualdades e inequidades entre hombres y mujeres. Por esta razón se hace necesario fortalecer los procesos asociativos mediante un enfoque de género transversal, donde se brinden espacios de participación para que juntos, mujeres y hombres analicen y cuestionen los roles tradicionales en el hogar con el fin de transformar las brechas de inequidad y así contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional.

English: South Africa, a country that produces enough food for its population, loses 63.5% of children yearly due to malnutrition. Although South Africa produces imports and retains sufficient food to support a nutritionally balanced per capita dietary intake for its population, malnutrition, closely linked to poverty and household food insecurity, remains unacceptably high. In South Africa, one of the nine provinces, namely the Free State Province, 43.8% of children under five years of age, suffered from stunting, a chronic form of malnutrition. The Dihlabeng Local Area where the research was conducted, is situated within the Thabo Mofutsanyana District, in the Free State province. Despite the implementation of the Child Support Grant (CSG) in 1998 to minimise food insecurity and prevent malnutrition amongst children, approximately 14 million people in South Africa are still affected by food insecurity, with the majority being black South African citizens residing in rural areas. Malnutrition, particularly during the first 1 000 days of life, causes poor cognitive development, higher susceptibility to infections, poor health, decreased completed school grades and future unemployment, all of which are carried into adulthood. The validity of the South African CSG, thus, whether it is enough to meet basic needs and if is being used for children’s needs and food, remain of concern. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status and the use of CSG amongst children, 6 to 23 months, visiting 3 local clinics in the Dihlabeng Local area, Thabo Mofutsanyana District, Free State. A descriptive observational quantitative study using convenience sampling, was conducted from September 2016 to November 2016. Data were collected from a sample size of 242 consenting children, aged six to 23 months, who attended these clinics with their primary caregiver. Sample size were calculated per clinic and distributed as follows: 97 participants from Mphohadi Clinic, 72 participa, Afrikaans: Suid-Afrika, 'n land wat genoeg kos vir sy bevolking produseer, verloor jaarliks 63.5% kinders as gevolg van wandvoeding. Suid-Afrika produseer en voer voldoende hoeveelhede voedsel in om ‘n voedingstofryke dieetinname te verseker, maar wanvoeding statistieke, wat verband hou met armoede en huishoudelike voedselsekerheid, onaanvaarbaar bly steeds hoog. In die Vrystaat Provinsie, een van die nege provinsies in Suid-Afrika, ly 43.8% kinders onder vyf jaar aan groei-inkorting, ‘n kroniese vorm van wanvoeding. Die Dihlabeng Plaaslike Area waar die studie uitgevoer is, is geleë in die Thabo Mofutsanyana Distrik, in die Vrystaat Provinsie. Ten spyte die implementering van die Kindersorgtoelaag in 1998 met die doel om voedselsonsekerheid te verminder en wanvoeding te voorkom, is daar steeds 14 miljoen Suid- Afrikaners (meestal swart bevolkingsgroepe in landelike gebiede) wat deur voedselonsekerheid geraak word. Wanvoeding in die eerste 1 000 dae van lewe, veroorsaak verswakte kognitiewe ontwikkeling, verhoogde vatbaarheid vir infeksies, laer voltooide skool grade en toekomstige werkloosheid; wat alles deurtrek na die volwasse lewe. Die geldigheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse Kindersorg toelaag en of dit genoeg is om in die basiese behoeftes van kinders te voorsien en wel daarvoor gebruik word, bly rede tot kommer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die voedingstatus en die gebruik van die Kindersorg toelaag van kinders ses tot 23 maande, wat drie plaaslike klinieke in die Dihlabeng Plaaslike Area, Thabo Mofutsanyana Distrik, Vrystaat, besoek, te ondersoek. ‘n Beskrywende kwantitatiewe studie met geriefs steekproefneming, is uitgevoer by drie plaaslike klinieke, vanaf Septebmer 2016 tot November 2016. Inligting van 242 kinders ses tot 23 maande oud, is ingesamel. Die aantal kinders wat ingesluit is in die studie, is bereken per kliniek: 97 kinders was van Mphohadi Kliniek, 72 van Bohlokong Kliniek en 73 van Bethlehem Kliniek. Inligting met betrekking tot die kinders s

The achievement food security of household indicated their success for food security nationally, regionally and locally. The proportion of food output and energy consumption is an important indicator in determining the household food security. The purpose of this study was to know how large a proportion of food expenditure, the level of of energy consumption and the condition of the household food security of farmers in DEMAPANProgram in Indrapuri Sub-district Aceh Besar Regency. This research was held in the Indrapuri sub-district by using purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed by methods of analysis of income and expenditure of farmer household, income and exenditure of farmer household, consumption, and cross indicator of household food security. The result show that: (1) The average farm income of rice paddy is Rp 1.885.517,00 per growing season and the average of expenditure of household farmer is Rp 1.411.500,00 per month (2) The level of energy consumption and protein is 62,19% and 81,23% (3) The condition of household food security of Farmer less and deficits.

BackgroundPoor childhood nutritional status has lifetime effects and food insecurity is associated with dietary practices that can impair nutritional status.ObjectivesWe assessed concurrent and subsequent associations between food insecurity and height-for-age z scores (HAZs) and body mass index-for-age z scores (BMI-Zs); evaluated associations with transitory and chronic food insecurity; and tested whether dietary diversity mediates associations between food insecurity and nutritional status.MethodsWe used data from the Young Lives younger cohort composed of children in Ethiopia (n = 1757), India (n = 1825), Peru (n = 1844), and Vietnam (n = 1828) recruited in 2002 (round 1) at ∼1 y old, with subsequent data collection at 5 y in 2006 (round 2) and 8 y in 2009 (round 3).ResultsChildren from food-insecure households had significantly lower HAZs in all countries at 5 y (Ethiopia, -0.33; India, -0.53; Peru, -0.31; and Vietnam, -0.68 HAZ; all P < 0.001), although results were attenuated after controlling for potential confounders (Ethiopia, -0.21; India, -0.32; Peru, -0.14; and Vietnam, -0.27 HAZ; P < 0.01). Age 5 y food insecurity predicted the age 8 y HAZ, but did not add predictive power beyond HAZ at age 5 y in Ethiopia, India, or Peru. Age 5 y food insecurity predicted the age 8 y BMI-Z even after controlling for the 5 y BMI-Z, although associations were not significant after the inclusion of additional confounding variables (Ethiopia, P = 0.12; India, P = 0.29; Peru, P = 0.16; and Vietnam, P = 0.51). Chronically food-insecure households had significantly lower HAZs than households that were consistently food-secure, although BMI-Zs did not differ by chronic food-insecurity status. Dietary diversity mediated 18.8-30.5% of the association between food security and anthropometry in Vietnam, but mediated to a lesser degree (8.4-19.3%) in other countries.ConclusionsIn 4 countries, food insecurity at 5 y of age was associated with both HAZ and BMI-Z at age 8 y, al

The achievement food security of household indicated their success for food security nationally, regionally and locally. The proportion of food output and energy consumption is an important indicator in determining the household food security. The purpose of this study was to know how large a proportion of food expenditure, the level of of energy consumption and the condition of the household food security of farmers in DEMAPANProgram in Indrapuri Sub-district Aceh Besar Regency. This research was held in the Indrapuri sub-district by using purposive sampling method. Data were analyzed by methods of analysis of income and expenditure of farmer household, income and exenditure of farmer household, consumption, and cross indicator of household food security. The result show that: (1) The average farm income of rice paddy is Rp 1.885.517,00 per growing season and the average of expenditure of household farmer is Rp 1.411.500,00 per month (2) The level of energy consumption and protein is 62,19% and 81,23% (3) The condition of household food security of Farmer less and deficits.

English: Available literature emphasises the importance of food safety in obtaining coordinated and conceptually informed results of food security, with the view to improve intervention programmes to achieve progress in obtaining food security in households. The study was undertaken intending to investigate possible food safety indicators that might possibly contribute towards improved assessment of household food security (HFS) in the rural Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. The objectives were to determine HFS and household food safety, as well as the relationship between HFS and food safety, and to develop food safety indicators of HFS. A cross-sectional study was undertaken. Twenty nine villages were randomly selected from the total number of 299 villages in Thulamela local municipality in the Vhembe District. For proportional sampling of households from the selected villages 4 village clusters were created according to their population sizes. Households were randomly selected from villages. The final randomly selected sample consisted of 335 households with at least 1 child (3-5 years of age) and a caregiver. The caregiver could be the mother of the child or any caregiver over the age of 18 years of age who was mostly responsible for food preparation in the household. A structured interview schedule was used, consisting of questionnaires and data/record sheets that were completed during an interview with the respondent of each household. A sociodemographic questionnaire; food availability and access questionnaire; a food inventory; an 8-item hunger scale; a food frequency questionnaire; a food handling practices questionnaire; and a food handling knowledge test; a 24 hour recall and child health status questionnaire; as well as record sheets were included. Five repeatedly trained (for consistency) field workers (all Nutritionists) collected all types of data. Weight and height status were determined and laboratory techniques were used to determine, Afrikaans: Beskikbare literatuur beklemtoon die belangrikheid van voedselveiligheid in die verkryging van gekoördineerde en betekenisvolle resultate van voedsel - en voedingsekuriteit. Sodoende kan intervensieprogramme verbeter word en vordering in die verkryging van voedselsekerheid in huishoudings bewerkstellig word. Die studie is onderneem met die doel om moontlike indikatore van voedselveiligheid te ondersoek wat moontlik kan bydra tot verbeterde bepaling van huishoudelike voedselsekerheid (HVS) in die plattelandse Vhembe distrik, Limpopo Provinsie, Suid Afrika. Die sub-doelwitte was om HVS en huishoudelike voedselveiligheid, asook die verwantskap tussen indikatore van HVS en voedselveiligheid te bepaal en om voedselveiligheidindikatore van HVS te ontwikkel. ‘n Dwarssnit studie is onderneem. Van die 299 klein statte in die Thulamela munisipaliteit van die Vhembe Distrik is 29 ewekansig gekies. Van die 29 gekose klein statte is 4 trosse van klein statte volgens elk se bevolkingsgrootte gevorm. Sodoende is huishoudings in verhouding en ewekansig uit die gekose klein statte gekies. Die finale ewekansige steekproef het 335 huishoudings met ten minste een kind (3-5 jaar) en ‘n oppasser ingesluit. Die oppasser kon die ma van die kind of enige ander oppasser bo 18 jaar wees wat die meeste verantwoordelik was vir die voedselbereiding in die huishouding. ‘n Gestruktureerde onderhoudskedule is gebruik, bestaande uit vraelyste en data/rekord kaarte wat tydens ‘n onderhoud met die respondent van elke huishouding voltooi is. ‘n Sosiodemografiese vraelys; ‘n voedselbeskikbaarheid en – toeganklikheid vraelys; ‘n voedselinventaris; ‘n agt-item hongerskaal; ‘n voedselfrekwensie vraelys; ‘n voedselhanteringspraktyke vraelys en ‘n voedselhanteringskennis toets; ‘n 24 uur herroep en ‘n kindergesondheidststus vraelys; asook rekordkaarte is ingesluit. Vyf herhaaldelik opgeleide (vir ooreenstemmigheid) veldwerkers (almal voedingkundiges) het al die data versamel. Massa en lengte statu, National Research Foundation (NRF)

Objective To provide an overview of the household dietary diversity score and the food consumption score, two indicators used for food security assessment and surveillance, and compare their performance in food security assessments in three countries. Design Cross-sectional cluster sampling design using an interview-administered structured questionnaire on household food security, including household-level food group consumption measured over 1 d and 7 d. Setting Survey data are from Burkina Faso, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and northern Uganda. Subjects Households in Burkina Faso (n 3640), Lao PDR (n 3913) and northern Uganda (n 1956). Results Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the scores were 0·73 in Burkina Faso, 0·65 in Lao PDR and 0·53 in northern Uganda. Prevalence-adjusted kappa coefficients showed substantial strength of agreement in two countries. The proportion of agreement between the two scores ranged from 85 % in Lao PDR to 65 % in northern Uganda. Dietary profiles based on food group consumption using score tertiles were comparable. Rankings of the most food-insecure areas within a country corresponded well in northern Uganda and Burkina Faso but not in Lao PDR. Both indicators showed moderate correlations with other proxy measures of food security. Conclusions The comparative study highlights the similarities and differences between the food consumption and household dietary diversity scores. Similar classification of the most food-insecure areas within sub-national levels was obtained. The choice of indicator for food security assessment and surveillance will vary depending on user needs.