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El presente objeto de aprendizaje describe las turbinas hidráulicas, sus principales curvas y puntos más representativos. Presenta las aplicaciones en las instalaciones hidráulicas y la importancia de las turbinas en la generación hidroeléctrica.

El presente objeto de aprendizaje describe las turbinas hidráulicas, sus principales curvas y puntos más representativos. Presenta las aplicaciones en las instalaciones hidráulicas y la importancia de las turbinas en la generación hidroeléctrica.

El presente objeto de aprendizaje describe las turbinas hidráulicas, sus principales curvas y puntos más representativos. Presenta las aplicaciones en las instalaciones hidráulicas y la importancia de las turbinas en la generación hidroeléctrica.

The Swedish national plan for reapproval of hydropower describes that hydropower plants (HPPs) are required to be reassessed to ensure that modern environmental conditions are set for the permits. Since dams and HPPs create barriers for migrating fish and consequently disfavor biological diversity, one consequence of the national plan is that fishways are being constructed. This, in combination with an old, unfinished approval procedure from the 1960’s, resulted in the construction of three up- and downstream fishways in Mora municipality, at the HPPs in Spjutmo, Blyberg and Väsa. To fulfill requirements in regard to the fishway’s incline and safety, but at the same time minimize the need of space, the fishways have new, innovative and not yet tested design features. One of these features is the “parking garage” layout of the upstream fishway. Despite these features, the fishways take up a large amount of space and thus require large amounts of blasting, excavation and materials such as concrete and steel parts. These are climate impact influence intensive procedures and materials, but the construction has so far not been evaluated from a climate impact perspective. This, in combination with a lack of studies on the climate impact of fishways, has resulted in this project.The aim of this project was to examine the climate impact caused by the fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg, to identify what affects the total climate impact as well as providing measures that could reduce the climate impact for future similar fishways. To provide an extensive overview of the climate impact that the fishways cause during their entire lifetime, the method life cycle analysis (LCA) was used. The construction of the fishways at Väsa HPP starts later than for Spjutmo and Blyberg, and therefore Väsa is excluded from the scope due to the lack of required information.The fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg have the same design features, but the material consumptions differ due to their differenc

Förlorad biologisk mångfald är ett av de största hoten mot vår planet, och i sötvatten har populationer av migrerande fiskarter minskat med 76 % sedan 70-talet. Ålen är en art som hotas av utrotning på grund av antropogen inverkan, framför allt på grund av kraftverksdammar som fragmenterar habitat och förhindrar artens livsnödvändiga migration upp- och nedströms vattendrag genom avsaknad av passagelösningar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka möjligheten att vidareutveckla ålpassagelösningar med substratet EF-16, detta genom att testa klättringsframgången för glasålar vid två olika passageramper och två olika flöden (3 l/min och 9 l/min). Varje passagelösning bestod av fyra passageramper positionerade i bredd, med EF-16 monterat varannan ramp antingen rakt eller lateralt v-format. Resultatet från studien visade att de optimerade v-formade passageramperna gav signifikant fler klättringar vid höga flöden, samt att placeringen av ramperna också hade signifikant betydelse för valet av ramp. Kroppsvikten för ålar hade däremot ingen effekt för passageframgången. Denna studie betonar vikten av framtagandet av effektiva passagelösningar för glasålar som fungerar vid stora variationer av flöde vid kraftverksdammar. Genom att fler ålar kan migrera uppströms vattendrag förbi kraftverksdammar till sina uppväxtområden, kan förhoppningsvis ålstammen räddas., Biodiversity loss is one of the biggest threats to our planet, and in freshwater, populations of migratory fish species have declined by 76% since the 1970s. The eel is a species threatened with extinction due to anthropogenic impact, mainly due to power plant dams that fragment habitat and prevent the species' vital migration up and down streams through lack of passage solutions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibility of further developing eel passage solutions with the substrate EF-16, by testing the climbing success of glass eels at two different passage ramps and at two different flows (3 l/min and 9 l/min). Each passage solution consisted of four passage ramps positioned widthwise, with EF-16 mounted either flat or lateral v-shaped every other ramp. The study shows that the optimized v-shaped passage ramps gave significantly more climbs at high flows, and that the location of the ramps also had a significant impact on the choice of ramp. The body weight of eels, on the other hand, had no effect on passage success. This study emphasizes the importance of the development of efficient passage solutions for glass eels that can be applied at large variations in flow at power plant dams. By allowing more eels to migrate upstream watercourses past hydropower plants to their spawning grounds, the eel population can hopefully be saved., Optimerade passagelösningar för ål, 52096-1

The Swedish national plan for reapproval of hydropower describes that hydropower plants (HPPs) are required to be reassessed to ensure that modern environmental conditions are set for the permits. Since dams and HPPs create barriers for migrating fish and consequently disfavor biological diversity, one consequence of the national plan is that fishways are being constructed. This, in combination with an old, unfinished approval procedure from the 1960’s, resulted in the construction of three up- and downstream fishways in Mora municipality, at the HPPs in Spjutmo, Blyberg and Väsa. To fulfill requirements in regard to the fishway’s incline and safety, but at the same time minimize the need of space, the fishways have new, innovative and not yet tested design features. One of these features is the “parking garage” layout of the upstream fishway. Despite these features, the fishways take up a large amount of space and thus require large amounts of blasting, excavation and materials such as concrete and steel parts. These are climate impact influence intensive procedures and materials, but the construction has so far not been evaluated from a climate impact perspective. This, in combination with a lack of studies on the climate impact of fishways, has resulted in this project.The aim of this project was to examine the climate impact caused by the fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg, to identify what affects the total climate impact as well as providing measures that could reduce the climate impact for future similar fishways. To provide an extensive overview of the climate impact that the fishways cause during their entire lifetime, the method life cycle analysis (LCA) was used. The construction of the fishways at Väsa HPP starts later than for Spjutmo and Blyberg, and therefore Väsa is excluded from the scope due to the lack of required information.The fishways in Spjutmo and Blyberg have the same design features, but the material consumptions differ due to their differenc

Förlorad biologisk mångfald är ett av de största hoten mot vår planet, och i sötvatten har populationer av migrerande fiskarter minskat med 76 % sedan 70-talet. Ålen är en art som hotas av utrotning på grund av antropogen inverkan, framför allt på grund av kraftverksdammar som fragmenterar habitat och förhindrar artens livsnödvändiga migration upp- och nedströms vattendrag genom avsaknad av passagelösningar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka möjligheten att vidareutveckla ålpassagelösningar med substratet EF-16, detta genom att testa klättringsframgången för glasålar vid två olika passageramper och två olika flöden (3 l/min och 9 l/min). Varje passagelösning bestod av fyra passageramper positionerade i bredd, med EF-16 monterat varannan ramp antingen rakt eller lateralt v-format. Resultatet från studien visade att de optimerade v-formade passageramperna gav signifikant fler klättringar vid höga flöden, samt att placeringen av ramperna också hade signifikant betydelse för valet av ramp. Kroppsvikten för ålar hade däremot ingen effekt för passageframgången. Denna studie betonar vikten av framtagandet av effektiva passagelösningar för glasålar som fungerar vid stora variationer av flöde vid kraftverksdammar. Genom att fler ålar kan migrera uppströms vattendrag förbi kraftverksdammar till sina uppväxtområden, kan förhoppningsvis ålstammen räddas., Biodiversity loss is one of the biggest threats to our planet, and in freshwater, populations of migratory fish species have declined by 76% since the 1970s. The eel is a species threatened with extinction due to anthropogenic impact, mainly due to power plant dams that fragment habitat and prevent the species' vital migration up and down streams through lack of passage solutions. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possibility of further developing eel passage solutions with the substrate EF-16, by testing the climbing success of glass eels at two different passage ramps and at two different flows (3 l/min and 9 l/min). Each passage solution consisted of four passage ramps positioned widthwise, with EF-16 mounted either flat or lateral v-shaped every other ramp. The study shows that the optimized v-shaped passage ramps gave significantly more climbs at high flows, and that the location of the ramps also had a significant impact on the choice of ramp. The body weight of eels, on the other hand, had no effect on passage success. This study emphasizes the importance of the development of efficient passage solutions for glass eels that can be applied at large variations in flow at power plant dams. By allowing more eels to migrate upstream watercourses past hydropower plants to their spawning grounds, the eel population can hopefully be saved., Optimerade passagelösningar för ål, 52096-1

Today, many migrating fish stocks find it difficult to reach their breeding grounds. This is because there are different types of obstacles e.g., hydropower plants and dams. Such power plants need environmental adaptations and fish counters are becoming an increasingly common tool for such adaptations. This essay investigates, with the help of data from a fish counter, whether there is a size- dependency and how it is affected by water temperature, water flow and seasonality. The results can contribute with knowledge about how fish counters can be used for evaluation of environmental adaptations of hydropower plants and dams. The highest migration intensity was noted during three migration periods; spring (March – April), summer (June-July) and autumn (September – November) and all differed in intensity. The average intensity of migration in autumn was nine times higher than spring and three times higher than summer. In addition, more large fish migrated in autumn than in spring and summer. However, autumn showed no significant correlation between the size of the fish and prevailing waterflow and water temperature at the time of passage. In summary, the results show that there may be a need to increase water discharge in the autumn as both the migration intensity and the length distribution were the highest. The use of a fish counter can in the future give the operator good conditions to environmentally monitor their surroundings. To ensure the quality of the data, it is recommended to plan well in advance, ensure the right settings from the beginning and perform regular supervision. The person in charge should also have sufficient knowledge in order to be able to recognize any oddities in the data of the fish counter. The results should also be supplemented with other studies, which concern both downstream and upstream migration, and that the observations are repeated for several years to investigate the significance of mid-year variation., Idag har många migrerande fiskbestånd svårt att nå till sina reproduktionsplatser. Detta beror på att det finns olika typer av hinder (exempelvis vattenkraftverk och dammar) som gör det svårt för fiskarna att komma fram. Sådana kraftverk behöver miljöanpassas och fiskräknare blir ett allt vanligare verktyg för att följa upp sådana miljöanpassningar. Denna uppsats undersöker, med hjälp av data från en fiskräknare, om fiskvandringen är storleksberoende och hur den påverkas av vattentemperatur, vattenföring och säsong. Resultaten kan bidra med kunskap om hur fiskräknare kan användas vid utvärdering av miljöanpassningar av vattenkraftverk och dammar. Den största fiskvandringsintensiteten noterades under tre vandringsperioder; vår (mars – april), sommar (juni-juli) och höst (september-november). Höstens genomsnittliga vandringsintensitet var ca nio gånger högre än på våren och tre gånger högre än på sommaren. Dessutom vandrade fler stora fiskar på hösten än under våren och sommaren. Under hösten fanns det dock inget signifikant samband mellan fiskens storlek och rådande vattenflöde och vattentemperatur vid passagetillfället. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultatet att det kan finnas ett behov av att öka vattentappningen på hösten då både vandringsintensiteten och längdfördelningen är som störst för fiskarna. Användningen av en fiskräknare kan i framtiden ge verksamhetsutövaren goda förutsättningar att miljöbevaka sin omgivning. För att kvalitetssäkra datan är rekommendationen att planera arbetet i god tid, ställa in rätt inställningar från början och att utföra regelbunden tillsyn. Den ansvarige bör också vara tillräckligt införstådd för att kunna känna igen eventuella konstigheter i fiskräknarens data. Resultaten bör även kompletteras med andra studier, som rör både nedströms och uppströms vandring, samt att observationerna upprepas under flera år för att undersöka betydelsen av mellanårsvariation.

This paper investigates the juncture of hydropower and nuclear engineering traditions in the form of energy complexes in the Soviet Union during the 25-year-period of 1966-1991. During this period, the USSR tried to stimulate its economy with cheap electricity to counter economic stagnation. Communist politicians brought forth a grand-scheme nuclear agenda to address this issue. It encapsulated the civil nuclear industry as the symbol of societal progress. The promise of abundant and cheap electricity would re-fuel the ailing economy, demonstrate the technological strength of the country and prove to its own people that concrete steps were being taken towards the realisation of communism. Soviet engineers from the hydrotechnical institute Gidroproekt envisioned the creation of energy complexes, in which a nuclear power plant would provide the energy grid's baseload, while accompanying hydropower plants would contribute the peak-demand-regulation. By combining these two means and functions in electricity production, irrigation for agriculture and the yield of local fisheries could be improved. These complexes were planned to be large (5-10 GWe) and symbols for Soviet imaginaries of Socialist progress. By thus combining older hydraulic with newer nuclear traditions, these complexes signified a Soviet approach to coping with electricity shortages in a context of economic struggle. The article makes use of archival planning material from Gidroproekt and Minenergo. This is done to illustrate how Soviet nuclear and hydraulic engineers created plans for three energy complexes. At the Southern Ukrainian, Rozhnyatovskij and Kolskij energy complex the technocratic mixture of hydraulic and nuclear traditions manifested itself in remarkable attempts to change the natural environment – as envisioned proof of Soviet technological superiority., QC 20220819

This presentation investigates the juncture of hydropower and nuclear engineering tradition in the form of energy complexes in the Soviet Union during the 25-year-periodof 1966-1991. During this period, the USSR tried to stimulate its economy with cheap electricity to counter economic stagnation. Communist politicians brought forth a grand-scheme nuclear agenda to address this issue. It encapsulated the civil nuclear industry as the symbol of societal progress. The promise of abundant and cheap electricity would re-fuel the ailing economy, demonstrate the technological strength of the country and proof to its own people that concrete steps were being taken towards the realisation of communism. Soviet engineers from Gidroproekt – the USSR’s flagship hydraulic engineering agency –envisioned the creation of energy complexes, in which a nuclear power plant would provide the electricity grid’s baseload, while accompanying hydropower plants would contribute to peak-demand regulation. By combining these two means and functions inelectricity production, irrigation for agriculture and the yield of local fisheries could at thesame time be improved. The Soviet energy complexes were planned to be large (5-10GWe) and they became powerful beacons for Soviet imaginaries of socialist progress. By thus combining older hydrological with newer nuclear traditions, the complexes signified a Soviet approach to coping with electricity shortages in a context of economic crisis. The presentation makes use of archival planning material from Gidroproekt and the Soviet Ministry of Energy. It illustrates how Soviet nuclear and hydraulic engineers created plans for three specific energy complexes. At the Southern Ukrainian, the Rozhnyatovskii and the Kolskii energy complexes the technocratic mixture of hydraulicand nuclear tradition manifested itself in remarkable attempts to change the naturalenvironment – envisioned as proof of Soviet technological superiority., QCR 20220819

In aggregated power system models, hydro power is used to even out the price fluctuations as much as possible. For power systems with a significant share of hydro power, this results in price profiles which are almost flat. Contrary to this behaviour, the prices in the Nordic countries show considerable daily fluctuations. As a result, a centralized dispatch model which simulates the aggregated hydro production with a high accuracy may fail to model the market prices. In this paper, we explore a possible explanation for this phenomenon, by including additional constraints in the dispatch model to account for the market clearing, using supply curves for the different technologies. The model results in an upward sloping supply curve for hydro power, which can explain the daily price variations seen in the market. We explain the hydro supply curve by considering multiple price-taking hydro producers with different characteristics, and use production data for Swedish hydro power plants to verify that the behaviour of individual hydro producers will result in an upward sloping supply curve., QC 20230613

With the transition towards renewable energy and the deregulation of the electricity markets, the power system is changing. Growing electricity demand and more intermittent power production increase the need for transfer capacity. Lower inertia levels due to a higher share of renewables increase the need for fast frequency reserves (FFR). In this thesis, we study fundamental control limitations for improving the damping of interarea oscillations and frequency stability. The first part of the thesis considers the damping of oscillatory interarea modes. These system-wide modes involve power oscillating between groups of generators and are sometimes hard to control due to their scale and complexity. We consider limitations of decentralized control schemes based on local measurements, as well as centralized control schemes with limitations associated to actuator dynamics and network topology. It is shown that the stability of asynchronous grids can be improved by modulating the active power of a single interconnecting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link. One challenge with modulating HVDC active power is that the interaction between interarea modes of the two grids may have a negative impact on system stability. By studying the controllability Gramian, we show that it is possible to improve the damping in both grids as long as the frequencies of their interarea modes are not too close. It is demonstrated how the controllability, and therefore the achievable damping, deteriorates as the frequency difference becomes small. With a modal frequency difference of 5%, the damping can be improved by around 2 percentage points whereas a modal frequency difference of 20% allows for around 8 percentage points damping improvement. The results are validated by simulating two HVDC-interconnected 32-bus power system models. We also consider the coordinated control of two and more HVDC links. For some network configurations, it is shown that the interaction between troublesome inte, Övergången till förnybar energi och avregleringen av elmarknaden leder till förändringar i elnätet. En växande efterfrågan på el och en mer väderberoende och osäker produktion ökar behovet av överföringskapacitet. En minskning av rotationsenergin till följd av en högre andel förnyelsebar elproduktion medför även ett ökat behov av snabba frekvensreserver, fast frequency reserves (FFR). I denna avhandling så studeras fundamentala begränsningar för att med återkoppling dämpa interareapendlingar och förbättra frekvensstabiliteten. Den första delen av avhandlingen undersöker fundamentala prestandabegränsningar för dämpningen av interareapendlingar. Dessa systemövergripande pendlingar involverar grupper av generatorer som svänger i förhållande till varandra. Interareapendlingar är ibland svåra att styra på grund av deras skala och komplexitet. Vi studerar begränsningar vid återkoppling från lokala mätsignaler, samt för centraliserade regulatorstrukturer med begränsningar kopplade till ställdonsdynamik och elsystemets topologi. Det visas hur stabiliteten hos två olika synkrona nät sammankopplade med högspänd likström, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kan förbättras genom att modulera den aktiva effekten hos en enda HVDC-länk. En utmaning med aktiv effektmodulering är att växelverkan mellan interareapendlingar hos de två näten kan ha en negativ inverkan på systemets stabilitet. Genom att studera styrbarhetsgramianen visar vi att det alltid är möjligt att förbättra dämpningen i båda näten så länge som frekvenserna hos deras interareapendlingar inte ligger för nära varandra. Det visas hur styrbarheten, och därmed de möjliga dämpningsförbättringarna, försämras då frekvensskillnaden blir liten. Då frekvensskillnad är 5% så kan dämpningen förbättras med cirka 2 procentenheter medan en frekvensskillnad på 20% möjliggör cirka 8 procentenheters förbättring av dämpningen i båda näten. Resultaten valideras i en detaljerad simuleringsstudie av två elnät (vardera med 32 noder) samm, QC 20210521

With the transition towards renewable energy and the deregulation of the electricity markets, the power system is changing. Growing electricity demand and more intermittent power production increase the need for transfer capacity. Lower inertia levels due to a higher share of renewables increase the need for fast frequency reserves (FFR). In this thesis, we study fundamental control limitations for improving the damping of interarea oscillations and frequency stability. The first part of the thesis considers the damping of oscillatory interarea modes. These system-wide modes involve power oscillating between groups of generators and are sometimes hard to control due to their scale and complexity. We consider limitations of decentralized control schemes based on local measurements, as well as centralized control schemes with limitations associated to actuator dynamics and network topology. It is shown that the stability of asynchronous grids can be improved by modulating the active power of a single interconnecting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link. One challenge with modulating HVDC active power is that the interaction between interarea modes of the two grids may have a negative impact on system stability. By studying the controllability Gramian, we show that it is possible to improve the damping in both grids as long as the frequencies of their interarea modes are not too close. It is demonstrated how the controllability, and therefore the achievable damping, deteriorates as the frequency difference becomes small. With a modal frequency difference of 5%, the damping can be improved by around 2 percentage points whereas a modal frequency difference of 20% allows for around 8 percentage points damping improvement. The results are validated by simulating two HVDC-interconnected 32-bus power system models. We also consider the coordinated control of two and more HVDC links. For some network configurations, it is shown that the interaction between troublesome inte, Övergången till förnybar energi och avregleringen av elmarknaden leder till förändringar i elnätet. En växande efterfrågan på el och en mer väderberoende och osäker produktion ökar behovet av överföringskapacitet. En minskning av rotationsenergin till följd av en högre andel förnyelsebar elproduktion medför även ett ökat behov av snabba frekvensreserver, fast frequency reserves (FFR). I denna avhandling så studeras fundamentala begränsningar för att med återkoppling dämpa interareapendlingar och förbättra frekvensstabiliteten. Den första delen av avhandlingen undersöker fundamentala prestandabegränsningar för dämpningen av interareapendlingar. Dessa systemövergripande pendlingar involverar grupper av generatorer som svänger i förhållande till varandra. Interareapendlingar är ibland svåra att styra på grund av deras skala och komplexitet. Vi studerar begränsningar vid återkoppling från lokala mätsignaler, samt för centraliserade regulatorstrukturer med begränsningar kopplade till ställdonsdynamik och elsystemets topologi. Det visas hur stabiliteten hos två olika synkrona nät sammankopplade med högspänd likström, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kan förbättras genom att modulera den aktiva effekten hos en enda HVDC-länk. En utmaning med aktiv effektmodulering är att växelverkan mellan interareapendlingar hos de två näten kan ha en negativ inverkan på systemets stabilitet. Genom att studera styrbarhetsgramianen visar vi att det alltid är möjligt att förbättra dämpningen i båda näten så länge som frekvenserna hos deras interareapendlingar inte ligger för nära varandra. Det visas hur styrbarheten, och därmed de möjliga dämpningsförbättringarna, försämras då frekvensskillnaden blir liten. Då frekvensskillnad är 5% så kan dämpningen förbättras med cirka 2 procentenheter medan en frekvensskillnad på 20% möjliggör cirka 8 procentenheters förbättring av dämpningen i båda näten. Resultaten valideras i en detaljerad simuleringsstudie av två elnät (vardera med 32 noder) samm, QC 20210521

The power grid faces stability problems due to loss of inertia. The ancillary services balancing the system must be improved to maintain stability. In contrast to earlier studies, this thesis estimates how the future grid frequency quality in both the short and long term is affected by different control methods, using an ensemble of quality measures. The thesis uses conventional one-area models for the power grid and FCR-N (frequency containment reserve – normal operation) but develops new models for FCR-D (– disturbed operation), FFR (fast frequency reserve), and synthetic inertia (SI). To acquire proper input data the thesis uses an inverse model of the power grid to compute the momentary load disturbance, i.e., the difference between load and generation, from the grid frequency. The thesis makes a difference between proportional and derivative SI, where the latter is the one commonly associated with the term SI. The results show that derivative SI can improve some quality measures but requires very high power capacity. In contrast, proportional SI improves almost every measure the most, for a fraction of the required capacity. Derivative SI is therefore worth less from a system perspective. However, it is shown that the quality measures improved by derivative SI are related to hydropower wear and tear, making it more interesting for hydro power owners. Moreover, FFR gives no benefit to long time quality measures. Considering the short-term analysis where a large disturbance occurs, FFR gives almost no benefit and risks worsening the stability. Also, for the large disturbance, proportional SI performs the best. The results are limited by the small number of simulations that were performed and can only provide indications of trends. A more solid conclusion, however, is that one cannot expect transmission system operators (TSO) to introduce an ancillary service that builds on derivative SI.

The power grid faces stability problems due to loss of inertia. The ancillary services balancing the system must be improved to maintain stability. In contrast to earlier studies, this thesis estimates how the future grid frequency quality in both the short and long term is affected by different control methods, using an ensemble of quality measures. The thesis uses conventional one-area models for the power grid and FCR-N (frequency containment reserve – normal operation) but develops new models for FCR-D (– disturbed operation), FFR (fast frequency reserve), and synthetic inertia (SI). To acquire proper input data the thesis uses an inverse model of the power grid to compute the momentary load disturbance, i.e., the difference between load and generation, from the grid frequency. The thesis makes a difference between proportional and derivative SI, where the latter is the one commonly associated with the term SI. The results show that derivative SI can improve some quality measures but requires very high power capacity. In contrast, proportional SI improves almost every measure the most, for a fraction of the required capacity. Derivative SI is therefore worth less from a system perspective. However, it is shown that the quality measures improved by derivative SI are related to hydropower wear and tear, making it more interesting for hydro power owners. Moreover, FFR gives no benefit to long time quality measures. Considering the short-term analysis where a large disturbance occurs, FFR gives almost no benefit and risks worsening the stability. Also, for the large disturbance, proportional SI performs the best. The results are limited by the small number of simulations that were performed and can only provide indications of trends. A more solid conclusion, however, is that one cannot expect transmission system operators (TSO) to introduce an ancillary service that builds on derivative SI.

With the transition towards renewable energy and the deregulation of the electricity markets, the power system is changing. Growing electricity demand and more intermittent power production increase the need for transfer capacity. Lower inertia levels due to a higher share of renewables increase the need for fast frequency reserves (FFR). In this thesis, we study fundamental control limitations for improving the damping of interarea oscillations and frequency stability. The first part of the thesis considers the damping of oscillatory interarea modes. These system-wide modes involve power oscillating between groups of generators and are sometimes hard to control due to their scale and complexity. We consider limitations of decentralized control schemes based on local measurements, as well as centralized control schemes with limitations associated to actuator dynamics and network topology. It is shown that the stability of asynchronous grids can be improved by modulating the active power of a single interconnecting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link. One challenge with modulating HVDC active power is that the interaction between interarea modes of the two grids may have a negative impact on system stability. By studying the controllability Gramian, we show that it is possible to improve the damping in both grids as long as the frequencies of their interarea modes are not too close. It is demonstrated how the controllability, and therefore the achievable damping, deteriorates as the frequency difference becomes small. With a modal frequency difference of 5%, the damping can be improved by around 2 percentage points whereas a modal frequency difference of 20% allows for around 8 percentage points damping improvement. The results are validated by simulating two HVDC-interconnected 32-bus power system models. We also consider the coordinated control of two and more HVDC links. For some network configurations, it is shown that the interaction between troublesome inte, Övergången till förnybar energi och avregleringen av elmarknaden leder till förändringar i elnätet. En växande efterfrågan på el och en mer väderberoende och osäker produktion ökar behovet av överföringskapacitet. En minskning av rotationsenergin till följd av en högre andel förnyelsebar elproduktion medför även ett ökat behov av snabba frekvensreserver, fast frequency reserves (FFR). I denna avhandling så studeras fundamentala begränsningar för att med återkoppling dämpa interareapendlingar och förbättra frekvensstabiliteten. Den första delen av avhandlingen undersöker fundamentala prestandabegränsningar för dämpningen av interareapendlingar. Dessa systemövergripande pendlingar involverar grupper av generatorer som svänger i förhållande till varandra. Interareapendlingar är ibland svåra att styra på grund av deras skala och komplexitet. Vi studerar begränsningar vid återkoppling från lokala mätsignaler, samt för centraliserade regulatorstrukturer med begränsningar kopplade till ställdonsdynamik och elsystemets topologi. Det visas hur stabiliteten hos två olika synkrona nät sammankopplade med högspänd likström, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kan förbättras genom att modulera den aktiva effekten hos en enda HVDC-länk. En utmaning med aktiv effektmodulering är att växelverkan mellan interareapendlingar hos de två näten kan ha en negativ inverkan på systemets stabilitet. Genom att studera styrbarhetsgramianen visar vi att det alltid är möjligt att förbättra dämpningen i båda näten så länge som frekvenserna hos deras interareapendlingar inte ligger för nära varandra. Det visas hur styrbarheten, och därmed de möjliga dämpningsförbättringarna, försämras då frekvensskillnaden blir liten. Då frekvensskillnad är 5% så kan dämpningen förbättras med cirka 2 procentenheter medan en frekvensskillnad på 20% möjliggör cirka 8 procentenheters förbättring av dämpningen i båda näten. Resultaten valideras i en detaljerad simuleringsstudie av två elnät (vardera med 32 noder) samm, QC 20210521

With the transition towards renewable energy and the deregulation of the electricity markets, the power system is changing. Growing electricity demand and more intermittent power production increase the need for transfer capacity. Lower inertia levels due to a higher share of renewables increase the need for fast frequency reserves (FFR). In this thesis, we study fundamental control limitations for improving the damping of interarea oscillations and frequency stability. The first part of the thesis considers the damping of oscillatory interarea modes. These system-wide modes involve power oscillating between groups of generators and are sometimes hard to control due to their scale and complexity. We consider limitations of decentralized control schemes based on local measurements, as well as centralized control schemes with limitations associated to actuator dynamics and network topology. It is shown that the stability of asynchronous grids can be improved by modulating the active power of a single interconnecting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link. One challenge with modulating HVDC active power is that the interaction between interarea modes of the two grids may have a negative impact on system stability. By studying the controllability Gramian, we show that it is possible to improve the damping in both grids as long as the frequencies of their interarea modes are not too close. It is demonstrated how the controllability, and therefore the achievable damping, deteriorates as the frequency difference becomes small. With a modal frequency difference of 5%, the damping can be improved by around 2 percentage points whereas a modal frequency difference of 20% allows for around 8 percentage points damping improvement. The results are validated by simulating two HVDC-interconnected 32-bus power system models. We also consider the coordinated control of two and more HVDC links. For some network configurations, it is shown that the interaction between troublesome inte, Övergången till förnybar energi och avregleringen av elmarknaden leder till förändringar i elnätet. En växande efterfrågan på el och en mer väderberoende och osäker produktion ökar behovet av överföringskapacitet. En minskning av rotationsenergin till följd av en högre andel förnyelsebar elproduktion medför även ett ökat behov av snabba frekvensreserver, fast frequency reserves (FFR). I denna avhandling så studeras fundamentala begränsningar för att med återkoppling dämpa interareapendlingar och förbättra frekvensstabiliteten. Den första delen av avhandlingen undersöker fundamentala prestandabegränsningar för dämpningen av interareapendlingar. Dessa systemövergripande pendlingar involverar grupper av generatorer som svänger i förhållande till varandra. Interareapendlingar är ibland svåra att styra på grund av deras skala och komplexitet. Vi studerar begränsningar vid återkoppling från lokala mätsignaler, samt för centraliserade regulatorstrukturer med begränsningar kopplade till ställdonsdynamik och elsystemets topologi. Det visas hur stabiliteten hos två olika synkrona nät sammankopplade med högspänd likström, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kan förbättras genom att modulera den aktiva effekten hos en enda HVDC-länk. En utmaning med aktiv effektmodulering är att växelverkan mellan interareapendlingar hos de två näten kan ha en negativ inverkan på systemets stabilitet. Genom att studera styrbarhetsgramianen visar vi att det alltid är möjligt att förbättra dämpningen i båda näten så länge som frekvenserna hos deras interareapendlingar inte ligger för nära varandra. Det visas hur styrbarheten, och därmed de möjliga dämpningsförbättringarna, försämras då frekvensskillnaden blir liten. Då frekvensskillnad är 5% så kan dämpningen förbättras med cirka 2 procentenheter medan en frekvensskillnad på 20% möjliggör cirka 8 procentenheters förbättring av dämpningen i båda näten. Resultaten valideras i en detaljerad simuleringsstudie av två elnät (vardera med 32 noder) samm, QC 20210521

With the transition towards renewable energy and the deregulation of the electricity markets, the power system is changing. Growing electricity demand and more intermittent power production increase the need for transfer capacity. Lower inertia levels due to a higher share of renewables increase the need for fast frequency reserves (FFR). In this thesis, we study fundamental control limitations for improving the damping of interarea oscillations and frequency stability. The first part of the thesis considers the damping of oscillatory interarea modes. These system-wide modes involve power oscillating between groups of generators and are sometimes hard to control due to their scale and complexity. We consider limitations of decentralized control schemes based on local measurements, as well as centralized control schemes with limitations associated to actuator dynamics and network topology. It is shown that the stability of asynchronous grids can be improved by modulating the active power of a single interconnecting high-voltage direct current (HVDC) link. One challenge with modulating HVDC active power is that the interaction between interarea modes of the two grids may have a negative impact on system stability. By studying the controllability Gramian, we show that it is possible to improve the damping in both grids as long as the frequencies of their interarea modes are not too close. It is demonstrated how the controllability, and therefore the achievable damping, deteriorates as the frequency difference becomes small. With a modal frequency difference of 5%, the damping can be improved by around 2 percentage points whereas a modal frequency difference of 20% allows for around 8 percentage points damping improvement. The results are validated by simulating two HVDC-interconnected 32-bus power system models. We also consider the coordinated control of two and more HVDC links. For some network configurations, it is shown that the interaction between troublesome inte, Övergången till förnybar energi och avregleringen av elmarknaden leder till förändringar i elnätet. En växande efterfrågan på el och en mer väderberoende och osäker produktion ökar behovet av överföringskapacitet. En minskning av rotationsenergin till följd av en högre andel förnyelsebar elproduktion medför även ett ökat behov av snabba frekvensreserver, fast frequency reserves (FFR). I denna avhandling så studeras fundamentala begränsningar för att med återkoppling dämpa interareapendlingar och förbättra frekvensstabiliteten. Den första delen av avhandlingen undersöker fundamentala prestandabegränsningar för dämpningen av interareapendlingar. Dessa systemövergripande pendlingar involverar grupper av generatorer som svänger i förhållande till varandra. Interareapendlingar är ibland svåra att styra på grund av deras skala och komplexitet. Vi studerar begränsningar vid återkoppling från lokala mätsignaler, samt för centraliserade regulatorstrukturer med begränsningar kopplade till ställdonsdynamik och elsystemets topologi. Det visas hur stabiliteten hos två olika synkrona nät sammankopplade med högspänd likström, high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kan förbättras genom att modulera den aktiva effekten hos en enda HVDC-länk. En utmaning med aktiv effektmodulering är att växelverkan mellan interareapendlingar hos de två näten kan ha en negativ inverkan på systemets stabilitet. Genom att studera styrbarhetsgramianen visar vi att det alltid är möjligt att förbättra dämpningen i båda näten så länge som frekvenserna hos deras interareapendlingar inte ligger för nära varandra. Det visas hur styrbarheten, och därmed de möjliga dämpningsförbättringarna, försämras då frekvensskillnaden blir liten. Då frekvensskillnad är 5% så kan dämpningen förbättras med cirka 2 procentenheter medan en frekvensskillnad på 20% möjliggör cirka 8 procentenheters förbättring av dämpningen i båda näten. Resultaten valideras i en detaljerad simuleringsstudie av två elnät (vardera med 32 noder) samm, QC 20210521

Dams are playing a significant role in utilizing the resources of water and have a larger impact on the river ecosystem. It has an enormous deal of positive and negative effects on the environment in addition to their benefits like managing stream regimes, as a result preventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from the stored water and producing energy. The acute and chronic effects due to the construction of the dam are various and categorized according to the area, the services provided by the dams to the community and also its unsocial impacts, advantageous and detrimental impacts on nearby communities and to the aquatic environment These consequences of the construction of any dam project may be commanded in a rigorous and complicated approach resembling climatic, hydraulic, biological, communal, intellectual, archaeological etc. The role of Dams and their benefits are much more and impact directly in our social and environmental life, but it is also a key point that we have to focus about the negative effects of these developmental activities and major and minor dam construction projects by the way of water resource engineering and sustainable development. Dams have the majority of significant functions in utilizing water resources. All through the history of the world, dams have been used successfully in collecting, storing and managing water needed to uphold civilization. Dams have a great deal of affirmative and pessimistic effects on the environment. The advantages are also varying from modest to many folds to the community like controlling stream regime as a result of preventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from stored water and generating energy from hydropower. Whereas dam endows with significant benefit to our civilization, their impact on the surrounding includes resettlement and relocation, socioeconomic impact, environmental concerns, sedimentation issue, safety aspects etc. Over and above their incredibly important

Electricity markets may become more sensitive to weather conditions because of higher penetration of renewable energy sources and climatic changes. Albania is 100% reliant on hydropower for its domestic energy generation, making this country compelling to investigate as it is highly sensitive to changing weather conditions. We use an ARMA-GARCH model to investigate whether weather and economic factors had a relationship with monthly hydroelectricity prices in the Albanian Energy Market in the period 2013-2018. We find that electricity price is affected by variations in weather and is not utterly robust to extreme hydrological changes. Generally, our dependent variable appears to be particularly influenced by air pressure followed by temperature and rainfall. We also perceive that there is a relationship between economic factors and hydroelectricity prices, where residual supply appears to have a significant negative relationship with our dependent variable. However, we were originally anticipating a higher dependency of electricity prices on weather conditions, due to the inflated hydro-power reliance for electricity production in the Albanian Energy Market. This effect is offset by several factors, where the state monopolized behaviour of the energy sector occupies a predominant influence on our results.

Hydro power plants are an essential part of the infrastructure in Sweden as they stand for a large amount of the produced electricity and are used to regulate supply and demand on the electricity grid. Other renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, have become more popular as they contribute to a fossil free society. However, wind and solar power are intermittent energy sources causing the demand for regulating power on the grid to increase. Hydro power turbines are designed to operate at a certain design point with a specific flow rate. The plants are operated away from the design point when used to regulate the supply and demand of electricity. This can cause a specific flow phenomenon to arise in the draft tube at part load conditions called a Rotating Vortex Rope (RVR) which causes dangerous pressure fluctuation able to damage blades and bearings. A solution to mitigate a RVR is to inject pulsating momentum into the draft tube by using an actuator operating at a certain frequency. A literature study was conducted and three techniques were numerically simulated using ANSYS Workbench 19.0 R3; a fluidic oscillator, a piston actuator and a synthetic jet actuator. A dynamic mesh was used to simulate the movement of the piston actuator and diaphragm of the synthetic actuator whilst the mesh of the fluidic oscillator was stationary. The relative errors of the three numerical models were all below 3 %. All devices showed promising results and could potentially be used to mitigate a RVR because they all have the ability to produce high energy jets. The fluidic oscillator had an external supply of water, whereas the other two did not, which means that it could inject the largest mass flow. The piston actuator required a driving motor to move the piston. The diaphragm of the synthetic jet actuator was moved by a Piezoelectric element. Advantages of the fluidic oscillator are that it has no moving parts, in contrary to the two other devices, it can directly b

Dams are playing a significant role in utilizing the resources of water and have a larger impact on the river ecosystem. It has an enormous deal of positive and negative effects on the environment in addition to their benefits like managing stream regimes, as a result preventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from the stored water and producing energy. The acute and chronic effects due to the construction of the dam are various and categorized according to the area, the services provided by the dams to the community and also its unsocial impacts, advantageous and detrimental impacts on nearby communities and to the aquatic environment These consequences of the construction of any dam project may be commanded in a rigorous and complicated approach resembling climatic, hydraulic, biological, communal, intellectual, archaeological etc. The role of Dams and their benefits are much more and impact directly in our social and environmental life, but it is also a key point that we have to focus about the negative effects of these developmental activities and major and minor dam construction projects by the way of water resource engineering and sustainable development. Dams have the majority of significant functions in utilizing water resources. All through the history of the world, dams have been used successfully in collecting, storing and managing water needed to uphold civilization. Dams have a great deal of affirmative and pessimistic effects on the environment. The advantages are also varying from modest to many folds to the community like controlling stream regime as a result of preventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from stored water and generating energy from hydropower. Whereas dam endows with significant benefit to our civilization, their impact on the surrounding includes resettlement and relocation, socioeconomic impact, environmental concerns, sedimentation issue, safety aspects etc. Over and above their incredibly important

Dams are playing a significant role in utilizing the resources of water and have a larger impact on the river ecosystem. It has an enormous deal of positive and negative effects on the environment in addition to their benefits like managing stream regimes, as a result preventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from the stored water and producing energy. The acute and chronic effects due to the construction of the dam are various and categorized according to the area, the services provided by the dams to the community and also its unsocial impacts, advantageous and detrimental impacts on nearby communities and to the aquatic environment These consequences of the construction of any dam project may be commanded in a rigorous and complicated approach resembling climatic, hydraulic, biological, communal, intellectual, archaeological etc. The role of Dams and their benefits are much more and impact directly in our social and environmental life, but it is also a key point that we have to focus about the negative effects of these developmental activities and major and minor dam construction projects by the way of water resource engineering and sustainable development. Dams have the majority of significant functions in utilizing water resources. All through the history of the world, dams have been used successfully in collecting, storing and managing water needed to uphold civilization. Dams have a great deal of affirmative and pessimistic effects on the environment. The advantages are also varying from modest to many folds to the community like controlling stream regime as a result of preventing floods, obtaining domestic and irrigation water from stored water and generating energy from hydropower. Whereas dam endows with significant benefit to our civilization, their impact on the surrounding includes resettlement and relocation, socioeconomic impact, environmental concerns, sedimentation issue, safety aspects etc. Over and above their incredibly important

Hydro power plants are an essential part of the infrastructure in Sweden as they stand for a large amount of the produced electricity and are used to regulate supply and demand on the electricity grid. Other renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, have become more popular as they contribute to a fossil free society. However, wind and solar power are intermittent energy sources causing the demand for regulating power on the grid to increase. Hydro power turbines are designed to operate at a certain design point with a specific flow rate. The plants are operated away from the design point when used to regulate the supply and demand of electricity. This can cause a specific flow phenomenon to arise in the draft tube at part load conditions called a Rotating Vortex Rope (RVR) which causes dangerous pressure fluctuation able to damage blades and bearings. A solution to mitigate a RVR is to inject pulsating momentum into the draft tube by using an actuator operating at a certain frequency. A literature study was conducted and three techniques were numerically simulated using ANSYS Workbench 19.0 R3; a fluidic oscillator, a piston actuator and a synthetic jet actuator. A dynamic mesh was used to simulate the movement of the piston actuator and diaphragm of the synthetic actuator whilst the mesh of the fluidic oscillator was stationary. The relative errors of the three numerical models were all below 3 %. All devices showed promising results and could potentially be used to mitigate a RVR because they all have the ability to produce high energy jets. The fluidic oscillator had an external supply of water, whereas the other two did not, which means that it could inject the largest mass flow. The piston actuator required a driving motor to move the piston. The diaphragm of the synthetic jet actuator was moved by a Piezoelectric element. Advantages of the fluidic oscillator are that it has no moving parts, in contrary to the two other devices, it can directly b

Electricity markets may become more sensitive to weather conditions because of higher penetration of renewable energy sources and climatic changes. Albania is 100% reliant on hydropower for its domestic energy generation, making this country compelling to investigate as it is highly sensitive to changing weather conditions. We use an ARMA-GARCH model to investigate whether weather and economic factors had a relationship with monthly hydroelectricity prices in the Albanian Energy Market in the period 2013-2018. We find that electricity price is affected by variations in weather and is not utterly robust to extreme hydrological changes. Generally, our dependent variable appears to be particularly influenced by air pressure followed by temperature and rainfall. We also perceive that there is a relationship between economic factors and hydroelectricity prices, where residual supply appears to have a significant negative relationship with our dependent variable. However, we were originally anticipating a higher dependency of electricity prices on weather conditions, due to the inflated hydro-power reliance for electricity production in the Albanian Energy Market. This effect is offset by several factors, where the state monopolized behaviour of the energy sector occupies a predominant influence on our results.

The Winter-Kennedy (WK) method is used to estimate relative flow rate using the differential pressure between two taps located at a radial section of a spiral casing (SC). It is widely used in index testing, for double regulated turbines optimization and sometimes for continuous discharge measurement in low head plants. This paper explores the possibility of using the WK method for relative transient flow rate measurements. A numerical model of a Kaplan model turbine from the penstock to the distributor has been developed. Unsteady RANS simulations with k-ω SST turbulence model are performed. Previously conducted experiments on the model turbine are used to validate the numerical results. In the simulations, the guide vanes (GVs) are closed from 26.5°, the best efficient point (BEP), to about 5° opening angle. Two azimuthal locations of the SC and four different WK configurations at each location are considered. The variation of the WK coefficients with time are investigated and compared to the ones at several stationary GV angles. The results showed a difference between the WK coefficients obtained at transient and stationary operations. However, there may be a possibility of using the WK method during transients by locating the pressure taps in appropriate locations for an acceptable variation of the WK coefficient from its BEP value. The research has been funded by Swedish Hydropower Centre (SVC)., Konferensartikel i tidskrift

The Winter-Kennedy (WK) method is used to estimate relative flow rate using the differential pressure between two taps located at a radial section of a spiral casing (SC). It is widely used in index testing, for double regulated turbines optimization and sometimes for continuous discharge measurement in low head plants. This paper explores the possibility of using the WK method for relative transient flow rate measurements. A numerical model of a Kaplan model turbine from the penstock to the distributor has been developed. Unsteady RANS simulations with k-ω SST turbulence model are performed. Previously conducted experiments on the model turbine are used to validate the numerical results. In the simulations, the guide vanes (GVs) are closed from 26.5°, the best efficient point (BEP), to about 5° opening angle. Two azimuthal locations of the SC and four different WK configurations at each location are considered. The variation of the WK coefficients with time are investigated and compared to the ones at several stationary GV angles. The results showed a difference between the WK coefficients obtained at transient and stationary operations. However, there may be a possibility of using the WK method during transients by locating the pressure taps in appropriate locations for an acceptable variation of the WK coefficient from its BEP value. The research has been funded by Swedish Hydropower Centre (SVC)., Konferensartikel i tidskrift

Synchronous generators used for hydro power and nuclear power is a well known topology but there is a vast amount of intricate technologies and methods to making them function properly. This masters thesis covers the development, implementation and verification of a magnetisation system for a synchronous generator. The software implementation is made in the LabVIEW programming environment and uses a high performance CompactRIO with an FPGA for measurements, calculation and output control signals. Together with several peripheral devices, the CompactRIO forms an excitation system and most importantly, an automatic voltage regulator. This system keeps the output voltage of the generator stable and has a variety of safety features such as over excitation limits, under excitation limits and a V/Hz limiter. The resulting system successfully monitors and controls the generator characteristics and the controllers, based on PI controllers, have short rise times, low overshoot and no significant static error. This magnetisation system was verified on a 185 kW synchronous machine and all functions showed satisfying results with the exception of the implemented power system stabiliser which need to be re-tuned.

The aim of this thesis is to optimize hydro power plants with data generated from observations and field tests at the plants. The output is optimal production tables and curves in order to operate and plan hydro power plants in an optimized way concerning power output, efficiency and distribution of water. The thesis is performed in collaboration with Vattenfall AB, which currently use an internal optimization program called SEVAP. Two alternative methods have been selected, employed and compared with the current optimization program, these are Interior-Point Method and Sequential Quadratic Programming. Three start-point strategies are created to increase the probability of finding a global optima. A heuristic rule is used for selection of strategy in order to prevent rapid changes in load distribution for small variations in dispatched water. The optimization is performed at three plants in Sweden with different size and setup. The results of this evaluation showed marginally better results for the employed methods in comparison to the currently used optimization. Further, the developed program is more flexible and compatible to integrate with future digitalization projects., Syftet med detta examensarbete är att optimera vattenkraftverk med data som genererats från indextester vid kraftverken. Resultatet är optimala produktionstabeller och kurvor för drift och planering av vattenkraftverk. Dessa är baserade på att optimalt fördela vattnet mellan aggregaten för att maximera uteffekt och verkningsgrad. Detta arbete har utförts i samarbete med Vattenfall AB, som för närvarande använder ett internt optimeringsprogram som heter SEVAP. Två optimeringsmetoder har valts, implementerats och jämförts med det nuvarande optimeringsprogrammet. Dessa metoder är inrepunktsmetoden (IPM) och sekventiell kvadratiskt programmering (SQP). Tre startpunktsstrategier har används för att öka sannolikheten att hitta ett globalt optima. För att förhindra hastiga förändringar i lastfördelning för små variationer av avsänt vatten har en heuristisk regel används. Optimeringen har utförts på tre stationer med olika uppsättning och storlek. Resultatet av detta examensarbete visar marginellt bättre resultat för de använda metoderna i jämförelse med den nuvarande optimeringen. Det utvecklade programmet är flexibelt och kompatibelt att integrera med framtida digitaliseringsprojekt.

The goal of this research is to assess technical and economic feasibility of hydropower at the weir-complex of Driel. A local initiative opting to improve the environment gained interest in the idea and asked Arcadis NL for help. The weir complex at Driel lays in a key position in the Dutch river Delta and regulates the flow to the IJssel and Nederrijn, both important parts of the flood protection and important shipping routes. In the Nederrijn 2 other hydro-power plants have been built at weirs. Driel was considered as well, but at the time could not be made feasible due to the low head difference at Driel. Developments in low-head hydro-power have given new possibilities and reason for reassessment. First the location has been analysed, in particular the flow situation. Except for the low head difference, the location lends itself well for a hydroelectric plant. The crux of the research is therefore in making the most of the available head. 4 variants have been worked out: a copy of the downstream hydro-power plant of Maurik as a reference, several variations on low head Kaplan turbines and an Archimedes screw have been assessed. A special variation of the Kaplan is the Venturi enhanced Kaplan, which uses part of the discharge to increase the head difference over the turbine. To estimate the annual production, first a simple approach, assuming a turbine can create a certain head difference, and later a hydraulic model incorporating hydraulic losses and using turbomachinery theory, has been used for the Kaplan design variants. The result of the comparison is that the regular Kaplan variant number 4 with 5 turbines, a combined capacity of 3.160kW and a LCOE of 0,154 € per kWh (using interest rate of 3,3%), has the best economic performance and is therefore recommended for further development. A good second option with a lower initial investment (9,6 million euros versus 20,5 of variant nr. 4) is design variant number 1 with a set of 2 Kaplan turbines having a combin, Civil Engineering | Structural Engineering | Hydraulic Structures

Synchronous generators used for hydro power and nuclear power is a well known topology but there is a vast amount of intricate technologies and methods to making them function properly. This masters thesis covers the development, implementation and verification of a magnetisation system for a synchronous generator. The software implementation is made in the LabVIEW programming environment and uses a high performance CompactRIO with an FPGA for measurements, calculation and output control signals. Together with several peripheral devices, the CompactRIO forms an excitation system and most importantly, an automatic voltage regulator. This system keeps the output voltage of the generator stable and has a variety of safety features such as over excitation limits, under excitation limits and a V/Hz limiter. The resulting system successfully monitors and controls the generator characteristics and the controllers, based on PI controllers, have short rise times, low overshoot and no significant static error. This magnetisation system was verified on a 185 kW synchronous machine and all functions showed satisfying results with the exception of the implemented power system stabiliser which need to be re-tuned.

The goal of this research is to assess technical and economic feasibility of hydropower at the weir-complex of Driel. A local initiative opting to improve the environment gained interest in the idea and asked Arcadis NL for help. The weir complex at Driel lays in a key position in the Dutch river Delta and regulates the flow to the IJssel and Nederrijn, both important parts of the flood protection and important shipping routes. In the Nederrijn 2 other hydro-power plants have been built at weirs. Driel was considered as well, but at the time could not be made feasible due to the low head difference at Driel. Developments in low-head hydro-power have given new possibilities and reason for reassessment. First the location has been analysed, in particular the flow situation. Except for the low head difference, the location lends itself well for a hydroelectric plant. The crux of the research is therefore in making the most of the available head. 4 variants have been worked out: a copy of the downstream hydro-power plant of Maurik as a reference, several variations on low head Kaplan turbines and an Archimedes screw have been assessed. A special variation of the Kaplan is the Venturi enhanced Kaplan, which uses part of the discharge to increase the head difference over the turbine. To estimate the annual production, first a simple approach, assuming a turbine can create a certain head difference, and later a hydraulic model incorporating hydraulic losses and using turbomachinery theory, has been used for the Kaplan design variants. The result of the comparison is that the regular Kaplan variant number 4 with 5 turbines, a combined capacity of 3.160kW and a LCOE of 0,154 € per kWh (using interest rate of 3,3%), has the best economic performance and is therefore recommended for further development. A good second option with a lower initial investment (9,6 million euros versus 20,5 of variant nr. 4) is design variant number 1 with a set of 2 Kaplan turbines having a combin, Civil Engineering | Structural Engineering | Hydraulic Structures

The aim of this thesis is to optimize hydro power plants with data generated from observations and field tests at the plants. The output is optimal production tables and curves in order to operate and plan hydro power plants in an optimized way concerning power output, efficiency and distribution of water. The thesis is performed in collaboration with Vattenfall AB, which currently use an internal optimization program called SEVAP. Two alternative methods have been selected, employed and compared with the current optimization program, these are Interior-Point Method and Sequential Quadratic Programming. Three start-point strategies are created to increase the probability of finding a global optima. A heuristic rule is used for selection of strategy in order to prevent rapid changes in load distribution for small variations in dispatched water. The optimization is performed at three plants in Sweden with different size and setup. The results of this evaluation showed marginally better results for the employed methods in comparison to the currently used optimization. Further, the developed program is more flexible and compatible to integrate with future digitalization projects., Syftet med detta examensarbete är att optimera vattenkraftverk med data som genererats från indextester vid kraftverken. Resultatet är optimala produktionstabeller och kurvor för drift och planering av vattenkraftverk. Dessa är baserade på att optimalt fördela vattnet mellan aggregaten för att maximera uteffekt och verkningsgrad. Detta arbete har utförts i samarbete med Vattenfall AB, som för närvarande använder ett internt optimeringsprogram som heter SEVAP. Två optimeringsmetoder har valts, implementerats och jämförts med det nuvarande optimeringsprogrammet. Dessa metoder är inrepunktsmetoden (IPM) och sekventiell kvadratiskt programmering (SQP). Tre startpunktsstrategier har används för att öka sannolikheten att hitta ett globalt optima. För att förhindra hastiga förändringar i lastfördelning för små variationer av avsänt vatten har en heuristisk regel används. Optimeringen har utförts på tre stationer med olika uppsättning och storlek. Resultatet av detta examensarbete visar marginellt bättre resultat för de använda metoderna i jämförelse med den nuvarande optimeringen. Det utvecklade programmet är flexibelt och kompatibelt att integrera med framtida digitaliseringsprojekt.

The paper considers the possibility of carrying out laboratory works on micro hydroelectric power station for students enrolled in the disciplines of renewable energy., В работе рассмотрена возможность изучения мощностных характеристик модели гидроэнергетической установки роторного типа. Приводятся результаты измерений при параллельной и последовательной схемах работы 2-х установок на нагрузку. Дано описание стенда для лабораторных работ по микро ГЭС для студентов, обучающихся по программе «Нетрадиционные и возобновляемые источники энергии».

Vid produktion av el med hjälp av vattenkraft regleras vattenflödet i vattendraget för att producera den mängd el som marknaden efterfrågar för stunden. Detta gör att vattenflödet blir annorlunda i en reglerad älv jämfört med en oreglerad älv. Därför analyseras och jämförs skillnaderna i vattenföringen mellan en reglerad och en oreglerad älv i den här rapporten. Det gjordes med hjälp av flödesdata från två mätstationer i finska älvar, en med reglerat flöde och en med oreglerat. Utifrån flödesdatat beräknades tre olika parametrar i olika tidsskalor, månad, dag och timme, för att undersöka olikaregleringsmönster i älvarna. När flödesskillnaderna analyserats i de olika tidsskalorna konstaterades att skillnaderna i regleringsmönster blev större desto kortare tidshorisont som analyserades. I månadsperspektivet varregleringsmönster nästan lika medan i dags- och timperspektivet var det stora skillnader. I dagsperspektivet som analyserades med parametern HP1 var värdena i genomsnitt ungefär 20 gångerhögre för den reglerade älven än den oreglerade och i timperspektivet som analyserades med parameter HP2 var värdena ungefär 40–50 gånger högre i genomsnitt i den reglerade älven jämförtmed den oreglerade. Att värdena i den reglerade älven är så mycket högre beror på att flödet regleras till att optimera elproduktionen vilket gör att flödesskillnaderna under en dag och mellan två timmar blir betydligt större jämfört med flödesskillnaderna i den naturliga vattenföringen som finns i den oreglerade älven. När vårfloden kommer händer något intressant med regleringsmönstret. Mönstret i de två älvarna närmar sig varandra och blir mer lika. Värdena på parametrarna i den oreglerade älven ökar medan de minskar kraftigt i den reglerade älven. Att värdena i den reglerade älven minskar beror sannolikt på den ökade risken för dammbrott och översvämningar på grund av de högre vattenflödena, vilketberor på begränsningar i lagringskapaciteten. Regleringsmönstret skiljer sig från år till år vilk, Hydro Power is one of the most important producer of electricity and to optimize the production hydropeaking is used. Hydropeaking means regulation of the discharge to produce the amount of electricity the market demands at the time. In this study the regulation pattern has been analyzed and compared in one observation station in a regulated river and one observation station in an unregulated river, in Finland. Flow data has been analyzed with regards to three different statistic parameters. One parameter that analyzes the regulation per month, one that analyzes the regulation per day and one that analyzes per hour. The result shows that the smaller the time interval is the bigger are the differences in the regulation pattern. In the month perspective the value of the parameter is almost the same, in the day perspective the values for the regulated river is approximative 10-20 times bigger than the unregulated. And in the hour perspective it is even bigger differences where the value in the regulated river is around 40-50 times bigger than for the unregulated. The reason to the higher values on the parameters in the regulated river comes from that the discharge here is regulated to optimize the production of electricity which makes the differences in the discharger higher within the day and between two hours.When the spring flood comes something interesting happens with the regulation pattern. The regulation pattern in the two rivers becomes more similar. In the unregulated river the value of the parameters increases meanwhile the values in the regulated river decreases. The reason the short time regulation decreases in the regulated river is probably because of the higher risk of flooding, due to limitations of the capacity to store water, which comes with higher discharges. The regulation pattern got some differences between the years which depends on the amount of rain and the levels in the storing magazines by the start of the year. When the results in this thes

I och med klimatförändringar, är möjligheten att integrera stora andelar förnybar energi i elsystemet av yttersta vikt. Detta kandidatexamensarbete undersöker vattenkraftens regleringsmöjlighet när man integrerar vindkraft i ett slutet elsystem. Projektet inkluderar en fallstudie baserad på fem vattenkraftverk i en del av Skellefteälven i norra Sverige. Målet med projektet är att optimera vattenkraftensdrift med maximal andel vindkraft installerad i systemet. Detta utförs genom att maximera vattenkraftens vinster. Genom att i programvaran GAMS lösa ett linjärprogrammeringsproblem med timvis upplösning bestående av 168 timmar. När vindkraft implementeras upptäcks att den maximala installerade effekten vindkraft är 100 MW. Placeringen av vindkraften hade en påverkan på vinsterna i systemet, samt den maximala mängden. Fallstudien visar att det är elnätet som begränsar den maximala installerade effekten vindkraft och inte vattenkraftens reglerförmåga. Fallstudien visar dessutom att det är mindre lönsamt att bygga all vindkraft i en nod utan istället sprida ut vindkraften i elsystemet., In the face of climate changes, integrating larger quantities renewable energy resources into the electrical grid is vital. This bachelor thesis project examines the regulatory ability in hydro power when implenting wind power into a closed power system. The project includes a case study based on a part of River Skellefte älv in northern Sweden, including five hydro power plants. The goal of the project is to optimize the hydro power production with maximum amount of implimented wind power. This is done by maximizing the revenue from the hydro power plants electrical production. Through a linear programming problem consisting of 168 time steps of one hour each, an optimal scheduling for the hydro power plants is found, using the opitimization software GAMS. When implenting wind power to the system, the maximum installed wind power is found to be 100 MW. The placement of the wind power in the system affects the revenue of the power system, as well as the maximum installed wind power possible. The case study shows that it is the electrical grid that restricts the amount of wind power that can be implented, rather than the regulatory ability in the installed hydro power. The case study also indicates that it is less profitable to apply all wind power in the same node of the power system.

A project to suggest an alternative to small scale hydro power at the old power plant in Långforsen, Jämtland, Sweden. Using excavation as a tool and raw materials from the site, the aim is to take the visitor into nature by using choreographed movement through the site, close to nature shelters, and a visitor center to tie it all together.

A project to suggest an alternative to small scale hydro power at the old power plant in Långforsen, Jämtland, Sweden. Using excavation as a tool and raw materials from the site, the aim is to take the visitor into nature by using choreographed movement through the site, close to nature shelters, and a visitor center to tie it all together.

Vid produktion av el med hjälp av vattenkraft regleras vattenflödet i vattendraget för att producera den mängd el som marknaden efterfrågar för stunden. Detta gör att vattenflödet blir annorlunda i en reglerad älv jämfört med en oreglerad älv. Därför analyseras och jämförs skillnaderna i vattenföringen mellan en reglerad och en oreglerad älv i den här rapporten. Det gjordes med hjälp av flödesdata från två mätstationer i finska älvar, en med reglerat flöde och en med oreglerat. Utifrån flödesdatat beräknades tre olika parametrar i olika tidsskalor, månad, dag och timme, för att undersöka olikaregleringsmönster i älvarna. När flödesskillnaderna analyserats i de olika tidsskalorna konstaterades att skillnaderna i regleringsmönster blev större desto kortare tidshorisont som analyserades. I månadsperspektivet varregleringsmönster nästan lika medan i dags- och timperspektivet var det stora skillnader. I dagsperspektivet som analyserades med parametern HP1 var värdena i genomsnitt ungefär 20 gångerhögre för den reglerade älven än den oreglerade och i timperspektivet som analyserades med parameter HP2 var värdena ungefär 40–50 gånger högre i genomsnitt i den reglerade älven jämförtmed den oreglerade. Att värdena i den reglerade älven är så mycket högre beror på att flödet regleras till att optimera elproduktionen vilket gör att flödesskillnaderna under en dag och mellan två timmar blir betydligt större jämfört med flödesskillnaderna i den naturliga vattenföringen som finns i den oreglerade älven. När vårfloden kommer händer något intressant med regleringsmönstret. Mönstret i de två älvarna närmar sig varandra och blir mer lika. Värdena på parametrarna i den oreglerade älven ökar medan de minskar kraftigt i den reglerade älven. Att värdena i den reglerade älven minskar beror sannolikt på den ökade risken för dammbrott och översvämningar på grund av de högre vattenflödena, vilketberor på begränsningar i lagringskapaciteten. Regleringsmönstret skiljer sig från år till år vilk, Hydro Power is one of the most important producer of electricity and to optimize the production hydropeaking is used. Hydropeaking means regulation of the discharge to produce the amount of electricity the market demands at the time. In this study the regulation pattern has been analyzed and compared in one observation station in a regulated river and one observation station in an unregulated river, in Finland. Flow data has been analyzed with regards to three different statistic parameters. One parameter that analyzes the regulation per month, one that analyzes the regulation per day and one that analyzes per hour. The result shows that the smaller the time interval is the bigger are the differences in the regulation pattern. In the month perspective the value of the parameter is almost the same, in the day perspective the values for the regulated river is approximative 10-20 times bigger than the unregulated. And in the hour perspective it is even bigger differences where the value in the regulated river is around 40-50 times bigger than for the unregulated. The reason to the higher values on the parameters in the regulated river comes from that the discharge here is regulated to optimize the production of electricity which makes the differences in the discharger higher within the day and between two hours.When the spring flood comes something interesting happens with the regulation pattern. The regulation pattern in the two rivers becomes more similar. In the unregulated river the value of the parameters increases meanwhile the values in the regulated river decreases. The reason the short time regulation decreases in the regulated river is probably because of the higher risk of flooding, due to limitations of the capacity to store water, which comes with higher discharges. The regulation pattern got some differences between the years which depends on the amount of rain and the levels in the storing magazines by the start of the year. When the results in this thes

I och med klimatförändringar, är möjligheten att integrera stora andelar förnybar energi i elsystemet av yttersta vikt. Detta kandidatexamensarbete undersöker vattenkraftens regleringsmöjlighet när man integrerar vindkraft i ett slutet elsystem. Projektet inkluderar en fallstudie baserad på fem vattenkraftverk i en del av Skellefteälven i norra Sverige. Målet med projektet är att optimera vattenkraftensdrift med maximal andel vindkraft installerad i systemet. Detta utförs genom att maximera vattenkraftens vinster. Genom att i programvaran GAMS lösa ett linjärprogrammeringsproblem med timvis upplösning bestående av 168 timmar. När vindkraft implementeras upptäcks att den maximala installerade effekten vindkraft är 100 MW. Placeringen av vindkraften hade en påverkan på vinsterna i systemet, samt den maximala mängden. Fallstudien visar att det är elnätet som begränsar den maximala installerade effekten vindkraft och inte vattenkraftens reglerförmåga. Fallstudien visar dessutom att det är mindre lönsamt att bygga all vindkraft i en nod utan istället sprida ut vindkraften i elsystemet., In the face of climate changes, integrating larger quantities renewable energy resources into the electrical grid is vital. This bachelor thesis project examines the regulatory ability in hydro power when implenting wind power into a closed power system. The project includes a case study based on a part of River Skellefte älv in northern Sweden, including five hydro power plants. The goal of the project is to optimize the hydro power production with maximum amount of implimented wind power. This is done by maximizing the revenue from the hydro power plants electrical production. Through a linear programming problem consisting of 168 time steps of one hour each, an optimal scheduling for the hydro power plants is found, using the opitimization software GAMS. When implenting wind power to the system, the maximum installed wind power is found to be 100 MW. The placement of the wind power in the system affects the revenue of the power system, as well as the maximum installed wind power possible. The case study shows that it is the electrical grid that restricts the amount of wind power that can be implented, rather than the regulatory ability in the installed hydro power. The case study also indicates that it is less profitable to apply all wind power in the same node of the power system.

When a hydro power producer wants to plan the production for the next day in an optimal way a precise and detailed model is needed. But when using this model to plan for a longer period of time the computational complexity increases. To overcome this problem there is a need to do a model reduction of the original system into a smaller equivalent system with almost the same properties. This paper compares the performance and computation time of different setups in the equivalent representation of the original hydro power system. This includes different setups in both topology and the piecewise linear production equivalents. It is tested independently on two rivers with 21 and 28 stations respectively and also for the case if both of these rivers were to represented by one equivalent system. The performance is evaluated with respect to error in production and computation time. It is shown that with model reduction the relative error lies between 11.5 and 5.1 percent of installed capacity and the computation time is then reduced by 99.3 and 92.5 percent respectively., QC 20171016

Det finns många sensormetoder för vattennivåmätning ute på marknaden idag. Målet för forskningsstudien är att presentera och jämföra några av de mätningsmetoder som finns på marknaden för nivåmätning. I studien jämförs modellerna för trycksensorer, flytsensorer, ultraljudssensor och elektromagnetisk sensor för att sedan se vilken sensor som passar bäst för just mätningar av vattennivåer. Genom, datainsamlingen från sök motorerna Google scholar och Mittuniversitetets egen databas Primo har fakta samlats. Informationen har sedan bearbetas och jämförts mot behoven från Vattenfall som ska göra tre sensorbyten på vattenkraftverket i Stugun. Resultatet av studien visade slutsatsen att utifrån kravspecifikationerna Vattenfall gav så var en trycksensor det bästa alternativet för Stugun. Studien gjorde så att Vattenfall köpte in tre stycken Waterpilot FMX21, 22 mm som sedan sattes på plats och kalibrerades., There are many sensor methods for water level measurement on the market today. The aim of the research study is to present and compare some of the measurement methods available on the market for level measurement. In the study, the models for pressure sensors, flow sensors, ultrasonic sensors and electromagnetic sensors are compared to see which sensor is most suitable for precise measurements of water levels. Through the data collection from the search engines Google scholar and Mid University of Sweden own database Primo, facts have been gathered. The information has since been processed and compared to the needs of Vattenfall, which will do three sensor changes at the Stugun hydropower plant. The result of the study showed that according to the requirement specifications of Vattenfall, a pressure sensor was the best alternative for Stugun. The study resulted in Vattenfall purchasing three Waterpilot FMX21, 22 mm, which were then put in place and calibrated.

Det finns många sensormetoder för vattennivåmätning ute på marknaden idag. Målet för forskningsstudien är att presentera och jämföra några av de mätningsmetoder som finns på marknaden för nivåmätning. I studien jämförs modellerna för trycksensorer, flytsensorer, ultraljudssensor och elektromagnetisk sensor för att sedan se vilken sensor som passar bäst för just mätningar av vattennivåer. Genom, datainsamlingen från sök motorerna Google scholar och Mittuniversitetets egen databas Primo har fakta samlats. Informationen har sedan bearbetas och jämförts mot behoven från Vattenfall som ska göra tre sensorbyten på vattenkraftverket i Stugun. Resultatet av studien visade slutsatsen att utifrån kravspecifikationerna Vattenfall gav så var en trycksensor det bästa alternativet för Stugun. Studien gjorde så att Vattenfall köpte in tre stycken Waterpilot FMX21, 22 mm som sedan sattes på plats och kalibrerades., There are many sensor methods for water level measurement on the market today. The aim of the research study is to present and compare some of the measurement methods available on the market for level measurement. In the study, the models for pressure sensors, flow sensors, ultrasonic sensors and electromagnetic sensors are compared to see which sensor is most suitable for precise measurements of water levels. Through the data collection from the search engines Google scholar and Mid University of Sweden own database Primo, facts have been gathered. The information has since been processed and compared to the needs of Vattenfall, which will do three sensor changes at the Stugun hydropower plant. The result of the study showed that according to the requirement specifications of Vattenfall, a pressure sensor was the best alternative for Stugun. The study resulted in Vattenfall purchasing three Waterpilot FMX21, 22 mm, which were then put in place and calibrated.

Flera dammkonstruktioner i Norden utsätts för stora temperaturvariationer mellan sommar och vinter. I norra Sverige kan dammar vara utsatta för temperaturvariationer på upp emot 60–70 °C. Detta resulterar ofta i sprickbildning i betongen vilket medför utmaningar vid både utformning av nya dammar och underhåll av befintliga. Säsongmässiga temperaturvariationer är den dominerande orsaken till sprickbildning i stora, massiva betongkonstruktioner. Skillnaden i temperatur mellan uppström- och nedströmssidan orsakar en temperaturgradient i dammkroppen vilket leder till en ojämn expansion eller krympning i betongen. Detta examensarbete är en del av ett initiativ från ICOLD-kommitten "Computational Aspects of Dam Analysis and Design" med mål att hitta en lämplig FE-metodologi för att bättre kunna analysera dessa typer av fenomen. En valvdamm i norra Sverige analyserades för att undersöka hur temperaturvariationer orsakar deformationer och påverkar spricktillväxt i dammkroppen. Arbetet består av tre delar som analyserar temperaturfördelningen, deformationen och spricktillväxten i dammen. Finita elementprogrammet Abaqus 2016 användes i alla analyser. Analyserna fastställer att säsongmässiga temperaturvariationer har en betydande påverkan på det mekaniska beteendet i valvdammar i kalla klimat. Kalla vintrar har en stor inverkan på valdammar avseende deformation och spricktillväxt då medeltemperaturen i dammen understiger 0 °C., Dams located in the Nordic countries are subjected to large temperature variations between summer and winter. In the northern part of Sweden dams are subjected to temperature variations of up to 60-70 °C. This often results in cracking of the concrete and causes challenges in the design of new dams as well as maintenance of existing dams. Seasonal temperature variation has been found to be the dominant cause of cracking in large, massive concrete structures. The difference in temperature of the water on the upstream side, and the ambient air on the downstream side, causes a temperature gradient in the dam which results in non-uniform expansion and contraction of the concrete. This master dissertation is a part of an initiative from the ICOLD-committee "Computational Aspects of Dam Analysis and Design" with the aim to find a suitable FE-methodology to better analyse these kinds of phenomena. An arch dam located in northern Sweden is analysed in order to see how temperature variations would influence the displacement and cracking of the dam. The work consisted of three parts which analyses the temperature distribution, the displacement and the crack propagation of the dam. The finite element application Abaqus 2016 was used for all of the analyses. The analyses conclude that the seasonal temperature variations have a significant in influence on the structural behaviour of arch dams in colder climates. As the water temperature do not go below 0 °C, cold winters can have a major effect on arch dams in regards to deformation and cracking., I norra Sverige kan dammar vara utsatta för temperaturvariationer på upp emot 60 - 70 °C mellan sommar och vinter. Detta resulterar ofta i sprickbildning orsakad av att betongen expanderar och kontraherar vid temperaturökning respektive minskning. Detta arbete är del av ett initiativ från ICOLD-kommitten ”Computational Aspects of Dam Analysis" med mål att ta fram en lämplig beräkningsmetodik för modellering av betongvalvdammar och undersöka hur temperaturvariationer över året inverkar på sprickbildning.

The widespread use of conventional energy started during the industrial revolution with coal combustion and hydro power as main electricity sources, later followed by oil and nuclear power as main contributors of energy. For a long time, little was done to mitigate the well-known environmental risks associated with these energy sources. Recently, issues such as increased CO2 emissions put energy and environment higher on the political agenda and we are nowadays taking challenges in waste management, water, peak oil, peak phosphorous and pollution into consideration in energy systems development. Future energy systems will require intelligent technology (grid, market etc.) and new strategies to enable the introduction of different kinds of renewable energy sources and to make them available to the consumer. In future energy systems, both in urban and remote areas, many consumers will also be small scale producers of energy from solar, wind or biofuels.

The aim of this study is to systemize and present the quantitative and quality evaluation of the economic and non-economic effects of the implementation of the new mechanism of the support of renewable energy in Russia. It should allow meeting the middle-term goal of 2.5 % of renewables at the Russian wholesale electricity market by 2024. To achieve this aim, in the introduction part of the article, a detailed description of the new mechanism of the support of the renewable energy in Russia is presented. It is based on the payment for energy in the wholesale electricity market. The estimated aggregate positive effect resulting from this mechanism's implementation was expected as follows: a) replacement of non-renewable fossil fuels to renewable energy, b) reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, c) the average prices reduction in the wholesale electricity market, d) reduction of the costs on environmental measures and health protection measures in traditional power generation, e) creating new jobs, f) reduction of fresh water used for cooling in traditional power generation, g) multiplicative effects from the development of renewable energy and etc. The resulting economic effect is estimated at 47.77 billion rubles per year by 2024. The authors relied on expert estimates, forecasts of the Ministry of Energy and the Ministry of Economic Development, the Russian Energy Agency, the International Energy Agency, the International Agency for Renewable Energy, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, the experience of foreign countries, the data of Russian Federal State Statistics Service. © Copyright 2005-2016 Institute of Economics, the Ural branch of the RAS. All rights reserved., Рассмотрен механизм поддержки генераторов возобновляемых источников энергии на основе платы за мощность на оптовом рынке электроэнергии и мощности. Проанализировано замещение органического топлива, сжигаемого при производстве энергии на традиционных электростанциях. Представлены положительные и отрицательные стороны возобновляемых источников энергии.

This report is from a study on permits for hydro power in Norway, narrated from the perspective of a Swedish legal scholar. The main focus is on the possibilities to update and amend granted permits, in order to adapt them to new and developing conditions in the environment and changes in the values of society. The author concludes that even though the applicable regulation is quite similar to the Swedish Environmental Code, differences between the two legal systems have a major impact. One such difference is that the Norwegian system for decision-making and appeal lies, in its entirety, within the administration – at least in practical terms – whereas the Swedish system is court-based. Another is that whereas provisions on compensation play a decisive role in determining the possibilities to update permits according to the Swedish Environmental Code, no such rights exist in Norway despite similarities in circumstances. The report concludes with some recommendations on how to construe environmental law so as to allow for permits to be adaptable to changes in the environment and social values, while still respecting the permit holder’s legitimate expectations to legal certainty., SPEQS

The concrete structures at Swedish hydro power facilities were built during the early to mid-20th century and many of them are starting to exhibit age related wear and deterioration. It isimportant to ensure the integrity of these concrete structures from a dam safety perspectiveand also to secure a safe operation of the power facility in the future. With the latter in mind,this paper aims to study the concrete structures that house the power generating machinery ofthe facility, especially the parts close to the generator where the loads from the power unit aresupported. Cracks observed in these structures will reduce its stiffness, which affects theoperation of the rotating machinery. This paper presents and discusses some generalconsiderations and loads that are of importance for this type of structures and highlights sometypical cracks that have been observed in Swedish hydro power facilities. To complement thisdiscussion, a case study is presented of a hydro power facility where cracks have been foundin the concrete support structure of the power unit, especially at the interconnections betweenthe unit and the concrete. The most likely cause of these cracks are investigated through nonlinearfinite element analysis considering mechanical loads as well as physical loads such asdrying shrinkage and temperature variations. It is concluded that the long-term physicalloading is the most probable cause of the observed cracks. However, the operation of thepower unit and changes in its operational pattern can cause further propagation of thesecracks. Finally, suggestions on possible enhancement of the analysis methods used in the casestudy are proposed and discussed for further studies of this type of concrete structures., QC 20160503

This report is from a study on permits for hydro power in Norway, narrated from the perspective of a Swedish legal scholar. The main focus is on the possibilities to update and amend granted permits, in order to adapt them to new and developing conditions in the environment and changes in the values of society. The author concludes that even though the applicable regulation is quite similar to the Swedish Environmental Code, differences between the two legal systems have a major impact. One such difference is that the Norwegian system for decision-making and appeal lies, in its entirety, within the administration – at least in practical terms – whereas the Swedish system is court-based. Another is that whereas provisions on compensation play a decisive role in determining the possibilities to update permits according to the Swedish Environmental Code, no such rights exist in Norway despite similarities in circumstances. The report concludes with some recommendations on how to construe environmental law so as to allow for permits to be adaptable to changes in the environment and social values, while still respecting the permit holder’s legitimate expectations to legal certainty., SPEQS

The concrete structures at Swedish hydro power facilities were built during the early to mid-20th century and many of them are starting to exhibit age related wear and deterioration. It isimportant to ensure the integrity of these concrete structures from a dam safety perspectiveand also to secure a safe operation of the power facility in the future. With the latter in mind,this paper aims to study the concrete structures that house the power generating machinery ofthe facility, especially the parts close to the generator where the loads from the power unit aresupported. Cracks observed in these structures will reduce its stiffness, which affects theoperation of the rotating machinery. This paper presents and discusses some generalconsiderations and loads that are of importance for this type of structures and highlights sometypical cracks that have been observed in Swedish hydro power facilities. To complement thisdiscussion, a case study is presented of a hydro power facility where cracks have been foundin the concrete support structure of the power unit, especially at the interconnections betweenthe unit and the concrete. The most likely cause of these cracks are investigated through nonlinearfinite element analysis considering mechanical loads as well as physical loads such asdrying shrinkage and temperature variations. It is concluded that the long-term physicalloading is the most probable cause of the observed cracks. However, the operation of thepower unit and changes in its operational pattern can cause further propagation of thesecracks. Finally, suggestions on possible enhancement of the analysis methods used in the casestudy are proposed and discussed for further studies of this type of concrete structures., QC 20170911