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Due to the diverse nature of results found in previous studies, the economic value of human capital still remains a hypothesis that must be subjected to additional investigation and tests using variety of data from a variety of sources. To this end, the current investigation builds on the theoretical argument that a firm's ability to profit from its human capital depends upon its aptitude for Human Resource Development (HRD), Further, divergent literatures on the relationship between bank performance (BP) and human resource development (HRD) are organized to hypothesize that the BP-HRD relationship is positive with a view to alleviate shortages in literature advocating HRD as a determinant of performance among Malaysian banks. This investigation is premised on the belief that the magnitude, value, and relevance of human capabilities become fruitful by the investment channeled to achieve it.

In 2010 the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) revealed that financial institutions in the country suffered from performance issues involving institutional factors mainly human resource failures which led to serious operational risks. This expose correlates the assertion of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) which identifies human capital as key to the determination of growth in an economy.The objective of this study is to investigate relationship between human resource development and performance of commercial banks using the panel data of 6 commercial banks in Nigeria from 2006 to 2011.Through the use of panel data analysis, the results show that appropriate salary and wage policies as well as training are significant human resource development elements which positively influences performance of commercial banks quoted in the Nigerian Stock Exchange.These findings imply that commercial banks should diversify their salary and wage remuneration strategies and also step up training within their respective structures so as to guarantee improved performance.

The objective of the present paper is to address the question whether the less developed states, namely; Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perlis, Sabah, Sarawak and Terengganu are catching-up with the more richer state of Selangor, using the generalized one-step error-correction model for the period 1970-2013.We tested convergence on real GDP and per capita real GDP for the states involved and the results suggest that the less developed states has been converging to the state of Selangor for the period under study. In this study, we also determine the time required for the less developed states to converge to the level of economic development of Selangor.In terms of real GDP, the less developed states will take longer to converge to the state of Selangor, however, in terms of per capita real GDP, the less developed states can converge at a faster rate to the level of economic development of Selangor if these states can grow more than double than the growth in Selangor.In this respect, the state government has an important role to play in enhancing growth by continuously providing stable economic environment for investment and other productive economic activities. This will ensure full convergence can take place at a faster rate in the future.

The main objective of the insurance is to uphold a sense of solidarities among the parties involved, shared responsibility on the basis of mutual cooperation in protecting the individual against unexpected risk.Insurance is one of tools to minimize or transfer risk which has existed for individuals to the insurance company against future loss faced by the policyholder or insured. The Islamic insurance based on the concept of Ta’awun that means mutual assistance to eliminate forbidden elements accordance with the teachings of Islam such as riba, gharar and maysir.The determination of life insurance premium, such as stated by (Bacinello, et al., 2009) that risk is extremely important and crucial role in life insurance policy.This paper aims to investigate the distinction of setting rates taking into account risk which applied by conventional and Islamic insurance (Takaful).This paper employs using the net single and Annual Level premium formula, the data analysis using numerical example.We found that between conventional and Takaful insurance systems utilize similar methods in the calculation of insurance premium whereas they consider the pure risks faced by participant or insured.It means that conventional and Islamic insurance utilizing historical data, such as mortality rate, expected return rate, expected costs and expected amount of claims.Even though both systems look like apply a similar approach, but the conventional insurance, it is calculated to mitigate or minimize risk of the insurance company against an amount of claim faced in the future as long as insurance enforced until the contract ends.In simple terms it can be called to avoid insolvency of the insurance company. Conversely, Takaful insurance intended to share fair value among participant in determining benevolence through tabarru fund.This means that every participant must pay a premium tabarru to support one another which contributed sufficient amount to cover unexpected claims among them and to u

Generally, Malaysia must reached the minimum level outlined by world bodies such as the OECD, World Bank and United Nations to be classified as a developed country.Therefore, states that target to become developed state status also needs to reach the minimum level stipulated by the world bodies for inline recognized as a developed country. The progress to be achieved by Malaysia is not limited to economic and social, but also includes spiritual, psychological and cultural community. Malaysia target was stated in the 9 challenges of Vision 2020, which to create a united Malaysian nation.Therefore, the objective of this study to measure the nationalism index of Malaysian people towards the establishment of 'bangsa Malaysia' as set out in Vision 2020.The study involved 504 respondents from five less developed states in Peninsular Malaysia, namely Kedah, Perlis, Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan.A structured interview technique using a questionnaire was conducted to qualitatively determine the public perception of the formation of the Malaysian nation.Data was analyzed using fuzzy sets approach.The results showed that the index of nationalism and unity of Perlis residents higher than other states.