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Diverticular disease is one of the most frequent gastrointestinal disorders in the Western world, and its acute presentation will develop in 10-25% of diagnosed patients. An overview of current laparoscopic management of acute diverticulitis, as well as laparoscopic lavage and drainage, is presented below., La enfermedad diverticular es uno de los trastornos gastrointestinales más frecuentes en el mundo occidental, y su presentación aguda se desarrollará en un 10-25% de los pacientes diagnosticados. Se presenta, a continuación, una revisión de conjunto sobre el tratamiento laparoscópico actual de la diverticulitis aguda, así como del lavado y drenaje laparoscópico.

OBJECTIVES: To compare, in women with infertility, the effectiveness and safety of tubal flushing using oil-based contrast medium, water-based contrast medium or their combination, and no tubal flushing, and to evaluate the effectiveness of tubal flushing on fertility outcome over time. METHOD(S): We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis, searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and trial registries, up to 25 September 2018. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the following interventions with each other or with no intervention in women with infertility: tubal flushing using water-based contrast medium, tubal flushing using oil-based contrast medium or additional tubal flushing with oil-based medium following diagnostic tubal flushing with water-based medium. The outcomes included clinical pregnancy, live birth, ongoing pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and adverse events. RESULT(S): Of the 283 studies identified through the search, 14 RCTs reporting on 3852 women with infertility were included. Network meta-analysis showed that tubal flushing using oil-based contrast medium was associated with higher odds of clinical pregnancy within 6months after randomization and more subsequent live births compared with tubal flushing using water-based medium (odds ratio (OR), 1.67 (95% CI, 1.38-2.03), moderate certainty of evidence; and OR, 2.18 (95% CI, 1.30-3.65), low certainty of evidence, respectively) and compared with no intervention (OR, 2.28 (95% CI, 1.50-3.47), moderate certainty of evidence; and OR, 2.85 (95% CI, 1.41-5.74), low certainty of evidence, respectively). These results agreed with those of the pairwise meta-analysis. For clinical pregnancy within 6 months, there was insufficient evidence of a difference between tubal flushing with water-based contrast medium and no intervention (OR, 1.36 (95% CI, 0.91-2.04), low certainty of evidence). For fertility

OBJECTIVES: To compare, in women with infertility, the effectiveness and safety of tubal flushing using oil-based contrast medium, water-based contrast medium or their combination, and no tubal flushing, and to evaluate the effectiveness of tubal flushing on fertility outcome over time. METHOD(S): We performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis, searching the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and trial registries, up to 25 September 2018. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the following interventions with each other or with no intervention in women with infertility: tubal flushing using water-based contrast medium, tubal flushing using oil-based contrast medium or additional tubal flushing with oil-based medium following diagnostic tubal flushing with water-based medium. The outcomes included clinical pregnancy, live birth, ongoing pregnancy, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and adverse events. RESULT(S): Of the 283 studies identified through the search, 14 RCTs reporting on 3852 women with infertility were included. Network meta-analysis showed that tubal flushing using oil-based contrast medium was associated with higher odds of clinical pregnancy within 6months after randomization and more subsequent live births compared with tubal flushing using water-based medium (odds ratio (OR), 1.67 (95% CI, 1.38-2.03), moderate certainty of evidence; and OR, 2.18 (95% CI, 1.30-3.65), low certainty of evidence, respectively) and compared with no intervention (OR, 2.28 (95% CI, 1.50-3.47), moderate certainty of evidence; and OR, 2.85 (95% CI, 1.41-5.74), low certainty of evidence, respectively). These results agreed with those of the pairwise meta-analysis. For clinical pregnancy within 6 months, there was insufficient evidence of a difference between tubal flushing with water-based contrast medium and no intervention (OR, 1.36 (95% CI, 0.91-2.04), low certainty of evidence). For fertility

Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high levels of specificity and sensitivity in clinical applications, and we have previously been able to demonstrate that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS is capable of distinguishing two-component cell mixtures at low limits of detection. Ovarian cancer is notoriously difficult to detect due to the lack of diagnostic techniques available to the medical community. By sampling a local microenvironment, such as the vaginal canal and cervix, a MS based method is presented for monitoring disease progression from proximal samples to the diseased tissue. A murine xenograft model of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) was used for this study, and vaginal lavages were obtained from mice on a weekly basis throughout disease progression and subjected to our MALDI-TOF MS workflow followed by statistical analyses. Proteins in the 4-20 kDa region of the mass spectrum yielded a fingerprint that we could consistently measure over time that correlated with disease progression. These fingerprints were found to be largely stable across all mice, with the protein fingerprint converging toward the end point of the study. MALDI-TOF MS serves as a unique analytical technique for measuring a sampled vaginal microenvironment in a specific and sensitive manner for the detection of HGSOC in a murine model.

Cervicovaginal bacteria cause inflammation which in turn increases HIV risk. Profiling the cervicovaginal microbiome, therefore, is instrumental for vaccine development. We show that the microbiome profile captured by cervicovaginal lavage is comparable to samples obtained by vaginal swabs. Thus, lavage may serve as a sampling strategy in NHP vaccine studies.

STUDY QUESTION: Do obese levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) within the uterine cavity detrimentally alter tissue function in embryo implantation and placental development? SUMMARY ANSWER: Obese levels of AGEs activate inflammatory signaling (p65 NF?B) within endometrial epithelial cells and alter their function, cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in endometrial stromal cells and impair decidualization, compromise implantation of blastocyst mimics and inhibit trophoblast invasion. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Obese women experience a higher incidence of infertility, recurrent miscarriage and pregnancy complications compared with lean women. Oocyte donation cycles suggest a detrimental uterine environment plays a role in these outcomes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Uterine lavage and tissues from lean (BMI 19.524.9, n = 17) and obese (BMI > 30, n = 16) women examined. Cell culture experiments utilizing human endometrial epithelial, trophectoderm and trophoblast cell lines and primary human stromal cells used to examine the functional impact of obese levels of AGEs. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Levels of AGEs examined within uterine lavage assessed by ELISA to determine differences between lean and obese women. Expression and localization of AGEs, receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and NF?B within endometrial tissues obtained from lean and obese women determined by immunohistochemistry. Endometrial epithelial cells (ECC-1), primary human stromal cells and trophoblast cells (HTR8-SVneo) treated with lean (2000 nmol/mol lysine) or obese (8000 nmol/mol lysine) uterine levels of AGEs and p65 NF?B (western immunoblot), real-time adhesion, proliferation migration and invasion (xCelligence real-time cell function analysis), decidualization (cell morphology and prolactin release), ER stress (western immunoblot for p-PERK) determined. Co-cultures of endometrial epithelial cells and blastocyst mimics (trophectoderm spheroids) similarly treated with lean or obese

STUDY QUESTION: Do obese levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) within the uterine cavity detrimentally alter tissue function in embryo implantation and placental development? SUMMARY ANSWER: Obese levels of AGEs activate inflammatory signaling (p65 NF?B) within endometrial epithelial cells and alter their function, cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in endometrial stromal cells and impair decidualization, compromise implantation of blastocyst mimics and inhibit trophoblast invasion. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Obese women experience a higher incidence of infertility, recurrent miscarriage and pregnancy complications compared with lean women. Oocyte donation cycles suggest a detrimental uterine environment plays a role in these outcomes. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Uterine lavage and tissues from lean (BMI 19.524.9, n = 17) and obese (BMI > 30, n = 16) women examined. Cell culture experiments utilizing human endometrial epithelial, trophectoderm and trophoblast cell lines and primary human stromal cells used to examine the functional impact of obese levels of AGEs. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Levels of AGEs examined within uterine lavage assessed by ELISA to determine differences between lean and obese women. Expression and localization of AGEs, receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and NF?B within endometrial tissues obtained from lean and obese women determined by immunohistochemistry. Endometrial epithelial cells (ECC-1), primary human stromal cells and trophoblast cells (HTR8-SVneo) treated with lean (2000 nmol/mol lysine) or obese (8000 nmol/mol lysine) uterine levels of AGEs and p65 NF?B (western immunoblot), real-time adhesion, proliferation migration and invasion (xCelligence real-time cell function analysis), decidualization (cell morphology and prolactin release), ER stress (western immunoblot for p-PERK) determined. Co-cultures of endometrial epithelial cells and blastocyst mimics (trophectoderm spheroids) similarly treated with lean or obese

Objectives: To evaluate in patients with untreated adult periodontitis, the effect of treatment with a novel pocket irrigator/evacuator device (IED) compared to conventional subgingival debridement (CPT), both provided during the initial phase of active periodontal therapy. Methods: This study was an examiner-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial using a split-mouth design. Systemically healthy patients with adult periodontitis were selected. Full-mouth probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival bleeding on pocket probing scores (BOPP), gingival recession (REC) and dental plaque (PI) were assessed at baseline. All participants received oral hygiene instructions and supragingival prophylaxis including polishing. In 2 randomly assigned contra-lateral quadrants, approximal sites were irrigated with the IED, whereas in the other quadrants, CPT was provided. The CPT consisted of subgingival debridement using ultrasonic devices followed by the use of hand instruments. At 3 months post-treatment, the clinical parameters were re-assessed. Results: Twenty-five patients met the inclusion criteria and were willing to participate. At 3 months post-treatment, the PPD and BOPP had significantly improved for both treatment modalities. Pockets of ≥5 mm reduced by 0.64 mm in the IED group (P < .001), compared to a reduction of 0.82 mm for the CPT group (P < .001). With respect to the primary outcome parameter (PPD) and BI, the results with the IED were less pronounced. Between the test and control groups, no significant differences were observed for REC and PI. Conclusions: Oral hygiene instructions, supragingival prophylaxis and subgingival lavage with the IED resulted in a significant reduction in PPD and BOPP. However, the effect does not reach the results of CPT which included the subgingival use of ultrasonic and hand instruments.

This study was carried out to determine and compare the microbiological quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from market (unwashed) and those ready to eat in Maroua. The results revealed that 92.3% of lettuce vendors in Maroua, used Chlorine and 7.7% used potassium permanganate as cleaning method. The microbial concentration of lettuce varied from one vendor to another. Total flora ranged from 2.3 to 4.9 Log CFU/g for unwashed samples and from 2 to 4.51 Log CFU/g for washed samples; fungi counts were comprised between 0.76 to 2.65 Log CFU/g for unwashed samples and 0.26 to 2.17 Log CFU/g for washed samples; total coliforms ranged from 2.84 to 3.60 Log CFU/g for unwashed, and 0.26 to 3.00 Log CFU/g for washed lettuce; fecal coliforms ranged from 1.29 to 3.60 Log CFU/g for unwashed samples and 1.70 to 3Log CFU/g for washed samples. These results show also that Vibrio spp. was found amongst the 69% of unwashed samples, but was absent in all the washed samples. Salmonella spp. was present in 85% samples of unwashed lettuce, but absent in washed samples. The results revealed also that; there was a significant difference between the bacterial concentration of unwashed and washed lettuce samples (P<0.05). Most of the analysed samples (92%) composed of washed and unwashed samples were not satisfactory for consumption.

This study was carried out to determine and compare the microbiological quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) from market (unwashed) and those ready to eat in Maroua. The results revealed that 92.3% of lettuce vendors in Maroua, used Chlorine and 7.7% used potassium permanganate as cleaning method. The microbial concentration of lettuce varied from one vendor to another. Total flora ranged from 2.3 to 4.9 Log CFU/g for unwashed samples and from 2 to 4.51 Log CFU/g for washed samples; fungi counts were comprised between 0.76 to 2.65 Log CFU/g for unwashed samples and 0.26 to 2.17 Log CFU/g for washed samples; total coliforms ranged from 2.84 to 3.60 Log CFU/g for unwashed, and 0.26 to 3.00 Log CFU/g for washed lettuce; fecal coliforms ranged from 1.29 to 3.60 Log CFU/g for unwashed samples and 1.70 to 3Log CFU/g for washed samples. These results show also that Vibrio spp. was found amongst the 69% of unwashed samples, but was absent in all the washed samples. Salmonella spp. was present in 85% samples of unwashed lettuce, but absent in washed samples. The results revealed also that; there was a significant difference between the bacterial concentration of unwashed and washed lettuce samples (P<0.05). Most of the analysed samples (92%) composed of washed and unwashed samples were not satisfactory for consumption.

Objective:To evaluate short-term outcomes of a new treatment for perforated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis in a randomized controlled trial. Background:Perforated diverticulitis with purulent peritonitis (Hinchey III) has traditionally been treated with surgery including colon resection and stoma (Hartmann procedure) with considerable postoperative morbidity and mortality. Laparoscopic lavage has been suggested as a less invasive surgical treatment. Methods:Laparoscopic lavage was compared with colon resection and stoma in a randomized controlled multicenter trial, DILALA (ISRCTN82208287). Initial diagnostic laparoscopy showing Hinchey III was followed by randomization. Clinical data was collected up to 12 weeks postoperatively. Results: Eighty-three patients were randomized, out of whom 39 patients in laparoscopic lavage and 36 patients in the Hartmann procedure groups were available for analysis. Morbidity and mortality after laparoscopic lavage did not differ when compared with the Hartmann procedure. Laparoscopic lavage resulted in shorter operating time, shorter time in the recovery unit, and shorter hospital stay. Conclusions:In this trial, laparoscopic lavage as treatment for patients with perforated diverticulitis Hinchey III was feasible and safe in the short-term.

Gljive su poslednjih decenija postale jedan od vodećih uzročnika bolesti kod ljudi. Obzirom na opšteprisutnost u vazduhu i životnom prostoru (indoor i outdoor), gljive su česti izazivači gljivičnih oboljenja gornjih i donjih partija respiratornog trakta (RT) gde dovode do hroničnih oboljenja. Gljive prisutne u prašini i vazduhu bolesničkih soba, klima uređajima, vodovodnim cevima i vlažnim zidovima kupatila, predstavljaju važan rezervoar infekcije. Lako se šire putem vazduha i imaju sposobnost da prodru do najnižih delova donjih partija RT, ili da se zadrže u sinusnim šupljinama. Gljivične spore dimenzija 10 do 100 μm bivaju zaustavljene u sinusima, nosnom kavumu, farinksu i larinksu i na ovim mestima stvaraju depozite. U RT vladaju tamni, topli i vlažni uslovi koji predstavljaju idealne uslove za razmnožavanje plesni u plućima. Najčešći "outdoor" izolati gljiva su vrste roda Aspergillus, Penicillium i Cladosporium, dok su najčešći "indoor" izolati gljiva vrste roda Stachybotris, Fusarium i Rhodotorula. Izloženost ljudi "indoor" i "outdoor" gljivičnim sporama u vazduhu je neizbežna, a inhalacija spora gljiva je jedan od „okidača“ za nastanak imunopatoloških procesa u RT, koji može biti u vidu alergijske reakcije ili infekcije. Gljive koje uzrokuju oboljenja ljudi se mogu podeliti na dve kategorije prema patogenom potencijalu: oportunističke i striktno patogene. Najčešći izazivači gljivičnih infekcija (GI) RT su oportunističke plesni. Brzo i tačno dokazivanje prisustva gljiva u donjim i gornjim partijama RT je veoma važno zbog pravovremene primene terapije, skraćenja trajanja bolesti, snižavanja procenta nastanka komplikacija i sprečavanja razvoja invazivnih GI (IGI). Dijagnoza GI RT zavisi od brojnih faktora kao što su stručnost kliničara da pravovremeno posumnja na GI, pravilno odabran i uzorkovan klinički materijal, vreme potrebno od uzorkovanja do rezultata i senzitivnosti (Sn) i specifičnosti (Sp) postojećih dijagnostičkih testova. Kultivacija kliničkih uzoraka, In recent decades fungi become one of the leading causes of disease in humans. Given fungi are widespread in the air and in the living space (indoor and outdoor), fungi are commonly cause fungal infections (FI) of the upper and lower respiratory tract (RT) which lead to chronic infection. Fungi are present in dust and air of hospital rooms, air conditioning and damp walls bathrooms, represent an important reservoir of infection. It is easily spread through the air and have the ability to penetrate to the lowest parts of the RT, or to be kept in the sinus cavities. Spore sized 10 to 100 microns are stopped in the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx and in these places create deposits. The RT ruled dark, warm and moist conditions that are ideal for the propagation of fungi in the lungs. The most common outdoor isolates of fungi are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Cladosporium, whereas the most common outdoor isolates are Stachybotris, Fusarium and Rhodotorula. Human exposure to indoor and outdoor fungal spores in the air is inevitable and the inhalation of fungal spores is one of the "trigger" for the development of immunopathological processes in the RT, which can be in the form of allergic reactions or infection. Fungi that cause diseases in humans can be divided into two categories according to the pathogenic potential: opportunistic and strict pathogens. The most frequent causes of FI of RT are opportunistic molds. Detection of fungi in RT is crucial for timely initiation of therapy and positive outcome. Diagnosis of FI in RT depends on numerous factors such as the expertise of clinicians to make timely suspects FI, properly selected and sampled clinical material, the time required from sampling to results and sensitivity (Sn) and specificity (Sp) of existing diagnostic tests. Cultivation of clinical samples from the upper and lower parts of the RT is the "gold standard" for diagnosis of FI. Sn of mycological methods for the detection of fungus varies with the

Optimal management of post-operative wounds in the community is important to prevent potential complications such as surgi-cal-site infections and wound dehiscence from developing. As such, general practitioners, who play an important part in the sub-acute management of post-operative wounds, should appreciate the physiology of wound healing and the principles of post-operative wound care. The objective of this article is to update general practitioners on the important aspects of post-operative wound care. This includes a review of the physiology behind wound healing, an update on wound cleansing and dressing methods, as well as a guide on how common post-operative wound complications should be managed. The key elements of post-operative wound care include timely review of the wound, appropriate cleansing and dressing, as well as early recognition and active treatment of wound complications.

Background: Several cross-sectional studies have estimated that the prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) ranges from 14-17% among asymptomatic young adults to almost 95% among competitive athletes. With FAI, there is abnormal contact between the proximal femur and the acetabulum, resulting in abnormal mechanics with terminal motion such as hip flexion and rotation. This condition results from bony anomalies of the acetabular rim (Pincer) and or femoral head/neck junction (CAM) and typically causes hip pain and decreased hip function. The development of hip pain potentially serves as an indicator for early cartilage and labral damage that may result in hip osteoarthritis. Although surgical correction of the misshaped bony anatomy and associated intra-articular soft tissue damage of the hip is thought to improve hip pain and alter the natural history of degenerative disease, the supportive evidence is based upon low quality observational studies. The Femoroacetabular Impingement RandomiSed controlled Trial (FIRST) compares outcomes following surgical correction of the impingement morphology (arthroscopic osteochondroplasty) with/without labral repair versus arthroscopic lavage of the hip joint in adults aged 18 to 50 diagnosed with FAI. Methods and design: FIRST is a multi-centre, randomized controlled trial with a sample size of 220 patients. Exclusion criteria include the presence of hip syndromes, previous surgery or trauma to the affected hip, and significant medical comorbidities. The primary outcome is pain and the secondary outcomes include patient function, quality of life, complications, and cost-effectiveness - all within one year of follow-up. Patients are stratified based on centre and impingement sub-type. Patients, outcome assessors, data analysts, and the Steering Committee are blinded to surgical allocation. Using an intention-to-treat approach, outcome analyses will be performed using an analysis of covariance and descriptive statistics. D

Optimal management of post-operative wounds in the community is important to prevent potential complications such as surgi-cal-site infections and wound dehiscence from developing. As such, general practitioners, who play an important part in the sub-acute management of post-operative wounds, should appreciate the physiology of wound healing and the principles of post-operative wound care. The objective of this article is to update general practitioners on the important aspects of post-operative wound care. This includes a review of the physiology behind wound healing, an update on wound cleansing and dressing methods, as well as a guide on how common post-operative wound complications should be managed. The key elements of post-operative wound care include timely review of the wound, appropriate cleansing and dressing, as well as early recognition and active treatment of wound complications.

Dysbiosis of host-associated commensal microbiota is emerging as an important factor in risk and phenotype of immunologic, metabolic, and behavioral diseases. Accurate analysis of microbial composition and functional state in humans or mice requires appropriate collection and pre-processing of biospecimens. Methods to sample luminal and mucosal microbiota from human or mouse intestines and to profile microbial phylogenetic composition using 16S rRNA sequencing are presented here. Data generated using the methods in this unit can be used for downstream quantitative analysis of microbial ecology.

Introduktion Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) er en metode hvormed der kan opsamles celler fra de nedre luftveje. Differentieret celle optælling af BAL væske er en vigtig metode til at diagnosticere sygdomme i de nedre luftveje hos heste, såsom nedsat præstationsevne, vejrtrækningsproblemer og hoste. Indtil videre er der ikke en veldefineret og anerkendt vejledning til hvordan og hvor længe BAL væske kan opbevares før analyse. Dette kan udgøre et problem, da mange dyrlæger vil have behov for at sende prøver videre til laboratoriet for yderligere bearbejdning og fortolkning. Denne forsinkelse, som oftest overskrider 24 timer kan have en indflydelse på celle morfologi og derved på tolkningen af resultaterne. Formål Formålet med dette studie er at belyse om sammensætningen af differentialtællingen af equine BAL væske ændrer sig ved længere tids opbevaring og om lavere temperatur kan forlænge holdbarheden. Denne information vil være brugbar når der skal laves en guideline for optimal opbevaring af equine BAL væske. Metode Der blev samlet 30 BAL prøver fra 30 klinisk raske heste vha. endoskopi. Differentieret celle optælling blev udført på cytocentrifugerede præparater farvet med May-Grünwald-Giemsa, der blev fikseret efter 0, 24, 48 og 72 timer og opbevaret ved henholdsvis 6oC og 22oC. Data blev analyseret med Shapiro-Wilk normalitets test og two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) blev brugt på rådata. Resultater BAL prøver der blev opbevaret ved stuetemperatur viste signifikant morfologisk nedbrydning efter 24 timer og prøver opbevaret ved 6oC viste signifikante ændringer i neutrofile og mast celler efter 24 timer. Konklusion Baseret på resultaterne må det anbefales, at der ikke går 24 timer fra BAL væske prøver bliver indsamlet til de bliver fikseret heller ikke selvom de opbevares på køl. Hvis dette er tilfældet vil der være risiko for misvisende resultater, specielt med henblik på aflæsning af neutrofile og diagnos, Introduction Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a technique used to recover cells from the lower airways. BAL cytology and differentiated cell count (DCC) of the aspirated fluid is an important method for diagnosing horses with lower airway problems such as poor performance, respiratory problems and coughing. No well-defined guideline for storage of the BAL fluid sample prior to processing has been widely accepted. A potential problem may arise since many veterinarians need to collect and send samples to the laboratory for further investigation and interpretation, a time delay of up to 24 hours can arise. This delay which usually exceeds 24 hours might have an important influence on the cell morphology and thereby the interpretation of the results. Objective The aim of this study was to determine variations in the BAL DCC from the equine BAL samples when kept at different time intervals and storage temperature. This information will be helpful for making guidelines for the optimal storage of equine BAL fluid samples. Method Thirty BAL fluid samples were collected from 30 clinically healthy horses by the use of an endoscope. DCC were performed on May-Grünwald-Giemsa stained cytocentrifuged preparations, prepared after 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours and stored at 6oC and 22oC respectively. Data was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and a two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used on ranks. Results The BAL samples stored at room temperature showed significant morphological deterioration by 24 hours and samples kept at 6oC showed significant changes in neutrophils and mast cells after 24 hours. Conclusion If samples kept at 6oC are processed 24 hours after collection there might be a risk of getting a faulty result, especially with regards to the readings of neutrophils and diagnosing inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). This project indicates that samples collected and processed

Introduktion Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) er en metode hvormed der kan opsamles celler fra de nedre luftveje. Differentieret celle optælling af BAL væske er en vigtig metode til at diagnosticere sygdomme i de nedre luftveje hos heste, såsom nedsat præstationsevne, vejrtrækningsproblemer og hoste. Indtil videre er der ikke en veldefineret og anerkendt vejledning til hvordan og hvor længe BAL væske kan opbevares før analyse. Dette kan udgøre et problem, da mange dyrlæger vil have behov for at sende prøver videre til laboratoriet for yderligere bearbejdning og fortolkning. Denne forsinkelse, som oftest overskrider 24 timer kan have en indflydelse på celle morfologi og derved på tolkningen af resultaterne. Formål Formålet med dette studie er at belyse om sammensætningen af differentialtællingen af equine BAL væske ændrer sig ved længere tids opbevaring og om lavere temperatur kan forlænge holdbarheden. Denne information vil være brugbar når der skal laves en guideline for optimal opbevaring af equine BAL væske. Metode Der blev samlet 30 BAL prøver fra 30 klinisk raske heste vha. endoskopi. Differentieret celle optælling blev udført på cytocentrifugerede præparater farvet med May-Grünwald-Giemsa, der blev fikseret efter 0, 24, 48 og 72 timer og opbevaret ved henholdsvis 6oC og 22oC. Data blev analyseret med Shapiro-Wilk normalitets test og two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) blev brugt på rådata. Resultater BAL prøver der blev opbevaret ved stuetemperatur viste signifikant morfologisk nedbrydning efter 24 timer og prøver opbevaret ved 6oC viste signifikante ændringer i neutrofile og mast celler efter 24 timer. Konklusion Baseret på resultaterne må det anbefales, at der ikke går 24 timer fra BAL væske prøver bliver indsamlet til de bliver fikseret heller ikke selvom de opbevares på køl. Hvis dette er tilfældet vil der være risiko for misvisende resultater, specielt med henblik på aflæsning af neutrofile og diagnos, Introduction Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a technique used to recover cells from the lower airways. BAL cytology and differentiated cell count (DCC) of the aspirated fluid is an important method for diagnosing horses with lower airway problems such as poor performance, respiratory problems and coughing. No well-defined guideline for storage of the BAL fluid sample prior to processing has been widely accepted. A potential problem may arise since many veterinarians need to collect and send samples to the laboratory for further investigation and interpretation, a time delay of up to 24 hours can arise. This delay which usually exceeds 24 hours might have an important influence on the cell morphology and thereby the interpretation of the results. Objective The aim of this study was to determine variations in the BAL DCC from the equine BAL samples when kept at different time intervals and storage temperature. This information will be helpful for making guidelines for the optimal storage of equine BAL fluid samples. Method Thirty BAL fluid samples were collected from 30 clinically healthy horses by the use of an endoscope. DCC were performed on May-Grünwald-Giemsa stained cytocentrifuged preparations, prepared after 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours and stored at 6oC and 22oC respectively. Data was analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and a two-way repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used on ranks. Results The BAL samples stored at room temperature showed significant morphological deterioration by 24 hours and samples kept at 6oC showed significant changes in neutrophils and mast cells after 24 hours. Conclusion If samples kept at 6oC are processed 24 hours after collection there might be a risk of getting a faulty result, especially with regards to the readings of neutrophils and diagnosing inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). This project indicates that samples collected and processed

Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra tre års resultat av enbart lokalanestesi jämfört mot lokalanestesi ochspolning i käkledenpå patienter som lider av smärtande diskdisplacering utan reduktionStudien utfördes från 2003 till 2007 och 45 patienter valdes från sammanlagt 55 utvalda patienter för behandling av TMD till avdelningen för Klinisk bettfysiologi, Odontologiska fakulteten, Malmö högskola, Sverige.Frågeformulär och klinisk undersökning enligt Research Diagnostic Criteria(RDC/TMD), panorama röntgenbilder och magnetisk resonanstomografi utfördes vid start av studien. Tre år efter behandling, sändes ett frågeformulär till 37 patienter.Intensiteten av smärta, fysisk funktion, känslomässig funktion och global förbättring utvärderades.Tjugofyra patienter randomiserades till behandling med lokalanestesi och tjugo patienter randomiserades till behandling med lokalanestesi och spolning. Trettiofyra patienter besvarade enkäten vid 3-års uppföljningen. I en intention-to-treat analys visade det huvudsakliga resultatet att 28/45(62%) hade fått 30% smärtlindring vid uppföljningen. Inga signifikanta skillnader fanns mellan grupperna lokalanestesi och lokalanestesi och spolning avseende smärtlindring, fysisk funktion, känslomässig funktion och global förbättring. Det fanns signifikanta förbättringar (P< 0.05) inom båda grupperna avseendesmärtintensitet, fysisk funktion och emotionell funktion och global förändring vid uppföljning jämfört med start av studien.Eftersom det inte fanns någon skillnader mellan grupperna lokalanestesi och spolningoch enbart lokalanestesii käkleden tre år efter behandling av smärtsam diskdisplacering utan återgång, kan spolning av käkleden ifrågasätts., The aim of this prospective and longitudinal study was to compare three-year outcomes of local anesthetics compared to anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage on patients suffering from painful jaw locking in the TMJThe study was performed from 2003 until 2007 and 45 patients were selected from altogether 55 eligible patients referred for the treatment for TMD to the Department of Stomatognathic Physiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Sweden. History questionnaire and clinical examination according toResearch Diagnostic Criteria, panoramic radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging were completed at baseline. A questionnaire was sent three years after treatment to 37 patients. Pain intensity, physical functioning, emotional functioning and global improvement were evaluated.Twenty-five patients were randomised to group anesthetics and 20 patients were randomised to group anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage. Thirty-four patients answered the questionnaire at the 3-year follow-up. In an intention-to-treat analysis the primary outcome, showing a ≥30% pain relief, was reported by 28 of 45(62%) patients at the follow-up. No significant differences in improvement were found between group local anesthetics and group anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage regarding pain relief, physical functioning, emotional functioning, and global improvement. Significant improvements(P<0.05) were found within both groups regarding pain intensity, physical functioning, emotional functioning and global changes at the follow-up compared to baseline.Since no differences were found between local anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage compared to local anesthetics alone of the TMJ three years after treatment of painful disc displacement without reduction, the use of arthrocentesis and lavage can be questioned.

Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra tre års resultat av enbart lokalanestesi jämfört mot lokalanestesi ochspolning i käkledenpå patienter som lider av smärtande diskdisplacering utan reduktionStudien utfördes från 2003 till 2007 och 45 patienter valdes från sammanlagt 55 utvalda patienter för behandling av TMD till avdelningen för Klinisk bettfysiologi, Odontologiska fakulteten, Malmö högskola, Sverige.Frågeformulär och klinisk undersökning enligt Research Diagnostic Criteria(RDC/TMD), panorama röntgenbilder och magnetisk resonanstomografi utfördes vid start av studien. Tre år efter behandling, sändes ett frågeformulär till 37 patienter.Intensiteten av smärta, fysisk funktion, känslomässig funktion och global förbättring utvärderades.Tjugofyra patienter randomiserades till behandling med lokalanestesi och tjugo patienter randomiserades till behandling med lokalanestesi och spolning. Trettiofyra patienter besvarade enkäten vid 3-års uppföljningen. I en intention-to-treat analys visade det huvudsakliga resultatet att 28/45(62%) hade fått 30% smärtlindring vid uppföljningen. Inga signifikanta skillnader fanns mellan grupperna lokalanestesi och lokalanestesi och spolning avseende smärtlindring, fysisk funktion, känslomässig funktion och global förbättring. Det fanns signifikanta förbättringar (P< 0.05) inom båda grupperna avseendesmärtintensitet, fysisk funktion och emotionell funktion och global förändring vid uppföljning jämfört med start av studien.Eftersom det inte fanns någon skillnader mellan grupperna lokalanestesi och spolningoch enbart lokalanestesii käkleden tre år efter behandling av smärtsam diskdisplacering utan återgång, kan spolning av käkleden ifrågasätts., The aim of this prospective and longitudinal study was to compare three-year outcomes of local anesthetics compared to anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage on patients suffering from painful jaw locking in the TMJThe study was performed from 2003 until 2007 and 45 patients were selected from altogether 55 eligible patients referred for the treatment for TMD to the Department of Stomatognathic Physiology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Sweden. History questionnaire and clinical examination according toResearch Diagnostic Criteria, panoramic radiographs and Magnetic Resonance Imaging were completed at baseline. A questionnaire was sent three years after treatment to 37 patients. Pain intensity, physical functioning, emotional functioning and global improvement were evaluated.Twenty-five patients were randomised to group anesthetics and 20 patients were randomised to group anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage. Thirty-four patients answered the questionnaire at the 3-year follow-up. In an intention-to-treat analysis the primary outcome, showing a ≥30% pain relief, was reported by 28 of 45(62%) patients at the follow-up. No significant differences in improvement were found between group local anesthetics and group anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage regarding pain relief, physical functioning, emotional functioning, and global improvement. Significant improvements(P<0.05) were found within both groups regarding pain intensity, physical functioning, emotional functioning and global changes at the follow-up compared to baseline.Since no differences were found between local anesthetics, arthrocentesis and lavage compared to local anesthetics alone of the TMJ three years after treatment of painful disc displacement without reduction, the use of arthrocentesis and lavage can be questioned.

Background: Bacterial biofilm is recognized as a major detriment to wound healing. The efficacy of traditional wound care against biofilm has never been studied. The authors evaluated the effect of clinical strategies against biofilminfected wounds in a quantitative, in vivo model. Methods: Using a rabbit ear biofilm model, wounds were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or left as uninfected controls. Inoculated wounds acted as untreated controls or underwent treatment: every-other-day sharp debridement (I), lavage (II), Silvadene (III), or lavage and Silvadene (IV), or initial debridement with daily lavage and Silvadene (V). Wounds were harvested on days 12 and 18. Histological wound healing parameters and viable bacterial counts were measured. Biofilm structure was studied with scanning electron microscopy. Results: Uninfected controls healed better than P. aeruginosa biofilm infected wounds across all parameters (p 0.01). Groups IV and V demonstrated improved healing (p 0.05) and decreased bacterial count (p 0.05) compared with untreated P. aeruginosa biofilm, whereas groups I through III showed no differences in either. Scanning electron microscopy following a group V treatment showed temporary disruption of biofilm structure, which reformed in 24 hours. Conclusions: Pseudomonal biofilm markedly impairs wound healing, shown quantitatively using our in vivo model. Despite common practice, wound care strategies cannot restore biofilm wounds to a healing phenotype when used alone or infrequently. The durability of biofilm extends nonhealing wound chronicity, thus requiring aggressive, multimodal therapy aimed at reducing bacterial burden. The authors novel, rigorous study validates critical principles applicable to all clinical wound care., Published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, v129 n2 p262e-274e, Feb 2012.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to compare antimicrobial effect of irrigation with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) to saline in an animal model. Methods: This study used a segmental defect rat femur model contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus and treated 6 hours after injury with debridement and irrigation with 60 mL of fluid delivered at low pressure. In study groups of 10 animals each, 3 concentrations of CHG (0.5%, 0.05%, and 0.005%) were used and a group irrigated with 0.05% CHG and then saline and a control group treated with saline only. After irrigation the wounds were closed, and the rats were recovered. Fourteen days later, bone and implants were harvested for separate microbiological analysis. Results: There was no statistical difference detected between the subsequent presence or quantity of bacteria after irrigation, with aqueous CHG at a range of concentrations comparing irrigation with saline alone. Conclusions: This study does not support the use of CHG as an irrigant. This may be due to the antibacterial effect of CHG being offset by the associated host tissue toxicity. Host tissue damage from high irrigation pressures and cytotoxic solutions has been shown to allow bacteria to thrive. We believe this is due to a rebound of bacteria growth in a wound bed containing small quantities of necrotic tissue damaged by CHG exposure., Published in the Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, v26 n12 p728-732, Dec 2012.

This case illustrates that when a dermoid cyst is punctured, an immediate operative laparoscopy or laparotomy should be performed, along with lavage, to avoid the problems associated with dermoid cyst contents spillage.

A fit 38-year-old female patient developed absent foot pulses following a routine arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Irrigation fluid, which was delivered using an arthroscopic flushing set, had extravasated through a ruptured Baker's cyst into the popliteal fossa causing vascular compression and spasm. The pulses gradually returned to normal following the procedure. Knee arthroscopy is a common procedure and a Baker's cyst is a common sequel to degenerative disease. With the increasing popularity of pressurised fluid irrigation systems, this previously unreported complication is both relevant and important.

This case illustrates that when a dermoid cyst is punctured, an immediate operative laparoscopy or laparotomy should be performed, along with lavage, to avoid the problems associated with dermoid cyst contents spillage.

A fit 38-year-old female patient developed absent foot pulses following a routine arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Irrigation fluid, which was delivered using an arthroscopic flushing set, had extravasated through a ruptured Baker's cyst into the popliteal fossa causing vascular compression and spasm. The pulses gradually returned to normal following the procedure. Knee arthroscopy is a common procedure and a Baker's cyst is a common sequel to degenerative disease. With the increasing popularity of pressurised fluid irrigation systems, this previously unreported complication is both relevant and important.

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(i) Prise de contact et reconnaissance des stations de conditionnement : cette étape avait pour but de présenter les objectifs et les activités de l'étude. Il était également question de préciser les attentes du CARBAP et de définir le rôle de chaque partenaire dans l'exécution du projet. Trois plantations agro-industrielles de bananes dessert d'exportation au Cameroun ont été impliquées. Il s'agit de : CDC, PHP et SPM. (ii) Caractérisation des stations et quantification des effluents utilisés : une enquête participative a permis de décrire 27 stations d'emballage des plantations suivantes : PHP (11), SPM (7) et CDC (9). Il s'agissait concrètement de faire un diagnostic des pratiques actuelles, de décrire le circuit d'approvisionnement et de rejet de l'eau utilisée en station, et d'estimer entre autres les volumes d'effluents utilisés par jour dans les stations de conditionnement. (iii) Collecte et analyse des eaux de lavage : une campagne d'échantillonnage a permis de collecter une quarantaine d'échantillons d'eau à différents points du circuit de l'eau en station d'emballage et à des périodes précises de la journée ou de la semaine. Ces échantillons d'eau ont été transportés au laboratoire HYDRAC à Douala au Cameroun, et analysés pour quelques critères physicochimiques et microbiologiques d'intérêt. (iv) Réalisation d'une mission d'expertise et réunion de restitution : pendant une semaine, les experts ont interagi au cours des réunions et/ou des visites de terrain avec les responsables 'qualité' et/ou 'environnement' ainsi que des chefs de station d'emballage des 3 plantations agro-industrielles impliquées. Une réunion de restitution regroupant tous les partenaires de l'étude a permis de présenter l'essentiel des résultats obtenus et l'ébauche des propositions des solutions pouvant contribuer à l'amélioration ou la maîtrise de la qualité des eaux de lavage ainsi que le recyclage des bouillies fongicides.

(i) Prise de contact et reconnaissance des stations de conditionnement : cette étape avait pour but de présenter les objectifs et les activités de l'étude. Il était également question de préciser les attentes du CARBAP et de définir le rôle de chaque partenaire dans l'exécution du projet. Trois plantations agro-industrielles de bananes dessert d'exportation au Cameroun ont été impliquées. Il s'agit de : CDC, PHP et SPM. (ii) Caractérisation des stations et quantification des effluents utilisés : une enquête participative a permis de décrire 27 stations d'emballage des plantations suivantes : PHP (11), SPM (7) et CDC (9). Il s'agissait concrètement de faire un diagnostic des pratiques actuelles, de décrire le circuit d'approvisionnement et de rejet de l'eau utilisée en station, et d'estimer entre autres les volumes d'effluents utilisés par jour dans les stations de conditionnement. (iii) Collecte et analyse des eaux de lavage : une campagne d'échantillonnage a permis de collecter une quarantaine d'échantillons d'eau à différents points du circuit de l'eau en station d'emballage et à des périodes précises de la journée ou de la semaine. Ces échantillons d'eau ont été transportés au laboratoire HYDRAC à Douala au Cameroun, et analysés pour quelques critères physicochimiques et microbiologiques d'intérêt. (iv) Réalisation d'une mission d'expertise et réunion de restitution : pendant une semaine, les experts ont interagi au cours des réunions et/ou des visites de terrain avec les responsables 'qualité' et/ou 'environnement' ainsi que des chefs de station d'emballage des 3 plantations agro-industrielles impliquées. Une réunion de restitution regroupant tous les partenaires de l'étude a permis de présenter l'essentiel des résultats obtenus et l'ébauche des propositions des solutions pouvant contribuer à l'amélioration ou la maîtrise de la qualité des eaux de lavage ainsi que le recyclage des bouillies fongicides.

Les friches industrielles (brownfields) polluées par les métaux lourds sont des lieux potentiellement toxiques pour l’environnement. De plus, la présence de ces terrains contaminés en milieu urbain handicape largement l’aménagement du territoire. Dans la ville de Montréal, plus de 200 sites présentent une forte contamination métallique des sols. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, les travaux se focalisent sur un terrain situé à proximité du centre-ville de Montréal et affecté par des déchets minéralurgiques riches en métaux lourds. Le défi actuel est de promouvoir des solutions technologiques pour traiter les sols pollués plutôt que d’avoir recours à des techniques d’enfouissement. Une revue exhaustive de littérature permet de faire un état des lieux de la problématique des sols contaminés par les métaux et fournit l’éventail des techniques conventionnelles et innovatrices pour immobiliser ou extraire les métaux des sols. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer la répartition spatiale des métaux dans plusieurs profils du sol afin d’évaluer leur potentiel de mobilisation dans l’environnement. Le second objectif est d’établir la spéciation et la répartition des métaux dans la phase solide du sol dans une perspective de lavage de sol. Enfin, le troisième objectif est de déterminer l’efficacité de l’enlèvement des métaux par flottation et d’évaluer les principaux paramètres (physiques et chimiques) influençant le processus de séparation. Le profil du sol est composé d’un horizon superficiel de remblais riches en déchets minéralurgiques reposant sur le sol naturel initial, lequel est composé d’un horizon organique (tourbe) et minéral calcaire (marne et sédiments lacustres). Dans l’horizon anthropique, les teneurs en As, Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn dépassent largement les critères génériques des sols établis par le Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs du Québec (MDDEP, 1999). Les concentrations totales des métaux dans les horizons du sol nature

L'analyse microbiologique de l'eau des bacs de dépattage et de lavage des bananes en station d'emballage a été effectuée pendant 9 semaines sur deux stations différentes au Cameroun. Il existe une différence quantitative et qualitative de la composition de la microflore des eaux des bacs de lavage des bananes entre les deux stations et entre les deux types d'eau de lavage. La concentration en spores est plus élevée à Dia-dia qu'à Tiko. De plus les concentrations en spores sont supérieures à Dia-dia dans les eaux de dépattage par rapport aux eaux de lavage. Cette différence de concentration en spores proviendrait du mode de traitement des eaux de ces stations. Suite à l'identification morphologique et moléculaire, les espèces fréquemment isolées des eaux des bacs de lavage des bananes au Cameroun sont Penicillium spp., Verticillium sp., Céphalosporium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium monoliforme, Fusarium sp. Trichoderma sp., Colletotrichum sp. Le pouvoir pathogène des eaux de dépattage a été évalué en présence de témoins. L'apparition de nécroses sur les couronnes inoculées avec de l'eau stérile confirme l'existence en leur sein d'infections préétablies. Le pouvoir pathogène des eaux de dépattage est identique quelque soit la région et est très faible par rapport à celui du témoin C. musae. Ce faible pouvoir pathogène pourrait s'expliquer par la diversité de la microflore et l'existence des relations antagonistes au sein du complexe parasitaire. Le pouvoir pathogène des espèces le plus fréquemment isolées des eaux des bacs de dépattage et de lavage des bananes a été évalué en présence d'un témoin C. musae. Le pouvoir pathogène de C. musae est de loin supérieur à celui des autres pathogènes. Aucune corrélation n'a été établie entre les variations de la nature du complexe parasitaire et du pouvoir pathogène des eaux des bacs de lavage entre les deux stations d'étude et les deux types d'eaux de lavage au cours du temps.

La transcription des symboles et des caractères spéciaux utilisés dans la version originale de ce résumé n’a pas été possible en raison de limitations techniques. La version correcte de ce résumé peut être lue en PDF.Le but du présent mémoire vise à optimiser un procédé ex-situ de récupération des hydrocarbures dans des sédiments fins contaminés. Les étapes de lavage et de flottation des hydrocarbures ayant déjà été optimisés avec ce type de sédiments (Koné, 2003), la présente optimisation vise donc à incorporer une étape de séparation solide-liquide entre l'étape de lavage et celle de flottation afin d'augmenter l'efficacité de cette dernière. Le but ultime étant d'envoyer vers l'étape de flottation un liquide contenant le moins possible de sédiments fins afin de flotter seulement les complexes surfactant-hydrocarbures pétroliers hydrophobes présents dans le liquide de lavage. Les sédiments utilisés lors de cette étude proviennent du même lot que ceux utilisés lors des travaux antérieurs (Koné, 2003) mis à part qu'ils ont été tamisés à 200 µm afin de retirer la fraction grossière non-contaminée. La contamination moyenne des sédiments est d'environ 15 200 mg/kg en hydrocarbures pétroliers. C10-C50-. 82% des hydrocarbures pétroliers se retrouvent dans seulement 30,5 % de la masse des sédiments, soit la fraction la plus fine. La taille des sédiments qui compose cette fraction est de 13 µm et moins. La teneur en hydrocarbures pétroliers de cette fraction granulométrique est d'un peu plus de 41 000 mg/kg. Les sédiments présentent aussi une contamination par les métaux. Le cuivre est le métal qui est présent en plus grande quantité avec une teneur supérieure à 9 000 mg/kg. Des essais de lavage et de flottation ont été réalisés afin de vérifier leurs performances avec ces sédiments. Pour mener à bien cette recherche, plusieurs techniques de séparation solide/liquide ont été abordées. Ce mémoire présente les résultats obtenus avec les techniques de filtration, dé

L'analyse microbiologique de l'eau des bacs de dépattage et de lavage des bananes en station d'emballage a été effectuée pendant 9 semaines sur deux stations différentes au Cameroun. Il existe une différence quantitative et qualitative de la composition de la microflore des eaux des bacs de lavage des bananes entre les deux stations et entre les deux types d'eau de lavage. La concentration en spores est plus élevée à Dia-dia qu'à Tiko. De plus les concentrations en spores sont supérieures à Dia-dia dans les eaux de dépattage par rapport aux eaux de lavage. Cette différence de concentration en spores proviendrait du mode de traitement des eaux de ces stations. Suite à l'identification morphologique et moléculaire, les espèces fréquemment isolées des eaux des bacs de lavage des bananes au Cameroun sont Penicillium spp., Verticillium sp., Céphalosporium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium monoliforme, Fusarium sp. Trichoderma sp., Colletotrichum sp. Le pouvoir pathogène des eaux de dépattage a été évalué en présence de témoins. L'apparition de nécroses sur les couronnes inoculées avec de l'eau stérile confirme l'existence en leur sein d'infections préétablies. Le pouvoir pathogène des eaux de dépattage est identique quelque soit la région et est très faible par rapport à celui du témoin C. musae. Ce faible pouvoir pathogène pourrait s'expliquer par la diversité de la microflore et l'existence des relations antagonistes au sein du complexe parasitaire. Le pouvoir pathogène des espèces le plus fréquemment isolées des eaux des bacs de dépattage et de lavage des bananes a été évalué en présence d'un témoin C. musae. Le pouvoir pathogène de C. musae est de loin supérieur à celui des autres pathogènes. Aucune corrélation n'a été établie entre les variations de la nature du complexe parasitaire et du pouvoir pathogène des eaux des bacs de lavage entre les deux stations d'étude et les deux types d'eaux de lavage au cours du temps.

El notable desarrollo de los tensioactivosno iónicos como componentes dominantes en las formulaciones detergentes requiere la comprensión de sus prestaciones durante el lavado, no solamente como productos separados sino también como mezclas binarias con tensioactivo aniónico. Con objeto de obtener buenos niveles de biodegradabilidad y toxicidad han aparecido en el mercado los alquil poliglucósidos (APGs). Estos tensioactivos no iónicos, obtenidos de sustancias naturales, son 100% biodegradables y resultan muy interesantes para su aplicación en el lavado. En este trabajo se presenta el comportamiento del APG: C12-C14 con 1,4 grupos glucósido (no iónico), por separado y en mezcla con LAS, en diferentes proporciones de mezcla de estos tensioactivos aniónico con no iónico, sin coadyuvante, con objeto de mostrar su efecto detergente en el tejido de poliéster, ensuciado previamente con impurezas sólida y líquida (negro de humo y ácido oleico). Asimismo, teniendo en cuenta el sangrado de los tejidos teñidos durante el lavado, se obtuvo la decoloración de poliéster teñido y su correspondiente manchado en el mismo artículo y en materiales textiles blancos (tejido multifibra), al ser lavados al mismo tiempo con tales tensioactivos y sus mezclas, utilizando zeolita como coadyuvante y carbonato sódico. El tejido de poliéster antes de su lavado fue teñido con colorantes dispersos., The remarkable emergence of nonionic surfactants as key components in detergent formulations requires an understanding of their benefits during washing, not only as separate products but also as binary mixtures with anionic surfactants. In order to obtain good levels of biodegradability and ecotoxicity, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) have appeared on the market. These nonionic surfactants, which are obtained from natural substances, are 100% biodegradable and may be usefully applied to the washing process. In this work we examined the behaviour of the APG C12-C14 with 1.4 glucoside groups (nonionic), separately and in a mixture with LAS, in various proportions and without a builder. The aim was to show its effect as a detergent for washing polyester fabric, which had been previously soiled with solid and liquid impurities (carbon black and oleic acid). By taking the bleed of dyed fabrics into account during washing, it was possible to decolour dyed polyester, soiled white polyester and white textile materials (multifibre fabrics) by washing them at the same time with the abovementioned surfactants and their mixtures and by using builders such as zeolite and sodium carbonate. The poliéster fabric was dyed with dispersed dyes., Le développement remarquable des tensioactifs non ioniques en tant que composants dominants dans les formulations de lessive passe par la compréhension de leurs prestations pendant le lavage, non seulement pris séparément, mais aussi en tant que mélanges binaires contenant un tensioactif anionique. Pour obtenir de bons niveaux de biodégradabilité et de toxicité, les alkylpolyglucosides (APG) ont fait leur apparition sur le marché. Ces tensioactifs non ioniques, tirés de substances naturelles, sont 100 % biodégradables et sont très intéressants, appliqués au lavage. L’étude propose une présentation de l’APG : C12-C14 avec 1,4 groupes glucosides (non ioniques), séparément et en mélange avec du LAS, dans différentes proportions de mélange de ces tensioactifs anionique et non ionique, sans adjuvant, pour montrer l’effet détergent sur le tisú en polyester, préalablement taché avec des impuretés solides et liquides (noir de fumée et acide oléique). En outre, compte tenu du dégorgement des tissus teints pendant le lavage, le polyester teint s’est décoloré et le même article a été taché, de même que les textiles blancs (tissu multifibre), lavés en même temps avec ces tensioactifs et leurs mélanges, en utilisant de la zéolite comme adjuvant et du carbonate de sodium. Le tissu en polyester avant lavage abatí été teint avec des colorants dispersés.

L'opération de lavage du fonio après décorticage-blanchiment est indispensable pour éliminer les sons adhérents aux grains et surtout éviter la présence de sables dans le produit final. Or, cette opération traditionnellement réalisée manuellement, est longue et pénible et, de plus, elle consomme de grandes quantités d'eau. Une première étude réalisée en 2000 avait identifié des principes permettant une mécanisation de ces opérations. Ce travail a pour objet la mise au point des principes de fonctionnement et le dimensionnement des futurs équipements. A partir du Cahier des Charges Fonctionnel du futur équipement, deux principes de lavage sont définis. Le premier principe de brassage-sédimentation à contre courant dans un flux d'eau permet l'élimination des impuretés solubles dans l'eau. Le principe est validé et les principales variables du procédé sont étudiées. Les sables sont éliminés avec le principe de fluidisation inverse dans une colonne d'eau, appelé hydrolift. Ces deux principes donnent des résultats très satisfaisants et se complètent parfaitement pour répondre au problème de lavage du fonio. La fabrication locale des équipements est prévue au Mali.

L'opération de lavage du fonio après décorticage-blanchiment est indispensable pour éliminer les sons adhérents aux grains et surtout éviter la présence de sables dans le produit final. Or, cette opération traditionnellement réalisée manuellement, est longue et pénible et, de plus, elle consomme de grandes quantités d'eau. Une première étude réalisée en 2000 avait identifié des principes permettant une mécanisation de ces opérations. Ce travail a pour objet la mise au point des principes de fonctionnement et le dimensionnement des futurs équipements. A partir du Cahier des Charges Fonctionnel du futur équipement, deux principes de lavage sont définis. Le premier principe de brassage-sédimentation à contre courant dans un flux d'eau permet l'élimination des impuretés solubles dans l'eau. Le principe est validé et les principales variables du procédé sont étudiées. Les sables sont éliminés avec le principe de fluidisation inverse dans une colonne d'eau, appelé hydrolift. Ces deux principes donnent des résultats très satisfaisants et se complètent parfaitement pour répondre au problème de lavage du fonio. La fabrication locale des équipements est prévue au Mali.

In their clinical review of recent advances in the management of self poison­ing, Jones and Volans briefly discuss gastric lavage and state: “many clinical toxicologists rarely use this method now.”1 The impres­sion given could support the abandonment of gastric lavage. This could be particularly deleterious in developing countries.

In their clinical review of recent advances in the management of self poison­ing, Jones and Volans briefly discuss gastric lavage and state: “many clinical toxicologists rarely use this method now.”1 The impres­sion given could support the abandonment of gastric lavage. This could be particularly deleterious in developing countries.