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Verhuizen wij straks van het land naar het water? Zodra een woning drijft, in plaats van vaststaat op de grond, is er een probleem. En dat is jammer, want drijvende wijken zijn de oplossing voor het gebrek aan ruimte in steden. Technisch zijn er amper obstakels, maar juridisch zijn die er wel. Zo is een hypotheek krijgen voor een drijvend rijtjeshuis of appartement nog onmogelijk. Hoe dat zit hoor je van Pernille van der Plank, hoogleraar goederenrecht aan de Open Universiteit.

Taking its point of departure in two historically separate legal cases involving the right to care for kin this article compares the perception and treatment of two groups subjected to forced migration—enslaved Africans and their descendants in the former Danish West Indian colonial society and African refugees in present-day Danish welfare society. Drawing on Balibar’s notion of ‘internal borders’ it demonstrates the key role of ‘the Other’ in the management of displaced people in contexts of structural inequality and their contradictory position of being legally embedded but socially detached in the society in which they are placed. This comparative historical lens illuminates how, across time and place, family and kin ties can figure as sites of contention between universal, ideal, morally accepted human rights and the actual rights bestowed by local authorities, whether in colonial plantation societies based on enslavement or in modern welfare states.

Islamic society, which is based on justice and peace, gives all rights to each community living within its legal and juridical limits. It has been observed in seerat al-Nabi (PBUH) that, non-Muslims were given full rights to building their temples and they were also free to worship according to their religious ways and thoughts. Holy Prophet (PBUH) allowed them to perform their religious customs in their towns as they wish but within the limit of Islamic terms and conditions which were imposed in different agreements (i.e. Misaq e Madinah). In the present era, as we are living in multi-cultural and multi religions, there is much confusion about whether non-Muslims should be allowed or not for these acts. There is a great discussion between classical Islamic scholars. They think not to be allowed, although if necessary they should be bond in special terms and conditions. In a certain situation, there is a second opinion that allows Muslim statesman to give non-Muslims their religious liberty and allow them to build their temples in their areas under the need of circumstances. This article deals with both views and signifies the correct one in the light of seerat al-Nabi (PBUH) and presents various charters i.e. UNO charter.

Ensuring the efficiency of the political life of the country depends significantly on the establishment of relationships between state and non-state political and legal institutions and social-political communities of the society that constitute the political system of the State. In the conditions of intensification of globalization processes, the creation of favourable conditions by the political system for the effective operation of the main spheres of public life, ensuring the fulfilment of the interests of all society members, is of great importance. The purpose of the research lies in substantiating the theoretical and practical fundamentals for studying the principles of organization and effectiveness of China’s political system in modern conditions, as well as in assessing its impact on the level of the quality of life of the population. The general scientific and special methods of economic analysis have been used in the research, in particular, as follows: analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison, systematization, generalization, graphical and tabular methods, and correlation-regression analysis. It has been proven that the political system of China has a significant impact on the level of the quality of life of the population., Asegurar la eficiencia de la vida política del país depende significativamente del establecimiento de relaciones entre las instituciones políticas y jurídicas estatales y no estatales y las comunidades sociopolíticas de la sociedad que constituyen el sistema político del Estado. En las condiciones de intensificación de los procesos de globalización, cobra gran importancia la creación de condiciones favorables por parte del sistema político para el funcionamiento efectivo de las principales esferas de la vida pública, asegurando la realización de los intereses de todos los miembros de la sociedad. El propósito de la investigación radica en establecer los fundamentos teóricos y prácticos para estudiar los principios de organización y eficacia del sistema político de China en las condiciones actuales, así como en evaluar su impacto en el nivel de calidad de vida de la población. En la investigación se han utilizado los métodos científicos generales y especiales del análisis económico, en particular, los siguientes: análisis, síntesis, analogía, comparación, sistematización, generalización, métodos gráficos y tabulares, y análisis de correlación-regresión. Se ha demostrado que el sistema político de China tiene un impacto significativo en el nivel de la calidad de vida de la población.

This paper reconceptualises social rights through an integration of human welfare and environmental welfare. This is essential if we are making a case for the radical policy changes required to respond to the current environmental crisis, such as maximum living standards and maximum income. As living standards and the demand for social rights increase across the world, this will lead to a concomitant pressure on nature. A maximum living standard based on an ecological footprint is a starting point to think about the need to grant legal rights and resources to nature. Following Polanyi, both humans and the environment are fictitious commodities; we therefore need to rethink our approach to social policy and decommodification to include the environment. This requires approaching social rights from an ecological perspective and breaking the anthropocentric barriers welfare policies create between society and nature. Here, we draw on the work of Michel Serres on ‘the natural contract’ in order to rethink the content of the social contract and develop an argument in favour of decommodifying nature. Using rivers as legal entities in New Zealand as our example, we illustrate how this theoretical approach could provide the foundations for sustainable eco-social policies in general and maximum living standards in particular., QC 20230522

The objective of this work is to determine if the crimes of illegal campaign finance included in the Colombian criminal code are justified. That purpose will be achieved through a particular tool: the principle of proportionality., El objetivo del presente trabajo es el de determinar si los delitos de financiación ilegal de campañas políticas del Código Penal colombiano gozan de legitimidad material. Para verificar tal cuestión, se hará uso de una herramienta argumentativa particular: el principio de proporcionalidad.

Ensuring the efficiency of the political life of the country depends significantly on the establishment of relationships between state and non-state political and legal institutions and social-political communities of the society that constitute the political system of the State. In the conditions of intensification of globalization processes, the creation of favourable conditions by the political system for the effective operation of the main spheres of public life, ensuring the fulfilment of the interests of all society members, is of great importance. The purpose of the research lies in substantiating the theoretical and practical fundamentals for studying the principles of organization and effectiveness of China’s political system in modern conditions, as well as in assessing its impact on the level of the quality of life of the population. The general scientific and special methods of economic analysis have been used in the research, in particular, as follows: analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison, systematization, generalization, graphical and tabular methods, and correlation-regression analysis. It has been proven that the political system of China has a significant impact on the level of the quality of life of the population., Asegurar la eficiencia de la vida política del país depende significativamente del establecimiento de relaciones entre las instituciones políticas y jurídicas estatales y no estatales y las comunidades sociopolíticas de la sociedad que constituyen el sistema político del Estado. En las condiciones de intensificación de los procesos de globalización, cobra gran importancia la creación de condiciones favorables por parte del sistema político para el funcionamiento efectivo de las principales esferas de la vida pública, asegurando la realización de los intereses de todos los miembros de la sociedad. El propósito de la investigación radica en establecer los fundamentos teóricos y prácticos para estudiar los principios de organización y eficacia del sistema político de China en las condiciones actuales, así como en evaluar su impacto en el nivel de calidad de vida de la población. En la investigación se han utilizado los métodos científicos generales y especiales del análisis económico, en particular, los siguientes: análisis, síntesis, analogía, comparación, sistematización, generalización, métodos gráficos y tabulares, y análisis de correlación-regresión. Se ha demostrado que el sistema político de China tiene un impacto significativo en el nivel de la calidad de vida de la población.

Ensuring the efficiency of the political life of the country depends significantly on the establishment of relationships between state and non-state political and legal institutions and social-political communities of the society that constitute the political system of the State. In the conditions of intensification of globalization processes, the creation of favourable conditions by the political system for the effective operation of the main spheres of public life, ensuring the fulfilment of the interests of all society members, is of great importance. The purpose of the research lies in substantiating the theoretical and practical fundamentals for studying the principles of organization and effectiveness of China’s political system in modern conditions, as well as in assessing its impact on the level of the quality of life of the population. The general scientific and special methods of economic analysis have been used in the research, in particular, as follows: analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison, systematization, generalization, graphical and tabular methods, and correlation-regression analysis. It has been proven that the political system of China has a significant impact on the level of the quality of life of the population., Asegurar la eficiencia de la vida política del país depende significativamente del establecimiento de relaciones entre las instituciones políticas y jurídicas estatales y no estatales y las comunidades sociopolíticas de la sociedad que constituyen el sistema político del Estado. En las condiciones de intensificación de los procesos de globalización, cobra gran importancia la creación de condiciones favorables por parte del sistema político para el funcionamiento efectivo de las principales esferas de la vida pública, asegurando la realización de los intereses de todos los miembros de la sociedad. El propósito de la investigación radica en establecer los fundamentos teóricos y prácticos para estudiar los principios de organización y eficacia del sistema político de China en las condiciones actuales, así como en evaluar su impacto en el nivel de calidad de vida de la población. En la investigación se han utilizado los métodos científicos generales y especiales del análisis económico, en particular, los siguientes: análisis, síntesis, analogía, comparación, sistematización, generalización, métodos gráficos y tabulares, y análisis de correlación-regresión. Se ha demostrado que el sistema político de China tiene un impacto significativo en el nivel de la calidad de vida de la población.

[ES] Los derechos de uso y habitación son derechos reales de goce sobre un bien ajeno, cuyo estudio queda frecuentemente relegado a un segundo plano frente al derecho de usufructo. Este trabajo pretende delimitar el alcance y contenido de estos derechos, analizando la doctrina científica, administrativa y jurisprudencial sobre los mismos. Con ello se pondrán de manifiesto las semejanzas y se ahondará en las diferencias con el derecho de usufructo; Analizaremos el valor del derecho de habitación para atender a la necesidad de vivienda de determinados sujetos, asegurando su acceso a la misma, [EN] The legal rights of use and habitation are rights of enjoyment over one thing owned by another, whose study is frequently relegated to the background in front of the usufruct. This work aims to delimit the scope and content of these rights, analyzing the scientific, administrative and jurisprudential doctrine on them. With this will reveal the similarities and deepen the differences with the usufruct right; We will analyze the value of the habitation right to attend the housing needs of certain subjects, ensuring their access to it.

[ES] Los derechos de uso y habitación son derechos reales de goce sobre un bien ajeno, cuyo estudio queda frecuentemente relegado a un segundo plano frente al derecho de usufructo. Este trabajo pretende delimitar el alcance y contenido de estos derechos, analizando la doctrina científica, administrativa y jurisprudencial sobre los mismos. Con ello se pondrán de manifiesto las semejanzas y se ahondará en las diferencias con el derecho de usufructo; Analizaremos el valor del derecho de habitación para atender a la necesidad de vivienda de determinados sujetos, asegurando su acceso a la misma, [EN] The legal rights of use and habitation are rights of enjoyment over one thing owned by another, whose study is frequently relegated to the background in front of the usufruct. This work aims to delimit the scope and content of these rights, analyzing the scientific, administrative and jurisprudential doctrine on them. With this will reveal the similarities and deepen the differences with the usufruct right; We will analyze the value of the habitation right to attend the housing needs of certain subjects, ensuring their access to it.

[ES] Los derechos de uso y habitación son derechos reales de goce sobre un bien ajeno, cuyo estudio queda frecuentemente relegado a un segundo plano frente al derecho de usufructo. Este trabajo pretende delimitar el alcance y contenido de estos derechos, analizando la doctrina científica, administrativa y jurisprudencial sobre los mismos. Con ello se pondrán de manifiesto las semejanzas y se ahondará en las diferencias con el derecho de usufructo; Analizaremos el valor del derecho de habitación para atender a la necesidad de vivienda de determinados sujetos, asegurando su acceso a la misma, [EN] The legal rights of use and habitation are rights of enjoyment over one thing owned by another, whose study is frequently relegated to the background in front of the usufruct. This work aims to delimit the scope and content of these rights, analyzing the scientific, administrative and jurisprudential doctrine on them. With this will reveal the similarities and deepen the differences with the usufruct right; We will analyze the value of the habitation right to attend the housing needs of certain subjects, ensuring their access to it.

Background: For a patient’s legal right to make end-of-life treatment decisions to be respected, health care practitioners, patients and their substitute decision-makers must know what rights exist and how to assert them (or support others to assert them). Yet very little is known about what enhances or obstructs the operationalization of legal rights from the perspective of patients, family members and substitute decision-makers. Aim: To explore barriers and facilitators to the operationalization of rights in end-of-life decision-making from the perspectives of terminally-ill patients and family members and substitute decision-makers of terminally ill patients in Australia. Design: Semi-structured interviews (face to face and telephone) with patients, family or substitute decision-makers experienced in end-of-life decision-making completed between November 2016 and October 2017. A thematic content analysis of interview transcripts. Setting/participants: Purposive sampling across three Australian states provided 16 terminally-ill patients and 33 family and/or substitute decision-makers. Results: Barriers and facilitators emerged across three overlapping domains: systemic factors; individual factors, influenced by personal characteristics and decision-making approach; and communication and information. Health care practitioners play a key role in either supporting or excluding patients, family and substitute decision-makers in decision-making. Conclusion: In addition to enhancing legal literacy of community members and health practitioners about end-of-life decision-making, support such as open communication, advocacy and help with engaging with advanced care planning is needed to facilitate people operationalizing their legal rights, powers and duties. Palliative care and other support services should be more widely available to people both within and outside health systems.

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilken rättighetsupplåtelse olika bredbandsutbyggare föredrar att använda för att ordna markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Mer specifikt undersöks i arbetet om valet av rättighetsupplåtelse skiljer mellan olika typer av bredbandsutbyggare och/eller i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Med tanke på att bredbandsutbyggnad framför allt behöver ske utanför tätort för att det slutliga bredbandsmålet ska nås år 2025, undersöks särskilt hur bredbandsutbyggare tycker att markåtkomst i område för allmän väg fungerar. Detta då lokalisering av fiberkablar i allmän väg är ett särskilt viktigt alternativ utanför tätort. Vidare undersöks vilka huvudsakliga problem bredbandsutbyggare upplever i samband med markåtkomst. För att uppfylla syftet har kommunägda- och kommersiella bolag samt fiberföreningar intervjuats. Totalt har åtta intervjuer utförts. Alla med personer som är ansvariga för fiberutbyggnad från respektive bolag/förening. Urval har skett utifrån ledningsägare i tre kommuner, alla belägna i Stockholms län. Utöver detta har rättsfall analyserats för att illustrera delar av den problematik som föreligger vid markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Resultatet från intervjuerna visar att markavtal, som är en nyttjanderättsform, är det alternativ som föredras av alla tre typer av bredbandsutbyggare. Detta gäller både i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Vidare är både kommunägda- och kommersiella aktörer samt fiberföreningar restriktiva i användningen av ledningsrätt, främst för att underlätta för framtida relationer och med respekt för markägare men också på grund av hög kostnad och lång tid för upplåtelse. Intervjuerna visar att bredbandsutbyggare tenderar att värdera en relation med markägare högre än att markåtkomst ska ske på ett snabbt sätt. Någon större skillnad i val av markåtkomst mellan olika typer av aktörer eller i områden inom eller utanför detaljplan kunde ej urskiljas. Studien indikerar att det snarare handlar om den e, This study aims to investigate what legal right different broadband developers prefer to use to get access to the land they want to establish fiber. More specifically, it investigates if the type of developer or the area's planning influences the choice of land access. For the final broadband goal to be reached in 2025, broadband expansion needs to occur mainly outside urban areas. According to this, special consideration has been given to how broadband developers experience land access in areas for public roads. This is because locating fiber cables in public roads is an essential alternative outside urban areas. To fulfill the purpose, municipal-owned and commercial companies and fiber associations have been interviewed. A total of eight persons responsible for fiber expansion from the respective company/association have been conducted. The selection has been made by asking different actors in three municipalities located in Stockholm County.Moreover, court cases have been analyzed to create a picture of the different problems that can arise when getting land access for this purpose. The interviews show that usufruct agreements are exclusively the alternative used in the first place, both within and outside the detailed plan. The results from the interviews show that usufruct agreements are used by all the different types of broadband developers. Furthermore, the actors in this study are restrictive in the use of utility easement. This in order to facilitate future relationships and to show respect for landowners. The usufruct agreements thus appear to be a better alternative from the perspective of active actors. The relationship with the landowners tends to have a higher value than the time aspect to get land access.Moreover, no distinction between whether the choice of land access between different types of broadband developers or the area's planning could be distinguished in the study. It has somewhat to do with the landowner's attitude to leasing land. The pe

Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka vilken rättighetsupplåtelse olika bredbandsutbyggare föredrar att använda för att ordna markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Mer specifikt undersöks i arbetet om valet av rättighetsupplåtelse skiljer mellan olika typer av bredbandsutbyggare och/eller i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Med tanke på att bredbandsutbyggnad framför allt behöver ske utanför tätort för att det slutliga bredbandsmålet ska nås år 2025, undersöks särskilt hur bredbandsutbyggare tycker att markåtkomst i område för allmän väg fungerar. Detta då lokalisering av fiberkablar i allmän väg är ett särskilt viktigt alternativ utanför tätort. Vidare undersöks vilka huvudsakliga problem bredbandsutbyggare upplever i samband med markåtkomst. För att uppfylla syftet har kommunägda- och kommersiella bolag samt fiberföreningar intervjuats. Totalt har åtta intervjuer utförts. Alla med personer som är ansvariga för fiberutbyggnad från respektive bolag/förening. Urval har skett utifrån ledningsägare i tre kommuner, alla belägna i Stockholms län. Utöver detta har rättsfall analyserats för att illustrera delar av den problematik som föreligger vid markåtkomst för bredband via fiber. Resultatet från intervjuerna visar att markavtal, som är en nyttjanderättsform, är det alternativ som föredras av alla tre typer av bredbandsutbyggare. Detta gäller både i områden inom och utanför detaljplan. Vidare är både kommunägda- och kommersiella aktörer samt fiberföreningar restriktiva i användningen av ledningsrätt, främst för att underlätta för framtida relationer och med respekt för markägare men också på grund av hög kostnad och lång tid för upplåtelse. Intervjuerna visar att bredbandsutbyggare tenderar att värdera en relation med markägare högre än att markåtkomst ska ske på ett snabbt sätt. Någon större skillnad i val av markåtkomst mellan olika typer av aktörer eller i områden inom eller utanför detaljplan kunde ej urskiljas. Studien indikerar att det snarare handlar om den e, This study aims to investigate what legal right different broadband developers prefer to use to get access to the land they want to establish fiber. More specifically, it investigates if the type of developer or the area's planning influences the choice of land access. For the final broadband goal to be reached in 2025, broadband expansion needs to occur mainly outside urban areas. According to this, special consideration has been given to how broadband developers experience land access in areas for public roads. This is because locating fiber cables in public roads is an essential alternative outside urban areas. To fulfill the purpose, municipal-owned and commercial companies and fiber associations have been interviewed. A total of eight persons responsible for fiber expansion from the respective company/association have been conducted. The selection has been made by asking different actors in three municipalities located in Stockholm County.Moreover, court cases have been analyzed to create a picture of the different problems that can arise when getting land access for this purpose. The interviews show that usufruct agreements are exclusively the alternative used in the first place, both within and outside the detailed plan. The results from the interviews show that usufruct agreements are used by all the different types of broadband developers. Furthermore, the actors in this study are restrictive in the use of utility easement. This in order to facilitate future relationships and to show respect for landowners. The usufruct agreements thus appear to be a better alternative from the perspective of active actors. The relationship with the landowners tends to have a higher value than the time aspect to get land access.Moreover, no distinction between whether the choice of land access between different types of broadband developers or the area's planning could be distinguished in the study. It has somewhat to do with the landowner's attitude to leasing land. The pe

Kennis - Kun je je voorstellen dat je ouders je zomaar verkopen als ze je zat zijn? Of dat je in een kooi wordt gestopt als toeristische attractie? Als mens worden we gelukkig goed beschermd, maar dieren hebben geen grondrechten. Is dat terecht? In dit college bespreekt rechtsfilosoof Janneke Vink (Open Universiteit) die vraag.

This paper presents the preliminary results of a broader study into the communication of European Union legal rights to citizens. The EU produces its own legislation which is then implemented in the 27 Member States in different ways, depending on the type of law. In order to make legislation accessible to the lay public, one or more simplified versions of the legislation are published on the EU website. The present study analyses a corpus of brochures popularising EU legislation and proposes to investigate how verbal communication is complemented by visual elements in creating a relationship between the various participants. The findings indicate that the linguistic features in the brochures contribute to creating an interpersonal relationship between the EU institutions and the viewers more than the photos. However, despite their limited number, the photos that represent people support the linguistic elements in involving the lay public and to bringing them closer to EU institutions.

Many young people in New Zealand will engage in antisocial behaviour during their teenage years. Consequently, many young people will interact with the police. When young people speak to police, they are read the Child/Young Persons Rights Caution (the Youth Caution) which informs them of the rights they are entitled to (legal rights), such as choosing to stay silent and speaking with a lawyer. However, many young people have an incomplete understanding of their rights as the Youth Caution does not support complete understanding. An explanation for this incomplete understanding is the language within the Youth Caution is too complex for young people. The current study sought to address this issue by creating and piloting a revised youth caution which aimed to be simpler and easier for young people to understand. Three research questions were addressed in this study: 1) What was young people’s level of understanding of their legal rights? 2) Would the revised youth caution improve the level of legal rights understanding? 3) Would understanding of legal rights increase with age? To answer these questions, young people (aged 10-18 years) were recruited from schools and the community (n = 101). Their legal rights understanding levels were then assessed, based on hearing either the standard or the revised youth caution. The results in relation to the research questions showed participants’ legal rights understanding was incomplete, the revised youth caution did not improve understanding across any aspects of legal rights understanding and understanding increased with age. These results suggest simplifying the language within the Youth Caution is not sufficient to support young people’s understanding, and legislation could offer further support, such as requiring a lawyer to be present as the default option when young people are speaking to the police.

The Child and Young Persons version of the Rights Caution is read to young people to inform them of their legal rights during police arrest and questioning in New Zealand. Research to date suggests the way legal rights are currently delivered does not meet young people’s developmental needs, as young people do not understand their rights. This research aimed to examine: 1) the level of legal rights understanding among young people in New Zealand; 2) the relationship between age and understanding; and 3) whether understanding can be improved with a video-based educational intervention which provided young people with legal rights knowledge. In this study a community sample of young people (n = 99), aged 10 to 18-years, was used. Participants were assigned to two groups; one group received an educational video which provided legal rights knowledge, while the other received the legal rights as they are currently delivered in practice with the Child and Young Persons version of the Caution. Young people’s understanding of legal rights was then assessed in a semi-structured interview using the New Zealand Rights Caution Competency Questionnaire (Fortune et al., 2017). The results showed levels of understanding among this sample were low, with young people misunderstanding many parts of their legal rights. Regression analysis revealed age was a significant positive predictor of legal rights understanding, suggesting younger youth are most vulnerable to incomplete legal rights understanding. Regression analysis also revealed the educational video significantly improved young people’s understanding across a variety of legal rights abilities, including their ability to remember and apply legal rights in hypothetical legal scenarios. The implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed, alongside the need for the delivery of legal rights to address a broader range of young people’s legal rights difficulties; including young people’s lack of legal rights kn

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

Many young people in New Zealand will engage in antisocial behaviour during their teenage years. Consequently, many young people will interact with the police. When young people speak to police, they are read the Child/Young Persons Rights Caution (the Youth Caution) which informs them of the rights they are entitled to (legal rights), such as choosing to stay silent and speaking with a lawyer. However, many young people have an incomplete understanding of their rights as the Youth Caution does not support complete understanding. An explanation for this incomplete understanding is the language within the Youth Caution is too complex for young people. The current study sought to address this issue by creating and piloting a revised youth caution which aimed to be simpler and easier for young people to understand. Three research questions were addressed in this study: 1) What was young people’s level of understanding of their legal rights? 2) Would the revised youth caution improve the level of legal rights understanding? 3) Would understanding of legal rights increase with age? To answer these questions, young people (aged 10-18 years) were recruited from schools and the community (n = 101). Their legal rights understanding levels were then assessed, based on hearing either the standard or the revised youth caution. The results in relation to the research questions showed participants’ legal rights understanding was incomplete, the revised youth caution did not improve understanding across any aspects of legal rights understanding and understanding increased with age. These results suggest simplifying the language within the Youth Caution is not sufficient to support young people’s understanding, and legislation could offer further support, such as requiring a lawyer to be present as the default option when young people are speaking to the police.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

The Child and Young Persons version of the Rights Caution is read to young people to inform them of their legal rights during police arrest and questioning in New Zealand. Research to date suggests the way legal rights are currently delivered does not meet young people’s developmental needs, as young people do not understand their rights. This research aimed to examine: 1) the level of legal rights understanding among young people in New Zealand; 2) the relationship between age and understanding; and 3) whether understanding can be improved with a video-based educational intervention which provided young people with legal rights knowledge. In this study a community sample of young people (n = 99), aged 10 to 18-years, was used. Participants were assigned to two groups; one group received an educational video which provided legal rights knowledge, while the other received the legal rights as they are currently delivered in practice with the Child and Young Persons version of the Caution. Young people’s understanding of legal rights was then assessed in a semi-structured interview using the New Zealand Rights Caution Competency Questionnaire (Fortune et al., 2017). The results showed levels of understanding among this sample were low, with young people misunderstanding many parts of their legal rights. Regression analysis revealed age was a significant positive predictor of legal rights understanding, suggesting younger youth are most vulnerable to incomplete legal rights understanding. Regression analysis also revealed the educational video significantly improved young people’s understanding across a variety of legal rights abilities, including their ability to remember and apply legal rights in hypothetical legal scenarios. The implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed, alongside the need for the delivery of legal rights to address a broader range of young people’s legal rights difficulties; including young people’s lack of legal rights kn

Many young people in New Zealand will engage in antisocial behaviour during their teenage years. Consequently, many young people will interact with the police. When young people speak to police, they are read the Child/Young Persons Rights Caution (the Youth Caution) which informs them of the rights they are entitled to (legal rights), such as choosing to stay silent and speaking with a lawyer. However, many young people have an incomplete understanding of their rights as the Youth Caution does not support complete understanding. An explanation for this incomplete understanding is the language within the Youth Caution is too complex for young people. The current study sought to address this issue by creating and piloting a revised youth caution which aimed to be simpler and easier for young people to understand. Three research questions were addressed in this study: 1) What was young people’s level of understanding of their legal rights? 2) Would the revised youth caution improve the level of legal rights understanding? 3) Would understanding of legal rights increase with age? To answer these questions, young people (aged 10-18 years) were recruited from schools and the community (n = 101). Their legal rights understanding levels were then assessed, based on hearing either the standard or the revised youth caution. The results in relation to the research questions showed participants’ legal rights understanding was incomplete, the revised youth caution did not improve understanding across any aspects of legal rights understanding and understanding increased with age. These results suggest simplifying the language within the Youth Caution is not sufficient to support young people’s understanding, and legislation could offer further support, such as requiring a lawyer to be present as the default option when young people are speaking to the police.

The Child and Young Persons version of the Rights Caution is read to young people to inform them of their legal rights during police arrest and questioning in New Zealand. Research to date suggests the way legal rights are currently delivered does not meet young people’s developmental needs, as young people do not understand their rights. This research aimed to examine: 1) the level of legal rights understanding among young people in New Zealand; 2) the relationship between age and understanding; and 3) whether understanding can be improved with a video-based educational intervention which provided young people with legal rights knowledge. In this study a community sample of young people (n = 99), aged 10 to 18-years, was used. Participants were assigned to two groups; one group received an educational video which provided legal rights knowledge, while the other received the legal rights as they are currently delivered in practice with the Child and Young Persons version of the Caution. Young people’s understanding of legal rights was then assessed in a semi-structured interview using the New Zealand Rights Caution Competency Questionnaire (Fortune et al., 2017). The results showed levels of understanding among this sample were low, with young people misunderstanding many parts of their legal rights. Regression analysis revealed age was a significant positive predictor of legal rights understanding, suggesting younger youth are most vulnerable to incomplete legal rights understanding. Regression analysis also revealed the educational video significantly improved young people’s understanding across a variety of legal rights abilities, including their ability to remember and apply legal rights in hypothetical legal scenarios. The implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed, alongside the need for the delivery of legal rights to address a broader range of young people’s legal rights difficulties; including young people’s lack of legal rights kn

The Child and Young Persons version of the Rights Caution is read to young people to inform them of their legal rights during police arrest and questioning in New Zealand. Research to date suggests the way legal rights are currently delivered does not meet young people’s developmental needs, as young people do not understand their rights. This research aimed to examine: 1) the level of legal rights understanding among young people in New Zealand; 2) the relationship between age and understanding; and 3) whether understanding can be improved with a video-based educational intervention which provided young people with legal rights knowledge. In this study a community sample of young people (n = 99), aged 10 to 18-years, was used. Participants were assigned to two groups; one group received an educational video which provided legal rights knowledge, while the other received the legal rights as they are currently delivered in practice with the Child and Young Persons version of the Caution. Young people’s understanding of legal rights was then assessed in a semi-structured interview using the New Zealand Rights Caution Competency Questionnaire (Fortune et al., 2017). The results showed levels of understanding among this sample were low, with young people misunderstanding many parts of their legal rights. Regression analysis revealed age was a significant positive predictor of legal rights understanding, suggesting younger youth are most vulnerable to incomplete legal rights understanding. Regression analysis also revealed the educational video significantly improved young people’s understanding across a variety of legal rights abilities, including their ability to remember and apply legal rights in hypothetical legal scenarios. The implications of these findings for policy and practice are discussed, alongside the need for the delivery of legal rights to address a broader range of young people’s legal rights difficulties; including young people’s lack of legal rights kn

Many young people in New Zealand will engage in antisocial behaviour during their teenage years. Consequently, many young people will interact with the police. When young people speak to police, they are read the Child/Young Persons Rights Caution (the Youth Caution) which informs them of the rights they are entitled to (legal rights), such as choosing to stay silent and speaking with a lawyer. However, many young people have an incomplete understanding of their rights as the Youth Caution does not support complete understanding. An explanation for this incomplete understanding is the language within the Youth Caution is too complex for young people. The current study sought to address this issue by creating and piloting a revised youth caution which aimed to be simpler and easier for young people to understand. Three research questions were addressed in this study: 1) What was young people’s level of understanding of their legal rights? 2) Would the revised youth caution improve the level of legal rights understanding? 3) Would understanding of legal rights increase with age? To answer these questions, young people (aged 10-18 years) were recruited from schools and the community (n = 101). Their legal rights understanding levels were then assessed, based on hearing either the standard or the revised youth caution. The results in relation to the research questions showed participants’ legal rights understanding was incomplete, the revised youth caution did not improve understanding across any aspects of legal rights understanding and understanding increased with age. These results suggest simplifying the language within the Youth Caution is not sufficient to support young people’s understanding, and legislation could offer further support, such as requiring a lawyer to be present as the default option when young people are speaking to the police.

Many young people in New Zealand will engage in antisocial behaviour during their teenage years. Consequently, many young people will interact with the police. When young people speak to police, they are read the Child/Young Persons Rights Caution (the Youth Caution) which informs them of the rights they are entitled to (legal rights), such as choosing to stay silent and speaking with a lawyer. However, many young people have an incomplete understanding of their rights as the Youth Caution does not support complete understanding. An explanation for this incomplete understanding is the language within the Youth Caution is too complex for young people. The current study sought to address this issue by creating and piloting a revised youth caution which aimed to be simpler and easier for young people to understand. Three research questions were addressed in this study: 1) What was young people’s level of understanding of their legal rights? 2) Would the revised youth caution improve the level of legal rights understanding? 3) Would understanding of legal rights increase with age? To answer these questions, young people (aged 10-18 years) were recruited from schools and the community (n = 101). Their legal rights understanding levels were then assessed, based on hearing either the standard or the revised youth caution. The results in relation to the research questions showed participants’ legal rights understanding was incomplete, the revised youth caution did not improve understanding across any aspects of legal rights understanding and understanding increased with age. These results suggest simplifying the language within the Youth Caution is not sufficient to support young people’s understanding, and legislation could offer further support, such as requiring a lawyer to be present as the default option when young people are speaking to the police.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

Conservation projects of architectural heritage primarily aim at preserving the cultural character and protecting the historical and value buildings through a set of techniques/approaches and concepts that deal with valuable urban heritage. These concepts and approaches are sometimes a major obstacle to community development. Thus, for a better understanding of the debate over conservation versus development in terms of ownership and private property legal rights, the study will review the classification of different techniques by applying them at the level of architecture, urban, and society. Hence, these have been classified into three basic levels: building, urban, and community, whereby policies for each type will be reviewed. These arguments will be discussed within the Alexandrian experience in architectural heritage listing and management. Moreover, the study also explores evaluation criteria of historical and value buildings, clarifying the attempts to conserve the architectural heritage in Alexandria. The study focuses mainly on the conflict between conservation techniques and the concept of private property legal rights, and hence, proposing some future measures to address the conflict of interests between conservation on one hand and private property ownership legal rights on the other. In addition, it will present some recommendations for preserving the unique architectural style of the Mediterranean Sea that distinguishes the city of Alexandria. It will also adhere to the remains of this heritage by taking into consideration the legal rights of private property, which can contribute to the conservation techniques of architectural heritage for Alexandria.

This paper proposes an initial LADM country profile of Saudi Arabia. The model aims to build a better communication system between all the stockholders to secure the land registration. The initial development of the spatial and non-spatial classes are have been based on the regulation of Saudi Arabia. For the development of the LADM profile for Saudi Arabia, several steps have been completed: 1- Interviews have been conducted with the stakeholders to collect information about the regulations of the land/building ownership. 2- Analysis of the current system of the land registration and its requirement for both spatial and non-spatial data has been performed. 3- Local regulations have been utilized to develop the initial LADM country profile.

This paper proposes an initial LADM country profile of Saudi Arabia. The model aims to build a better communication system between all the stockholders to secure the land registration. The initial development of the spatial and non-spatial classes are have been based on the regulation of Saudi Arabia. For the development of the LADM profile for Saudi Arabia, several steps have been completed: 1- Interviews have been conducted with the stakeholders to collect information about the regulations of the land/building ownership. 2- Analysis of the current system of the land registration and its requirement for both spatial and non-spatial data has been performed. 3- Local regulations have been utilized to develop the initial LADM country profile., GIS Technologie, Urban Data Science

This paper proposes an initial LADM country profile of Saudi Arabia. The model aims to build a better communication system between all the stockholders to secure the land registration. The initial development of the spatial and non-spatial classes are have been based on the regulation of Saudi Arabia. For the development of the LADM profile for Saudi Arabia, several steps have been completed: 1- Interviews have been conducted with the stakeholders to collect information about the regulations of the land/building ownership. 2- Analysis of the current system of the land registration and its requirement for both spatial and non-spatial data has been performed. 3- Local regulations have been utilized to develop the initial LADM country profile., GIS Technologie, Urban Data Science

This paper proposes an initial LADM country profile of Saudi Arabia. The model aims to build a better communication system between all the stockholders to secure the land registration. The initial development of the spatial and non-spatial classes are have been based on the regulation of Saudi Arabia. For the development of the LADM profile for Saudi Arabia, several steps have been completed: 1- Interviews have been conducted with the stakeholders to collect information about the regulations of the land/building ownership. 2- Analysis of the current system of the land registration and its requirement for both spatial and non-spatial data has been performed. 3- Local regulations have been utilized to develop the initial LADM country profile.

We gaan afscheid nemen van de Wet Bodembescherming en op 1-1-2021 gaat de Omgevingswet in. De grondwaterverontreinigingen die zijn beschikt als ernstig en spoedeisend onder de Wbb (en overige nazorglocaties!), vallen dan onder het overgangsrecht. De meeste strategische grondwatertaken liggen straks bij de provincie, en de taken ten aanzien van de grond bij de gemeentes. Voor een goede bescherming van de kwaliteit van het grondwater is verduidelijking nodig over de verplichte afstemming tussen overheden.

This policy brief provides an overview of current legislation that discriminates against parents with disabilities. It also considers non discriminatory legislation that has been enacted or is currently being enacted at the state level, with the hope of encouraging more states—eventually all states—to adopt similar legislation. It is our strong belief that such legislative changes are both needed and deserved by the at least 4.1 million disabled parents currently raising children under the age of 18 in the US.

This policy brief provides an overview of current legislation that discriminates against parents with disabilities. It also considers non discriminatory legislation that has been enacted or is currently being enacted at the state level, with the hope of encouraging more states—eventually all states—to adopt similar legislation. It is our strong belief that such legislative changes are both needed and deserved by the at least 4.1 million disabled parents currently raising children under the age of 18 in the US.

Despite its relevance for economic growth and development, the level of mortgage market development varies widely across countries. Using panel data for the 2006 – 2013 period, we examine the institutional determinants of mortgage depth across 116 countries, with analysis conducted across groups of countries at similar levels of economic growth and development. The study shows that the coverage of information institutions widens and legal institutions strengthen with increasing economic growth and development. However, the information and legal characteristics of countries in terms of the efficiency of mortgage foreclosure, quality creditor legal property rights and the efficiency of credit information sharing via public credit registers matter more for mortgage deepening in low-income countries than in middle and high-income countries. As far as policy is concerned, our findings suggest that these formal institutions might be luxuries and develop as countries grow. This hints to the possibility of a pecking order in creditor protection mechanisms, running from credit information sharing through private credit bureaus to public credit registers and then to legal rights protections achieved through mortgage legal rules and foreclosure enforcement, with ramifications for mortgage deepening. Particularly, ex-post mechanisms through legal institutions provide a more effective protection for creditors than ex-ante mechanism such as information in low-income countries due to the limited scope of credit information systems.

Utveckling sker konstant i Sverige och det innebär fler ledningar i marken vilket leder till fler frågor om juridiska rättigheter. Elnätet är uppdelat i tre olika storlekar; stamnät, regionnät och lokalnät. Elnätet är en viktig del i infrastrukturen och det bör då juridiskt skyddas genom till exempel ledningsrätt eller avtalsservitut. Problematik kan uppstå kring elledningarnas juridiska rättigheter såsom när en överlåtelse sker m.m. Därmed är det viktigt att undersöka hur elledningar juridiskt bör skyddas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur elbolagen juridiskt skyddar sina elledningar samt för- och nackdelar med de juridiska rättigheterna utifrån elbolagens och lantmäterimyndigheternas åsikter. Syftet är även att belysa vilket det mest förekommande problemet kring juridiska rättigheter av elledningar är. De frågeställningar som upprättades utefter syftet var: Hur skyddar elbolag juridiskt rätten till sina elledningar? Vilka för- och nackdelar finns det för de olika juridiska rättigheterna utifrån elbolagens samt lantmäterimyndigheternas åsikter? Vilket är det mest förekommande problemet elbolag har kring juridiska rättigheter av elledningar? Genom en kvalitativ metod i form av en intervjustudie kunde underlag till studien fås. Intervjustudien bestod av 16 intervjuer med sakkunniga personer inom området från elbolag och lantmäterimyndigheter. Då studien skulle täcka hela Sverige valdes elbolag och lantmäterikontor med en geografisk spridning. Studien visar att elbolag juridiskt skyddar sina elledningar beroende på dess storlek. Studien visar även på skillnaden mellan elbolagens och lantmäterimyndigheternas åsikter kring för- och nackdelar med de juridiska rättigheterna. Problematik kan uppstå beroende på vem som äger marken där ledningen ska anläggas., Sweden is constantly developing and it means more lines in the ground, which leads to more questions about their legal rights. The electricity grid is divided into three different sizes; the core network, the regional network and the local network. The electricity grid is an important part of the infrastructure, and it should be legally protected through for example, utility easement or agreement easement.. Issues may arise about the legal rights of power lines such as when a transfer occurs, etc. Thus it is important to examine how the power lines should be legally protected. The purpose of the study is to examine how the electricity companies legally protect their power lines, as well as the pros and cons of the legal rights, based on the aspects of electricity companies and cadastral authorities. The purpose is also to highlight the most common issue regarding the legal rights on power lines. The questions that were formulated according to the purpose were: How do electricity companies legally protect their power lines? What are the pros and cons of the legal rights based on the views of electricity companies and surveyors? What is the most common problem that electric companies have about legal rights of power lines? By using a qualitative method in form of an interview study, the data for the study has been obtained. The interview study consisted of 16 interviews with experts from electricity companies and cadastral authorities. As the study should cover all of Sweden, electricity companies and land surveyors were selected with a geographical spread. The study shows that electricity companies legally protect their power lines depending on their size. The study also shows the differences between the electricity companies and the cadastral authorities ́ views on the pros and cons of the legal rights. Issues may occur depending on who owns the land where the lines are to be constructed.

This article attempts to analyze the legal and criminal response of the various existing provisions in the Criminal Code against gender violence produced by cyberbullying. The study by reviewing the literature and analysis of the penal code a lack of proportionality of punishment to the assumption nt, libel, slander, disclosure of secrets, threats and inducement to suicide in crimes of violence of genre. This happens because there is no specific criminal provision to regulate and criminalize illicit actions that cause this type of attacks on the fundamental rights of the victim on the Internet. Given the nature of the Internet: the speed of communication, file sharing, messaging and viral effect, ie, that information can be shared by all Internet users. This causes an aggravating factor in the crime committed is not punishable under the Criminal Code. Therefore, from this study the need to introduce a course specifically made for these types of illegal made on the Internet, either through an aggravating in the penal provision itself or a new penal provision as has been done with the crimes "ex novo” is acclaimed sexting and stalking. The structure of this article is divided into sections: The first section shows the introduction to approach the problem, in the second section we talk about the concept and characteristics of cyberbullying, in the third section the criminal justice response that gives the criminal code is studied this type of criminal offenses, and, finally, the conclusions., Este artículo trata de analizar la respuesta jurídico-penal de los diversos preceptos existentes en el Código penal ante la violencia de género producida mediante el acoso cibernético. Del estudio realizado mediante la revisión de la literatura y el análisis del código penal se muestra una falta de proporcionalidad de la pena al supuesto de hecho: trato degradante, injurias, calumnias, revelación de secretos, amenazas e inducción al suicidio en los delitos de violencia de género. Esto ocurre, puesto que no existe un precepto penal específico que regule y tipifique las acciones ilícitas que provocan este tipo de ataques a los derechos fundamentales de la víctima en internet. Dadas las características propias de internet: la rapidez de comunicación, de intercambio de ficheros, mensajes y su efecto viral, es decir, dicha información puede ser compartida por todos los usuarios de internet. Esto provoca una agravante en el ilícito cometido que no queda tipificado en el Código penal. Por tanto, desde este estudio se aclama la necesidad de introducir un supuesto de hecho específico para estos tipos de ilícitos realizados en internet, bien mediante una agravante en el propio precepto penal o un precepto penal nuevo como se ha hecho con los delitos “ex novo” de sexting y stalking. La estructura de este artículo se divide en secciones: La primera sección muestra la introducción al planteamiento del problema, en la segunda sección se habla del concepto y características del ciberbullying, en la tercera sección se estudia la respuesta jurídico penal que otorga el código penal a este tipo de ilícitos penales, y, por último, se extraen las conclusiones.