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When subjected to dietary caloric restriction (CR), individual animals often outlive well-fed conspecifics. Here, we address whether CR also extends lifespan in plants. Whereas caloric intake in animals comes from ingestion, in plants it derives from photosynthesis. Thus, factors that reduce photosynthesis, such as reduced light intensity, can induce CR. In two lab experiments investigating the aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor, we tracked hundreds of individuals longitudinally, with light intensity—and hence, CR—manipulated using neutral-density filters. In both experiments, CR dramatically increased lifespan through a process of temporal scaling. Moreover, the magnitude of lifespan extension accorded with the assumptions that (a) light intensity positively relates to photosynthesis following Michaelis–Menten kinetics, and (b) photosynthesis negatively relates to lifespan via a power law. Our results emphasize that CR-mediated lifespan extension applies to autotrophs as well as heterotrophs, and suggest that variation in light intensity has quantitatively predictable effects on plant aging trajectories.

The object of this study is the process of descending illumination elements equipped with a braking device in the form of two-bladed grills rotating in different directions. The classic parachute method does not provide the necessary speed of descent, it has low illumination parameters and significant drift of illumination elements by side wind. To solve the tasks set, mathematical dependences were obtained for calculating the aerodynamic characteristics of the descent device with the illumination element and its delivery to the ejection point. The drag and lift force coefficients during the flow around the blades of a dual-rotor impeller with different Reynolds numbers were determined by the method of numerical modeling based on the ANSYS CFX software package. The optimal geometric characteristics of the profile satisfying the condition for the necessary speed of descent of the illumination element at the given weight of the descent apparatus were determined. Reasonable requirements for illumination parameters and an improved composition of the flare have been proposed. A mathematical model of the movement of a body of variable mass to the point of ejection of the illumination element was built. The new design of the descent device makes it possible to reduce the speed of descent by 10–15 % and increase the weight of the payload by 20–30 %. The proposed illumination composition provides sufficient illumination of the object for 5 minutes with a light intensity of 2–2,5 million candelas and an average diameter of the illuminated area of 2000–2500 m. The mathematical model of the movement of a variable mass body to the point of the illumination element ejection makes it possible to determine with high accuracy the gun firing settings with illumination ammunition (30–40 % more accurate) and the time of ejection of illumination elements. Results of the current research make it possible to solve the scientific problem of ensuring the maximum efficiency of illuminating t

In controlled environment agriculture (CEA), light is used to impact terpenoid production and improve plant quality. In this review we discuss various aspects of light as important regulators of terpenoid production in different plant organs. Spectral quality primarily modifies terpenoid profiles, while intensity and photoperiod influence abundances. The central regulator of light signal transduction elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5) controls transcriptional regulation of terpenoids under UV, red (R), and blue (B) light. The larger the fraction of R and green (G) light, the more beneficial the effect on monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis, and such an effect may depend on the presence of B light. A large fraction of R light is mostly detrimental to tetraterpenoid production. We conclude that light is a promising tool to steer terpenoid production and potentially tailor the quality of plants.

While several countries impose minimum light requirements for pig housing, it remains unknown whether these requirements are beneficial for pig welfare. Therefore, we aim to review the current knowledge on the effects of light on pig welfare. In this paper, we explain concepts defining light, discuss the relevance of vision for pigs and systematically review the effects of light on pig welfare. Systematic literature searches were performed in two databases to find studies about light and welfare-related topics, including behaviour, health, hormonal secretions and productivity. After screening, 63 studies were reviewed. According to literature, light is relevant in pigs’ lives as they are diurnal animals and use vision in combination with other senses to, for example, locate food and interact with conspecifics. Throughout this paper, the investigated light parameters are photoperiod, intensity and spectrum. Pigs seem to have p for a certain light intensity and spectrum, but these preferences vary over production phases. Photoperiod influences feed intake and growth, especially in piglets, but no conclusion can be drawn because of contradictory results. Furthermore, pigs’ activity patterns adapt to the provided light schedule and show a diurnal rhythm with higher activity during lit hours. Photoperiod also plays a role in the diurnal secretion of hormones. Cortisol secretion increases shortly before the moment of light onset, and melatonin secretion is influenced by the light and dark contrast with a nocturnal rise after light offset. Some behaviours are impacted by light intensity; for instance, dim conditions are associated with resting and bright conditions with elimination behaviour. Moreover, a few studies showed that in dimmer conditions, more negative social interactions occur, while brighter conditions lead to more positive interactions. Lastly, even though light spectrum is the least explored light parameter, several studies showed that UV B light can activat

Microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica presents a promising source of high-value food ingredients such as protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins. To fully unlock its potential, a thorough understanding of how cultivation conditions affect both growth and the nutritional composition is required. Hence, this study aimed to test and model the effects of temperature, light intensity, and salinity on biomass productivity and the final contents of protein, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and vitamin K2 using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM experiment revealed that the highest temperature and light intensity tested favored biomass productivity and protein content. According to the generated models, the two responses peaked with 0.135 g DM·L-1·day-1 and 0.559 g·g-1 DM, respectively, at 27 °C and 300-350 µmol·m-2·s-1. In contrast, the contents of both EPA and menaquinone-4 (MK-4), the only detected K vitamer, were stimulated at the lowest tested temperature. Based on the generated models, the two responses peaked with 0.037 g·g-1 DM and 89.3 µg·g-1 DM, respectively, at 19 °C combined with 3.0% salinity (EPA) or 120 µmol·m-2·s-1 (MK-4). Although additional optima may exist beyond the tested conditions, these findings provide valuable information on N. oceanica's cellular response to changes in key cultivation conditions. Furthermore, it shows that two-stage cultivation may be needed to fully unlock the potential of this microalga as a future source of valuable lipid ingredients.

Recently, new analytical algorithms have been intensively created for systems of digital processing of graphic images — from diagrams, drawings, texts, documentation, advertising products. One of the important directions is the creation of a theoretical algorithmic base for improving the quality of optical images of graphic information contained on polymer media. The relevance of this is due to the fact, that such images contain several components. The first is informational (in our case, a large-scale model structure, which is formed by birefringent cylinders arranged in directions — an analogue of graphic information). The second is background (in our case, a small-scale model structure, which is formed by a layer of birefringent spherical balls — an analogue of a scattering polymer substrate). For the development of methods for improving the quality of graphic images, the task of developing an algorithmic base for the instrumental-optical differentiation of such components is urgent. In particular, scale-selective Fourier analysis for algorithmic differentiation of different-scale components of the optical field. The idea of such an analytical approach, which is new for graphical information, is based on spatial-frequency filtering of various images of topographic information on various media. The algorithmic implementation of this method includes the following agreed analytical or instrumental stages: ‘direct Fourier transformation’; ‘spatial-frequency filtering’; ‘inverse Fourier transform’ of laser images. Thus, the algorithmic development of new optical and polarization methods for processing graphic images using coordinated spatial-frequency filtering for the selection of information and background components is relevant. Our article represents one of the initial (within model analysis) steps in this direction.

Euonymus latifolius is a paradigmatic nemoral-subMediterranean species of the relict flora from Würmian glaciations in the Iberian Peninsula. Due to its transitional nature, taxa of this plant group could be used as a sensitive indicator to evaluate the effects of climate change on plants in the near future. In the Iberian Peninsula, E. latifolius is scattered in relict, isolated small populations, and catalogued as critically endangered. Previous studies of this taxon indicated the strong dependence of recruitment on canopy cover, which was attributed to the shade-meditated maintenance of soil humidity in the juvenile microhabitat. However, no information is available on the effects of light radiation on this nemoral species. In this study, we investigated the growth response of E. latifolius to photosynthetically active radiation by producing and transplanting saplings along a broad light intensity gradient, i.e., from direct illumination to dense shaded canopy, in a nemoral mixed deciduous forest stand in the Botanic Garden of Castilla-La Mancha. Our results confirmed the marked sciophilous nature of E. latifolius, which is particularly uncommon in the Mediterranean flora, by demonstrating a drastic reduction in growth with the increase of exposure to light intensity, which became critical at high values and even lethal when plants were directly exposed to light. The opening of the canopy in the natural habitat of this species due to simplification of the structure of nemoral communities promoted by climate change in southern latitudes of Europe comprises a real and short-term risk for E. latifolius, and probably for other relict nemoral-subMediterranean species. Conservation actions are recommended.

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model organism of which many different strains are used widely in research. However, these strains have not been highly characterized, leaving knowledge gaps of their specific traits. This study aims to understand how different light regimes affect these microalgae's growth and photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, it also evaluates the effect of a change in light intensity for the strains. This is done by evaluating the impact of various photoperiods and light intensities on different wild-type strains: CLip, 4A+, CC-124, and CC-125. Specifically, it examines pigment quantification, cell size, the maximum quantum yield of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm) as an indicator of the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus, and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) which evaluates the capacity of cells to dissipate the excess of absorbed light energy. The results obtained indicate that the photoperiod and light intensity have an effect on the parameters evaluated. For all the strains, chlorophyll content decreases in continuous light conditions and carotenoid content is only affected by photoperiod. The cell size of all strains varies with both strain and photoperiod. Light intensity increases cell size in CC-125, and CC-124 is affected by the combination of photoperiod and light intensity. The photosynthetic efficiency and photoprotective mechanisms are affected by photoperiods and high light for all the strains. Altogether, this characterization will help select the more appropriate ones for specific studies in the future., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii és un organisme model del qual s'utilitzen moltes soques diferents en la recerca. No obstant això, aquestes soques no han estat molt caracteritzades, la qual cosa deixa llacunes en el coneixement dels seus trets específics. Aquest estudi té com a objectiu entendre com els diferents règims de llum afecten el creixement i a l'eficiència fotosintètica d'aquestes microalgues. A més, també avalua l'efecte que té un canvi en la intensitat lluminosa per les soques. Per a això, s'avalua l'impacte de diversos fotoperíodes i intensitats de llum en diferents soques de tipus salvatge: Clip, 4A+, CC-124 i CC-125. En concret, s'examina la quantificació de pigments, la grandària cel·lular, el rendiment quàntic màxim del fotosistema II (Fv/Fm) com a indicador de l'eficiència de l'aparell fotosintètic, i l'apagament no fotoquímic (NPQ) que avalua la capacitat de les cèl·lules per a dissipar l'excés d'energia lluminosa absorbida. Els resultats obtinguts indiquen que el fotoperíode i la intensitat de la llum tenen un efecte sobre els paràmetres avaluats. Per totes les soques, el contingut de clorofil·la disminueix en condicions de llum contínua i el contingut de carotenoides només es veu afectat pel fotoperíode. La mida cel·lular de totes les soques varia tant amb la soca com amb el fotoperíode. La intensitat de la llum augmenta la mida cel·lular en CC-125, i CC-124 es veu afectada per la combinació de fotoperíode i intensitat de llum. L'eficiència fotosintètica i els mecanismes fotoprotectors es veuen afectats pels fotoperíodes i l'alta intensitat de llum en totes les soques. En conjunt, aquesta caracterització ajudarà en el futur a seleccionar les més adequades per a estudis específics., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii es un organismo modelo del cual se utilizan muchas cepas diferentes en el mundo de la investigación. Sin embargo, estas cepas no han sido caracterizadas, lo que deja lagunas en el conocimiento de sus rasgos específicos. Este estudio tiene como objetivo entender cómo los diferentes regímenes de luz afectan al crecimiento y a la eficiencia fotosintética de estas microalgas. Además, también evalúa el efecto que tiene un cambio en la intensidad luminosa para las cepas. Para ello, se estudia el impacto de varios fotoperíodos e intensidades de luz en diferentes cepas de tipo salvaje: CLip, 4A+, CC-124 y CC-125. En concreto, se examina la cuantificación de pigmentos, el tamaño celular, el rendimiento cuántico máximo del fotosistema II (Fv/Fm) como indicador de la eficiencia del aparato fotosintético, y el apagamiento no fotoquímico (NPQ) que evalúa la capacidad de las células para disipar el exceso de energía luminosa absorbida. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el fotoperiodo y la intensidad de la luz tienen un efecto sobre los parámetros evaluados. Para todas las cepas, el contenido de clorofila disminuye en condiciones de luz continua y el contenido de carotenoides solo se ve afectado por el fotoperiodo. El tamaño celular de todas las cepas varía tanto con la cepa como con el fotoperiodo. La intensidad de la luz aumenta el tamaño celular en CC-125, y CC-124 se ve afectada por la combinación de fotoperiodo e intensidad de luz. La eficiencia fotosintética y los mecanismos fotoprotectores se ven afectados por los fotoperiodos y la alta intensidad de luz en todas las cepas. En conjunto, esta caracterización ayudará en el futuro a seleccionar las más adecuadas para estudios específicos.

Optical scattering measurement devices are used to measure light reflection and light scattering from materials, to obtain data of the surface and bulk properties of materials. The measurement data are often used in research and development projects where material requirements are important, also for quality control in manufacturing processes, in different optical simulations and can be used for photorealistic rendering. In this master thesis project conducted at AFRY, a multifunctional team will develop an optical scattering measurement device that aims to collect data more accurately than current devices on the market. This thesis will focus on the mechanical design of the device which consists of the stability and movement of the components, the environment of the measurements and material selection with a focus on performance and sustainability. The optical model that will act as a basis for the development will be a gonioreflectometer consisting of a material sample, sample holder, light source, detector and an environment in which the measurements are conducted. Some of the physical, cognitive and emotional needs of the intended user are efficient use, low risk of misuse, reliable and high precision. A thorough requirement specification was made as a framework for the concept generation. The selected concept provides the movement of the optical components with an angular step enabling the desired optical scattering measurement. The selected stepper motor and gear ratio provides the flexibility of the movement, making it easy for the user to change angular steps of the optical components, enabling both fine and rough measurements. A separating screen was chosen for both concepts in order to avoid light contamination between measurements and the material sample holder resembles a frame that allows for mounting the material sample outside of the device. The mechanical system has a high stability and the material black anodized aluminum further contributes to the, Optiska mätinstrument används för att mäta ljusreflektion och ljusspridning från material, för att erhålla data om materialets yt- och bulkegenskaper. Mätdata används ofta i forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt där materialkrav är viktiga, även för kvalitetskontroll i tillverkningsprocesser, i olika optiska simuleringar och kan användas för fotorealistisk rendering. I detta examensarbete, genomfört på AFRY, kommer ett multifunktionellt team att utveckla en optisk spridningsmätningsenhet som syftar till att samla in data mer noggrant. Denna avhandling kommer att fokusera på den mekaniska designen av enheten som består av stabiliteten och rörelsen av komponenterna, mätmiljön och materialval med fokus på prestanda och hållbarhet. Den optiska modellen som kommer att ligga till grund för utvecklingen kommer att vara en gonioreflektometer bestående av ett materialprov, provhållare, ljuskälla, detektor och en miljö där mätningarna genomförs. Några av de fysiska, kognitiva och emotionella behoven hos den avsedda användaren är effektiv användning, låg risk för felanvändning, pålitlighet och hög precision. En noggrann kravspecifikation gjordes som en ram för konceptgenereringen. Det valda konceptet möjliggör rörelse av de optiska komponenterna med ett vinkelsteg som tillåter den önskade optiska spridningsmätningen. Den valda stegmotorn och utväxlingen ger flexibilitet i rörelsen, detta bidrar till att det är enkelt för användaren att ändra vinkelstegen för de optiska komponenterna, vilket tillåter både fina och grova mätningar. En avskiljningsskärm valdes för att undvika ljuskontaminering mellan mätningarna och materialprovhållaren liknar en ram där materialprovet monteras utanför enheten. Det mekaniska systemet har en hög stabilitet och materialet svart anodiserad aluminium bidrar till konstruktionens robusthet. En fysisk prototyp skapades för att validera rörelsen, eftersom rörelsen av detektorn och ljuskällan kommer att vara liknande, återskapades endast detektorns rörelse.

In this chapter, the method called Firefly Algorithm (FA) is described, including a brief history, the algorithm, and its application to the inverse radiative transfer problem, for the determination of the optical thickness, single scattering albedo, and diffuse reflectivities in the internal part of the boundary surfaces of one-dimensional homogeneous participating media. Two variants of the FA method are also presented: FAEP Firefly with epidemic predation and FAcom Firefly with fuzzy strategy (fuzzy and center of mass). Additionally, the three approaches FA, FAEP, and FAcom are used to obtain estimates for the scattering and absorption coefficients in two-layer one-dimensional heterogeneous participating media., isbn: 978-3-031-43543-0 978-3-031-43544-7, Pages: 157-168

Recently, systems for digital registration, processing and transmission of graphic images of various directions have been intensively developing-from diagrams, drawings, texts, documentation, advertising products. Optical images of graphic information contained on various media (substrates) — from paper to polymer — contain several components. The first is information, which contains a direct topographic component. The second one is the background one, which is formed by a light-colored background. This background worsens the contrast of graphic information and distorts its topographic structure. As a rule, the background component is formed by optically inhomogeneous fields of two types. The first is the coordinate — inhomogeneous intensity distributions of optical radiation scattered by paper carriers in the graphic image plane. The second is the distribution of states (azimuth and ellipticity) scattered by polymer carriers that are coordinate — inhomogeneous in the plane of the graphical representation. For the development of methods for improving the quality of graphic images, the task of instrumental and optical differentiation of such components is relevant. Currently, known methods for recording optical information do not solve this problem. One of the most effective approaches to improving the quality of graphic images can be the method of large-scale selective wavelet analysis. Thus, it is relevant to develop new optical and polarization methods for processing graphic images using scale-selective wavelet filtering to select information and background components.

Device-measured physical activity and sedentary time are suggested to be more important determinants of all-cause mortality compared to body mass index (BMI) in mainly older adults. However, the joint associations of physical activity and sedentary time with BMI in relation to mortality risk in relatively healthy middle-aged individuals are unclear. We followed 770 adults (56 % women, mean age 55.6 years) from a population-based cohort study for up to 15.3 years. BMI categories were combined with tertiles of total, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HR) of all-cause mortality with 95% confidence intervals (CI). High total and light intensity physical activity and low sedentary time were associated with a lower risk of mortality in normal weight individuals compared with low active overweight/obese; HR: 0.35 (CI: 0.14, 0.86), HR: 0.33 (CI 0.12, 0.89) and HR: 0.34 (CI: 0.13, 0.92). Among overweight/obese individuals, those who were medium active in light physical activity had a lower mortality risk, HR: 0.36 (CI: 0.15, 0.83), compared with low active. Medium sedentary individuals had a lower risk, HR: 0.43 (CI: 0.20, 0.94) compared with those who were most sedentary. Associations among the most active or least sedentary tertiles were similar irrespective of BMI category. In conclusion, higher physical activity and lower sedentary time were associated with lower mortality risk irrespective of BMI. Physical activity should be promoted and prescribed to individuals with low physical activity levels irrespective of weight status.

Introduktion - Detta examensarbete handlar om belysningens påverkan på människorsrumsupplevelse och trygghet i trånga och stängda utrymmen, med särskilt fokus påhissar. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur ljusfördelning och ljusintensitetpåverkar människors upplevelse av hissar och hur ljuset kan skapa en mer behaglig ochtrygg miljö för dessa utrymmen. Metod - Undersökningen utfördes genom en kombination av en enkätundersökning ochett experiment med djupgående intervjuer. Båda delarna av studien innehöll sexbelysningsscenarier med olika ljusfördelningar och intensiteter. Enkätundersökningengenomfördes med 23 deltagare som besvarade frågor gällande upplevd atmosfär, känslaoch trygghet i hissen med hjälp av en semantisk skala. Experimentet utfördes på ettmindre urval deltagare med samma scenarier visade genom ett VR-headset. Resultat och Analys - Den insamlade datan från enkäten och intervjuerna visar attdeltagarna föredrog en jämnare och högre ljusintensitet. Många upplevde en förbättradtrygghet i hissen med ett jämnare ljus, eftersom det tydliggjorde människors ansikten.Den mer varierade ljusfördelningen upplevdes som luminant och ojämn. Resten av deninsamlade datan visar på att deltagarna upplevde scenarierna på väldigt olika sätt. Diskussion - Resultaten bekräftar en del tidigare forskning gällande att högreljusintensiteter bidrar till en ökad trygghet. Men i motsats till tidigare forskning somvisar på att en mer varierad ljusfördelning skapar en positivare atmosfär, visar dennastudie på att en jämnare ljusfördelning bidrar till en bättre atmosfär i hissar. En möjligförklaring till detta resultat kan vara att en jämn ljusfördelning tydliggör ansikten ochskapar en känsla av ökad trygghet. Detta resultat är viktigt att ta hänsyn till förljusdesign i offentliga utrymmen, speciellt i hissar där det är viktigt att skapa en tryggoch bekväm atmosfär. Trots att hissen är ett utrymme som brukas under en kortare tidär det viktigt att den upplevs trygg och behaglig för, Introduction - This thesis investigated the impact of lighting on people's spatialexperience and sense of safety in confined and enclosed spaces, with a particular focuson elevators. The aim of the study was to examine how light distribution and intensityaffect people's experience of elevators and how light can create a more comfortable andsecure environment for these spaces. Method - The study was conducted through a combination of a survey and anexperiment with in-depth interviews. Both parts of the study included six lightingscenarios with varying light distributions and intensities. The survey was conductedwith 23 participants who answered questions about their perceived atmosphere,feelings, and sense of safety in the elevator using a semantic scale. The experiment wasconducted on a smaller sample of people with the same scenarios shown through a VRheadset. Results and Analysis - The collected data from the survey and interviews show thatparticipants preferred a more even and higher light intensity. Many experiencedimproved safety in the elevator with a more even light, as it highlighted people's faces.A more varied light distribution was experienced as luminous and uneven. The rest ofthe collected data shows that participants experienced the scenarios in very differentways. Discussion - The results confirm previous research that higher light intensitiescontribute to increased safety. Contrary to previous research, it showed that a morevaried light distribution creates a more positive atmosphere, this study shows that amore even light distribution contributes to a better atmosphere in elevators. Onepossible explanation for this result could be that an even light distribution highlightsfaces and creates a sense of increased safety. This result is important to consider forlighting design in public spaces, especially in elevators where it is important to createa safe and comfortable atmosphere. Despite being a space used for a short period oftime, it is important f

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kontrol dan monitoring arus listrik CCR pada lampu PAPI di Bandar Udara Silangit. Pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi dengan cara pengamatan dan pengukuran. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, minimal 2,2 Ampere dan arus maksimum yang dibutuhkan untuk intensitas besar adalah 6,5 Ampere dengan kenaikan arus 5 langkah. Intensitas dan besarnya arus yang didapat memiliki nilai stabil dari hasil perbandingan monitoring dan pengukuran dilapangan pacu bandara. Kata kunci— CCR, Intensitas Cahaya, Landasan Pacu Bandara, Sistem Penerangan ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the control and monitoring of CCR electric current on PAPI lamps at Silangit Airport. Data collection uses observation by means of observation and measurement. Based on the data obtained, a minimum of 2.2 Ampere and the maximum current required for large intensity is 6.5 Ampere with a current increase of 5 steps. The intensity and magnitude of the flow obtained have a stable value from the comparison results of monitoring and measurement on the airport runway. Keywords— Airport Runway, CCR, Light Intensity, Lighting System

Wreckfish (Polyprion americanus) is a promising new species for aquaculture diversification due to its fast growth, late reproductive maturation, and high market price. Nowadays, low larval survival is considered the biggest limitation in wreckfish farming. Here, the fertilization, hatching, and survival rates of 20 spawning events from an established wreckfish broodstock have been analyzed in order to characterize the main bottlenecks in wreckfish early and larval development. The ontogenesis of the skeletal system and the incidence of skeletal deformities have been assessed in 632 samples from larval rearing trials using an acid free double staining protocol. Furthermore, the effect of different rearing temperatures (13 vs 16 ºC) and light intensities at water surface (600, 900 and 1200 lux) on the skeletal development have been also explored. Results showed as while a variable egg fertilization rate (61.75 ± 34.62%) were achieved, a very poor hatching (4.52 ± 9.27%) and survival rate (0.01 ± 0.00%) until 71 days post hatching (dph) were observed. Swimbladder inflation was first seen at 7 dph, and at 11 and 25 dph a 61-63% of fish functional swimbladder. The first skeletal structures to be formed were those related with breathing and feeding activities (e.g., cleithrum, Meckel¿s cartilage and ceratobranchials) and were visible in larvae of 4-5 mm of standard length (SL). Ossification of the vertebral column progressed in an anterior-to-posterior direction, being fully ossified at 7-14 mm of SL. Regarding the skeletal deformities, a high incidence (63%) of jaw deformity (particularly lower jaw deformity) was observed in larvae of 4-5 of SL, progressively decreasing (up to 5%) in larvae of >6 mm of SL. Deformed vertebrae (compressed, fused, and/or displaced) were mainly located at the 13 to 15th vertebra, and were associated to lordosis, most probably due to the no swimbladder inflation. No clear relationship between temperature and the incidence of lower jaw deform

This study reports the effect of N2 and CO2 bubbles on dilute to dense gas-liquid two-phase bubbly flow. A shadowgraph imaging technique captured bubble images at a high spatiotemporal resolution. The recordings of bubble images allow us to compute gas fraction distribution. It requires challenging segmentation and gas-liquid interface detection approaches in image processing. Hence a novel gas contour characterization technique has been introduced in this study that analyses light intensity per pixel for quantifying the effect of local gas volume fraction. The dominant gas structure and repetitive gas pattern have also been determined here using Fourier transform-based power spectral density and 2D cross-correlation functions, respectively. Gas-liquid flow regimes of dissolved CO2 bubbles are found quite different than that of N2 bubbles. The plausible reasons are that gas fraction distribution at the sparger region may inhibit bubble coalescence and the positive surface charge of CO2 bubbles acts as a barrier to the interface deformation., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., ChemE/Transport Phenomena, ChemE/O&O groep

Growing small seedling tubers from true seed, comparable with mini tubers, in controlled conditions could be a method to multiply healthy starting material of potato. In indoor farming systems, the conditions can be optimised for high production. In field trials, it is impossible to investigate the effects of environmental factors such as temperature and light separately. In this study, we performed three climate room experiments in which the effects of light intensity, temperature and percentage of far-red light in the light spectrum on tuber production were assessed. We found that increasing the average temperature reduced tuber number and tuber weight. Increasing the diurnal temperature variation while keeping the average temperature equal resulted in increased tuber size. The light treatments on the other hand only affected the number of tubers per plant: increasing light intensity and increasing the percentage of far-red light in the spectrum enhanced the number of tubers. Moreover, interaction in tuber production between inbred lines and temperature was significant, with some inbred lines being relatively tolerant to high temperature. These findings will help breed for heat tolerant varieties and optimise growing conditions for tuber production in indoor farming systems.

The article processing charge was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 491192747 and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin., With the aim of optimizing resources in regional production of nutritive valuable leafy vegetables, this study was conducted to obtain more knowledge regarding the interdependencies between light conditions and accumulation of inorganic constituents. The test plant, P. odorata, was cultivated in a climate chamber with fluorescent tubes as the main light source and daylight integrals (DLI) varying between 4.68 and 9.06 mol·m−2·day−1. The average DLI in greenhouse experiments was 41.55 mol·m−2·day−1. Light conditions were modified using additional LEDs (443, 515, and 629 nm) or by covering the plants with photoselective plastic films, leading to a lower DLI and modified light spectrum, especially by reducing the green spectral range. Contents of nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron, biomass accumulation, and water content were analyzed. In terms of particular light modifications, additional green (515 nm) and red (629 nm) LEDs showed reducing effects on nitrate content at both cultivation locations. Other inorganic constituents were affected differently depending on cultivation location. However, the calculation of average partial correlation coefficients enabled a more general statement. Increasing DLI correlated positively with contents of magnesium, nitrate, and potassium but negatively with contents of calcium and iron. Additionally, nitrate content correlated positively with the spectral range of 651–700 nm but negatively with the R:FR ratio. Consequently, a general recommendation related to the light conditions is not possible, as inorganic constituents were affected differently. Nevertheless, as the nitrate content in leafy vegetables is of high concern and was reduced by higher shares of green or red light, this might be one way to regulate nitrate content in leafy vegetables., Peer Reviewed

Artificial lighting is complementary and single-source lighting for controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) to increase crop productivity. Installations to control CO2 levels and luminaires with variable spectrum and intensity are becoming increasingly common. In order to see the net assimilation of CO2 based on the relationship between the three factors: intensity, spectrum and CO2 concentration, tests are proposed on tomatoes seedling with combinations of ten spectra (100B, 80B20G, 20B80G, 100G, 80G20R, 20G80R, 100R, 80R20B, 20R80B, 37R36G27B) seven light intensities (30,90, 200, 350, 500, 700 and 1000 mmol·m-2 s-1) and nine CO2 concentrations(200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 ppm). These tomato seedlings grew under uniform conditions with no treatments applied up to the moment of measurement by a differential gas analyzer. We have developed a model to evaluate and determine under what spectrum and intensity of light photosynthesis the Net assimilation of CO2 (An) is more significant in the leaves of tomato plants, considering the CO2 concentration as an independent variable in the model. The evaluation of the model parameters for each spectrum and intensity shows that the intensity has a more decisive influence on the maximum An rate than the spectra. For intensities lower than 350 mmol·m-2 s-1, it is observed that the spectrum has a greater influence on the variable An. The spectra with the best behaviour were 80R20B and 80B20R, which maintained An values between 2 and 4 (mmol CO2·m-2·s-1) above the spectra with the worst behaviour (100G, 80G20R, 20G80R and 37B36G27R) in practically all situations.Photosynthetic Light-Use Efficiency (PLUE) was also higher for the 80B20R and 20R80B spectra with values of 36,07 and 33,84 mmol CO2·mol photon-1,respectively, for light intensities of 200 mmol·m-2 s-1 and 400 ppm of CO2 that increased to values of 49,65 and 48,38 mmol CO2·mol photon-1 for the same light intensity and concentrations of 850 ppm. The choice of s

Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.

Throughout history, different intraocular illumination methods for vitreoretinal surgery have been used and the most common limitations to the state-of-the-art intraocular illumination methods are the glare and reflections created by the illumination device and the relatively small illuminated area. A way to tackle these limitations could be by using a ring-light configuration, which produces diffuse scattered illumination for a full 360° around the object. In this study, we developed and experimentally evaluated two ring-light configurations for intraocular illumination during vitreoretinal surgery: one for insertion through the pars plana (20 mm), and one for insertion through the cornea and placement in the posterior chamber (11 mm). Both prototypes are made from a 27 gauge Eckardt TwinLight (DORC, the Netherlands), placed inside a capillary tube cut in half through the length. Cuts were made in the fiber every 2 mm, perpendicular to the length of the fiber, to allow light to exit the fiber through the cladding. By measuring the light intensity and illuminated area, we found that the ring-light configurations produce a lower light intensity but also a slightly larger illuminated area and a more diffuse and uniformly distributed illumination than the Eckardt TwinLight. The placement of the ring-light in the posterior chamber proved to be unsafe and complex, since the installation procedure in ex-vivo porcine cadaver eyes could not be executed without damaging the lens bag, lens zonules, posterior iris and cornea, due to the lack of space in the posterior chamber, and the rigidity and sharp tip of the ring. The ring-light configuration that is inserted through the pars plana also caused damage to the retina and lens bag, due to the ring’s rigidity and its sharp tip. However, this configuration shows potential when the ring would be made from a more flexible material and has an incorporated pigtail curve a the distal end, which can be easily achieved, Biomedical Engineering

Agroforestry is an integration of tree species with agricultural crops or livestock that can be directly used to enhance agro biodiversity, rural livelihood and to meet the demand of green fodder throughout the year. Considering this fact, a study was done at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana to assess the productivity of fodder crops under poplar based agroforestry system. In February 2016, poplar was planted in six different spacing of 3× 3 m, 4×3 m, 5×3 m, 6×3 m, 7×3 m and 8×3 m. In this study, fodder crops (sorghum during Kharif season and oat and berseem during Rabi season) were intercropped in different spacing’s of poplar and compared with control in three replications. The results revealed that the maximum DBH (13.92 cm), basal diameter (16.90 cm) and crown spread (6.79 m) attained in 8×3 m spacing while maximum height (9.61 m) is attained in 3×3 m spacing. The highest pH (7.94) and EC (0.27 dS/m) were recorded in 8×3 m spacing while highest SOC (0.47 %), N (158.5 kg/ha), P (16.8 kg/ha) and K (343.8 kg/ha) were recorded in 3×3 m spacing. Green fodder biomass of sorghum (38.45 t/ha), berseem (64.56 t/ha) and oat (52.62 t/ha) was recorded higher in wider spacing (8×3 m) as compared to sole crops. The maximum light intensity (672.4 Lux) was recorded in 8×3 m at 1.00 pm in the month of July, 2018. Higher value of BCR was observed for poplar with oat (2.44) followed by poplar with sorghum (2.31) and poplar with berseem (2.28) under 3×3 m spacing indicating that closer spacing of 3×3 m of poplar is more economic than the other spacings due to more number of trees per unit area and more production of wood.

This paper describes the design of an adaptable, low-cost, and energy efficient gesture detection system. The system leverages the ambient light available in the environment to perform Visible Light Sensing (VLS) using powerful Convolutional Neural Networks. The focus lies on designing a system that is capable of robust gesture detection in any environment while only utilizing a limited number (3) of photodiode sensors. The research conducted in this paper contributes to two crucial aspects of VLS gesture recognition systems. First, it shows how the photodiode sensors can be automatically fine-tuned using four resistors to achieve excellent sensing performance in a wide range of lighting environments from 50 Lux up to 150k Lux. Secondly it is shown that a photodiode arrangement consisting of an equilateral triangle with sides of 5cm facilitates the highest performance and robustness using Dynamic Time Warping for general and user-friendly gestures., CSE3000 Research Project, Gesture Recognition Empowered by Ambient Light and Embedded AIx, Computer Science and Engineering

In the present work, the recurring topic of a point sources of light is extended to spherical sources of light, through a simple experimental setup and the modeling of light intensity as the sum of point sources. The results show that the model remarkably fits to measurements in the near field when we include an angular response function of the light sensor of a smartphone used as a light detector. The response function in the form of a modified cosine turns out to be important for modeling the illuminance in the near field zone. Additionally, far field illuminance measurements are used to determine luminous flux of two spherical sources, LED type, with notably different radii, obtaining discrepancies of less than 3% compared to the nominal values, where the limited opening angle of the light source has been considered., En el presente trabajo se extiende el tópico recurrente de una fuente de luz puntual al de fuentes de luz esféricas, a través de un simple montaje experimental y el modelamiento de la intensidad de luz como suma de fuentes puntuales. Los resultados muestran que el modelo ajusta notablemente a las mediciones en el campo cercano cuando incluimos una función de respuesta angular del sensor de luz de un smartphone usado como detector de luz. La función de respuesta en forma de coseno modificado resulta ser importante para modelar la Iuminancia en la zona de campo cercano. Adicionalmente, las mediciones de Iluminancia en el campo lejano son usadas para determinar el flujo luminoso de dos fuentes esféricas, tipo LED, de radios notablemente diferentes, obteniendo discrepancias menores al 3% comparados con los valores nominales, en donde se ha considerado el ángulo de apertura limitado de la fuente de luz.

Este documento está orientado al mejoramiento de la seguridad vial en el tramo del PR 6+800 AL PR 8+000 apoyado en la Norma ISO 39001 Es la norma con relación directa a la conservación de vidas humanas y nos lleva a adoptar un Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad Vial esencial para aquellas organizaciones que desempeñan gran parte de su labor en medios de transporte. La norma ISO 39001 recoge los estándares que debe cumplir una empresa para poder adoptar un Sistema de Gestión de la Seguridad Vial (SV), también llamado Road Traffic Security (RTS). Esta es una norma muy necesaria para aquellas organizaciones o empresas que desarrollan su trabajo o parte de él en la carretera.

Both light intensity and spectrum (280–800 nm) affect photosynthesis and, consequently, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthetic electron transport. ROS, together with antioxidants, determine the redox environment in tissues and cells, which in turn has a major role in the adjustment of metabolism to changes in environmental conditions. This process is very important since there are great spatial (latitude, altitude) and temporal (daily, seasonal) changes in light conditions which are accompanied by fluctuations in temperature, water supply, and biotic stresses. The blue and red spectral regimens are decisive in the regulation of metabolism because of the absorption maximums of chlorophylls and the sensitivity of photoreceptors. Based on recent publications, photoreceptor-controlled transcription factors such as ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) and changes in the cellular redox environment may have a major role in the coordinated fine-tuning of metabolic processes during changes in light conditions. This review gives an overview of the current knowledge of the light-associated redox control of basic metabolic pathways (carbon, nitrogen, amino acid, sulphur, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism), secondary metabolism (terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids), and related molecular mechanisms. Light condition-related reprogramming of metabolism is the basis for proper growth and development of plants; therefore, its better understanding can contribute to more efficient crop production in the future., Version of record

A photon avalanche (PA) effect that occurs in lanthanide-doped solids gives rise to a giant nonlinear response in the luminescence intensity to the excitation light intensity. As a result, much weaker lasers are needed to evoke such PAs than for other nonlinear optical processes. Photon avalanches are mostly restricted to bulk materials and conventionally rely on sophisticated excitation schemes, specific for each individual system. Here we show a universal strategy, based on a migrating photon avalanche (MPA) mechanism, to generate huge optical nonlinearities from various lanthanide emitters located in multilayer core/shell nanostructrues. The core of the MPA nanoparticle, composed of Yb3+ and Pr3+ ions, activates avalanche looping cycles, where PAs are synchronously achieved for both Yb3+ and Pr3+ ions under 852 nm laser excitation. These nanocrystals exhibit a 26th-order nonlinearity and a clear pumping threshold of 60 kW cm−2. In addition, we demonstrate that the avalanching Yb3+ ions can migrate their optical nonlinear response to other emitters (for example, Ho3+ and Tm3+) located in the outer shell layer, resulting in an even higher-order nonlinearity (up to the 46th for Tm3+) due to further cascading multiplicative effects. Our strategy therefore provides a facile route to achieve giant optical nonlinearity in different emitters. Finally, we also demonstrate applicability of MPA emitters to bioimaging, achieving a lateral resolution of ~62 nm using one low-power 852 nm continuous-wave laser beam., QC 20230124

Research shows that university students of Pedagogy in Physical Education present better parameters of physical condition, however, little information is available on sedentary behavior, physical activity (PA) and sleep patterns measured objectively. The objective of this research is to describe sedentary behavior, PA and sleep patterns; determine if there are significant differences between students according to sex and year of admission to university; and determine if there is an association between PA intensity and sleep patterns. We worked with a sample of 128 students, in which sedentary behavior, PA of light, moderate and vigorous intensity, and sleep patterns (sleep time, time in bed and sleep efficiency) were objectively evaluated. The results indicate that first year students present the highest values of average minutes per day for the three PA intensities (men: light = 71.5 min, moderate = 100.4 min, vigorous = 12 min; women: light = 80.3 min, moderate = 93.8 min, vigorous = 6.5 min), in addition to having less sleep time, however, their sleep efficiency is higher. In conclusion, first-year students present less time of sedentary behavior, greater amount of PA in the three intensities and less time of sleep, but greater efficiency. When comparing by sex, women present less PA of moderate and vigorous intensity. Light intensity PA was associated with assessed sleep patterns., Investigaciones demuestran que estudiantes universitarios de Pedagogía en Educación Física presentan mejores parámetros de condición física, sin embargo, es poca la información disponible sobre comportamiento de movimiento de 24 horas, medidas de manera objetiva. El objetivo de la presente investigación es describir conducta sedentaria, AF y patrones de sueño; determinar si existen diferencias significativas entre estudiantes según sexo y año que se encuentran cursando en la universidad; y determinar si existe asociación entre intensidad de AF y patrones de sueño. Se trabajó con una muestra de 128 estudiantes, en los cuales se evaluó de manera objetiva conducta sedentaria, AF de intensidad ligera, moderada y vigorosa, y patrones del sueño (tiempo de sueño, tiempo en cama y eficiencia del sueño). Los resultados indican que los estudiantes de primer año presentan para las tres intensidades de AF, los valores más altos de minutos promedio por día (hombres: ligera= 71.5 min, moderada= 100.4 min, vigorosa= 12 min; mujeres: ligera= 80.3 min, moderada= 93.8 min, vigorosa= 6.5 min), además de presentar menor tiempo de sueño, sin embargo, su eficiencia del sueño es más alta. En conclusión, los estudiantes de primer año presentan menor tiempo de conducta sedentaria, mayor cantidad de AF en las tres intensidades y menor tiempo de sueño, pero mayor eficiencia. Al comparar por sexo, las mujeres presentan menor cantidad de AF de intensidad moderada y vigorosa. AF de intensidad ligera se asoció con los patrones del sueño evaluados.

Thousands of scientific papers have described how plants responded to different levels of a given environmental factor, for a wide variety of physiological processes and morphological, anatomical or chemical characteristics. There is a clear need to summarize this information in a structured and comparable way through meta-analysis. This paper describes how to use relative trait responses from many independent experiments to create generalized dose-response curves. By applying the same methodology to a wide range of plant traits, varying from the molecular to the whole plant level, we can achieve an unprecedented view on the many ways that plants are affected by and acclimate to their environment. We illustrate this approach, which we refer to as ‘MetaPhenomics’, with a variety of previously published and unpublished dose-response curves of the effect of light intensity on 25 plant traits. Furthermore, we discuss the need and difficulties to expand this approach to the transcriptomics and metabolomics level, and show how the generalized dose-response curves can be used to improve simulation models as well as the communication between modelers and experimental plant biologists.

This study assesses the performance of the model-assisted Design of Experiment (mDoE) software toolbox for the design of two microalgae bioprocesses. The mDoE-toolbox was applied to maximize biomass growth for Desmodesmus pseudocommunis in a photobioreactor by varying the light intensity and pH and for Chlorella vulgaris in shake flasks, by varying the light intensity and duration. For both case studies, a mathematical mechanistic model was applied. In the first study only one experiment was necessary to adapt the mathematical model and identify a combination of light intensity and pH that improved biomass yield, as confirmed experimentally. In the second study, no well-established model was available for the specific experimental arrangement. On the basis of the literature, a mathematical model was constructed and a first cycle of mDoE was performed, thus identifying the desired factor combinations. Experiments confirmed the high biomass yield but revealed shortcomings of the model. The model was improved and a second cycle of mDoE was performed. The recommended factor combinations from both cycles were comparable. The mDoE was found to be a time-saving, cost-effective and useful method enabling the identification of factor combinations leading to high biomass production for the design of two different microalgae bioprocesses with low experimental effort.

Delayed gametophytes are able to grow vegetatively for prolonged periods of time. As such, they are potentially very valuable for kelp aquaculture given their great promise in opening up novel opportunities for kelp breeding and farming. However, large-scale application would require more in-depth understanding of how to control reproduction in delayed gametophytes. For newly formed gametophytes, many environmental factors for reproduction have been identified, with key drivers being light intensity, temperature, and the initial gametophyte density. However, the question of whether delayed gametophytes react similarly to these life cycle controls remains open for exploration. In this study, we performed a full factorial experiment on the influences of light intensity, temperature, and density on the reproduction of multiannual delayed gametophytes of Saccharina latissima, during which the number of sporophytes formed was counted. We demonstrate that delayed gametophytes of S. latissima can reliably reproduce sexually after more than a year of vegetative growth, depending on the effects between light intensity and temperature. Under higher light intensities (≥29 µmol photons · m−2 · s−1), optimal reproduction was observed at lower temperatures (10.2°C), while at lower light intensities (≤15 µmol photons · m−2 · s−1), optimal reproduction was observed at higher temperatures (≥12.6°C). Given the seasonal lag between solar radiation and sea surface temperature in natural systems, these conditions resemble those found during spring (i.e., increasing light intensity with low temperatures) and autumn (i.e., decreasing light intensity with higher temperatures). Seasonality can be used as an aquaculture tool to better control the reproduction of delayed gametophytes.

[EN] In order to establish a lighting regime suitable for rabbit farms in East China, the effects of lighting schedule, intensity and colour on the reproductive performance of rabbit does were evaluated by three experiments, respectively. In experiment 1, does were exposed to different lighting schedules: 16L:8D-continuous, 16L:8D-18d (6 d before artificial insemination (AI) to 12 d post-AI), 16L:8D-6d (6 d before AI to the day of AI) and 12L:12D-continuous. In experiment 2, does were exposed to different light intensities: 40 lx, 60 lx, 80 lx and 120 lx. In experiment 3, does were exposed to different light colours: white, yellow, blue and red. For all experiments, conception rate, kindling rate and pre-weaning mortality were calculated; litter size at birth, litter weight at birth, litter size at weaning, litter weight at weaning and individual kit weight at weaning were recorded. Results showed that none of the reproductive parameters of does were affected by the application of 16L:8D-18d lighting schedule compared with the continuous 16L:8D group(P>0.05). Moreover, rabbits does exposed to 80 lx light performed as well as those under 120 lx light in conception rate, kindling rate, litter size (total and alive) at birth and litter weight at birth (P>0.05). Furthermore, the exposures of 60 lx and 80 lx light were beneficial for litter weight at weaning. In addition, red light had a positive effect, as it led to a larger litter size and litter weight at weaning and lower pre-weaning mortality than white light (P<0.05). In summary, a 16L:8D photoperiod with 80 lx red light from 6 d before AI to 12 d post-AI is recommended for use in breeding of rabbit does according to our results.

The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of light intensity on the subjective complaints of librarians and visitiors at an academic library. This research applied both quantitative and qualitative techniques on 696 visitors and librarians. The result suggests that the effects of light intensity include eyestrain, reading difficulty, dizziness, shoulder and back pains, as well as impaired concentration. Also, the frequency of reading and working impacted the subjective complaints. Furthermore, the intensity as well as the frequency of reading and working greatly influenced the subjective complaints. Based on the qualitative analysis, the development of light concepts and room design significantly influenced the comfort level. Therefore, the negative impact of lighting is exacerbated by the increasing frequency of reading and working. However, library room designs greatly contribute to the comfort level of librarians and visitors.

This study aimed to clarify whether the light condition-dependent changes in the redox state and subcellular distribution of glutathione were similar in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis (wild-type, ascorbate- and glutathione-deficient mutants) and the monocotyledonous crop species wheat (Chinese Spring variety). With increasing light intensity, the amount of its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) form and the GSSG/GSH ratio increased in the leaf extracts of both species including all genotypes, while far-red light increased these parameters only in wheat except for GSH in the GSH-deficient Arabidopsis mutant. Based on the expression changes of the glutathione metabolism-related genes, light intensity influences the size and redox state of the glutathione pool at the transcriptional level in wheat but not in Arabidopsis. In line with the results in leaf extracts, a similar inducing effect of both light intensity and far-red light was found on the total glutathione content at the subcellular level in wheat. In contrast to the leaf extracts, the inducing influence of light intensity on glutathione level was only found in the cell compartments of the GSH-deficient Arabidopsis mutant, and far-red light increased it in both mutants. The observed general and genotype-specific, light-dependent changes in the accumulation and subcellular distribution of glutathione participate in adjusting the redox-dependent metabolism to the actual environmental conditions., Version of record

Ostreopsis cf. ovata is a benthic and ovatoxin-producing dinoflagellate proliferating yearly along the Mediterranean coasts where blooms have been related to human illness and unusual mortality of marine organisms. The spreading of O. cf. ovata in this temperate area has been linked to global changes and its consequences such as the increase of temperature or light intensities. In the present study, an experimental design using batch cultures of pre-acclimated cells of a strain of O. cf. ovata isolated from Villefranche-sur-Mer (NW Mediterranean Sea, France), was implemented to investigate the combined effect of temperature (23, 27 and 30 °C) and light intensity (200, 400 and 600 µmol m−2 s−1) on the growth, metabolome and OVTX content. Both light intensity and temperature affected the growth as significantly higher growth rates were obtained under 400 and 600 µmol m−2 s−1 while the maximum values were obtained at 27 °C (0.48 d−1). Metabolomic analyses highlighted a clear effect only for temperature that may correspond to two different strategies of acclimation to suboptimal temperatures. Significant features (such as carotenoid and lipids) modified by the temperature and/or light conditions were annotated. Only temperature induced a significant change of OVTX content with higher values measured at the lowest temperature of 23 °C (29 – 36 pg cell−1). In a context of global changes, these results obtained after acclimation suggest that the increase of temperature might favor the proliferation of less toxic cells. However, in the light of the intraspecific variability of O. cf. ovata, further studies will be necessary to test this hypothesis. This study also highlighted the lack of knowledge about the metabolome composition of such non-model organisms that impairs data interpretation. There is a need to study more deeply the metabolome of toxic dinoflagellates to better understand how they can acclimate to a changing environment.

Concepts of semi-closed greenhouses can be used to save energy, whereas their technical equipment often causes a decrease in the light received by the plants. Nevertheless, higher yields are achieved, which are presumably triggered by a higher CO2 concentration in the greenhouse and associated higher photosynthesis because of the technical cooling and the longer period of closed ventilation. Therefore, we examined the effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and CO2 concentration on plant photosynthesis and transpiration in tomato using a multiple cuvette gas exchange system. In a growth chamber experiment, we demonstrated that a light-mediated reduction in photosynthesis can be compensated or even overcompensated for by rising CO2 concentration. Increasing the CO2 concentration from 400 to 1000 µmol mol−1 within the PPFD range from 303 to 653 µmol m−2 s−1 resulted in an increase in net photosynthesis of 51%, a decrease in transpiration of 5 to 8%, and an increase in photosynthetic water use efficiency of 60%. Estimations showed that light reductions of 10% can be compensated for via increasing the CO2 concentration by about 100 µmol mol−1 and overcompensated for by about 40% if CO2 concentration is kept at 1000 instead of 400 µmol mol−1., Peer Reviewed

In this paper, we investigate the given ambient lighting conditions in today’s schools. On the example of Oulu University Teacher Training School, the classroom quality in terms of the available amount of ambient lighting is analysed. In particular, attention is paid to the available illuminance of the pupils’ desks. Commonly, light is produced artificially by light sources installed on the classroom’s ceiling and obtained from the outside through windows. However, due to the use of digital blackboards, window blinds are often closed and lights are often switched off, thereby, reducing the available light in the classroom significantly. Furthermore, our results reveal that each pupil’s desk receives a different light intensity. It is worth noting that low levels of ambient lighting can result into a degradation of learning performances and, therefore, requiring pupils more time solve different types of activities assigned by the teacher.

Introduction: Solar energy technology, a natural and free energy source, is implemented in places with limited access to traditional electric power, in some cases in the agricultural field or small rural human settlements. Currently, commercial systems include a charge control unit with a small display, to show the voltage generated, but unfortunately, the operator must go to the controller to check its performance, so it is necessary to have a tool that allows knowing the energy conversion in real-time remotely. This can be achieved by making use of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Currently, there are several IoT platforms; some are free, others are demo or paid versions. Method: In this work, a prototype was developed with a system for monitoring the voltage and light intensity of a small solar cell and a TSL2561 digital sensor. The Arduino programming environment coupled to a myDevices Cayenne (IoT) platform was used to transmit and access the data remotely. Results: With the integration of the components, the myDevices Cayenne platform was able to monitor in real-time the voltage of the solar cell and the luminous intensity of the environment visually and intuitively, from any computer or cell phone with internet access. Discussion or Conclusion: The myDevices Cayenne IoT platform has become an attractive, accessible, robust, and easy-to-use option for the development of innovative IoT projects applied to different sectors of economic importance., Resumen: Introducción: La tecnología de energía solar, fuente de energía natural y gratuita, es implementada en lugares con acceso limitado a la energía eléctrica tradicional, en algunos casos en el ámbito agrícola o en pequeños asentamientos humanos rurales. Actualmente, los sistemas comerciales, incluyen una unidad de control de carga con una pequeña pantalla, con la finalidad de mostrar el voltaje generado, pero desafortunadamente el operario debe de acudir hasta el controlador para revisar su desempeño, por lo que es necesario tener una herramienta que permita conocer la conversión energética en tiempo real de manera remota. Esto se puede lograr haciendo uso de la tecnología del internet de las cosas (IoT). En la actualidad existen diversas plataformas IoT; algunas son gratuitas, otras son versiones demostrativas o de paga. Método: En el presente trabajo se desarrolló un prototipo con un sistema de monitoreo de voltaje e intensidad luminosa de una pequeña celda solar y un sensor digital TSL2561. Se utilizó el entorno de programación de Arduino acoplado a una plataforma (IoT) myDevices Cayenne para poder transmitir y acceder a los datos de manera remota. Resultados: Con la integración de los componentes se logró monitorear en la plataforma myDevices Cayenne en tiempo real el voltaje de la celda solar y la intensidad luminosa del entorno de una manera visual e intuitiva, desde cualquier computadora o teléfono celular con acceso a internet. Discusión o Conclusión: La plataforma de IoT myDevices Cayenne se convierte en una opción atractiva, accesible, robusta y fácil de usar en el desarrollo de proyectos novedosos con IoT aplicados a diferentes sectores de importancia económica.

Generalised dose–response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2. We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose–response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200–1200 µmol mol−1 CO2, some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200–1200 µmol mol−1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose–response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models., Peer Reviewed

Since the outbreak of SARS-COV-2, various virus inactivation techniques have been applied to suppress the spread of virus. Ultraviolet exposure inactivation is an efficient approach to inactivate virus, within UV band, UV-C with comparatively higher energy. UV-C has been proved to inactivate viruses efficiently, while to figure out efficient inactivation approach, virus reduction rate as a function of UV-C wavelength with different viral sensitivity and quantitative exposure dose should be measured through experiments. On the one hand, miniatured, energy-efficient and fully-customized UV-C light-emitting diodes (LED) offer possibility of switching wavelengths and adjusting quantitative optical properties, on the other hand, UV-C LEDs have been produced with the latest technology based on Aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN). ~\\Multifunctional UV-C LED Virus Inactivation Experimental Platform is a system designed with replaceable UV-C wavelengths, controllable light intensity and exposure time for quantitative virology experiments. The system has an initial design for standard virology experimental equipment which offers a new and consistent tool for virus researchers. The Inactivation Platform has been assembled and utilized to perform several Influenza A (ssRNA virus) inactivation experiments in order to obtain reduction rate as a function of UV-C wavelength and exposure dose with Germicidal Curve and Inactivation Curve respectively. ~\\After inactivation experiments implementation and result analysis, the inactivation mechanism on the basis of molecular dynamic research theory and simulation is supposed to be figured out. Due to the complexity of proteins in virus, the research focuses on Nucleic Acid Bases (NABs) as target genetic viral material. The absorbed ultraviolet energy results in ultrafast decay, including molecular electronic transition, virus structure variation (Dimerization) theoretically. The absorbed energy along the band is rev, Electrical Engineering | Embedded Systems

Mariculture wastewater generated from the mariculture industry has increased public concern due to its impact on the sustainability of aquatic environments and aquaculture practices. Herein, the Bacterial-Algal Coupling System was applied for mariculture wastewater treatment. Microalgae growth in heterotrophy and mixotrophy (2000–8000 lux) were first compared. The best microalgal growth and nutrient removal were obtained at 5000 lux, where biomass productivity of microalgae was 0.465 g L−1 d−1, and 98.1% of chemical oxygen demand, 70.7% of ammonia-nitrogen, and 90.0% of total phosphorus were removed. To further understand the nutrient removal through microalgae cultivation, the enzyme activities involved in the Calvin cycle and the Tricarboxylic Acid cycle at different light intensities were determined. Under mixotrophic cultivation, there was a coordination between photosynthesis and heterotrophic metabolism in agal cells, which resulted in a high algal biomass production and removal efficiency of nutrients. This study provided a novel insight into the bioremediation of mariculture wastewater and microalgae cultivation.

Currently, there is a demand for more energy-efficient lighting sources, however, light emitted by different lighting systems differs in primary properties such as intensity, propagation direction, and wavelength spectrum, among others, and these properties may affect insect light attraction. Despite the energetic benefits of light-emitting diodes (LED) as street light systems, their ecological impacts on insects have not yet been tested on a wide range of taxa. Using an experimental approach, we showed that LED street lights lead to a reduction in the total number of insects captured with light traps in a wide range of families. Coleoptera and Lepidoptera orders were the most sensitive groups to ecological light pollution in the study area. We suggest that LED was the least attractive light system for most of the affected groups both because of its very little emitted short-wavelength light and because of its lower light intensity. We expect that the more and more widespread use of LED lights as a measure to reduce economic costs of outdoor lighting should lead to a lower attraction to street lights in most of the affected insect taxa and to diminish the negative impacts of artificial light attraction on the ecosystems.