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source:Research communications. 2001, 20, 50-60, source:http://www.ifo.or.jp/rc_pdf/20.pdf

The Maldives is renowned for its exceptional coral reefs, yet limited scientific attention has been given to other significant marine ecosystems such as mangrove forests. Mangrove forests of the archipelago are vital ecosystems that provide numerous ecological services and support high biodiversity. Within the diverse fauna inhabiting mangrove ecosystems, macrobenthos in mangrove sediment play a vital role in maintaining ecosystem function, nutrient cycling, supporting biodiversity, and providing food and habitat for other organism. Understanding the diversity and distribution patterns of infaunal macrobenthos within these unique habitats is essential for effective conservation and management. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and distribution of infaunal macrobenthos in the mangrove forests of the Maldives archipelago. Field surveys were conducted in seven representative mangrove sites across the Maldives archipelago, covering different geographical locations and environmental conditions. A standardised sampling protocol involving sediment core sampling was employed to collect infaunal macrobenthic organisms. The collected samples were analysed in the laboratory, where macrobenthic organisms were sorted and identified. Species richness, abundance, and diversity indices were calculated to assess the overall biodiversity of the macrobenthos. The distribution patterns of different taxonomic groups were analysed using statistical techniques. Results indicate a diverse assemblage of infaunal macrobenthos in the mangrove forests of the Maldives. The identified taxa include polychaetes, bivalves, gastropods, and crustaceans, among others. Species richness and abundance varied among sites, suggesting potential local environmental factors influencing community composition. Site-specific variations in the composition of infaunal macrobenthic communities were observed. Environmental variables, such as sediment characteristics, salinity, and temperature, were ident

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wigand, C., Oczkowski, A. J., Branoff, B. L., Eagle, M., Hanson, A., Martin, R. M., Balogh, S., Miller, K. M., Huertas, E., Loffredo, J., & Watson, E. B. Recent nitrogen storage and accumulation rates in mangrove soils exceed historic rates in the urbanized San Juan Bay Estuary (Puerto Rico, United States). Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, (2021): 765896, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.765896., Tropical mangrove forests have been described as “coastal kidneys,” promoting sediment deposition and filtering contaminants, including excess nutrients. Coastal areas throughout the world are experiencing increased human activities, resulting in altered geomorphology, hydrology, and nutrient inputs. To effectively manage and sustain coastal mangroves, it is important to understand nitrogen (N) storage and accumulation in systems where human activities are causing rapid changes in N inputs and cycling. We examined N storage and accumulation rates in recent (1970 – 2016) and historic (1930 – 1970) decades in the context of urbanization in the San Juan Bay Estuary (SJBE, Puerto Rico), using mangrove soil cores that were radiometrically dated. Local anthropogenic stressors can alter N storage rates in peri-urban mangrove systems either directly by increasing N soil fertility or indirectly by altering hydrology (e.g., dredging, filling, and canalization). Nitrogen accumulation rates were greater in recent decades than historic decades at Piñones Forest and Martin Peña East. Martin Peña East was characterized by high urbanization, and Piñones, by the least urbanization in the SJBE. The mangrove forest at Martin Peña East fringed a poorly drained canal and often received raw sewage inputs, with N accumulation rates ranging from 17.7 to 37.9 g m–2 y–1 in recent decades. The Piñones Forest was isolated and had low flushing, possibly exacerbated by river damming, with N accumulation rates ranging from 18.6 to 24.2 g m–2 y–1 in recent decades. Nearly all (96.3%) of the estuary-wide mangrove N (9.4 Mg ha–1) was stored in the soils with 7.1 Mg ha–1 sequestered during 1970–2017 (0–18 cm) and 2.3 Mg ha–1 during 1930–1970 (19–28 cm). Estuary-wide mangrove soil N accumulation rates were over twice as great in recent decades (0.18 ± 0.002 Mg ha–1y–1) than historically (0.08 ± 0.001 Mg ha–1y–1). Nitrogen accumulation rates in SJBE mangrove soils in recent times were twofold larger th, Some funding was provided by the United States Geological Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program.

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Wigand, C., Oczkowski, A. J., Branoff, B. L., Eagle, M., Hanson, A., Martin, R. M., Balogh, S., Miller, K. M., Huertas, E., Loffredo, J., & Watson, E. B. Recent nitrogen storage and accumulation rates in mangrove soils exceed historic rates in the urbanized San Juan Bay Estuary (Puerto Rico, United States). Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4, (2021): 765896, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.765896., Tropical mangrove forests have been described as “coastal kidneys,” promoting sediment deposition and filtering contaminants, including excess nutrients. Coastal areas throughout the world are experiencing increased human activities, resulting in altered geomorphology, hydrology, and nutrient inputs. To effectively manage and sustain coastal mangroves, it is important to understand nitrogen (N) storage and accumulation in systems where human activities are causing rapid changes in N inputs and cycling. We examined N storage and accumulation rates in recent (1970 – 2016) and historic (1930 – 1970) decades in the context of urbanization in the San Juan Bay Estuary (SJBE, Puerto Rico), using mangrove soil cores that were radiometrically dated. Local anthropogenic stressors can alter N storage rates in peri-urban mangrove systems either directly by increasing N soil fertility or indirectly by altering hydrology (e.g., dredging, filling, and canalization). Nitrogen accumulation rates were greater in recent decades than historic decades at Piñones Forest and Martin Peña East. Martin Peña East was characterized by high urbanization, and Piñones, by the least urbanization in the SJBE. The mangrove forest at Martin Peña East fringed a poorly drained canal and often received raw sewage inputs, with N accumulation rates ranging from 17.7 to 37.9 g m–2 y–1 in recent decades. The Piñones Forest was isolated and had low flushing, possibly exacerbated by river damming, with N accumulation rates ranging from 18.6 to 24.2 g m–2 y–1 in recent decades. Nearly all (96.3%) of the estuary-wide mangrove N (9.4 Mg ha–1) was stored in the soils with 7.1 Mg ha–1 sequestered during 1970–2017 (0–18 cm) and 2.3 Mg ha–1 during 1930–1970 (19–28 cm). Estuary-wide mangrove soil N accumulation rates were over twice as great in recent decades (0.18 ± 0.002 Mg ha–1y–1) than historically (0.08 ± 0.001 Mg ha–1y–1). Nitrogen accumulation rates in SJBE mangrove soils in recent times were twofold larger th, Some funding was provided by the United States Geological Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program.

In 2016, the French government adopted a law for biodiversity, setting an objective of protecting 55,000 hectares of mangroves. This objective is particularly important to French Guiana, which shelters almost 60% of French mangrove ecosystems, and where mangroves occupy three quarters of the coastline. The coast of French Guiana is also where issues associated with demographic and economic dynamics concentrate. There is thus a need to plan for an economic development that is compatible with the objective of protecting mangrove ecosystems. Ecosystem services (ES) assessment can support such decision-making, informing on the costs and benefits associated with alternative mangrove conservation strategies. While the many services provided by mangrove ecosystems are well documented worldwide, the extent to which these can be encountered in the specific case of French Guiana is currently only very partially known. Relying on the Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) approach, we collected and compared the perception of multiple and heterogeneous groups of stakeholders, of the functioning of the mangrove social-ecological system at the scale of French Guiana. Results, allow to identify mangroves ES and threats particularly influenced by the high sedimentary dynamism of the shoreline. This generates two distinct components of the mangrove social-ecological system: mud banks where ecosystem services are spatially and temporally unstable, and associated with perceived constraints for key coastal activities, and estuarine mangroves where the ecosystem services usually described in the literature on mangroves can be found. Disservices associated with mangrove ecosystems were also identified as a key interaction. This can inform the research needs that should support sustainable development trajectories, fully accounting for the protection of French Guianese mangrove ecosystems.

The Echinoderes coulli-group is characterized by the presence of an enlarged nephridiopore composed of two regions apparently related to increase the osmoregulation efficiency. Representatives of this group are often intertidal species living in habitats with daily salinity changes, including mangroves. In the present study, two new species potentially belonging to this group are described from a lowly polluted mangrove in French Guiana (western Atlantic Ocean). Echinoderes angelae sp. nov. possesses spines in middorsal position on segment 4 and sublateral position on segments 6–7, plus tubes in lateroventral position on segments 5 and 8 and in laterodorsal position on segment 10. Besides, this species has modified type 2 glandular cell outlets throughout different positions on segments 2, 4–8 and 10 and large sensory spots on segment 1 with a transversal row of conspicuously elongated hairs at the posterior part of the papillae area. Echinoderes guianensis sp. nov. has spines in middorsal position on segment 4, lateroventral position on segment 6 and sublateral position on segment 7, plus tubes in lateroventral position on segment 5 and laterodorsal position on segment 10. Also, it lacks modified type 2 glandular cell outlets and large sensory spots with a posterior, transversal row of elongated hairs. These diagnostic features allow the distinction of the new species from the remaining congeners of the E. coulli-group. In addition, the presence of epibionts in some of the examined specimens is discussed.

In 2016, the French government adopted a law for biodiversity, setting an objective of protecting 55,000 hectares of mangroves. This objective is particularly important to French Guiana, which shelters almost 60% of French mangrove ecosystems, and where mangroves occupy three quarters of the coastline. The coast of French Guiana is also where issues associated with demographic and economic dynamics concentrate. There is thus a need to plan for an economic development that is compatible with the objective of protecting mangrove ecosystems. Ecosystem services (ES) assessment can support such decision-making, informing on the costs and benefits associated with alternative mangrove conservation strategies. While the many services provided by mangrove ecosystems are well documented worldwide, the extent to which these can be encountered in the specific case of French Guiana is currently only very partially known. Relying on the Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) approach, we collected and compared the perception of multiple and heterogeneous groups of stakeholders, of the functioning of the mangrove social-ecological system at the scale of French Guiana. Results, allow to identify mangroves ES and threats particularly influenced by the high sedimentary dynamism of the shoreline. This generates two distinct components of the mangrove social-ecological system: mud banks where ecosystem services are spatially and temporally unstable, and associated with perceived constraints for key coastal activities, and estuarine mangroves where the ecosystem services usually described in the literature on mangroves can be found. Disservices associated with mangrove ecosystems were also identified as a key interaction. This can inform the research needs that should support sustainable development trajectories, fully accounting for the protection of French Guianese mangrove ecosystems.

The need to save mangroves is growing, however, debasement has persisted for decades, because the processes of decision-making are inefficient, found solely on economic factors. This study provides a tool for mangrove conservation and management to explore the socio-cultural values ​​of mangrove ecosystem services through research in Xuan Thuy National Park, one of nine Ramsars in Vietnam, and also an area heavily affected by shrimp farming. 150 households were selected for an interview, 5 focus group discussions in 5 buffer zone communes, 10 in-depth interviews were carried out to find out the ecosystem services that mangroves provide, compared with literature review, and 3 cultural services listed by the local people as the characteristics of the mangroves here are lifestyle change, strengthening family relationship, implicit division of labor in the community. This proves that local people are ambassadors connecting the mangroves and the government. This finding suggests that the socio-cultural aspect of mangrove services should be deliberated by policymakers as a measure of great concern when facing the challenges of wetland ecosystem conservation.

The need to save mangroves is growing, however, debasement has persisted for decades, because the processes of decision-making are inefficient, found solely on economic factors. This study provides a tool for mangrove conservation and management to explore the socio-cultural values ​​of mangrove ecosystem services through research in Xuan Thuy National Park, one of nine Ramsars in Vietnam, and also an area heavily affected by shrimp farming. 150 households were selected for an interview, 5 focus group discussions in 5 buffer zone communes, 10 in-depth interviews were carried out to find out the ecosystem services that mangroves provide, compared with literature review, and 3 cultural services listed by the local people as the characteristics of the mangroves here are lifestyle change, strengthening family relationship, implicit division of labor in the community. This proves that local people are ambassadors connecting the mangroves and the government. This finding suggests that the socio-cultural aspect of mangrove services should be deliberated by policymakers as a measure of great concern when facing the challenges of wetland ecosystem conservation.

Protecting existing mangrove forests is a priority for global conservation because of the wide range of services that these coastal forests provide to humankind. Despite the recent reduction in global rates of mangrove loss, high historical loss rates mean that there are at least 800,000 ha globally that are potentially suitable for mangrove re-establishment. Recently deposited mud banks or intertidal, previously terrestrial, land might provide additional habitat for expanding mangrove areas locally. There is a long history of mangrove rehabilitation. However, despite numerous good examples of, and growing expertise in, natural or assisted (re-)establishment activities, most mangrove planting efforts, for instance, either fail entirely or meet with only limited success. Exposed to waves and currents and subject to tidal inundation, mangroves differ from terrestrial forests, and approaches to, or tools for, terrestrial forest restoration cannot easily be transferred to mangrove forests. Successful mangrove (re-)establishment usually requires a robust understanding of the abiotic and biotic conditions of the chosen site, the ecological requirements of the mangrove species used or facilitated, the reasons for previous mangrove loss or degradation, as well as the barriers–both societal and ecological–that have prevented natural recovery to date. Because most mangrove forests are socio-ecological systems, with which local human populations are intimately engaged, (re-)establishment will normally require the support of, and engagement with, local communities and other local stakeholders. Here, we summarize where, when and why (re-)establishment of mangroves is needed and how to assess this need. We discuss a range of potential aims and goals of mangrove (re-)establishment along with potential pitfalls along the way from conceiving the initial idea to its realization. We compare different technical and conceptual approaches to mangrove (re-)establishment, their challenges, SCOPUS: re.j, iiTSE, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The eco-tourism area of the Karangsong mangrove forest is one of the educational tourism areas that is very useful in providing knowledge and insight to tourists about the environment and nature conservation, because in this tourist area there are various types of flora and fauna. To complete information about the types of flora and fauna that exist in the Karangsong eco-tourism area, it is necessary to have sources of information in the form of reading materials, infographics, or in visual form. Departing from this, it encourages researchers to collaborate in pioneering a public reading room park in the Karangsong eco-tourism area. This research uses action research research which is carried out in a cycle which is carried out in four (4) stages, namely the planning, action, observation and evaluation stages. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the availability of reading materials in the public reading room park provides benefits for tourists to gain additional knowledge related to flora, fauna and environmental conservation issues. The presence of this public reading room park is felt to be very useful because in this eco-tourism area there is no special guide who explains to tourists about mangrove forests, flora, fauna, etc., so the existence of a public reading room park can support the mangrove forest eco-tourism area into an educational tour about flora, fauna, nature conservation and the environment which are the pride of Indramayu Regency.

Use of mangrove ecosystems for coastal flood protection requires reliable predictions of mangrove wave attenuation capacity, especially if this capacity lessens due to storm-induced forest damage. Quantifying and understanding the variation in drag forces on and mechanical properties of mangrove vegetation can improve assessment of mangrove protective capacity. We studied five mangrove species common in the subtropical Pearl River Delta, south China. The tested species range from typically landward-occurring to more seaward-occurring and pioneer species. We sampled across seven sites in the delta to study the impact of salinity on mechanical properties. We quantified strength and flexibility of branches (branch strength and flexibility related to branch diameter, Modulus of Rupture and Modulus of Elasticity), leaf strength (leaf attachment strength related to leaf size, and Leaf Mass per Area) and drag properties (drag force related to surface area and the drag coefficient). For all tested species, larger branch diameter resulted in higher mechanical strength. Larger leaf size resulted in larger peak pulling forces and larger branch surface area resulted in stronger drag forces. Notably, species that generally occur lower in the intertidal zone, where exposure to wind and waves is higher, had relatively stronger branches but more easily detachable leaves. This may be regarded as a damage-avoiding strategy. Across the seven field sites we found no clear effect of salinity on mangrove mechanical properties. This study provides a mechanistic insight in the storm damage process for individual mangrove trees and a solid base for modelling storm (surge) damage at forest scale., Use of mangrove ecosystems for coastal flood protection requires reliable predictions of mangrove wave attenuation capacity, especially if this capacity lessens due to storm-induced forest damage. Quantifying and understanding the variation in drag forces on and mechanical properties of mangrove vegetation can improve assessment of mangrove protective capacity. We studied five mangrove species common in the subtropical Pearl River Delta, south China. The tested species range from typically landward-occurring to more seaward-occurring and pioneer species. We sampled across seven sites in the delta to study the impact of salinity on mechanical properties. We quantified strength and flexibility of branches (branch strength and flexibility related to branch diameter, Modulus of Rupture and Modulus of Elasticity), leaf strength (leaf attachment strength related to leaf size, and Leaf Mass per Area) and drag properties (drag force related to surface area and the drag coefficient). For all tested species, larger branch diameter resulted in higher mechanical strength. Larger leaf size resulted in larger peak pulling forces and larger branch surface area resulted in stronger drag forces. Notably, species that generally occur lower in the intertidal zone, where exposure to wind and waves is higher, had relatively stronger branches but more easily detachable leaves. This may be regarded as a damage-avoiding strategy. Across the seven field sites we found no clear effect of salinity on mangrove mechanical properties. This study provides a mechanistic insight in the storm damage process for individual mangrove trees and a solid base for modelling storm (surge) damage at forest scale.

(1,2) In this theoretical study, we apply MesoFON, a field-calibrated individual-based model of mangrove forest dynamics, and its Lotka–Volterra interpretations to address two questions: (a) Do the dynamics of two identical red mangrove species that compete for light resources and avoid inter-specific competition by lateral crown displacement follow the predictions of classical competition theory or resource competition theory? (b) Which mechanisms drive the dynamics in the presence of inter-specific crown plasticity when local competition is combined with global or with localized seed dispersal? (3) In qualitative support of classical competition theory, the two species can stably coexist within MesoFON. However, the total standing stock at equilibrium matched the carrying capacity of the single species. Therefore, a “non-overyielding” Lotka–Volterra model rather than the classic one approximated best the observed behavior. Mechanistically, inter-specific crown plasticity moved heterospecific trees apart and pushed conspecifics together. Despite local competition, the community exhibited mean-field dynamics with global dispersal. In comparison, localized dispersal slowed down the dynamics by diminishing the strength of intra-/inter-specific competition and their difference due to a restriction in the competitive race to the mean-field that prevails between conspecific clusters. (4) As the outcome in field-calibrated IBMs is mediated by the competition for resources, we conclude that classical competition mechanisms can override those of resource competition, and more species are likely to successfully coexist within communities., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The subspecies Setophaga petechia gundlachi is characterized by its specificity to mangrove habitat during the breeding season. The objective of this work was to compare the prey availability for S. petechia gundlachi during the breeding season in two mangrove sites with different vegetation structure in Havana, Cuba. To describe different levels of vegetation structure between both mangrove sites, we took several variables at 50 plots. Besides, we recorded the foraging behavior of S. petechia gundlachi to establish the design of prey availability sampling. We measured prey availability by using the branch clipping method, about 90 samples were collected at each mangrove site. Bajo de Santa Ana mangrove, with a lower height and diameter at breast height, showed evidence of deforestation. Laguncularia racemosa was the most used mangrove species for foraging and offered the highest biomass of available prey in the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo mangrove site. The greatest biomass of available prey was found at the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo, with a value of 5.1 (CI: 4.0 - 6.2) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The Bajo de Santa Ana site had a lower value than expected 1.6 (CI: 0.8 - 1.7) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The results provide evidence of the possible influence of mangrove vegetation structure changes on food availability for S. petechia gundlachi in this urban landscape., La subespecie Setophaga petechia gundlachi se caracteriza por su especificidad al hábitat de manglar durante la etapa reproductiva. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la disponibilidad de presas para S. petechia gundlachi durante la estación reproductiva en dos manglares con diferente estructura de la vegetación en la Habana, Cuba. Para caracterizar las diferencias en estructura de la vegetación entre ambos manglares, se tomaron variables en 50 parcelas. Además, se realizaron observaciones de la conducta de forrajeo de S. petechia gundlachi para establecer el diseño para el muestreo de la disponibilidad de presas. La disponibilidad de presas se midió mediante el método de corte de rama, con aproximadamente 90 muestras por manglar. El manglar de Bajo de Santa Ana, con una menor altura y diámetro a la altura del pecho, mostró evidencias de deforestación. Laguncularia racemosa fue la especie de mangle más usada para forrajear, y que ofrece la mayor biomasa de presas disponible en el manglar de Laguna de Cobre-Itabo. La mayor biomasa de presas disponible fue para Laguna de Cobre-Itabo, con un valor de 5,1 (IC: 4,0 - 6,2) mg / 100 g de ramas. Mientras que Bajo de Santa Ana presentó un valor más bajo de lo esperado con 1,6 (IC: 0,8 – 1,7) mg / 100 g de ramas. Los resultados brindan evidencia de la posible influencia de las modificaciones en la estructura de la vegetación de manglar sobre la disponibilidad de alimento de S. petechia gundlachi en este paisaje urbano.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Environment and Sc, Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology, Extreme climatic events can trigger sudden but often long-lasting and irreversible changes in ecosystems by causing mortality of foundation (habitat-forming) species. The magnitude and frequency of such events are likely to increase due to human-induced climate change, but the dynamics of such extreme biological events remain poorly understood, with only a limited number of case studies reported in the past. In many cases, assessing the impact of rare, extreme biological events can be challenging because these events can be unexpected and sudden, often making pre-event sampling not achievable. In late 2015 to early 2016, an extensive area of mangrove forest along ~ 1,000 km of coastline in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, experienced severe dieback as a result of a climatic extreme event that included extreme temperatures, drought conditions and lower than average sea levels. My research aimed to address a knowledge gap in the effects of extreme climatic events on intertidal coastal ecosystems by assessing the ecological impacts of mass mortality of mangrove trees on the intertidal ecosystem. This aim was achieved through the use of a comparative experiment of an impacted forest and an adjacent unimpacted forest using traditional ecological survey techniques combined with conventional bulk stable isotope analyses and a more novel compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids. My research also offers significant insights into the use of the more novel compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids to complement the conventional bulk stable isotope analysis in mangrove ecosystem trophic analyses. Firstly, I used a combination of traditional ecological survey techniques and bulk stable isotope analysis of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to measure the effects of mangrove forest mortality on benthic faunal communities, with a focus on functional aspects of food web dynamics. I tested if changes in benthic faunal assemblages would be evident due to mangrove mortali

The subspecies Setophaga petechia gundlachi is characterized by its specificity to mangrove habitat during the breeding season. The objective of this work was to compare the prey availability for S. petechia gundlachi during the breeding season in two mangrove sites with different vegetation structure in Havana, Cuba. To describe different levels of vegetation structure between both mangrove sites, we took several variables at 50 plots. Besides, we recorded the foraging behavior of S. petechia gundlachi to establish the design of prey availability sampling. We measured prey availability by using the branch clipping method, about 90 samples were collected at each mangrove site. Bajo de Santa Ana mangrove, with a lower height and diameter at breast height, showed evidence of deforestation. Laguncularia racemosa was the most used mangrove species for foraging and offered the highest biomass of available prey in the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo mangrove site. The greatest biomass of available prey was found at the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo, with a value of 5.1 (CI: 4.0 - 6.2) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The Bajo de Santa Ana site had a lower value than expected 1.6 (CI: 0.8 - 1.7) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The results provide evidence of the possible influence of mangrove vegetation structure changes on food availability for S. petechia gundlachi in this urban landscape., La subespecie Setophaga petechia gundlachi se caracteriza por su especificidad al hábitat de manglar durante la etapa reproductiva. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la disponibilidad de presas para S. petechia gundlachi durante la estación reproductiva en dos manglares con diferente estructura de la vegetación en la Habana, Cuba. Para caracterizar las diferencias en estructura de la vegetación entre ambos manglares, se tomaron variables en 50 parcelas. Además, se realizaron observaciones de la conducta de forrajeo de S. petechia gundlachi para establecer el diseño para el muestreo de la disponibilidad de presas. La disponibilidad de presas se midió mediante el método de corte de rama, con aproximadamente 90 muestras por manglar. El manglar de Bajo de Santa Ana, con una menor altura y diámetro a la altura del pecho, mostró evidencias de deforestación. Laguncularia racemosa fue la especie de mangle más usada para forrajear, y que ofrece la mayor biomasa de presas disponible en el manglar de Laguna de Cobre-Itabo. La mayor biomasa de presas disponible fue para Laguna de Cobre-Itabo, con un valor de 5,1 (IC: 4,0 - 6,2) mg / 100 g de ramas. Mientras que Bajo de Santa Ana presentó un valor más bajo de lo esperado con 1,6 (IC: 0,8 – 1,7) mg / 100 g de ramas. Los resultados brindan evidencia de la posible influencia de las modificaciones en la estructura de la vegetación de manglar sobre la disponibilidad de alimento de S. petechia gundlachi en este paisaje urbano.

The subspecies Setophaga petechia gundlachi is characterized by its specificity to mangrove habitat during the breeding season. The objective of this work was to compare the prey availability for S. petechia gundlachi during the breeding season in two mangrove sites with different vegetation structure in Havana, Cuba. To describe different levels of vegetation structure between both mangrove sites, we took several variables at 50 plots. Besides, we recorded the foraging behavior of S. petechia gundlachi to establish the design of prey availability sampling. We measured prey availability by using the branch clipping method, about 90 samples were collected at each mangrove site. Bajo de Santa Ana mangrove, with a lower height and diameter at breast height, showed evidence of deforestation. Laguncularia racemosa was the most used mangrove species for foraging and offered the highest biomass of available prey in the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo mangrove site. The greatest biomass of available prey was found at the Laguna de Cobre-Itabo, with a value of 5.1 (CI: 4.0 - 6.2) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The Bajo de Santa Ana site had a lower value than expected 1.6 (CI: 0.8 - 1.7) mg / 100 g of branch clipping. The results provide evidence of the possible influence of mangrove vegetation structure changes on food availability for S. petechia gundlachi in this urban landscape., La subespecie Setophaga petechia gundlachi se caracteriza por su especificidad al hábitat de manglar durante la etapa reproductiva. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la disponibilidad de presas para S. petechia gundlachi durante la estación reproductiva en dos manglares con diferente estructura de la vegetación en la Habana, Cuba. Para caracterizar las diferencias en estructura de la vegetación entre ambos manglares, se tomaron variables en 50 parcelas. Además, se realizaron observaciones de la conducta de forrajeo de S. petechia gundlachi para establecer el diseño para el muestreo de la disponibilidad de presas. La disponibilidad de presas se midió mediante el método de corte de rama, con aproximadamente 90 muestras por manglar. El manglar de Bajo de Santa Ana, con una menor altura y diámetro a la altura del pecho, mostró evidencias de deforestación. Laguncularia racemosa fue la especie de mangle más usada para forrajear, y que ofrece la mayor biomasa de presas disponible en el manglar de Laguna de Cobre-Itabo. La mayor biomasa de presas disponible fue para Laguna de Cobre-Itabo, con un valor de 5,1 (IC: 4,0 - 6,2) mg / 100 g de ramas. Mientras que Bajo de Santa Ana presentó un valor más bajo de lo esperado con 1,6 (IC: 0,8 – 1,7) mg / 100 g de ramas. Los resultados brindan evidencia de la posible influencia de las modificaciones en la estructura de la vegetación de manglar sobre la disponibilidad de alimento de S. petechia gundlachi en este paisaje urbano.

Extreme climatic events can trigger sudden but often long-lasting and irreversible changes in ecosystems by causing mortality of foundation (habitat-forming) species. The magnitude and frequency of such events are likely to increase due to human-induced climate change, but the dynamics of such extreme biological events remain poorly understood, with only a limited number of case studies reported in the past. In many cases, assessing the impact of rare, extreme biological events can be challenging because these events can be unexpected and sudden, often making pre-event sampling not achievable. In late 2015 to early 2016, an extensive area of mangrove forest along ~ 1,000 km of coastline in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, experienced severe dieback as a result of a climatic extreme event that included extreme temperatures, drought conditions and lower than average sea levels. My research aimed to address a knowledge gap in the effects of extreme climatic events on intertidal coastal ecosystems by assessing the ecological impacts of mass mortality of mangrove trees on the intertidal ecosystem. This aim was achieved through the use of a comparative experiment of an impacted forest and an adjacent unimpacted forest using traditional ecological survey techniques combined with conventional bulk stable isotope analyses and a more novel compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids. My research also offers significant insights into the use of the more novel compound-specific isotope analysis of amino acids to complement the conventional bulk stable isotope analysis in mangrove ecosystem trophic analyses. Firstly, I used a combination of traditional ecological survey techniques and bulk stable isotope analysis of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to measure the effects of mangrove forest mortality on benthic faunal communities, with a focus on functional aspects of food web dynamics. I tested if changes in benthic faunal assemblages would be evident due to mangrove mortali, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Environment and Sc, Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology, Full Text

Indonesia has the largest area of mangrove forest in the world and Indonesia has the responsibility to protect mangrove forest as part of global community in combatting greenhouse gas. However, it is still confusing the strategy in protecting Indonesia’s mangrove forest. Mangrove forest in Indonesia has been degraded rapidly due to government’s plan changing the status of mangrove forest into commercial areas. Mangrove forest has significant economic value for government and local community due to its location and woods. This research aimed to criticize government’s strategy in protecting mangrove by reconstructing Indonesia’s mangrove diplomacy. The research method is case studies of mangrove rehabilitation in Jakarta and Bali. Primary data is obtained using direct observation in Pulau Tidung Kecil, Jakarta and Bali’s mangrove forest park. This research finds that the reconstruction of Indonesia’s mangrove diplomacy need more voice from local governments, eco-business and civil society. Keywords: Mangrove forest, diplomacy, foreign policy, Indonesia ABSTRAKIndonesia memiliki hutan mangrove terluas di dunia dan Indonesia memiliki tanggung jawab untuk melindungi hutan mangrove sebagai bagian dari masyarakat dunia dalam mengatasi masalah gas rumah kaca. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah strategi perlindungan hutan mangrove Indonesia tidak jelas. Hutan mangrove Indonesia mengalami kerusakan sangat cepat akibat dari kebijakan Pemerintah Indonesia mengubah status hutan mangrove menjadi area komersial. Hutan mangrove memiliki nilai ekonomi yang strategis bagi masyarakat lokal dan pemerintah. Penelitian ini berusaha mengkritisi strategi pemerintah dalam melindungi hutan mangrove melalui rekonstruksi diplomasi mangrove Indonesia. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode studi kasus dengan mengambil studi rehabilitasi mangrove di Jakarta dan Bali. Data primer diperoleh dari observasi langsung di Pulau Tidung Kecil di Jakarta dan hutan mangrove di Bali. Penelitian ini berkesimpul

In Southeast Asia, mangrove forest cover and biodiversity has shown a rapid decline in recent decades, despite extensive conservation efforts. Identifying and analysing discourses on biodiversity conservation improves our knowledge and understanding of stakeholder perspectives (including normative values and socially constructed viewpoints) on biodiversity conservation within a specific social-ecological context. Considering these perspectives in a decision-making context contributes to the long-term sustainability of resulting conservation approaches, thus contributing to continued biodiversity conservation efforts in the far future. We consider the urban City State of Singapore to identify and interpret stakeholder discourses -including values and socially constructed viewpoints-on (effective) mangrove biodiversity conservation and management in an urban context. Using the Q methodology, we: (i) delineate and describe mangrove conservation and management discourses in Singapore and (ii) extract consensual perspectives common to discourses as a basis for management recommendations. Areas of agreement and disagreement on motivation, prioritization and responsibilities related to mangrove conservation and management are described based on numerical (i.e. sorting of statements along an ordinal scale) and qualitative data (i.e. structured interviews). There was a large overlap between discourses, suggesting that disagreement between various stakeholders may not be a prominent inhibitor of future decision making regarding mangrove conservation and management. It seems stakeholders realise the urban context strongly limits the range of realistic conservation and management approaches of mangrove forests, resulting in the larger overlap between discourses. Generally, all participants agree no further loss of existing Singapore mangroves should be allowed. The most important recommendations to reach this ultimate objective include indefinite legal protection and increase o, SCOPUS: ar.j, iiTSE, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The chemical characteristics in conjunction with the mangrove forest structure are key information to understand the dynamics of this environment. The objective was to analyze chemical parameters and forest structure in mangroves under different anthropogenic stresses. Two mangroves were studied in Paranaguá, PR, one located near an industrial complex and the port of Paranaguá, and another one located in the Conservation Unit in Palmito State Forest. The levels of phosphorus, organic matter, ammonium, nitrate and nitrogen available were evaluated as well as the density and perimeter of the breast height of the species Rizhophorae mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Aviscenia schaueriana. The Vila Becker mangrove, with greater anthropogenic interference, had higher concentrations of phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen, indicating a sediment with better fertility. There were no differences among mangroves in relation to forest structure, but Rizophorae mangle had the highest density among the evaluated species, independent of the mangrove. The proximity of these environments to the urban and industrial environment may be altering the chemical characteristics of the sediment, which in the future may alter the forest structure of these mangroves., As características químicas do sedimento em conjunto com a estrutura de bosques de mangue são informações fundamentais para compreender a dinâmica deste ambiente. O objetivo foi analisar parâmetros químicos e a estrutura de bosque em manguezais com diferentes graus de pressão antrópica. Foram estudados dois manguezais em Paranaguá, PR, um localizado próximo a um complexo industrial e ao porto de Paranaguá, e outro localizado na Unidade de Conservação na Floresta Estadual do Palmito. Foram avaliados os teores de fósforo, matéria orgânica, amônio, nitrato e nitrogênio disponível, assim como a densidade e perímetro a altura do peito das espécies Rizhophorae mangle, Laguncularia racemosa e Aviscenia schaueriana. O manguezal da Vila Becker, com maior interferência antrópica, teve maiores concentrações de fósforo, amônio e nitrogênio total, indicando ser um sedimento com melhor fertilidade. Não houve diferenças entre os manguezais com relação a estrutura de bosque, mas a Rizophorae mangle teve a maior densidade entre as espécies avaliadas, independente do manguezal. A proximidade destes ambientes ao meio urbano e industrial pode estar alterando as características químicas do sedimento o que futuramente pode alterar a estrutura de bosque destes manguezais

Segara Anakan covers area of waters, mud flat and mangrove forest provide habitat for life and place of variety of flora and fauna. Segara Anakan is unique and very valuable. Segara Anakan, the coastal area of south of Java, has ecological systems associated with the event of sedimentation due to activities of watersheed above as well as fisheries and system associated with the social actors, social structures and processes. Segara Anakan as a system which provides complex role is a provider of ecosystem services for the surrounding community. The total economic value Segara Anakan region with an area of 14 807 ha area, which includes District Kampung Laut consisting of 4 villages have a total economic value of IDR 106,631,702,769.80 or USD 59,615,745.27 from each ha of mangrove forest.

The purpose of this research is to know the community participation management of mangrove forests in PAL Jaya Beach, Segarajaya Village Tarumajaya District, Bekasi. This study uses descriptive method, which aims to find information from  by using the questionnaire (closed questionnaire), direct observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects of this study were 25 people consisting of members of the Supervisory Society Group (POKMASWAS), Ikatan Pemuda Putera Daerah (IKAPUD), and other communitie. The results showed that community participation management of mangrove forests is relatively high from the aspects of planning and activities implementation (restoration). Community participation is also supported by several institutions cooperate such as socialization, mangrove planting, and development of mangrove forest area. However, community involvement in treating mangroves have been low. Related to community participation in utilizing mangrove forests is still educatiobal tourist area

Segara Anakan covers area of waters, mud flat and mangrove forest provide habitat for life and place of variety of flora and fauna. Segara Anakan is unique and very valuable. Segara Anakan, the coastal area of south of Java, has ecological systems associated with the event of sedimentation due to activities of watersheed above as well as fisheries and system associated with the social actors, social structures and processes. Segara Anakan as a system which provides complex role is a provider of ecosystem services for the surrounding community. The total economic value Segara Anakan region with an area of 14 807 ha area, which includes District Kampung Laut consisting of 4 villages have a total economic value of IDR 106,631,702,769.80 or USD 59,615,745.27 from each ha of mangrove forest.

The chemical characteristics in conjunction with the mangrove forest structure are key information to understand the dynamics of this environment. The objective was to analyze chemical parameters and forest structure in mangroves under different anthropogenic stresses. Two mangroves were studied in Paranaguá, PR, one located near an industrial complex and the port of Paranaguá, and another one located in the Conservation Unit in Palmito State Forest. The levels of phosphorus, organic matter, ammonium, nitrate and nitrogen available were evaluated as well as the density and perimeter of the breast height of the species Rizhophorae mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Aviscenia schaueriana. The Vila Becker mangrove, with greater anthropogenic interference, had higher concentrations of phosphorus, ammonia and total nitrogen, indicating a sediment with better fertility. There were no differences among mangroves in relation to forest structure, but Rizophorae mangle had the highest density among the evaluated species, independent of the mangrove. The proximity of these environments to the urban and industrial environment may be altering the chemical characteristics of the sediment, which in the future may alter the forest structure of these mangroves., As características químicas do sedimento em conjunto com a estrutura de bosques de mangue são informações fundamentais para compreender a dinâmica deste ambiente. O objetivo foi analisar parâmetros químicos e a estrutura de bosque em manguezais com diferentes graus de pressão antrópica. Foram estudados dois manguezais em Paranaguá, PR, um localizado próximo a um complexo industrial e ao porto de Paranaguá, e outro localizado na Unidade de Conservação na Floresta Estadual do Palmito. Foram avaliados os teores de fósforo, matéria orgânica, amônio, nitrato e nitrogênio disponível, assim como a densidade e perímetro a altura do peito das espécies Rizhophorae mangle, Laguncularia racemosa e Aviscenia schaueriana. O manguezal da Vila Becker, com maior interferência antrópica, teve maiores concentrações de fósforo, amônio e nitrogênio total, indicando ser um sedimento com melhor fertilidade. Não houve diferenças entre os manguezais com relação a estrutura de bosque, mas a Rizophorae mangle teve a maior densidade entre as espécies avaliadas, independente do manguezal. A proximidade destes ambientes ao meio urbano e industrial pode estar alterando as características químicas do sedimento o que futuramente pode alterar a estrutura de bosque destes manguezais

Mangrove forests in the tropics and subtropics grow in saline sediments in coastal and estuarine environments. Preservation of mangrove forests is important for many reasons, including the prevention of coastal erosion and seawater intrusion; the provision of spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds of diverse marine biota; and for direct use (such as firewood, charcoal, and construction material)—all of which benefit the sustainability of local communities. However, for many mangrove areas of the world, unsustainable resource utilization and the profit orientation of communities have often led to rapid and severe mangrove loss with serious consequences. The mangrove forests of the Takalar District, South Sulawesi, are studied here as a case area that has suffered from degradation and declining spatial extent during recent decades. On the basis of a post-classification comparison of change detection from satellite imagery and a survey of households, we provide an estimate of the mangrove change in the Takalar District during 1979–2011 and the consequences of those changes. Mangrove forest areas were reduced by 66.05 % (3344 hectares) during the 33-year period of analysis, and the biggest annual negative change in dense mangrove forest cover (8.37 %) occurred during the period 2006–2011. The changes were caused mainly by the mangrove clearing and conversion to aquaculture, and consequences have been increasing forest degradation, coastal abrasion, seawater intrusion, a decline in fish capture, a reduction in juvenile shrimp and milkfish, and outbreaks of shrimp disease. On the other hand, the clearing and impoundment of mangrove forests for shrimp and seaweed culture have provided a source of foreign exchange and new opportunities for employment in the study area.

Segara Anakan covers area of waters, mud flat and mangrove forest provide habitat for life and place of variety of flora and fauna. Segara Anakan is unique and very valuable. Segara Anakan, the coastal area of south of Java, has ecological systems associated with the event of sedimentation due to activities of watersheed above as well as fisheries and system associated with the social actors, social structures and processes. Segara Anakan as a system which provides complex role is a provider of ecosystem services for the surrounding community. The total economic value Segara Anakan region with an area of 14 807 ha area, which includes District Kampung Laut consisting of 4 villages have a total economic value of IDR 106,631,702,769.80 or USD 59,615,745.27 from each ha of mangrove forest.

In this study we produced the first thematic maps of submerged and coastal habitats of Lampi Island (Myanmar) from in situ and satellite data. To focus on key elements of bio-diversity typically existing in tropical islands the detection of corals, seagrass, and mangrove forests was addressed. Satellite data were acquired from Landsat-8; for the purpose of validation Rapid-Eye data were also used. In situ data supporting image processing were collected in a field campaign performed from 28 February to 4 March 2015 at the time of sensors overpasses. A hybrid approach based on bio-optical modeling and supervised classification techniques was applied to atmospherically-corrected Landsat-8 data. Bottom depth estimations, to be used in the classification process of shallow waters, were in good agreement with depth soundings (R2 = 0.87). Corals were classified with producer and user accuracies of 58% and 77%, while a lower accuracy (producer and user accuracies of 50%) was found for the seagrass due to the patchy distribution of meadows; accuracies more than 88% were obtained for mangrove forests. The classification indicated the presence of 18 mangroves sites with extension larger than 5 km2; for 15 of those the coexistence of corals and seagrass were also found in the fronting bays, suggesting a significant rate of biodiversity for the study area.

Despite being one of the most productive ecosystems on earth, wetland areas have been heavily affected by human activities. The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) in Colombia is one of these wetlands, where the inadequate construction of roads modified the hydrology and connectivity of this water body, generating massive mangrove mortality episodes. The lack of knowledge on the hydrological processes and connectivity of the CGSM has impaired mangrove restoration plans. Here we use wetland interferometry technique to remotely monitor the wetland and understand the flow of water in/out and across the CGSM wetland complex. A close collaboration with Miami University allowed us to access CGSM’s interferograms created with ALOS Palsar satellite data (from 2007 until 2011). The interferograms resulting from the analysis were correlated with daily hydrological data (precipitation, runoff in the main inflow of freshwater to the wetland, tide charts) to finally identify two main paths of inflow of water that are still active and are continuously feeding freshwater into the Cienaga. The most persistent was identified in the south-west part of the CGSM; a water flow coming directly from the Magdalena River and entering the main lagoon in its south-west corner. The second was located in the north-west area, where most of the mangroves have died. In this case, different interferograms showed different potential water flow paths depending on the season (dry / wet season), the Magdalena River’s discharge and the rainfall. These results reflect the complex hydrology of the CGSM . Furthermore, a coherence analysis was conducted to assess the quality of the remote sensing data and to better understand the different responses of the features within the Cienaga. The results showed that the coherence analysis could also be potentially used to identify areas of dead mangrove. This study confirms that despite the blockage of the connectivity of the wetlands, there are still important fr

Mangrove forests distributed along the coastal areas and river deltas in tropical and subtropical regions provide fundamental ecological services and habitats for a variety of wildlife species. Because of the conversion of mangrove forests to agricultural lands, the dramatic decline of mangrove forests in Irrawaddy Delta, South Myanmar during the past 30 years has been noticed and caused environment impacts, including habitat loss, reduction of biodiversity, and the increase of coastal erosion. This study firstly aims to investigate the changes of mangrove forests over the region of Irrawaddy Delta, using Landsat imageries during the periods of 1989 to 2014. Second, a land cover modeling tool, Probabilistic Landscape Simulation (ProLAMS), is developed and applied for modeling and predicting the change of mangrove forests. Specifically, ProLAMS adopts logistic regression analysis and cellular automata to assess the likelihood of future mangrove forest distribution. Two major findings are: (1) from 1989 to 2014, about 26.7% decline of mangrove forest has been detected; (2) ProLAMS predicts 16.8% decline of mangrove area from 2014 to 2030. In sum, this study suggests that satellite imagery and the proposed model can provide the prediction of future scenarios for mangrove forests. We expect this approach can be useful and applicable for other regions to assist ecosystem conservation activity.

Mangrove forests distributed along the coastal areas and river deltas in tropical and subtropical regions provide fundamental ecological services and habitats for a variety of wildlife species. Because of the conversion of mangrove forests to agricultural lands, the dramatic decline of mangrove forests in Irrawaddy Delta, South Myanmar during the past 30 years has been noticed and caused environment impacts, including habitat loss, reduction of biodiversity, and the increase of coastal erosion. This study firstly aims to investigate the changes of mangrove forests over the region of Irrawaddy Delta, using Landsat imageries during the periods of 1989 to 2014. Second, a land cover modeling tool, Probabilistic Landscape Simulation (ProLAMS), is developed and applied for modeling and predicting the change of mangrove forests. Specifically, ProLAMS adopts logistic regression analysis and cellular automata to assess the likelihood of future mangrove forest distribution. Two major findings are: (1) from 1989 to 2014, about 26.7% decline of mangrove forest has been detected; (2) ProLAMS predicts 16.8% decline of mangrove area from 2014 to 2030. In sum, this study suggests that satellite imagery and the proposed model can provide the prediction of future scenarios for mangrove forests. We expect this approach can be useful and applicable for other regions to assist ecosystem conservation activity.

In this study we produced the first thematic maps of submerged and coastal habitats of Lampi Island (Myanmar) from in situ and satellite data. To focus on key elements of bio-diversity typically existing in tropical islands the detection of corals, seagrass, and mangrove forests was addressed. Satellite data were acquired from Landsat-8; for the purpose of validation Rapid-Eye data were also used. In situ data supporting image processing were collected in a field campaign performed from 28 February to 4 March 2015 at the time of sensors overpasses. A hybrid approach based on bio-optical modeling and supervised classification techniques was applied to atmospherically-corrected Landsat-8 data. Bottom depth estimations, to be used in the classification process of shallow waters, were in good agreement with depth soundings (R2 = 0.87). Corals were classified with producer and user accuracies of 58% and 77%, while a lower accuracy (producer and user accuracies of 50%) was found for the seagrass due to the patchy distribution of meadows; accuracies more than 88% were obtained for mangrove forests. The classification indicated the presence of 18 mangroves sites with extension larger than 5 km2; for 15 of those the coexistence of corals and seagrass were also found in the fronting bays, suggesting a significant rate of biodiversity for the study area.

Despite being one of the most productive ecosystems on earth, wetland areas have been heavily affected by human activities. The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) in Colombia is one of these wetlands, where the inadequate construction of roads modified the hydrology and connectivity of this water body, generating massive mangrove mortality episodes. The lack of knowledge on the hydrological processes and connectivity of the CGSM has impaired mangrove restoration plans. Here we use wetland interferometry technique to remotely monitor the wetland and understand the flow of water in/out and across the CGSM wetland complex. A close collaboration with Miami University allowed us to access CGSM’s interferograms created with ALOS Palsar satellite data (from 2007 until 2011). The interferograms resulting from the analysis were correlated with daily hydrological data (precipitation, runoff in the main inflow of freshwater to the wetland, tide charts) to finally identify two main paths of inflow of water that are still active and are continuously feeding freshwater into the Cienaga. The most persistent was identified in the south-west part of the CGSM; a water flow coming directly from the Magdalena River and entering the main lagoon in its south-west corner. The second was located in the north-west area, where most of the mangroves have died. In this case, different interferograms showed different potential water flow paths depending on the season (dry / wet season), the Magdalena River’s discharge and the rainfall. These results reflect the complex hydrology of the CGSM . Furthermore, a coherence analysis was conducted to assess the quality of the remote sensing data and to better understand the different responses of the features within the Cienaga. The results showed that the coherence analysis could also be potentially used to identify areas of dead mangrove. This study confirms that despite the blockage of the connectivity of the wetlands, there are still important fr

Mangrove forests distributed along the coastal areas and river deltas in tropical and subtropical regions provide fundamental ecological services and habitats for a variety of wildlife species. Because of the conversion of mangrove forests to agricultural lands, the dramatic decline of mangrove forests in Irrawaddy Delta, South Myanmar during the past 30 years has been noticed and caused environment impacts, including habitat loss, reduction of biodiversity, and the increase of coastal erosion. This study firstly aims to investigate the changes of mangrove forests over the region of Irrawaddy Delta, using Landsat imageries during the periods of 1989 to 2014. Second, a land cover modeling tool, Probabilistic Landscape Simulation (ProLAMS), is developed and applied for modeling and predicting the change of mangrove forests. Specifically, ProLAMS adopts logistic regression analysis and cellular automata to assess the likelihood of future mangrove forest distribution. Two major findings are: (1) from 1989 to 2014, about 26.7% decline of mangrove forest has been detected; (2) ProLAMS predicts 16.8% decline of mangrove area from 2014 to 2030. In sum, this study suggests that satellite imagery and the proposed model can provide the prediction of future scenarios for mangrove forests. We expect this approach can be useful and applicable for other regions to assist ecosystem conservation activity.

The utilization of mangrove forests as raw material of charcoal by the community in Batu Ampar Sub-District, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan has been going on for a long time, in traditional and hereditary. However, this activity is indicated as one of the main causes of the destruction of mangrove forests in this region. PP 6/2007 provides opportunities utilization of mangrove forest by legal and in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. Stakeholders as a part of the institution of mangrove forest management have an important role in achieving the objectives of sustainable utilization of mangrove forests. This study aims to identified, mapped and described the role of stakeholders in the utilization of mangrove forests as a raw material for charcoal by community.

The utilization of mangrove forests as raw material of charcoal by the community in Batu Ampar Sub-District, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan has been going on for a long time, in traditional and hereditary. However, this activity is indicated as one of the main causes of the destruction of mangrove forests in this region. PP 6/2007 provides opportunities utilization of mangrove forest by legal and in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. Stakeholders as a part of the institution of mangrove forest management have an important role in achieving the objectives of sustainable utilization of mangrove forests. This study aims to identified, mapped and described the role of stakeholders in the utilization of mangrove forests as a raw material for charcoal by community.

The utilization of mangrove forests as raw material of charcoal by the community in Batu Ampar Sub-District, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan has been going on for a long time, in traditional and hereditary. However, this activity is indicated as one of the main causes of the destruction of mangrove forests in this region. PP 6/2007 provides opportunities utilization of mangrove forest by legal and in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. Stakeholders as a part of the institution of mangrove forest management have an important role in achieving the objectives of sustainable utilization of mangrove forests. This study aims to identified, mapped and described the role of stakeholders in the utilization of mangrove forests as a raw material for charcoal by community.

Mangroves worldwide provide a wide range of ecosystem services utilized directly and indirectly by local peoples. Between 1966 and 2001, Bangladesh established approximately 148,000 ha of mangrove plantations in coastal areas within the Barisal and Chittagong Divisions. Though erosion and human encroachment and conversion have removed over two-thirds of these stands, the Forest Department has continued to undertake new plantation activities. To investigate how and to what degree people directly utilize these mangroves, I conducted 340 household surveys across eight coastal villages located in close proximity to established plantations. The predominant direct use of the mangrove plantations by local rural communities is the extraction of detritus and nonmain stem material (e.g., limbs, leaves) for combustible fuel. This study uses household foraging distances to estimate and map net value densities based on reported market prices of extracted goods. The average extractive value of mangrove plantations is Tk 2,300 ha−1 yr−1, ranging among the villages from 300 to Tk 27,400 ha−1 yr−1, with values concentrated closer to the village. Cost-benefit analyses suggest that direct use values alone have justified the establishment and management of previously planted stands. However, other indirect values must be taken into account if these areas are to merit additional plantations. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Ecosystems 15 (2012): 848-866, doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9551-1., Mangrove wetland restoration and creation efforts are increasingly proposed as mechanisms to compensate for mangrove wetland losses. However, ecosystem development and functional equivalence in restored and created mangrove wetlands are poorly understood. We compared a 20-year chronosequence of created tidal wetland sites in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) to natural reference mangrove wetlands. Across the chronosequence, our sites represent the succession from salt marsh to mangrove forest communities. Our results identify important soil and plant structural differences between the created and natural reference wetland sites; however, they also depict a positive developmental trajectory for the created wetland sites that reflects tightly coupled plant-soil development. Because upland soils and/or dredge spoils were used to create the new mangrove habitats, the soils at younger created sites and at lower depths (10–30 cm) had higher bulk densities, higher sand content, lower soil organic matter (SOM), lower total carbon (TC), and lower total nitrogen (TN) than did natural reference wetland soils. However, in the upper soil layer (0–10 cm), SOM, TC, and TN increased with created wetland site age simultaneously with mangrove forest growth. The rate of created wetland soil C accumulation was comparable to literature values for natural mangrove wetlands. Notably, the time to equivalence for the upper soil layer of created mangrove wetlands appears to be faster than for many other wetland ecosystem types. Collectively, our findings characterize the rate and trajectory of above- and below-ground changes associated with ecosystem development in created mangrove wetlands; this is valuable information for environmental managers planning to sustain existing mangrove wetlands or mitigate for mangrove wetland losses.

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Ecosystems 15 (2012): 848-866, doi:10.1007/s10021-012-9551-1., Mangrove wetland restoration and creation efforts are increasingly proposed as mechanisms to compensate for mangrove wetland losses. However, ecosystem development and functional equivalence in restored and created mangrove wetlands are poorly understood. We compared a 20-year chronosequence of created tidal wetland sites in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) to natural reference mangrove wetlands. Across the chronosequence, our sites represent the succession from salt marsh to mangrove forest communities. Our results identify important soil and plant structural differences between the created and natural reference wetland sites; however, they also depict a positive developmental trajectory for the created wetland sites that reflects tightly coupled plant-soil development. Because upland soils and/or dredge spoils were used to create the new mangrove habitats, the soils at younger created sites and at lower depths (10–30 cm) had higher bulk densities, higher sand content, lower soil organic matter (SOM), lower total carbon (TC), and lower total nitrogen (TN) than did natural reference wetland soils. However, in the upper soil layer (0–10 cm), SOM, TC, and TN increased with created wetland site age simultaneously with mangrove forest growth. The rate of created wetland soil C accumulation was comparable to literature values for natural mangrove wetlands. Notably, the time to equivalence for the upper soil layer of created mangrove wetlands appears to be faster than for many other wetland ecosystem types. Collectively, our findings characterize the rate and trajectory of above- and below-ground changes associated with ecosystem development in created mangrove wetlands; this is valuable information for environmental managers planning to sustain existing mangrove wetlands or mitigate for mangrove wetland losses.

Preliminary description of ant diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) during rainy season in nenguange bay mangrove formation,Tayrona National Natural Park. Santa marta – ColombiaAbstract.Ants (Formicidae) are one of the least studied groups in mangrove forest of Colombian coast. To improve the current knowledge about ants species closed to this mangrove ecosystem, we evaluated abundance and richness of ants in three mangrove species(Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicenia germinans) located in Neguanje bay, at National Natural Tayrona Park (PNNT). This research was carried out during the rainy seasons of 2007 and 2008. We found nine species of ants associated to mangrove forest, eight linked to Rhizophora mangle, five to Laguncularia racemosa and seven to Avicenia germinans. Richness was higher in rainy season of 2007 for all mangrove species, with exception for Rhizophora mangle. In general, abundance of ants (number of individuals) was higher in rainy season of 2008, especially for Avicennia germinans and lower in rainy season of 2007, particularly for Laguncularia racemosa. Both, richness and abundance of ants were significantly different between rainy seasons and between mangrove species., Las hormigas (Formicidae) son uno de los grupos menos estudiados en los bosques de manglar de la costa Colombiana. Para ampliar la información existente acerca de las hormigas asociadas a este ecosistema, se evaluó su riqueza y abundancia mediante captura manual y conteo directo en tres especies de mangle (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicenia germinans) de la bahía de Neguanje (Playa pescadores) en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT). El estudio se realizó durante los periodos de lluvia de 2007 y 2008. Se encontraron nueve especies asociadas al bosque de manglar, ocho asociadas a Rhizophora mangle, cinco a Laguncularia racemosa y siete a Avicenia germinans. Con excepción de Rhizophora mangle en todas las especies se encontró una mayor riqueza de hormigas en el periodo lluvioso de 2007. La abundancia de las especies medida como número de individuos en general fue mayor en el periodo lluvioso de 2008, especialmente en Avicennia germinans y menor durante el 2007, particularmente en Laguncularia racemosa. Tanto la riqueza como la abundancia de la mimercofauna fueron significativamente diferentes entre los periodos lluviosos y entre las especies de mangle.

Preliminary description of ant diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) during rainy season in nenguange bay mangrove formation,Tayrona National Natural Park. Santa marta – ColombiaAbstract.Ants (Formicidae) are one of the least studied groups in mangrove forest of Colombian coast. To improve the current knowledge about ants species closed to this mangrove ecosystem, we evaluated abundance and richness of ants in three mangrove species(Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicenia germinans) located in Neguanje bay, at National Natural Tayrona Park (PNNT). This research was carried out during the rainy seasons of 2007 and 2008. We found nine species of ants associated to mangrove forest, eight linked to Rhizophora mangle, five to Laguncularia racemosa and seven to Avicenia germinans. Richness was higher in rainy season of 2007 for all mangrove species, with exception for Rhizophora mangle. In general, abundance of ants (number of individuals) was higher in rainy season of 2008, especially for Avicennia germinans and lower in rainy season of 2007, particularly for Laguncularia racemosa. Both, richness and abundance of ants were significantly different between rainy seasons and between mangrove species., Las hormigas (Formicidae) son uno de los grupos menos estudiados en los bosques de manglar de la costa Colombiana. Para ampliar la información existente acerca de las hormigas asociadas a este ecosistema, se evaluó su riqueza y abundancia mediante captura manual y conteo directo en tres especies de mangle (Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicenia germinans) de la bahía de Neguanje (Playa pescadores) en el Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (PNNT). El estudio se realizó durante los periodos de lluvia de 2007 y 2008. Se encontraron nueve especies asociadas al bosque de manglar, ocho asociadas a Rhizophora mangle, cinco a Laguncularia racemosa y siete a Avicenia germinans. Con excepción de Rhizophora mangle en todas las especies se encontró una mayor riqueza de hormigas en el periodo lluvioso de 2007. La abundancia de las especies medida como número de individuos en general fue mayor en el periodo lluvioso de 2008, especialmente en Avicennia germinans y menor durante el 2007, particularmente en Laguncularia racemosa. Tanto la riqueza como la abundancia de la mimercofauna fueron significativamente diferentes entre los periodos lluviosos y entre las especies de mangle.

The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) Generate Different Environmental goods and services, for instance, carbon sink, habitat for flora and fauna, stocks of foods and raw materials, etc. This paper presents an attempt to value in monetary terms the service of carbon storage, with the aim to establish inputs for the decisions process of used. This paper presents an Attempt to Terms Monetary value in the service of carbon storage, with the AIM to ESTABLISH Decisions inputs for the process of used. The previous thing was done with base in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in measurements realized in four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras y Luna) by INVEMAR (2008). The previous thing WAS done with basis in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in Measurements made on-four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras and Moon) by INVEMAR (2008). For such aim, the estimates of total aerial biomass, the existence of carbon and the CO 2 e (equivalent carbon dioxide) were accounted by species and zone in the CGSM. For Such aim, the Estimates of total aerial biomass, the carbon and the Existence of CO 2 e (carbon dioxide equivalent) Were account by species and zone in the CGSM. The results showed that in relative terms the forests of mangrove of the CGSM could store between 6.9 at Luna and 45.7 in Rinconada of t C has- 1 . That results in the relative Eichmann Terms of the mangrove forests of the CGSM Could store at Luna entre 6.9 and 45.7 t C in Rinconada of you-1. The monetary valuation is between US$ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, according to the prices paid by non permanent forestry CERs paid by the World Bank. The Monetary Valuation is entre U.S. $ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, According To the Price Paid by Paid non permanent forestry CERs by the World Bank. The monetary valuation contributes to extend the importance of starting a process that allows to incorporate thes, La Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) genera diferentes bienes y servicios ambientales, por ejemplo, sumidero de carbono, hábitat de flora y fauna, despensa de alimentos y materias primas, entre otros. Se presenta una aproximación a la cuantificación monetaria del servicio de almacenamiento de carbono, con el fin de establecer información base para las decisiones de su uso. Lo anterior se hizo con base en muestreo de campo de 15 árboles de manglar y en mediciones realizadas en cuatro estaciones de monitoreo de la CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras y Luna) por INVEMAR (2008). Para tal fin, se estimó la biomasa aérea total, las existencias de carbono y de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) discriminada por especie y zona. Los resultados indican que en términos relativos el bosque de manglar de la CGSM puede almacenar entre 6,9 (la Luna) y 45,7 (Rinconada) t C ha-1. La valoración monetaria se encuentran entre US$ 87,76 y 591,41 t CO2e ha-1, según los precios pagados por el Banco Mundial, correspondiente a los Certificados de Emisiones Reducidas (CERs) forestales no permanentes. El valor monetario amplia la importancia de iniciar un proceso que permita incorporar estos beneficios económicos a los actuales mecanismos de mercado y contribuyan a los esfuerzos locales de conservación.

The Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) Generate Different Environmental goods and services, for instance, carbon sink, habitat for flora and fauna, stocks of foods and raw materials, etc. This paper presents an attempt to value in monetary terms the service of carbon storage, with the aim to establish inputs for the decisions process of used. This paper presents an Attempt to Terms Monetary value in the service of carbon storage, with the AIM to ESTABLISH Decisions inputs for the process of used. The previous thing was done with base in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in measurements realized in four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras y Luna) by INVEMAR (2008). The previous thing WAS done with basis in field sampling of 15 trees of mangrove and in Measurements made on-four stations of monitoring of the CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras and Moon) by INVEMAR (2008). For such aim, the estimates of total aerial biomass, the existence of carbon and the CO 2 e (equivalent carbon dioxide) were accounted by species and zone in the CGSM. For Such aim, the Estimates of total aerial biomass, the carbon and the Existence of CO 2 e (carbon dioxide equivalent) Were account by species and zone in the CGSM. The results showed that in relative terms the forests of mangrove of the CGSM could store between 6.9 at Luna and 45.7 in Rinconada of t C has- 1 . That results in the relative Eichmann Terms of the mangrove forests of the CGSM Could store at Luna entre 6.9 and 45.7 t C in Rinconada of you-1. The monetary valuation is between US$ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, according to the prices paid by non permanent forestry CERs paid by the World Bank. The Monetary Valuation is entre U.S. $ 591.41 and 87.76 of t CO 2 e ha-1, According To the Price Paid by Paid non permanent forestry CERs by the World Bank. The monetary valuation contributes to extend the importance of starting a process that allows to incorporate thes, La Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) genera diferentes bienes y servicios ambientales, por ejemplo, sumidero de carbono, hábitat de flora y fauna, despensa de alimentos y materias primas, entre otros. Se presenta una aproximación a la cuantificación monetaria del servicio de almacenamiento de carbono, con el fin de establecer información base para las decisiones de su uso. Lo anterior se hizo con base en muestreo de campo de 15 árboles de manglar y en mediciones realizadas en cuatro estaciones de monitoreo de la CGSM (Caño Grande, Rinconada, Aguas Negras y Luna) por INVEMAR (2008). Para tal fin, se estimó la biomasa aérea total, las existencias de carbono y de dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2e) discriminada por especie y zona. Los resultados indican que en términos relativos el bosque de manglar de la CGSM puede almacenar entre 6,9 (la Luna) y 45,7 (Rinconada) t C ha-1. La valoración monetaria se encuentran entre US$ 87,76 y 591,41 t CO2e ha-1, según los precios pagados por el Banco Mundial, correspondiente a los Certificados de Emisiones Reducidas (CERs) forestales no permanentes. El valor monetario amplia la importancia de iniciar un proceso que permita incorporar estos beneficios económicos a los actuales mecanismos de mercado y contribuyan a los esfuerzos locales de conservación.

This thesis unveils the potential and utilization of similarity measure for forest change detection. A new simple similarity approach based on local mutual information is used to detect any significant changes in the image of forest areas. Point similarity measure is defined as a measure which is used to calculate the similarity of individual pixels. The basic idea of the proposed method is that any change pixel will be maximally dissimilar, i.e. the value of similarity of these pixels will be low. The method has been tested to detect and identify changes caused by plant growth and plant loss in four sub-areas of Matang Mangrove Forest, Perak. Image of SPOT 5 satellite taken from band 1, band 2,band 3, and band 4 with the resolution of 10meter dated on 5 August 2005 and 13 June 2007 has been used to test the method. It is then compared with the results of Principal Component Analysis 1 (PCA 1). The plant loss areas has been successfully identified as any pixel with the value of local mutual information less than and equals to zero. The method has been refined to accurately detect changes caused by the growth areas by thresholding the histogram of the average percentage of difference between joint probability and marginal probability. Results from the experiment showed that a threshold value of zero is the best threshold value to identify between changed and unchanged areas in all cases of the images. In overall, band 3 gives the best results of forest change detection compared to the other bands in all cases. Compared to the image differencing and normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI), the proposed method not only can solve the problem on selecting the threshold value but also provides the highest percentage of successful classification at the fourth, second and first study area with the value of 95.07%, 89.47% and 87.66% respectively. From the results, it has been concluded that local mutual information is not only can be effectively used for change detect

This thesis unveils the potential and utilization of similarity measure for forest change detection. A new simple similarity approach based on local mutual information is used to detect any significant changes in the image of forest areas. Point similarity measure is defined as a measure which is used to calculate the similarity of individual pixels. The basic idea of the proposed method is that any change pixel will be maximally dissimilar, i.e. the value of similarity of these pixels will be low. The method has been tested to detect and identify changes caused by plant growth and plant loss in four sub-areas of Matang Mangrove Forest, Perak. Image of SPOT 5 satellite taken from band 1, band 2,band 3, and band 4 with the resolution of 10meter dated on 5 August 2005 and 13 June 2007 has been used to test the method. It is then compared with the results of Principal Component Analysis 1 (PCA 1). The plant loss areas has been successfully identified as any pixel with the value of local mutual information less than and equals to zero. The method has been refined to accurately detect changes caused by the growth areas by thresholding the histogram of the average percentage of difference between joint probability and marginal probability. Results from the experiment showed that a threshold value of zero is the best threshold value to identify between changed and unchanged areas in all cases of the images. In overall, band 3 gives the best results of forest change detection compared to the other bands in all cases. Compared to the image differencing and normalized differenced vegetation index (NDVI), the proposed method not only can solve the problem on selecting the threshold value but also provides the highest percentage of successful classification at the fourth, second and first study area with the value of 95.07%, 89.47% and 87.66% respectively. From the results, it has been concluded that local mutual information is not only can be effectively used for change detect

Local participation, especially in managing systems of socio- natural resources, has been promoted as the answer to the puzzle about sustainable development. Community-Based Nature Resource Management (CBNRM) is an approach that has generally praised as the way to support genuine participation of ‘local people’ and empower them through the process. This paper examines how local participation in conservation projects works in practice. To do this literature around the rise of people-centred conservation models and participation are reviewed. This information is then used to consider a CBNRM case study in Pete, Zanzibar to reveal actions that promote or constrain local participation. The conclusions of this paper suggest that without a secure means of delegated power or the ability to influence meaningful decisions it is unlikely that a community will mobilize itself for the sake of common resources. In Pete, the conditions around the establishment and operation of the CBNRM have not facilitated effective local participation, which has resulted in widespread frustration and uncertainty amongst the community., past with distinction