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Purpose: Fungal keratitis (FK) is a serious ophthalmic disease with a potentially devastating outcome that seems to be increasing in recent years. The use of contact lenses (CLs) was evaluated as a risk factor for FK to determine possible differences in course and outcome. Methods: Data from 173 cases reported in the German FK registry until August 2019 were evaluated regarding CL behavior, other ophthalmological and general risk factors, age, sex, identified pathogens, conservative and surgical therapy, visual acuity, and findings at admission and follow-up. Results: One hundred seventy-four eyes from 173 patients between 2000 and 2019 were included [64.4% women, median age 54 (39; 72) years]; 49.7% wore CL, of which 81.3% were soft CL, and 50.3% had no history of contact lens use (NCL). CL users were significantly more often women and otherwise healthy (CL: 80.2% vs. NCL: 48.9%; P < 0.0001). The spectrum of pathogens among CL users showed a significantly higher proportion of infections with filamentous pathogens, in particular Fusarium sp. (total filament: CL 69.8% vs. NCL 27.3%; P = 0.0001; Fusarium sp.: CL 50.0% vs. NCL 14.8%; P < 0.0001). Overall, 54.6% required keratoplasty and 8.6% enucleation. Conclusions: CLS are the most important risk factor for FK in Germany. With CLs, typically, the infection is caused by molds, and patients are comparably younger and otherwise healthy. Often, extensive surgery is needed. To evaluate changes in the pathogen and resistance spectrum and to further monitor possible CL-related risk factors, a consistent collection of data remains paramount.

Bayaraa Baljin,1 Ulziijargal Gurjav,1 Khosbayar Tulgaa,2 Ganbaatar Baldan,1 Batbaatar Gunchin,3 Tsogtsaikhan Sandag,3 Klaus Pfeffer,4 Andreas F Wendel,5 Colin R MacKenzie4 1Department of Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; 2Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; 3Department of Immunology, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; 4Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany; 5Institute of Hygiene, Cologne Merheim Medical Centre, University Hospital of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, GermanyCorrespondence: Bayaraa BaljinDepartment of Microbiology, Infection Prevention and Control, School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, MongoliaEmail bayaraa@mnums.edu.mnObjective: The aim of the study was to compare the rate of gram-negative multi-drug resistant organism (GN-MDRO) colonization at admission and during hospitalization and to describe the strains and antibiotic resistance genes acquired during hospitalization.Methods: Rectal swabs were collected from patients hospitalized at the National Trauma Center (NTC), Mongolia, at the time of admission and after 14 days of hospitalization as has been detailed on our previous study. GN-MDRO antibiotic resistance was determined using EUCAST standards, and resistance genes were detected using multiplex PCR.Results: A total of 158 patients were screened, and baseline colonization rate at admission was 29.1% (46/158). The rate went up to 69.9% (110/158) after 14 days of hospitalization (p< 0.001). Of all participants, 74 patients (46.8%) screened GN-MDRO negative at admission acquired colonization by day 14. Other 36 patients (22.8%) maint

Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with large epidemics previously described to occur every 4 to 7 years. Aim: To better understand the diagnostic methods used to detect M. pneumoniae; to better understand M. pneumoniae testing and surveillance in use; to identify epidemics; to determine detection number per age group, age demographics for positive detections, concurrence of epidemics and annual peaks across geographical areas; and to determine the effect of geographical location on the timing of epidemics. Methods: A questionnaire was sent in May 2016 to Mycoplasma experts with national or regional responsibility within the ESCMID Study Group for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia Infections in 17 countries across Europe and Israel, retrospectively requesting details on M. pneumoniae-positive samples from January 2011 to April 2016. The Moving Epidemic Method was used to determine epidemic periods and effect of country latitude across the countries for the five periods under investigation. Results: Representatives from 12 countries provided data on M. pneumoniae infections, accounting for 95,666 positive samples. Two laboratories initiated routine macrolide resistance testing since 2013. Between 2011 and 2016, three epidemics were identified: 2011/12, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The distribution of patient ages for M. pneumoniae-positive samples showed three patterns. During epidemic years, an association between country latitude and calendar week when epidemic periods began was noted. Conclusions: An association between epidemics and latitude was observed. Differences were noted in the age distribution of positive cases and detection methods used and practice. A lack of macrolide resistance monitoring was noted.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) disease is a generally well-known problem among immunocompromised adults and children. In pediatric oncology, only few cases of M. tuberculosis disease are reported so far. Case presentation: We report a case of concomitant lymphnode tuberculosis in a 4-year-old German boy with relapsed ganglioneuroblastoma. 18 months after the initial diagnosis, relapse with new paravertebral lesions and new lesions in the left lower lobe of the lung and in the perihilar lymphnodes suspicious of metastases of the ganglioneuroblastoma were detected. While relapse in the tumor was confirmed, unexpectedly, pathologic examination revealed morphological diagnosis of lymphnode tuberculosis. The boy was of German background without previous history of tuberculosis exposure. Both, antituberculostatic and relapse treatment were immediately initiated. Three months on, MRI revealed regressive findings in the lung and lymphnodes and partial response in the tumor. The patient underwent second MiBG therapy and haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Conclusion: The diagnosis of lymphnode tuberculosis in a 4-year-old German boy with relapsed ganglioneuroblastoma was only made by chance, but most likely saved his life. Pediatric oncologist should be aware of tuberculosis as the incidence might increase over time and the timely diagnosis of a potentially preventable M. tuberculosis disease is irreplaceable. Further studies are needed to explore the incidence of M. tuberculosis infections and the value of IGRA, testing for latent tuberculosis infection prior to chemotherapy in children with underlying malignancies.

Fusarium keratitis is a destructive eye infection that is difficult to treat and results in poor outcome. In tropical and subtropical areas, the infection is relatively common and associated with trauma or chronic eye diseases. However, in recent years, an increased incidence has been reported in temperate climate regions. At the German National Reference Center, we have observed a steady increase in case numbers since 2014. Here, we present the first German case series of eye infections with Fusarium species. We identified Fusarium isolates from the eye or eye-related material from 22 patients in 2014 and 2015. Thirteen isolates belonged to the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), 6 isolates belonged to the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC), and three isolates belonged to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). FSSC was isolated in 13 of 15 (85%) definite infections and FOSC in 3 of 4 (75%) definite contaminations. Furthermore, diagnosis from contact lens swabs or a culture of contact lens solution turned out to be highly unreliable. FSSC isolates differed from FOSC and FFSC by a distinctly higher MIC for terbinafine. Outcome was often adverse, with 10 patients requiring keratoplasty or enucleation. The use of natamycin as the most effective agent against keratitis caused by filamentous fungi was rare in Germany, possibly due to restricted availability. Keratitis caused by Fusarium spp. (usually FSSC) appears to be a relevant clinical problem in Germany, with the use of contact lenses as the predominant risk factor. Its outcome is often adverse.

The increasing number of potent treatments for multiple sclerosis warrants screening for infections. To investigate the prevalence of infections in two independent German patient cohorts with multiple sclerosis/neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), we performed a retrospective chart review study of multiple sclerosis/NMOSD patients who underwent testing for infections between 2014 and 2016. We show that 6 out of 80 tested patients (Dusseldorf cohort) and 2 out of 97 tested patients (Munster cohort) had a latent tuberculosis infection; total 3.95%, 95% CI: 2-8%. Our findings suggest that latent tuberculosis infection is frequent (>1%). Screening should be performed before embarking on immunomodulatory therapies to allow treatment and mitigation of the risk of a reactivation.

OBJECTIVE Ingestion of probiotics can modify gut microbiota and alter insulin resistance and diabetes development in rodents. We hypothesized that daily intake of Lactobacillus reuteri increases insulin sensitivity by changing cytokine release and insulin secretion via modulation of the release of glucagon-like peptides (GLP)-1 and -2. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial was performed in 21 glucose tolerant humans (11 lean: age 49 ± 7 years, BMI 23.6 ± 1.7 kg/m2; 10 obese: age 51 ± 7 years, BMI 35.5 ± 4.9 kg/m2). Participants ingested 1010 b.i.d. L. reuteri or placebo over 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance and isoglycemic glucose infusion tests were used to assess incretin effect and GLP-1 and GLP-2 secretion, and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with [6,6-2H2]glucose were used to measure peripheral insulin sensitivity and endogenous glucose production. Muscle and hepatic lipid contents were assessed by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and immune status, cytokines, and endotoxin were measured with specific assays. RESULTS In glucose tolerant volunteers, daily administration of L. reuteri increased glucose-stimulated GLP-1 and GLP-2 release by 76% (P < 0.01) and 43% (P < 0.01), respectively, compared with placebo, along with 49% higher insulin (P < 0.05) and 55% higher C-peptide secretion (P < 0.05). However, the intervention did not alter peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity, body mass, ectopic fat content, or circulating cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Enrichment of gut microbiota with L. reuteri increases insulin secretion, possibly due to augmented incretin release, but does not directly affect insulin sensitivity or body fat distribution. This suggests that oral ingestion of one specific strain may serve as a novel therapeutic approach to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.

OBJECTIVE: Ingestion of probiotics can modify gut microbiota and alter insulin resistance and diabetes development in rodents. We hypothesized that daily intake of Lactobacillus reuteri increases insulin sensitivity by changing cytokine release and insulin secretion via modulation of the release of glucagon-like peptides (GLP)-1 and -2.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A prospective, double-blind, randomized trial was performed in 21 glucose-tolerant humans (11 lean: age 49 ± 7 years, BMI 23.6 ± 1.7 kg/m(2); 10 obese: age 51 ± 7 years, BMI 35.5 ± 4.9 kg/m(2)). Participants ingested 10(10) b.i.d. L. reuteri SD5865 or placebo over 4 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance and isoglycemic glucose infusion tests were used to assess incretin effect and GLP-1 and GLP-2 secretion, and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps with [6,6-(2)H2]glucose were used to measure peripheral insulin sensitivity and endogenous glucose production. Muscle and hepatic lipid contents were assessed by (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and immune status, cytokines, and endotoxin were measured with specific assays.RESULTS: In glucose-tolerant volunteers, daily administration of L. reuteri SD5865 increased glucose-stimulated GLP-1 and GLP-2 release by 76% (P < 0.01) and 43% (P < 0.01), respectively, compared with placebo, along with 49% higher insulin (P < 0.05) and 55% higher C-peptide secretion (P < 0.05). However, the intervention did not alter peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity, body mass, ectopic fat content, or circulating cytokines.CONCLUSIONS: Enrichment of gut microbiota with L. reuteri increases insulin secretion, possibly due to augmented incretin release, but does not directly affect insulin sensitivity or body fat distribution. This suggests that oral ingestion of one specific strain may serve as a novel therapeutic approach to improve glucose-dependent insulin release.

Prediction of blood transfusion needs and mortality for trauma patients in near real time is an unrealized goal. We hypothesized that analysis of pulse oximeter signals could predict blood transfusion and mortality as accurately as conventional vital signs (VSs). Continuous VS data were recorded for direct admission trauma patients with abnormal prehospital shock index (SI = heart rate [HR] / systolic blood pressure) greater than 0.62. Predictions of transfusion during the first 24 hours and in-hospital mortality using logistical regression models were compared with DeLong's method for areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) to determine the optimal combinations of prehospital SI and HR, continuous photoplethysmographic (PPG), oxygen saturation (SpO2), and HR-related features. We enrolled 556 patients; 37 received blood within 24 hours; 7 received more than 4 U of red blood cells in less than 4 hours or massive transfusion (MT); and 9 died. The first 15 minutes of VS signals, including prehospital HR plus continuous PPG, and SpO2 HR signal analysis best predicted transfusion at 1 hour to 3 hours, MT, and mortality (AUROC, 0.83; p 0.03) and no differently (p = 0.32) from a model including blood pressure. Predictions of transfusion based on the first 15 minutes of data were no different using 30 minutes to 60 minutes of data collection. SI plus PPG and SpO2 signal analysis (AUROC, 0.82) predicted 1-hour to 3-hour transfusion, MT, and mortality no differently from pulse oximeter signals alone. Pulse oximeter features collected in the first 15 minutes of our trauma patient resuscitation cohort, without user input, predicted early MT and mortality in the critical first hours of care better than the currently used VS such as combinations of HR and systolic blood pressure or prehospital SI alone., Published in Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, v76 n6 p1379-1385, 2014.

To address the decline in training programs and practice in exposing major vascular structure to control traumatic hemorrhage, the American College of Surgeons introduced a cadaver-based course to review the necessary surgical anatomy, procedure, skills, and techniques for rapid vascular exposure. A retrospective analysis of self-reported confidence in surgical procedures from 600 ASSET course participants showed that there was significant improvement in confidence after taking the ASSET course. An objective metric tool for assessing surgical skill has been developed through audio video recording 10 Expert and 10 Novice surgeons thinking out loud to determine discriminating criteria in surgical skill and technique. An analysis of 80 video clips determined that these criteria significantly discriminated Expert from Novice surgeons, The original document contains color images.

Military/Civilian Medical Mutual Agreements are rarely tested but would be needed for outside Continental US (OCONUS) Mass Casualty (MASCAL) events when military bed capacity was exceeded. This AAIMS project trained Civilian and Military emergency response personnel in NDMS and NIMS for MASCAL during 3 Table top Exercises (TTX) and a Functional Exercise (FX) which: a) Tested implementation of Mutual Aid Agreement between WPAMC NDMS and Maryland EMS for MASCAL reception at BWI airport and access to civilian surge capacity bed in NDMS Hospitals; b) Assessed field deployment of the FDDMTF for MASCAL triage; c) Evaluated military/civilian communications; d) Tested the usefulness of wireless video communications in promoting EOC Situational Awareness. AAIMS was the first Maryland NDMS exercises in more than 20 years. Significant levels of military-civilian collaboration were established and Inter Agency cooperation and planning optimized for activation of NDMS. AAIMS facilitated revisions of the Maryland Emergency Operations Plan to Include the NDMS activation plan across all key emergency response State Agencies. Maryland is now set to become the first state to have the NDMS plan incorporated into their Governor's Emergency Operations Plan. The FX After action Report made task specific recommendations and suggested three working groups to implement these recommendations. A future full scale NDMS exercise is planned centered in Maryland. Task specific recommendations from the AAIMS NDMS FX are shown in Appendix 1., The original document contains color images.

This pilot program is funded by the Army Medical Department (AMEDD) to demonstrate a real-time detection and rapid response system for local area defense using the University of Maryland Baltimore (UMB) Campus as a testbed. Additional goals includes the identification of Rapid Response teams performance and the coordination of the Campus and Baltimore City Emergency Management Plans and Responses in the event of a environmental sensor trigger. Transmission of images from UMB campus video surveillance cameras and from a mobile wireless platform to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Headquarters and University of Regensberg Germany was also achieved. Emergency Operation Center Remote expert review and evaluation of telecommunications were carried out. This demonstration can serve as a model system to test performance of integrated environmental sensors to support Homeland Security threat detection, for protection of a terrorist target that crossed local, City, State and Federal jurisdiction in an urban testbed setting of a major U.S, city., The original document contains color images.

This project was initiated to develop a phenomenology of team leadership and distant leadership in a highly dynamic, potentially extremely stressful domain: trauma patient resuscitation. A series of five studies were conducted to understand team leadership in trauma teams. One of the studies was a field experiment in which the location of the team leader was assigned to a distant location connected to the rest of the team through telecommunication linkages. The studies used a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods. In contrast to previous frameworks of leadership, the current project depicted detailed team leadership processes and structures critical to the success of action teams. These processes include adaptation of team structures in response to task urgency, team experience, and distance; the fluidity of leadership functions performed by various members of a team; and a multitude of leadership functions. The contribution of the project should be mainly in its depiction of the complex and fluid nature of team leadership for teams that are multi-disciplinary, highly learning oriented, and the hypothetical impacts of distance. The project laid out a new foundation for future research of team leadership in collocated as well as distributed teams.

Decisionmaking in real life stressful environments is difficult to investigate yet critical to many military and civil operations. Using trauma patient resuscitation and anesthesia as a research vehicle we studied decision-making under stress in a real environment. We established video data acquisition systems in the admitting areas of a Level-l Shock Trauma Center. A multi-media database was accumulated using the system which contains videotapes of over 100 real cases, the associated medical records and audiotapes of reviews by participant and non-participant subject matter experts. A video analysis methodology was developed that includes a computer-driven video analysis system, a task-based performance measurement instrument, a recall questionnaire, and a scheme for collecting subjective stress ratings. Results of our inquiries include: (1) The decision-making errors were found to have been caused by failure to follow standard operating procedures, poor communication, and faults in the system which hindered performance and promote errors. (2) Subtle clinical cues are critical to making diagnoses (3) Teams used implicit means to coordinate and many team coordination errors could be attributed to the lack of explicit communications (4) Perceived stress followed a unidimensional pattern. With the tools developed in this project, it was shown that it was feasible to collect audio-video data of decision-making and to measure stress in real environments such as trauma patient resuscitation.

We have used a synthetic work environment (SYNWORK) to test performance of anesthesiologist during their workday and worknight. An abstract of this work will be presented at a meeting in February titled Human Performance and Anesthesia Technology and this abstract is attached to this report as Enclosure 1. We will be exploring the abilities of SYNWORK further using a revised version (SYNFAST) which we believe may be able to detect more fine grained degradation in physician performance. We will also be testing the original SYNWORK with known depressors of performance to calibrate the decrements in performance on SYNWORK.

This report concerns the progress made towards establishing a flexible and powerful capability for behavioral analysis of anesthesiologists performance in Shock Trauma. Our activities in the third quarter have continued to emphasize the development and refinement of the video data acquisition and data analysis systems. These activities have extended over more months than originally planned. Rather than procuring the video equipment for recording in all four locations in Shock Trauma at once, we choose to first develop and test one data acquisition system, to be sure that the components chosen would function together as intended. Furthermore, rather than delving into a large- scale task analysis and modeling effort prior to fully developing our video data analysis procedures, as had been originally planned, we decided to develop and evaluate our procedures throughout the envisioned data collection and analysis process with a focus on one decision tree, the Difficult Airway scenario. This strategy has proven to be very beneficial. We have made some refinements in the data acquisition system that have resulted in a more useful system than could have been configured with the equipment originally envisioned, and we have gained some insights into how we should develop the initial MicroSAINT models of performance now that we have thought through a prototype empirical video analysis procedure.

As summarized below, a number of patient treatment scenarios have been video-taped and are undergoing video analysis. In addition, demographic and personality test data are being collected from staff anesthesiologists, and a number of participants are undergoing baseline training (i.e., being trained to asymptote) on the SYNWORK performance assessment test in anticipation of self- administering this computerized test after selected trauma treatment sessions as an objective measure of fatigue. As also summarized below, an extensive data- base environment (using Borland's Paradox Data-Base Management Software) has been implemented for importing or entering, maintaining, and relating the various types of data being collected. The video analysis protocol is organized by treatment sessions (i.e., cases). A treatment session, of course, pertains to a particular patient, but there may be more than one session analysed for a given patient, for example, when separate recordings are made in the Admitting Area and in the Operating Room for a given patient.

We will acquire data at each location using a 386 PC through two serial ports. We are presently investigating the optimum system for transfer of the digital physiological data to the video image and the appropriate means of time code generation. We are on the brink of ordering a system that will allow video overlay of the physiological data and enable time codes to be determined almost down to single fram speeds. We assigned times to completion of the decision outlined on the Hypertension in the trauma patient decision tree. Times are handwritten in on the decision points. Between the two points marked with 11 and = we ran the MicroSAINT model with the addition of a second anesthesiologist. The model was iterated 1000 times (takes about 8 min) with and without the 2 nd anesthesiologist assisting between the identified portion of the decision tree.

Prototype airway catheters were developed 1) to allow ventilation with a continuous flow of air into the mainstream bronchi (EI) and 2) to oxygenate by flowing O2 into the trachea (TRIO). Minimum flows (Vmin) using EI and TRIO were 0.2-0.3 L/kg/min air and 90 ml/min O2, respectively. Ventilation for up to 4 hours with Vmin EI was carried out in anesthetized dogs and physiological parameters were measured serially during apnea produced by neuromuscular blockade. Vmin EI was repeated after tetrodotoxin (TTX) was infused to produce apnea. Ventilation with Vmin TRIO produced oxygenation for over 2 hours in some animals, and all could be returned to normality by conventional ventilation Vmin TRIO after TTX was less successful, but all animals survived at least 40 min before blood pressure dropped below 40 mmHg. High-flow (2L/min) TRIO successfully resuscitated all TTX-poisoned animals and kept them alive for 4 hours. Generous-flow EI (1 L/kg/min) was equally successful in TTX-poisoned animals. Keywords: Continuous-flow ventilation; Endobronchial insufflation; Eracheal insufflation of O2; Apnea; Tetrodotoxin (TTX); Organophosphorus poisoning; Field ventilation; Resuscitation; Gas supplies; Ventilation; Oxygenation.

This thesis examines the vernacular psychology presented in Old Norse-Icelandic texts. It focuses on the concept 'hugr', generally rendered in English as ‘mind, soul, spirit’, and explores the conceptual relationships between emotion, cognition and the body. It argues that despite broad similarities, Old Norse-Icelandic and Old English vernacular psychology differ more than has previously been acknowledged. Furthermore, it shows that the psychology of Old Norse-Icelandic has less in common with its circumpolar neighbours than proposed by advocates of Old Norse-Icelandic shamanism. The thesis offers a fresh interpretation of Old Norse-Icelandic psychology which does not rely on cross-cultural evidence from other Germanic or circumpolar traditions. In particular, I demonstrate that emotion and cognition were not conceived of ‘hydraulically’ as was the case in Old English, and that 'hugr' was not thought to leave the body either in animal form or as a person’s breath. I show that Old Norse-Icelandic psychology differs from the Old English tradition, and argue that the Old English psychological model is a specific elaboration of the shared psychological inheritance of Germanic whose origins require further study. These differences between the two languages have implications for the study of psychological concepts in Proto-Germanic, as I argue that there are fewer semantic components which can be reliably reconstructed for the common ancestor of the North and West Germanic languages. As a whole, the thesis applies insights from cross-cultural linguistics and psychology in order to show how Old Norse-Icelandic psychological concepts differ not only from contemporary Germanic and circumpolar traditions but also from the Present Day English concepts used to describe them. The thesis comprises four chapters and conclusion. Chapter 1 introduces the field of study and presents the methodologies and sources used. It introduces the range of cross-cultural variety in psychologica

This thesis examines the vernacular psychology presented in Old Norse-Icelandic texts. It focuses on the concept 'hugr', generally rendered in English as ‘mind, soul, spirit’, and explores the conceptual relationships between emotion, cognition and the body. It argues that despite broad similarities, Old Norse-Icelandic and Old English vernacular psychology differ more than has previously been acknowledged. Furthermore, it shows that the psychology of Old Norse-Icelandic has less in common with its circumpolar neighbours than proposed by advocates of Old Norse-Icelandic shamanism. The thesis offers a fresh interpretation of Old Norse-Icelandic psychology which does not rely on cross-cultural evidence from other Germanic or circumpolar traditions. In particular, I demonstrate that emotion and cognition were not conceived of ‘hydraulically’ as was the case in Old English, and that 'hugr' was not thought to leave the body either in animal form or as a person’s breath. I show that Old Norse-Icelandic psychology differs from the Old English tradition, and argue that the Old English psychological model is a specific elaboration of the shared psychological inheritance of Germanic whose origins require further study. These differences between the two languages have implications for the study of psychological concepts in Proto-Germanic, as I argue that there are fewer semantic components which can be reliably reconstructed for the common ancestor of the North and West Germanic languages. As a whole, the thesis applies insights from cross-cultural linguistics and psychology in order to show how Old Norse-Icelandic psychological concepts differ not only from contemporary Germanic and circumpolar traditions but also from the Present Day English concepts used to describe them. The thesis comprises four chapters and conclusion. Chapter 1 introduces the field of study and presents the methodologies and sources used. It introduces the range of cross-cultural variety in psychologica

No abstract available.

This thesis examines the vernacular psychology presented in Old Norse-Icelandic texts. It focuses on the concept 'hugr', generally rendered in English as ‘mind, soul, spirit’, and explores the conceptual relationships between emotion, cognition and the body. It argues that despite broad similarities, Old Norse-Icelandic and Old English vernacular psychology differ more than has previously been acknowledged. Furthermore, it shows that the psychology of Old Norse-Icelandic has less in common with its circumpolar neighbours than proposed by advocates of Old Norse-Icelandic shamanism. The thesis offers a fresh interpretation of Old Norse-Icelandic psychology which does not rely on cross-cultural evidence from other Germanic or circumpolar traditions. In particular, I demonstrate that emotion and cognition were not conceived of ‘hydraulically’ as was the case in Old English, and that 'hugr' was not thought to leave the body either in animal form or as a person’s breath. I show that Old Norse-Icelandic psychology differs from the Old English tradition, and argue that the Old English psychological model is a specific elaboration of the shared psychological inheritance of Germanic whose origins require further study. These differences between the two languages have implications for the study of psychological concepts in Proto-Germanic, as I argue that there are fewer semantic components which can be reliably reconstructed for the common ancestor of the North and West Germanic languages. As a whole, the thesis applies insights from cross-cultural linguistics and psychology in order to show how Old Norse-Icelandic psychological concepts differ not only from contemporary Germanic and circumpolar traditions but also from the Present Day English concepts used to describe them. The thesis comprises four chapters and conclusion. Chapter 1 introduces the field of study and presents the methodologies and sources used. It introduces the range of cross-cultural variety in psychologica

No abstract available.