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Low-mode asymmetries prevent effective compression, confinement, and heating of the fuel in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions, and their control is essential to achieving ignition. Ion temperatures (T[subscript ion]) in ICF experiments are inferred from the broadening of primary neutron spectra. Directional motion (flow) of the fuel at burn also impacts broadening and will lead to artificially inflated “T[subscript ion]” values. Flow due to low-mode asymmetries is expected to give rise to line-of-sight variations in measured T[subscript ion]. We report on intentionally asymmetrically driven experiments at the OMEGA laser facility designed to test the ability to accurately predict and measure line-of-sight differences in apparent T[subscript ion] due to low-mode asymmetry-seeded flows. Contrasted to chimera and xrage simulations, the measurements demonstrate how all asymmetry seeds have to be considered to fully capture the flow field in an implosion. In particular, flow induced by the stalk that holds the target is found to interfere with the seeded asymmetry. A substantial stalk-seeded asymmetry in the areal density of the implosion is also observed., United States. Department of Energy (Award DE-NA0002949)

The significance and nature of ion kinetic effects in D[subscript 3]He-filled, shock-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions are assessed through measurements of fusion burn profiles. Over this series of experiments, the ratio of ion-ion mean free path to minimum shell radius (the Knudsen number, N[subscript K]) was varied from 0.3 to 9 in order to probe hydrodynamic-like to strongly kinetic plasma conditions; as the Knudsen number increased, hydrodynamic models increasingly failed to match measured yields, while an empirically-tuned, first-step model of ion kinetic effects better captured the observed yield trends [Rosenberg et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 185001 (2014)]. Here, spatially resolved measurements of the fusion burn are used to examine kinetic ion transport effects in greater detail, adding an additional dimension of understanding that goes beyond zero-dimensional integrated quantities to one-dimensional profiles. In agreement with the previous findings, a comparison of measured and simulated burn profiles shows that models including ion transport effects are able to better match the experimental results. In implosions characterized by large Knudsen numbers (N[subscript K] ∼ 3), the fusion burn profiles predicted by hydrodynamics simulations that exclude ion mean free path effects are peaked far from the origin, in stark disagreement with the experimentally observed profiles, which are centrally peaked. In contrast, a hydrodynamics simulation that includes a model of ion diffusion is able to qualitatively match the measured profile shapes. Therefore, ion diffusion or diffusion-like processes are identified as a plausible explanation of the observed trends, though further refinement of the models is needed for a more complete and quantitative understanding of ion kinetic effects., United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-NA0001857), United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FC52-08NA28752)

It is shown that direct-drive implosions on the OMEGA laser have achieved core conditions that would lead to significant alpha heating at incident energies available on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) scale. The extrapolation of the experimental results from OMEGA to NIF energy assumes only that the implosion hydrodynamic efficiency is unchanged at higher energies. This approach is independent of the uncertainties in the physical mechanism that degrade implosions on OMEGA, and relies solely on a volumetric scaling of the experimentally observed core conditions. It is estimated that the current best-performing OMEGA implosion [Regan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 025001 (2016)10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.025001] extrapolated to a 1.9 MJ laser driver with the same illumination configuration and laser-target coupling would produce 125 kJ of fusion energy with similar levels of alpha heating observed in current highest performing indirect-drive NIF implosions., United States. Department of Energy (DE-FC02-04ER54789), United States. National Nuclear Security Administration (DE-NA0001944)

A record fuel hot-spot pressure P[subscript hs] = 56±7 Gbar was inferred from x-ray and nuclear diagnostics for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion cryogenic, layered deuterium–tritium implosions on the 60-beam, 30-kJ, 351-nm OMEGA Laser System. When hydrodynamically scaled to the energy of the National Ignition Facility, these implosions achieved a Lawson parameter ∼60% of the value required for ignition [A. Bose et al., Phys. Rev. E 93, LM15119ER (2016)], similar to indirect-drive implosions [R. Betti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 255003 (2015)], and nearly half of the direct-drive ignition-threshold pressure. Relative to symmetric, one-dimensional simulations, the inferred hot-spot pressure is approximately 40% lower. Three-dimensional simulations suggest that low-mode distortion of the hot spot seeded by laser-drive nonuniformity and target-positioning error reduces target performance., United States. Department of Energy (DE-NA0001944)

Three orthogonal proton emission imaging cameras were used to study the 3D effects of low-mode drive asymmetries and target asymmetries on nuclear burn symmetry and yield in direct-drive, inertial-confinement-fusion experiments. The fusion yield decreased quickly as the burn region became asymmetric due to either drive or capsule asymmetry. Measurements and analytic scaling are used to predict how intentionally asymmetric capsule shells could improve performance by compensating for drive asymmetry when it cannot be avoided (such as with indirect drive or with polar direct drive)., United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-NA0002726), United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-NA0002949)

著者人数：22名, Accepted: 1982-09-17

著者人数: 22名, Note: Submitted to the Astrophysical Journal Letters

Clear evidence of the transition from hydrodynamiclike to strongly kinetic shock-driven implosions is, for the first time, revealed and quantitatively assessed. Implosions with a range of initial equimolar D[superscript 3]He gas densities show that as the density is decreased, hydrodynamic simulations strongly diverge from and increasingly overpredict the observed nuclear yields, from a factor of ∼2 at 3.1 mg/cm[superscript 3] to a factor of 100 at 0.14 mg/cm[superscript 3]. (The corresponding Knudsen number, the ratio of ion mean-free path to minimum shell radius, varied from 0.3 to 9; similarly, the ratio of fusion burn duration to ion diffusion time, another figure of merit of kinetic effects, varied from 0.3 to 14.) This result is shown to be unrelated to the effects of hydrodynamic mix. As a first step to garner insight into this transition, a reduced ion kinetic (RIK) model that includes gradient-diffusion and loss-term approximations to several transport processes was implemented within the framework of a one-dimensional radiation-transport code. After empirical calibration, the RIK simulations reproduce the observed yield trends, largely as a result of ion diffusion and the depletion of the reacting tail ions., United States. Dept. of Energy (Grant DE-NA0001857), United States. Dept. of Energy (Grant DE-FC52-08NA28752), University of Rochester. Fusion Science Center (5-24431), National Laser User’s Facility (DE-NA0002035), University of Rochester. Laboratory for Laser Energetics (415935-G), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (B597367)

Enhancement of the ion temperature and fusion yield has been observed in magnetized laser-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions on the OMEGA Laser Facility. A spherical CH target with a 10 atm D[subscript 2] gas fill was imploded in a polar-drive configuration. A magnetic field of 80 kG was embedded in the target and was subsequently trapped and compressed by the imploding conductive plasma. As a result of the hot-spot magnetization, the electron radial heat losses were suppressed and the observed ion temperature and neutron yield were enhanced by 15% and 30%, respectively., United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC02-04ER54789), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC03-92SF19460)

Enhancement of the ion temperature and fusion yield has been observed in magnetized laser-driven inertial confinement fusion implosions on the OMEGA Laser Facility. A spherical CH target with a 10 atm D[subscript 2] gas fill was imploded in a polar-drive configuration. A magnetic field of 80 kG was embedded in the target and was subsequently trapped and compressed by the imploding conductive plasma. As a result of the hot-spot magnetization, the electron radial heat losses were suppressed and the observed ion temperature and neutron yield were enhanced by 15% and 30%, respectively., United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC02-04ER54789), United States. Dept. of Energy (Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC03-92SF19460)

The performance of triple-picket deuterium-tritium cryogenic target designs on the OMEGA Laser System [T.R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)] is reported. These designs facilitate control of shock heating in low-adiabat inertial confinement fusion targets. Areal densities up to 300 mg=cm[superscript 2] (the highest ever measured in cryogenic deuterium-tritium implosions) are inferred in the experiments with an implosion velocity ~3×10[superscript 7] cm=s driven at peak laser intensities of 8×10[superscript 14] W=cm[superscript 2]. Extension of these designs to ignition on the National Ignition Facility [J. A. Paisner et al., Laser FocusWorld 30, 75 (1994)] is presented., United States. Office of Inertial Confinement Fusion (Cooperative Agreement No. DE-FC52-08NA28302), University of Rochester, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

The satellites of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) are flown operationally to provide data for the specification of terrestrial weather and the near earth space environment. In support of space environment specification the satellites starting the F6, carry an improved set of electrostatic analyzers SSJ/4, designed to measure the flux of precipitating electrons and ions with energies between 30 eV and 30 keV. The data from these analyses are routinely processed at AFCL and are available to the scientific community. Both by itself, and in combination with other sensors on the satellite, the SSJ/4 detectors provide important data for the study of auroral processes. This report was prepared to facilitate the widespread use of the SSJ/4 data.

Proceedings of a SQUID Workshop held at the Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, 10-11 Jun 71.