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3. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Agwanda, B, Al Kubrusli, R, Alkhovsky, S, Amarasinghe, G, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ayllon, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Basler, C, Bavari, S, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bennett, A, Bente, D, Bergeron, E, Bird, B, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Blystad, D, Bojko, J, Borth, W, Bradfute, S, Breyta, R, Briese, T, Brown, P, Brown, J, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Buttner, C, Calisher, C, Cao, M, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Cheng, Q, Chiaki, Y, Chiapello, M, Choi, I, Ciuffo, M, Clegg, J, Crozier, I, Dal Bo, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Swart, R, Debat, H, Dheilly, N, Di Cicco, E, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Dolnik, O, Drebot, M, Drexler, J, Dundon, W, Duprex, W, Durrwald, R, Dye, J, Easton, A, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Ferguson, H, Fooks, A, Forgia, M, Formenty, P, Franova, J, Freitas-Astua, J, Fu, J, Furl, S, Gago-Zachert, S, Gao, G, Garcia, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Gaskin, T, Gonzalez, J, Griffiths, A, Goldberg, T, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Hall, R, Hammond, J, Han, T, Hepojoki, J, Hewson, R, Hong, J, Hong, N, Hongo, S, Horie, M, Hu, J, Hu, T, Hughes, H, Huttner, F, Hyndman, T, Ilyas, M, Jalkanen, R, Jiang, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Kaukinen, K, Kawate, M, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kobinger, G, Koloniuk, I, Kondo, H, Koonin, E, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kurath, G, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lee, B, Lefkowitz, E, Leroy, E, Li, S, Li, L, Li, J, Liu, H, Lukashevich, I, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Massart, S, Mccauley, J, Melzer, M, Mielke-Ehret, N, Miller, K, Ming, T, Mirazimi, A, Mordecai, G, Muhlbach, H, Muhlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Nunes, M, Olmedo-Velarde, A, Palacios, G, Pallas, V, Palyi, B, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Park, A, Parrish, C, Patterson, D, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Payne, S, Peracchio, C, Perez, D, Postler, T, Qi, L, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Rima, B, Luna, G, Romanowski, V, Rota, P, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Runstadler, J, Sabanadzovic, S, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sang, R, Sasaya, T, Schulze, A, Schwemmle, M, Shi, M, Shi, X, Shi, Z, Shimomoto, Y, Shirako, Y, Siddell, S, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Smagghe, G, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Stone, D, Sugano, J, Suttle, C, Tabata, A, Takada, A, Takeuchi, S, Tchouassi, D, Teffer, A, Tesh, R, Thornburg, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Torto, B, Towner, J, Tsuda, S, Tu, C, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Uchida, J, Usugi, T, Vaira, A, Vallino, M, van den Hoogen, B, Varsani, A, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Wang, L, Wang, G, Wang, Y, Waqas, M, Wei, T, Wen, S, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Wu, J, Xu, L, Yanagisawa, H, Yang, C, Yang, Z, Zerbini, F, Zhai, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhou, X, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Agwanda BR, Al Kubrusli R, Alkhovsky SV, Amarasinghe GK, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ayllon MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Basler CF, Bavari S, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bennett AJ, Bente DA, Bergeron E, Bird BH, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blystad DR, Bojko J, Borth WB, Bradfute S, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Brown JK, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Buttner C, Calisher CH, Cao MJ, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Cheng Q, Chiaki Y, Chiapello M, Choi I, Ciuffo M, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, Dal Bo E, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Cicco E, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Durrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Ferguson HW, Fooks AR, Forgia M, Formenty PBH, Franova J, Freitas-Astua J, Fu JJ, Furl S, Gago-Zachert S, Gao GF, Garcia ML, Garcia-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Goldberg TL, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Hall RA, Hammond J, Han T, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hong J, Hong N, Hongo S, Horie M, Hu JS, Hu T, Hughes HR, Huttner F, Hyndman TH, Ilyas M, Jalkanen R, Jiang DH, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Kaukinen KH, Kawate M, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kobinger G, Koloniuk I, Kondo H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee B, Lefkowitz EJ, Leroy EM, Li SR, Li LH, Li JR, Liu HZ, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Melzer M, Mielke-Ehret N, Miller KM, Ming TJ, Mirazimi A, Mordecai GJ, Muhlbach HP, Muhlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Olmedo-Velarde A, Palacios G, Pallas V, Palyi B, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Park AC, Parrish CR, Patterson DA, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Payne S, Peracchio C, Perez DR, Postler TS, Qi LY, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Luna GR, Romanowski V, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sang RS, Sasaya T, Schulze AD, Schwemmle M, Shi M, Shi XH, Shi ZL, Shimomoto Y, Shirako Y, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Smagghe G, Smither S, Song JW, Spann K, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Sugano J, Suttle CA, Tabata A, Takada A, Takeuchi S, Tchouassi DP, Teffer A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Torto B, Towner JS, Tsuda S, Tu CC, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Uchida J, Usugi T, Vaira AM, Vallino M, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang LF, Wang GP, Wang YX, Wang YQ, Waqas M, Wei TY, Wen SH, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu JX, Xu L, Yanagisawa H, Yang CX, Yang ZK, Zerbini FM, Zhai L, Zhang YZ, Zhang S, Zhang JG, Zhang Z, Zhou XP, Kuhn, J, Adkins, S, Agwanda, B, Al Kubrusli, R, Alkhovsky, S, Amarasinghe, G, Avsic-Zupanc, T, Ayllon, M, Bahl, J, Balkema-Buschmann, A, Ballinger, M, Basler, C, Bavari, S, Beer, M, Bejerman, N, Bennett, A, Bente, D, Bergeron, E, Bird, B, Blair, C, Blasdell, K, Blystad, D, Bojko, J, Borth, W, Bradfute, S, Breyta, R, Briese, T, Brown, P, Brown, J, Buchholz, U, Buchmeier, M, Bukreyev, A, Burt, F, Buttner, C, Calisher, C, Cao, M, Casas, I, Chandran, K, Charrel, R, Cheng, Q, Chiaki, Y, Chiapello, M, Choi, I, Ciuffo, M, Clegg, J, Crozier, I, Dal Bo, E, de la Torre, J, de Lamballerie, X, de Swart, R, Debat, H, Dheilly, N, Di Cicco, E, Di Paola, N, Di Serio, F, Dietzgen, R, Digiaro, M, Dolnik, O, Drebot, M, Drexler, J, Dundon, W, Duprex, W, Durrwald, R, Dye, J, Easton, A, Ebihara, H, Elbeaino, T, Ergunay, K, Ferguson, H, Fooks, A, Forgia, M, Formenty, P, Franova, J, Freitas-Astua, J, Fu, J, Furl, S, Gago-Zachert, S, Gao, G, Garcia, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Garrison, A, Gaskin, T, Gonzalez, J, Griffiths, A, Goldberg, T, Groschup, M, Gunther, S, Hall, R, Hammond, J, Han, T, Hepojoki, J, Hewson, R, Hong, J, Hong, N, Hongo, S, Horie, M, Hu, J, Hu, T, Hughes, H, Huttner, F, Hyndman, T, Ilyas, M, Jalkanen, R, Jiang, D, Jonson, G, Junglen, S, Kadono, F, Kaukinen, K, Kawate, M, Klempa, B, Klingstrom, J, Kobinger, G, Koloniuk, I, Kondo, H, Koonin, E, Krupovic, M, Kubota, K, Kurath, G, Laenen, L, Lambert, A, Langevin, S, Lee, B, Lefkowitz, E, Leroy, E, Li, S, Li, L, Li, J, Liu, H, Lukashevich, I, Maes, P, de Souza, W, Marklewitz, M, Marshall, S, Marzano, S, Massart, S, Mccauley, J, Melzer, M, Mielke-Ehret, N, Miller, K, Ming, T, Mirazimi, A, Mordecai, G, Muhlbach, H, Muhlberger, E, Naidu, R, Natsuaki, T, Navarro, J, Netesov, S, Neumann, G, Nowotny, N, Nunes, M, Olmedo-Velarde, A, Palacios, G, Pallas, V, Palyi, B, Papa, A, Paraskevopoulou, S, Park, A, Parrish, C, Patterson, D, Pauvolid-Correa, A, Paweska, J, Payne, S, Peracchio, C, Perez, D, Postler, T, Qi, L, Radoshitzky, S, Resende, R, Reyes, C, Rima, B, Luna, G, Romanowski, V, Rota, P, Rubbenstroth, D, Rubino, L, Runstadler, J, Sabanadzovic, S, Sall, A, Salvato, M, Sang, R, Sasaya, T, Schulze, A, Schwemmle, M, Shi, M, Shi, X, Shi, Z, Shimomoto, Y, Shirako, Y, Siddell, S, Simmonds, P, Sironi, M, Smagghe, G, Smither, S, Song, J, Spann, K, Spengler, J, Stenglein, M, Stone, D, Sugano, J, Suttle, C, Tabata, A, Takada, A, Takeuchi, S, Tchouassi, D, Teffer, A, Tesh, R, Thornburg, N, Tomitaka, Y, Tomonaga, K, Tordo, N, Torto, B, Towner, J, Tsuda, S, Tu, C, Turina, M, Tzanetakis, I, Uchida, J, Usugi, T, Vaira, A, Vallino, M, van den Hoogen, B, Varsani, A, Vasilakis, N, Verbeek, M, von Bargen, S, Wada, J, Wahl, V, Walker, P, Wang, L, Wang, G, Wang, Y, Waqas, M, Wei, T, Wen, S, Whitfield, A, Williams, J, Wolf, Y, Wu, J, Xu, L, Yanagisawa, H, Yang, C, Yang, Z, Zerbini, F, Zhai, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, S, Zhang, J, Zhang, Z, Zhou, X, Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Agwanda BR, Al Kubrusli R, Alkhovsky SV, Amarasinghe GK, Avsic-Zupanc T, Ayllon MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Basler CF, Bavari S, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bennett AJ, Bente DA, Bergeron E, Bird BH, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blystad DR, Bojko J, Borth WB, Bradfute S, Breyta R, Briese T, Brown PA, Brown JK, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Buttner C, Calisher CH, Cao MJ, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Cheng Q, Chiaki Y, Chiapello M, Choi I, Ciuffo M, Clegg JCS, Crozier I, Dal Bo E, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Cicco E, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Dolnik O, Drebot MA, Drexler JF, Dundon WG, Duprex WP, Durrwald R, Dye JM, Easton AJ, Ebihara H, Elbeaino T, Ergunay K, Ferguson HW, Fooks AR, Forgia M, Formenty PBH, Franova J, Freitas-Astua J, Fu JJ, Furl S, Gago-Zachert S, Gao GF, Garcia ML, Garcia-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin T, Gonzalez JPJ, Griffiths A, Goldberg TL, Groschup MH, Gunther S, Hall RA, Hammond J, Han T, Hepojoki J, Hewson R, Hong J, Hong N, Hongo S, Horie M, Hu JS, Hu T, Hughes HR, Huttner F, Hyndman TH, Ilyas M, Jalkanen R, Jiang DH, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Kaukinen KH, Kawate M, Klempa B, Klingstrom J, Kobinger G, Koloniuk I, Kondo H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Langevin SL, Lee B, Lefkowitz EJ, Leroy EM, Li SR, Li LH, Li JR, Liu HZ, Lukashevich IS, Maes P, de Souza WM, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, Massart S, McCauley JW, Melzer M, Mielke-Ehret N, Miller KM, Ming TJ, Mirazimi A, Mordecai GJ, Muhlbach HP, Muhlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Olmedo-Velarde A, Palacios G, Pallas V, Palyi B, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Park AC, Parrish CR, Patterson DA, Pauvolid-Correa A, Paweska JT, Payne S, Peracchio C, Perez DR, Postler TS, Qi LY, Radoshitzky SR, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rima BK, Luna GR, Romanowski V, Rota P, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sall AA, Salvato MS, Sang RS, Sasaya T, Schulze AD, Schwemmle M, Shi M, Shi XH, Shi ZL, Shimomoto Y, Shirako Y, Siddell SG, Simmonds P, Sironi M, Smagghe G, Smither S, Song JW, Spann K, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Stone DM, Sugano J, Suttle CA, Tabata A, Takada A, Takeuchi S, Tchouassi DP, Teffer A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Torto B, Towner JS, Tsuda S, Tu CC, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Uchida J, Usugi T, Vaira AM, Vallino M, van den Hoogen B, Varsani A, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Wang LF, Wang GP, Wang YX, Wang YQ, Waqas M, Wei TY, Wen SH, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Wu JX, Xu L, Yanagisawa H, Yang CX, Yang ZK, Zerbini FM, Zhai L, Zhang YZ, Zhang S, Zhang JG, Zhang Z, and Zhou XP

Abstract

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2021

4. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shi, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shi, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., and Zhou, X.

Abstract

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2021

5. Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallás, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N. J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallás, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shí, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N. J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., and Zhou, X.

Abstract

Unfortunately, the inclusion of original names (in non-Latin script) of the following authors caused problems with author name indexing in PubMed. Therefore, these original names were removed from XML data to correct the PubMed record...

Published
2021

6. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shi, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhou, X., Kuhn, J.H., Adkins, S., Agwanda, B.R., Al Kubrusli, R., Alkhovsky, S.V., Amarasinghe, G.K., Avšič-Županc, T., Ayllón, M.A., Bahl, J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Ballinger, M.J., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N., Bennett, A.J., Bente, D.A., Bergeron, É., Bird, B.H., Blair, C.D., Blasdell, K.R., Blystad, D-R, Bojko, J., Borth, W.B., Bradfute, S., Breyta, R., Briese, T., Brown, P.A., Brown, J.K., Buchholz, U.J., Buchmeier, M.J., Bukreyev, A., Burt, F., Büttner, C., Calisher, C.H., Cao, M., Casas, I., Chandran, K., Charrel, R.N., Cheng, Q., Chiaki, Y., Chiapello, M., Choi, I-R, Ciuffo, M., Clegg, J.C.S., Crozier, I., Dal Bó, E., de la Torre, J.C., de Lamballerie, X., de Swart, R.L., Debat, H., Dheilly, N.M., Di Cicco, E., Di Paola, N., Di Serio, F., Dietzgen, R.G., Digiaro, M., Dolnik, O., Drebot, M.A., Drexler, J.F., Dundon, W.G., Duprex, W.P., Dürrwald, R., Dye, J.M., Easton, A.J., Ebihara, H., Elbeaino, T., Ergünay, K., Ferguson, H.W., Fooks, A.R., Forgia, M., Formenty, P.B.H., Fránová, J., Freitas-Astúa, J., Fu, J., Fürl, S., Gago-Zachert, S., Gāo, G.F., García, M.L., García-Sastre, A., Garrison, A.R., Gaskin, T., Gonzalez, J-P.J., Griffiths, A., Goldberg, T.L., Groschup, M.H., Günther, S., Hall, R.A., Hammond, J., Han, T., Hepojoki, J., Hewson, R., Hong, J., Hong, N., Hongo, S., Horie, M., Hu, J.S., Hu, T., Hughes, H.R., Hüttner, F., Hyndman, T.H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, R., Jiāng, D., Jonson, G.B., Junglen, S., Kadono, F., Kaukinen, K.H., Kawate, M., Klempa, B., Klingström, J., Kobinger, G., Koloniuk, I., Kondo, H., Koonin, E.V., Krupovic, M., Kubota, K., Kurath, G., Laenen, L., Lambert, A.J., Langevin, S.L., Lee, B., Lefkowitz, E.J., Leroy, E.M., Li, S., Li, L., Lǐ, J., Liu, H., Lukashevich, I.S., Maes, P., de Souza, W.M., Marklewitz, M., Marshall, S.H., Marzano, S-Y.L., Massart, S., McCauley, J.W., Melzer, M., Mielke-Ehret, N., Miller, K.M., Ming, T.J., Mirazimi, A., Mordecai, G.J., Mühlbach, H-P, Mühlberger, E., Naidu, R., Natsuaki, T., Navarro, J.A., Netesov, S.V., Neumann, G., Nowotny, N., Nunes, M.R.T., Olmedo-Velarde, A., Palacios, G., Pallas, V., Pályi, B., Papa, A., Paraskevopoulou, S., Park, A.C., Parrish, C.R., Patterson, D.A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, A., Pawęska, J.T., Payne, S., Peracchio, C., Pérez, D.R., Postler, T.S., Qi, L., Radoshitzky, S.R., Resende, R.O., Reyes, C.A., Rima, B.K., Luna, G.R., Romanowski, V., Rota, P., Rubbenstroth, D., Rubino, L., Runstadler, J.A., Sabanadzovic, S., Sall, A.A., Salvato, M.S., Sang, R., Sasaya, T., Schulze, A.D., Schwemmle, M., Shi, M., Shi, X., Shí, Z., Shimomoto, Y., Shirako, Y., Siddell, S.G., Simmonds, P., Sironi, M., Smagghe, G., Smither, S., Song, J-W, Spann, K., Spengler, J.R., Stenglein, M.D., Stone, D.M., Sugano, J., Suttle, C.A., Tabata, A., Takada, A., Takeuchi, S., Tchouassi, D.P., Teffer, A., Tesh, R.B., Thornburg, N.J., Tomitaka, Y., Tomonaga, K., Tordo, N., Torto, B., Towner, J.S., Tsuda, S., Tu, C., Turina, M., Tzanetakis, I.E., Uchida, J., Usugi, T., Vaira, A.M., Vallino, M., van den Hoogen, B., Varsani, A., Vasilakis, N., Verbeek, M., von Bargen, S., Wada, J., Wahl, V., Walker, P.J., Wang, L-F, Wang, G., Wang, Y., Waqas, M., Wèi, T., Wen, S., Whitfield, A.E., Williams, J.V., Wolf, Y.I., Wu, J., Xu, L., Yanagisawa, H., Yang, C., Yang, Z., Zerbini, F.M., Zhai, L., Zhang, Y-Z, Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., and Zhou, X.

Abstract

In March 2021, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by four families (Aliusviridae, Crepuscuviridae, Myriaviridae, and Natareviridae), three subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae), 42 genera, and 200 species. Thirty-nine species were renamed and/or moved and seven species were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.

Published
2021

9. Scalable Production of Equine Platelet Lysate for Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Culture

Author

Hagen, A., Lehmann, H., Aurich, S., Bauer, N., Melzer, M., Moellerberndt, J., Patané, V., Schnabel, C.L., Burk, J., Hagen, A., Lehmann, H., Aurich, S., Bauer, N., Melzer, M., Moellerberndt, J., Patané, V., Schnabel, C.L., and Burk, J.

Abstract

Translation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies is advancing in human and veterinary medicine. One critical issue is the in vitro culture of MSC before clinical use. Using fetal bovine serum (FBS) as supplement to the basal medium is still the gold standard for cultivation of many cell types including equine MSC. Alternatives are being explored, with substantial success using platelet lysate-supplemented media for human MSC. However, progress lags behind in the veterinary field. The aim of this study was to establish a scalable protocol for equine platelet lysate (ePL) production and to test the ePL in equine MSC culture. Whole blood was harvested into blood collection bags from 20 healthy horses. After checking sample materials for pathogen contamination, samples from 19 animals were included. Platelet concentrates were prepared using a buffy coat method. Platelets, platelet-derived growth factor BB, and transforming growth factor b1 concentrations were increased in the concentrates compared with whole blood or serum (p < 0.05), while white blood cells were reduced (p < 0.05). The concentrates were lysed using freeze/thaw cycles, which eliminated the cells while growth factor concentrations were maintained. Donor age negatively correlated with platelet and growth factor concentrations after processing (p < 0.05). Finally, all lysates were pooled and the ePL was evaluated as culture medium supplement in comparison with FBS, using adipose-derived MSC from four unrelated donor horses. MSC proliferated well in 10% FBS as well as in 10% ePL. However, using 5 or 2.5% ePL entailed highly inconsistent proliferation or loss of proliferation, with significant differences in generation times and confluencies (p < 0.05). MSC expressed the surface antigens CD90, CD44, and CD29, but CD73 and CD105 detection was low in all culture media. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation led to similar results in MSC from different culture media. The buffy coat m

Published
2020

10. A review on stretchable magnetic field sensorics

Author

Melzer, M., (0000-0002-7177-4308) Makarov, D., Schmidt, O. G., Melzer, M., (0000-0002-7177-4308) Makarov, D., and Schmidt, O. G.

Abstract

The current establishment of stretchable electronics to form a seamless link between soft or even living materials and the digital world is at the forefront of multidisciplinary research efforts, bridging physics, engineering and materials science. Magnetic functionalities can provide a sense of displacement, orientation or proximity to this novel formulation of electronics. This work reviews the recent development of stretchable magnetic field sensorics relying on the combination of metallic thin films revealing a giant magnetoresistance effect with elastomeric materials. Stretchability of the magnetic nanomembranes is achieved by specific morphologic features (e.g. wrinkles or microcracks), which accommodate the applied tensile deformation while maintaining the electrical and magnetic integrity of the sensor device. The entire development, from the demonstration of the world’s first elastically stretchable magnetic sensor to the realization of a technology platform for robust, ready-touse elastic magnetosensorics is described. Soft giant magnetoresistive elements exhibiting the same sensing performance as on conventional rigid supports, but with fully strain invariant properties up to 270% stretching have been demonstrated. With their unique mechanical properties, these sensor elements readily conform to ubiquitous objects of arbitrary shapes including the human skin. Stretchable magnetoelectronic sensors can equip soft and epidermal electronic systems with navigation, orientation, motion tracking and touchless control capabilities. A variety of novel technologies, like electronic skins, smart textiles, soft robotics and actuators, active medical implants and soft consumer electronics will benefit from these new magnetic functionalities.

Published
2020

11. Scalable Production of Equine Platelet Lysate for Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Culture

Author

Hagen, A., Lehmann, H., Aurich, S., Bauer, N., Melzer, M., Moellerberndt, J., Patané, V., Schnabel, C.L., Burk, J., Hagen, A., Lehmann, H., Aurich, S., Bauer, N., Melzer, M., Moellerberndt, J., Patané, V., Schnabel, C.L., and Burk, J.

Abstract

Translation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies is advancing in human and veterinary medicine. One critical issue is the in vitro culture of MSC before clinical use. Using fetal bovine serum (FBS) as supplement to the basal medium is still the gold standard for cultivation of many cell types including equine MSC. Alternatives are being explored, with substantial success using platelet lysate-supplemented media for human MSC. However, progress lags behind in the veterinary field. The aim of this study was to establish a scalable protocol for equine platelet lysate (ePL) production and to test the ePL in equine MSC culture. Whole blood was harvested into blood collection bags from 20 healthy horses. After checking sample materials for pathogen contamination, samples from 19 animals were included. Platelet concentrates were prepared using a buffy coat method. Platelets, platelet-derived growth factor BB, and transforming growth factor b1 concentrations were increased in the concentrates compared with whole blood or serum (p < 0.05), while white blood cells were reduced (p < 0.05). The concentrates were lysed using freeze/thaw cycles, which eliminated the cells while growth factor concentrations were maintained. Donor age negatively correlated with platelet and growth factor concentrations after processing (p < 0.05). Finally, all lysates were pooled and the ePL was evaluated as culture medium supplement in comparison with FBS, using adipose-derived MSC from four unrelated donor horses. MSC proliferated well in 10% FBS as well as in 10% ePL. However, using 5 or 2.5% ePL entailed highly inconsistent proliferation or loss of proliferation, with significant differences in generation times and confluencies (p < 0.05). MSC expressed the surface antigens CD90, CD44, and CD29, but CD73 and CD105 detection was low in all culture media. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation led to similar results in MSC from different culture media. The buffy coat m

Published
2020

12. Magnetization reversal and local switching fields of ferromagnetic Co/Pd microtubes with radial magnetization

Author

Puwenberg, N, Puwenberg, N, Reiche, CF, Streubel, R, Khan, M, Mukherjee, D, Soldatov, IV, Melzer, M, Schmidt, OG, Büchner, B, Mühl, T, Puwenberg, N, Puwenberg, N, Reiche, CF, Streubel, R, Khan, M, Mukherjee, D, Soldatov, IV, Melzer, M, Schmidt, OG, Büchner, B, and Mühl, T

Abstract

Three-dimensional nanomagnetism is a rapidly growing field of research covering both noncollinear spin textures and curved magnetic geometries including microtubular structures. We spatially resolve the field-induced magnetization reversal of free-standing ferromagnetic microtubes utilizing multifrequency magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The microtubes are composed of Co/Pd multilayer films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy that translates to an anisotropy with radial easy axis upon rolling-up. Simultaneously mapping the topography and the perpendicular magnetostatic force derivative, the relation between surface angle and local magnetization configuration is evaluated for a large number of locations with slopes exceeding 45 degrees. The angle-dependence of the switching field is concurrent with the Kondorsky model, i.e., the rolled-up nanomembrane behaves like a planar magnetic film with perpendicular anisotropy and a pinning dominated magnetization reversal. Additionally, we discuss methodological challenges when detecting magnetostatic force derivatives near steep surfaces.

Published
2019

13. Magnetization reversal and local switching fields of ferromagnetic Co/Pd microtubes with radial magnetization

Author

Puwenberg, N, Puwenberg, N, Reiche, CF, Streubel, R, Khan, M, Mukherjee, D, Soldatov, IV, Melzer, M, Schmidt, OG, Büchner, B, Mühl, T, Puwenberg, N, Puwenberg, N, Reiche, CF, Streubel, R, Khan, M, Mukherjee, D, Soldatov, IV, Melzer, M, Schmidt, OG, Büchner, B, and Mühl, T

Abstract

Three-dimensional nanomagnetism is a rapidly growing field of research covering both noncollinear spin textures and curved magnetic geometries including microtubular structures. We spatially resolve the field-induced magnetization reversal of free-standing ferromagnetic microtubes utilizing multifrequency magnetic force microscopy (MFM). The microtubes are composed of Co/Pd multilayer films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy that translates to an anisotropy with radial easy axis upon rolling-up. Simultaneously mapping the topography and the perpendicular magnetostatic force derivative, the relation between surface angle and local magnetization configuration is evaluated for a large number of locations with slopes exceeding 45 degrees. The angle-dependence of the switching field is concurrent with the Kondorsky model, i.e., the rolled-up nanomembrane behaves like a planar magnetic film with perpendicular anisotropy and a pinning dominated magnetization reversal. Additionally, we discuss methodological challenges when detecting magnetostatic force derivatives near steep surfaces.

Published
2019

14. Single cell-type analysis of cellular lipid remodelling in response to salinity in the epidermal bladder cells of the model halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

Author

Barkla, BJ, Garibay-Hernandez, A, Melzer, M, Rupasinghe, TWT, Roessner, U, Barkla, BJ, Garibay-Hernandez, A, Melzer, M, Rupasinghe, TWT, and Roessner, U

Abstract

Salt stress causes dramatic changes in the organization and dynamic properties of membranes, however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms involved. Modified trichomes, known as epidermal bladder cells (EBC), on the leaves and stems of the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum can be successfully exploited as a single-cell-type system to investigate salt-induced changes to cellular lipid composition. In this study, alterations in key molecular species from different lipid classes highlighted an increase in phospholipid species, particularly those from phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid (PA), where the latter is central to the synthesis of membrane lipids. Triacylglycerol (TG) species decreased during salinity, while there was little change in plastidic galactolipids. EBC transcriptomic and proteomic data mining revealed changes in genes and proteins involved in lipid metabolism and the upregulation of transcripts for PIPKIB, PI5PII, PIPKIII, and phospholipase D delta suggested the induction of signalling processes mediated by phosphoinositides and PA. TEM and flow cytometry showed the dynamic nature of lipid droplets in these cells under salt stress. Altogether, this work indicates that the metabolism of TG might play an important role in EBC response to salinity as either an energy reserve for sodium accumulation and/or driving membrane biosynthesis for EBC expansion.

Published
2018

15. Bis(β-diketonato)- and allyl-(β-diketonato)-palladium(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization and MOCVD application

Author

Assim, K., Melzer, M., Korb, M., Rüffer, T., Jakob, A., Noll, J., Georgi, C., Schulz, S. E., Lang, H., Assim, K., Melzer, M., Korb, M., Rüffer, T., Jakob, A., Noll, J., Georgi, C., Schulz, S. E., and Lang, H.

Abstract

The syntheses and characterization of the palladium complexes [Pd(accp)2] (7), [Pd(acch)2] (8), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(accp)] (11), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(acch)] (12), [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(accp)] (13) and [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(acch)] (14) (accp = 2-acetylcyclopentanoate; acch = 2-acetylcyclohexanoate) are reported. These complexes are available by the reaction of Haccp (2-acetylcyclopentanone) and Hacch (2-acetylcyclohexanone) with Na2[Pd2Cl6] forming 7 and 8 or with [(Pd(η3-CH2CRCH2)(μ-Cl))2] (9, R = Me; 10, R = tBu) forming 11–14. The molecular structures of 7, 8 and 14 are discussed. Complexes 7 and 8 consist of a square-planar coordinated Pd atom with two trans-positioned bidentate β-diketonate ligands. The asymmetric unit of 14 exhibits one molecule of the palladium complex and a half molecule of water. The thermal behavior of 7, 8 and 11–14 and their vapor pressure data were investigated to show, if the appropriate complexes are suited as CVD precursors for palladium layer formation. Thermogravimetric studies showed the evaporation of the complexes at atmospheric pressure upon heating. The vapor pressure of 7, 8 and 11–14 was measured by using thermogravimetric analysis, giving vapor pressure values ranging from 0.62 to 2.22 mbar at 80 °C. Chemical vapor deposition studies were carried out applying a vertical cold wall CVD reactor. Either oxygen or forming gas (N2/H2, ratio 90/10, v/v) was used as reactive gas. Substrate temperatures of 350 and 380 °C were utilized. With 11–14 dense and conformal as well as particulate palladium films were obtained, as directed by SEM studies, whereas 7 and 8 failed to give thin films, which is probably attributed to their high thermal stability in the gas phase. For all deposited layers, XPS measurements confirmed the partial oxidation of palladium to palladium(II) oxide at 380 °C, when oxygen was used as reactive gas. In contrast, thin layers of solely metallic palladium were obtained utilizing forming gas during the deposition experiments, Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Published
2017

16. Bis(β-diketonato)- and allyl-(β-diketonato)-palladium(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization and MOCVD application

Author

Assim, K., Melzer, M., Korb, M., Rüffer, T., Jakob, A., Noll, J., Georgi, C., Schulz, S. E., Lang, H., Assim, K., Melzer, M., Korb, M., Rüffer, T., Jakob, A., Noll, J., Georgi, C., Schulz, S. E., and Lang, H.

Abstract

The syntheses and characterization of the palladium complexes [Pd(accp)2] (7), [Pd(acch)2] (8), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(accp)] (11), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(acch)] (12), [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(accp)] (13) and [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(acch)] (14) (accp = 2-acetylcyclopentanoate; acch = 2-acetylcyclohexanoate) are reported. These complexes are available by the reaction of Haccp (2-acetylcyclopentanone) and Hacch (2-acetylcyclohexanone) with Na2[Pd2Cl6] forming 7 and 8 or with [(Pd(η3-CH2CRCH2)(μ-Cl))2] (9, R = Me; 10, R = tBu) forming 11–14. The molecular structures of 7, 8 and 14 are discussed. Complexes 7 and 8 consist of a square-planar coordinated Pd atom with two trans-positioned bidentate β-diketonate ligands. The asymmetric unit of 14 exhibits one molecule of the palladium complex and a half molecule of water. The thermal behavior of 7, 8 and 11–14 and their vapor pressure data were investigated to show, if the appropriate complexes are suited as CVD precursors for palladium layer formation. Thermogravimetric studies showed the evaporation of the complexes at atmospheric pressure upon heating. The vapor pressure of 7, 8 and 11–14 was measured by using thermogravimetric analysis, giving vapor pressure values ranging from 0.62 to 2.22 mbar at 80 °C. Chemical vapor deposition studies were carried out applying a vertical cold wall CVD reactor. Either oxygen or forming gas (N2/H2, ratio 90/10, v/v) was used as reactive gas. Substrate temperatures of 350 and 380 °C were utilized. With 11–14 dense and conformal as well as particulate palladium films were obtained, as directed by SEM studies, whereas 7 and 8 failed to give thin films, which is probably attributed to their high thermal stability in the gas phase. For all deposited layers, XPS measurements confirmed the partial oxidation of palladium to palladium(II) oxide at 380 °C, when oxygen was used as reactive gas. In contrast, thin layers of solely metallic palladium were obtained utilizing forming gas during the deposition experiments, Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Published
2017

17. Bis(β-diketonato)- and allyl-(β-diketonato)-palladium(II) complexes: synthesis, characterization and MOCVD application

Author

Royal Society of Chemistry, Assim, K., Melzer, M., Korb, M., Rüffer, T., Jakob, A., Noll, J., Georgi, C., Schulz, S. E., Lang, H., Royal Society of Chemistry, Assim, K., Melzer, M., Korb, M., Rüffer, T., Jakob, A., Noll, J., Georgi, C., Schulz, S. E., and Lang, H.

Abstract

The syntheses and characterization of the palladium complexes [Pd(accp)2] (7), [Pd(acch)2] (8), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(accp)] (11), [Pd(η3-CH2CMeCH2)(acch)] (12), [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(accp)] (13) and [Pd(η3-CH2CtBuCH2)(acch)] (14) (accp = 2-acetylcyclopentanoate; acch = 2-acetylcyclohexanoate) are reported. These complexes are available by the reaction of Haccp (2-acetylcyclopentanone) and Hacch (2-acetylcyclohexanone) with Na2[Pd2Cl6] forming 7 and 8 or with [(Pd(η3-CH2CRCH2)(μ-Cl))2] (9, R = Me; 10, R = tBu) forming 11–14. The molecular structures of 7, 8 and 14 are discussed. Complexes 7 and 8 consist of a square-planar coordinated Pd atom with two trans-positioned bidentate β-diketonate ligands. The asymmetric unit of 14 exhibits one molecule of the palladium complex and a half molecule of water. The thermal behavior of 7, 8 and 11–14 and their vapor pressure data were investigated to show, if the appropriate complexes are suited as CVD precursors for palladium layer formation. Thermogravimetric studies showed the evaporation of the complexes at atmospheric pressure upon heating. The vapor pressure of 7, 8 and 11–14 was measured by using thermogravimetric analysis, giving vapor pressure values ranging from 0.62 to 2.22 mbar at 80 °C. Chemical vapor deposition studies were carried out applying a vertical cold wall CVD reactor. Either oxygen or forming gas (N2/H2, ratio 90/10, v/v) was used as reactive gas. Substrate temperatures of 350 and 380 °C were utilized. With 11–14 dense and conformal as well as particulate palladium films were obtained, as directed by SEM studies, whereas 7 and 8 failed to give thin films, which is probably attributed to their high thermal stability in the gas phase. For all deposited layers, XPS measurements confirmed the partial oxidation of palladium to palladium(II) oxide at 380 °C, when oxygen was used as reactive gas. In contrast, thin layers of solely metallic palladium were obtained utilizing forming gas during the deposition experiments, Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Published
2017

18. Shapeable magnetoelectronics

Author

Makarov, D., Melzer, M., Karnaushenko, D., Schmidt, O. G., Makarov, D., Melzer, M., Karnaushenko, D., and Schmidt, O. G.

Abstract

Inorganic nanomembranes are shapeable (flexible, printable and even stretchable) and transferrable to virtually any substrate. These properties build the core concept for new technologies, which transform otherwise rigid high-speed devices into their shapeable counterparts. This research is motivated by the eagerness of consumer electronics towards being thin, lightweight, flexible, and even wearable. The realization of this concept requires all building blocks as we know them from rigid electronics (e.g. active elements, optoelectronics, magnetoelectronics, energy storage) to be replicated in the form of (multi)functional nanomembranes, which can be reshaped on demand after fabrication. There are already a variety of shapeable devices commercially available, i.e. electronic displays, energy storage elements, and integrated circuitry to name a few. From the beginning, the main focus was on the fabrication of shapeable high-speed electronics and optoelectronics. Only very recently, a new member featuring magnetic functionalities was added to the family of shapeable electronics. With their unique mechanical properties, the shapeable magnetic field sensor elements readily conform to ubiquitous objects of arbitrary shapes including the human skin. This feature leads electronic skin systems beyond imitating the characteristics of its natural archetype and extends their cognition to static and dynamic magnetic fields that by no means can be perceived by human beings naturally. Various application fields of shapeable magnetoelectronics are proposed. The developed sensor platform can equip soft electronic systems with navigation, orientation, motion tracking and touchless control capabilities. A variety of novel technologies, like smart textiles, soft robotics and actuators, active medical implants and soft consumer electronics will benefit from these new magnetic functionalities. This review reflects the establishment of shapeable magnetic sensorics, describing the entire

Published
2016

25. OnPLS integration of transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data shows multi-level oxidative stress responses in the cambium of transgenic hipI- superoxide dismutase Populus plants

Author

Srivastava, Vaibhav, Obudulu, O., Bygdell, J., Löfstedt, T., Rydén, P., Nilsson, R., Ahnlund, M., Johansson, A., Jonsson, P., Freyhult, E., Qvarnström, J., Karlsson, J., Melzer, M., Moritz, T., Trygg, J., Hvidsten, T. R., Wingsle, G., Srivastava, Vaibhav, Obudulu, O., Bygdell, J., Löfstedt, T., Rydén, P., Nilsson, R., Ahnlund, M., Johansson, A., Jonsson, P., Freyhult, E., Qvarnström, J., Karlsson, J., Melzer, M., Moritz, T., Trygg, J., Hvidsten, T. R., and Wingsle, G.

Abstract

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the regulation of diverse physiological processes in plants, including various biotic and abiotic stress responses. Thus, oxidative stress tolerance mechanisms in plants are complex, and diverse responses at multiple levels need to be characterized in order to understand them. Here we present system responses to oxidative stress in Populus by integrating data from analyses of the cambial region of wild-type controls and plants expressing high-isoelectric-point superoxide dismutase (hipI-SOD) transcripts in antisense orientation showing a higher production of superoxide. The cambium, a thin cell layer, generates cells that differentiate to form either phloem or xylem and is hypothesized to be a major reason for phenotypic perturbations in the transgenic plants. Data from multiple platforms including transcriptomics (microarray analysis), proteomics (UPLC/QTOF-MS), and metabolomics (GC-TOF/MS, UPLC/MS, and UHPLC-LTQ/MS) were integrated using the most recent development of orthogonal projections to latent structures called OnPLS. OnPLS is a symmetrical multi-block method that does not depend on the order of analysis when more than two blocks are analysed. Significantly affected genes, proteins and metabolites were then visualized in painted pathway diagrams. Results: The main categories that appear to be significantly influenced in the transgenic plants were pathways related to redox regulation, carbon metabolism and protein degradation, e.g. the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways (PPP). The results provide system-level information on ROS metabolism and responses to oxidative stress, and indicate that some initial responses to oxidative stress may share common pathways.Conclusion: The proposed data evaluation strategy shows an efficient way of compiling complex, multi-platform datasets to obtain significant biological information., QC 20140108

Published
2013
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26. Stretchable spin valves on elastomer membranes by predetermined periodic fracture and random wrinkling

Author

Melzer, M, Lin, G, Makarov, D, Schmidt, OG, Melzer, M, Lin, G, Makarov, D, and Schmidt, OG

Abstract

The first highly stretchable and sensitive spin valve sensor on elastomeric membranes are demonstrated. The sensor elements exhibit stable GMR behavior up to tensile strains of 29% in in situ stretching experiments and show no fatigue over 500 loading cycles. This remarkable stretchability is achieved by a predetermined periodic fracture mechanism that creates a meander-like pattern upon stretching. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Published
2012

27. Stretchable spin valves on elastomer membranes by predetermined periodic fracture and random wrinkling

Author

Melzer, M, Lin, G, Makarov, D, Schmidt, OG, Melzer, M, Lin, G, Makarov, D, and Schmidt, OG

Abstract

The first highly stretchable and sensitive spin valve sensor on elastomeric membranes are demonstrated. The sensor elements exhibit stable GMR behavior up to tensile strains of 29% in in situ stretching experiments and show no fatigue over 500 loading cycles. This remarkable stretchability is achieved by a predetermined periodic fracture mechanism that creates a meander-like pattern upon stretching. © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Published
2012

35. Post-translational modifications of the AFET3 gene product - a component of the iron transport system in budding cells and mycelia of the yeast Arxula adeninivorans

Author

Wartmann, T., Stephan, U.W., Bube, I., Boer, E., Melzer, M., Manteuffel, R., Stoltenburg, Regina, Guengerich, L., Gellissen, G., Kunze, G., Wartmann, T., Stephan, U.W., Bube, I., Boer, E., Melzer, M., Manteuffel, R., Stoltenburg, Regina, Guengerich, L., Gellissen, G., and Kunze, G.

Abstract

The yeast Arxula adeninivorans is characterized by a temperature-dependent dimorphism. A. adeninivorans grows as budding cells at temperatures up to 42degreesC, but forms mycelia at higher temperatures. A strong correlation exists between morphological status and iron uptake, achieved by two transport systems that differ in iron affinity. In the presence of high Fe(II) concentrations (>2 mum), budding cells accumulate iron concentrations up to seven-fold higher than those observed in mycelia, while at low Fe(II) concentrations (<2 μm), both cell types accumulate similar amounts of iron. The copper-dependent Fe(II) oxidase Afet3p, composed of 615 amino acids, is a component of the high-affinity iron transport system. This protein shares a high degree of homology with other yeast iron transport proteins, namely Fet3p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cafet3p of Candida albicans and Pfet3p of Pichia pastoris. Expression of the AFET3 gene is found to be strongly dependent on iron concentration but independent of the morphological stage; however, cell morphology was found to influence post-translational modifications of the gene product. O-glycosylation was observed in budding cells only, whereas N-glycosylation occurred in both cell types. The N-glycosylated 103 kDa glycoprotein matures into the 108.5 kDa form, further characterized by serine phosphorylation. Both N-glycosylation and phosphorylation occur at low iron concentrations (&LE;5 μm). The mature Afet3p of 108.5 kDa is uniformly distributed within the plasma membrane in cells of both morphological stages.

Published
2002

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