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The worldwide retreat of glaciers is causing a faster than ever increase in ice-free areas that are leading to the emergence of new ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of these environments is critical to predicting the consequences of climate change on mountains and at high latitudes. Climatic differences between regions of the world could modulate the emergence of biodiversity and functionality after glacier retreat, yet global tests of this hypothesis are lacking. Nematodes are the most abundant soil animals, with keystone roles in ecosystem functioning, but the lack of global-scale studies limits our understanding of how the taxonomic and functional diversity of nematodes changes during the colonization of proglacial landscapes. We used environmental DNA metabarcoding to characterize nematode communities of 48 glacier forelands from five continents. We assessed how different facets of biodiversity change with the age of deglaciated terrains and tested the hypothesis that colonization patterns are different across forelands with different climatic conditions. Nematodes colonized ice-free areas almost immediately. Both taxonomic and functional richness quickly increased over time, but the increase in nematode diversity was modulated by climate, so that colonization started earlier in forelands with mild summer temperatures. Colder forelands initially hosted poor communities, but the colonization rate then accelerated, eventually leveling biodiversity differences between climatic regimes in the long term. Immediately after glacier retreat, communities were dominated by colonizer taxa with short generation time and r-ecological strategy but community composition shifted through time, with increased frequency of more persister taxa with K-ecological strategy. These changes mostly occurred through the addition of new traits instead of their replacement during succession. The effects of local climate on nematode colonization led to heterogeneous but predictable patt

The global retreat of glaciers is dramatically altering mountain and high-latitude landscapes, with new ecosystems developing from apparently barren substrates1–4. The study of these emerging ecosystems is critical to understanding how climate change interacts with microhabitat and biotic communities and determines the future of ice-free terrains1,5. Here, using a comprehensive characterization of ecosystems (soil properties, microclimate, productivity and biodiversity by environmental DNA metabarcoding6) across 46 proglacial landscapes worldwide, we found that all the environmental properties change with time since glaciers retreated, and that temperature modulates the accumulation of soil nutrients. The richness of bacteria, fungi, plants and animals increases with time since deglaciation, but their temporal patterns differ. Microorganisms colonized most rapidly in the first decades after glacier retreat, whereas most macroorganisms took longer. Increased habitat suitability, growing complexity of biotic interactions and temporal colonization all contribute to the increase in biodiversity over time. These processes also modify community composition for all the groups of organisms. Plant communities show positive links with all other biodiversity components and have a key role in ecosystem development. These unifying patterns provide new insights into the early dynamics of deglaciated terrains and highlight the need for integrated surveillance of their multiple environmental properties5.

The development of terrestrial ecosystems depends greatly on plant mutualists such as mycorrhizal fungi. The global retreat of glaciers exposes nutrient-poor substrates in extreme environments and provides a unique opportunity to study early successions of mycorrhizal fungi by assessing their dynamics and drivers. We combined environmental DNA metabarcoding and measurements of local conditions to assess the succession of mycorrhizal communities during soil development in 46 glacier forelands around the globe, testing whether dynamics and drivers differ between mycorrhizal types. Mycorrhizal fungi colonized deglaciated areas very quickly (< 10 yr), with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi tending to become more diverse through time compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi. Both alpha- and beta-diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were significantly related to time since glacier retreat and plant communities, while microclimate and primary productivity were more important for ectomycorrhizal fungi. The richness and composition of mycorrhizal communities were also significantly explained by soil chemistry, highlighting the importance of microhabitat for community dynamics. The acceleration of ice melt and the modifications of microclimate forecasted by climate change scenarios are expected to impact the diversity of mycorrhizal partners. These changes could alter the interactions underlying biotic colonization and belowground–aboveground linkages, with multifaceted impacts on soil development and associated ecological processes.

Butchicharap is an original concept that added some delicious filling which is Bukayo, Milky Langka, Yema Peanut, Choco Mallow and Banana Sweet, located at No. 89 Susano Road, Barangay San Bartolome Novaliches, Quezon City. “Butchi” is a type of fried pastry made from glutinous rice flour. It is usually filled with sesame seeds, jaggery or sugar and glucose syrup. The main goal is to provide good service to the community by selling a high quality of pastry and experience the taste of ButchiCharap with different variations. Related studies and industry reviews were made. The researchers decided to establish this study in order to get the interest of the buyers/consumers about the unique version of Butchi that they are offering. An ocular visit to the location was conducted and the proponents were inspired looking in one stall from a well-known establishment. Survey and Food tasting were conducted. The proponents collected lists of suppliers for proper costing. The target market were students, commuters, walk-ins, by-standers, employees and many more, whose age ranged from 7 years old and above. The targeted location is accessible to the school. The product could easily be sold to the consumers who are health conscious. Out of 100 respondents, 67 percent liked the product. When it comes to pricing, 77 percent can spend arwere in found of spending 10 to 12 pesos for every purchase of buchi. 47 percent were in favor of the business location. Appropriate promotion for our business is through the use of social media, counseling with the distribution of collateral materials. offer job opportunities.The products being served to its target market has its highest quality. It is easy to be product and the raw materials needed in the whole operation are available within the area. Apparently, the product needs minimal amount of capital to start the operation. It offers variety fillings inside that which complete the taste and satisfy the customers with the good quality of the pr

Butchicharap is an original concept that added some delicious filling which is Bukayo, Milky Langka, Yema Peanut, Choco Mallow and Banana Sweet, located at No. 89 Susano Road, Barangay San Bartolome Novaliches, Quezon City. “Butchi” is a type of fried pastry made from glutinous rice flour. It is usually filled with sesame seeds, jaggery or sugar and glucose syrup. The main goal is to provide good service to the community by selling a high quality of pastry and experience the taste of ButchiCharap with different variations. Related studies and industry reviews were made. The researchers decided to establish this study in order to get the interest of the buyers/consumers about the unique version of Butchi that they are offering. An ocular visit to the location was conducted and the proponents were inspired looking in one stall from a well-known establishment. Survey and Food tasting were conducted. The proponents collected lists of suppliers for proper costing. The target market were students, commuters, walk-ins, by-standers, employees and many more, whose age ranged from 7 years old and above. The targeted location is accessible to the school. The product could easily be sold to the consumers who are health conscious. Out of 100 respondents, 67 percent liked the product. When it comes to pricing, 77 percent can spend arwere in found of spending 10 to 12 pesos for every purchase of buchi. 47 percent were in favor of the business location. Appropriate promotion for our business is through the use of social media, counseling with the distribution of collateral materials. offer job opportunities.The products being served to its target market has its highest quality. It is easy to be product and the raw materials needed in the whole operation are available within the area. Apparently, the product needs minimal amount of capital to start the operation. It offers variety fillings inside that which complete the taste and satisfy the customers with the good quality of the pr

Premontane humid forests (pm-hf) are severely degraded from anthropogenic disturbance derived from agricultural and livestock. Given the loss of connectivity among forest patches, it is necessary to study how agroecosystems, especially because an important part of biodiversity would be present in these agroecosystems. Because there is a loss of connectivity throughout these fragmented landscapes, it is necessary to develop studies on the contribution of coffee agroecosystems to biodiversity. This study evaluated plant diversity and estimated the agricultural intensification index (AI) in two coffee agronomic management strategies and forests at La Meseta at Popayán, Cauca, Colombia between 1600 and 1700 m. Thirteen local variables related to plants, such as richness, coffee density, arboreal structure, were evaluated in 20 sampling sites: eight sun coffee, eight shaded coffee plantations and four reference forests. The study found that floristic diversity decreased in function of AI, where the variables related to the arboreal component were the most sensitive to the IA measurement of intensification change. Arboreal composition consisted mainly of pioneer species, which are relevant for conservation and regional restoration purposes. It is concluded that the AI, applied to these agroecosystems helps to measure the degree of anthropogenic disturbance. Shaded coffee and forest patches are sources of plant diversity, of habitat and landscape connectivity in the highly fragmented Andean coffee landscapes; the application of the intensification index in coffee crops may constitute a useful tool to examine hypotheses related to sustainability and conservation., Los bosques húmedos premontanos (bh-pm) presentan alto grado de deterioro por efecto de la intervención antrópica, principalmente por actividades agrícolas y ganaderas. Dada la pérdida de conectividad en estos paisajes fragmentados, es prioritario estudiar la contribución de agroecosistemas cafeteros a la diversidad regional. Este estudio evaluó la diversidad florística de cafetales y estimó del índice de intensificación agrícola (IA) en dos estrategias agronómicas de café y en bosques en La Meseta de Popayán, Cauca, Colombia, en altitudes entre 1600 y 1750 m. Se midieron 13 variables de la vegetación tales como riqueza, densidad y estructura arbórea en 20 sitios de muestreo: ocho cafetales a plena exposición, ocho con sombrío y cuatro bosques de referencia. Se determinó que la diversidad florística disminuyó en función del IA, donde las variables relacionadas al componente arbóreo y epífito fueron las que más aportaron a la medición de la IA. La composición arbórea estuvo conformada principalmente por especies pioneras que son relevantes en la conservación y restauración regional. Se concluye que el IA aplicado a estos agroecosistemas ayuda a medir el grado de intervención antrópica; que los cafetales con sombra y parches de bosque son fuente de biodiversidad vegetal, de hábitat y de conectividad entre los paisajes Andinos fragmentados; y que la aplicación del IA en cafetales resulta en una herramienta útil para examinar hipótesis sobre sostenibilidad y conservación.

Premontane humid forests (pm-hf) are severely degraded from anthropogenic disturbance derived from agricultural and livestock. Given the loss of connectivity among forest patches, it is necessary to study how agroecosystems, especially because an important part of biodiversity would be present in these agroecosystems. Because there is a loss of connectivity throughout these fragmented landscapes, it is necessary to develop studies on the contribution of coffee agroecosystems to biodiversity. This study evaluated plant diversity and estimated the agricultural intensification index (AI) in two coffee agronomic management strategies and forests at La Meseta at Popayán, Cauca, Colombia between 1600 and 1700 m. Thirteen local variables related to plants, such as richness, coffee density, arboreal structure, were evaluated in 20 sampling sites: eight sun coffee, eight shaded coffee plantations and four reference forests. The study found that floristic diversity decreased in function of AI, where the variables related to the arboreal component were the most sensitive to the IA measurement of intensification change. Arboreal composition consisted mainly of pioneer species, which are relevant for conservation and regional restoration purposes. It is concluded that the AI, applied to these agroecosystems helps to measure the degree of anthropogenic disturbance. Shaded coffee and forest patches are sources of plant diversity, of habitat and landscape connectivity in the highly fragmented Andean coffee landscapes; the application of the intensification index in coffee crops may constitute a useful tool to examine hypotheses related to sustainability and conservation., Los bosques húmedos premontanos (bh-pm) presentan alto grado de deterioro por efecto de la intervención antrópica, principalmente por actividades agrícolas y ganaderas. Dada la pérdida de conectividad en estos paisajes fragmentados, es prioritario estudiar la contribución de agroecosistemas cafeteros a la diversidad regional. Este estudio evaluó la diversidad florística de cafetales y estimó del índice de intensificación agrícola (IA) en dos estrategias agronómicas de café y en bosques en La Meseta de Popayán, Cauca, Colombia, en altitudes entre 1600 y 1750 m. Se midieron 13 variables de la vegetación tales como riqueza, densidad y estructura arbórea en 20 sitios de muestreo: ocho cafetales a plena exposición, ocho con sombrío y cuatro bosques de referencia. Se determinó que la diversidad florística disminuyó en función del IA, donde las variables relacionadas al componente arbóreo y epífito fueron las que más aportaron a la medición de la IA. La composición arbórea estuvo conformada principalmente por especies pioneras que son relevantes en la conservación y restauración regional. Se concluye que el IA aplicado a estos agroecosistemas ayuda a medir el grado de intervención antrópica; que los cafetales con sombra y parches de bosque son fuente de biodiversidad vegetal, de hábitat y de conectividad entre los paisajes Andinos fragmentados; y que la aplicación del IA en cafetales resulta en una herramienta útil para examinar hipótesis sobre sostenibilidad y conservación.

Objective. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the digestibility of different nutritional and energy components of artificial diets containing flour fishsilage used in growing of arawana fingerlings (O. bicirrhossum). Materials and methods. 240 fingerlings distributed in 12 tanks with 20 fish per experimental unit were handled, in a completely randomized design made up of 4 treatments with three replicates, each with inclusions of 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20(20ESH) and 30% flour fish silage (30ESH) of treatments T0, T1, T2 and T3 respectively; fromflour fish silagein order to formulate isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets in the different treatments to avoid sources of miscalculation of the experimental variables. Results. High digestibility coefficients were observed in treatments T1 (10ESH) and T3 (30ESH). The protein, lipid and energy utilization ratios were greater than 60%, which shows the importance of including flour fish silage as a source of protein to improve the various growth parameters. Significant differences between treatments were found in the increase of length (p≤0.05), showing that the T1 was the best treatment with an average of 1.21±0.29 cm. Conclusions. According to the coefficients of digestibility, length increase and benefit - cost ratio, the best treatment was T1 (10ESH) used to feed arawana (O. bicirrhossum), during the growing period, demonstrating the economic and ecological advantages for utilization of this source of protein in aquaculture., Objetivo. Analizar la digestibilidad de los diferentes componentes nutricionales y energéticos en dietas balanceadas con niveles de harina de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama en el alevinaje de arawana (O. bicirrhossum). Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron 240 alevinos, distribuidos en 12 acuarios a razón de 1 animal/5 L. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, conformado por cuatro tratamientos con tres réplicas cada uno, con inclusiones de 0 (0ESH), 10 (10ESH), 20 (20ESH) y 30% de extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama (30ESH) para los tratamientos T0, T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente; para evitar fuentes de error en el cálculo de las variables experimentales, se formularon dietas isoenergéticas e isonitrogenadas. Resultados. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el incremento de longitud (p≤0.05), indicando que el T1 (10ESH) es el mejor tratamiento con un promedio de talla de 1.21 ±0.29 cm, además, se obtuvieron coeficientes de digestibilidad superiores al 60% en los tratamientos T1 (10ESH) y T3 (30ESH) en lo referente a proteína, lípidos y Coeficientes de Utilización Energética (CUE); demostrando la importancia de incluir el extracto seco de hidrolizado de vísceras de cachama, en las dietas de los peces para mejorar las distintas variables zootécnicas, teniendo en cuenta la importancia acuariofílica de la especie. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con los coeficientes de digestibilidad, incrementos de longitud y la relación beneficio - costo el mejor tratamiento fue el T1 (10 ESH) en dietas de levante para O. bicirrhossum; demostrando las ventajas económicas y ecológicas de la incorporación de esta materia prima en la alimentación acuícola.

Intraventricular conduction defects (IVCDs) can impair prognosis of heart failure (HF), but their specific impact is not well established. This study aimed to analyse the clinical profile and outcomes of HF patients with LBBB, right bundle branch block (RBBB), left anterior fascicular block (LAFB), and no IVCDs. Clinical variables and outcomes after a median follow-up of 21 months were analysed in 1762 patients with chronic HF and LBBB (n = 532), RBBB (n = 134), LAFB (n = 154), and no IVCDs (n = 942). LBBB was associated with more marked LV dilation, depressed LVEF, and mitral valve regurgitation. Patients with RBBB presented overt signs of congestive HF and depressed right ventricular motion. The LAFB group presented intermediate clinical characteristics, and patients with no IVCDs were more often women with less enlarged left ventricles and less depressed LVEF. Death occurred in 332 patients (interannual mortality = 10.8%): cardiovascular in 257, extravascular in 61, and of unknown origin in 14 patients. Cardiac death occurred in 230 (pump failure in 171 and sudden death in 59). An adjusted Cox model showed higher risk of cardiac death and pump failure death in the LBBB and RBBB than in the LAFB and the no IVCD groups. LBBB and RBBB are associated with different clinical profiles and both are independent predictors of increased risk of cardiac death in patients with HF. A more favourable prognosis was observed in patients with LAFB and in those free of IVCDs. Further research in HF patients with RBBB is warranted.

Eucalyptus cladocalyx fue ofrecido a 5 cabras adultas, utilizando heno de alfalfa como control. La evaluación fue individual por 14 días, más 5 días experimentales. Se calculó el consumo de nutrientes y se realizó análisis de varianza. El eucalipto presentó 80,7 p.100 de hojas, 95,5 p.100 de MS, 4,2 p.100 PC, 1,4 Mcal kg-1, 38,5 p.100 de DMS, 49,5 p.100 FDN y 37,5 p.100 FDA. El consumo de todos los nutrientes de eucalipto fue menor (p<0,05). El consumo de MS, PC, EM, DMS, fue de 446,1; 22,9 g día-1; 0,667 Mcal kg-1 y 190,8 g día-1 respectivamente. La ingesta de MS, PC y EM alcanzó 33,12; 11,55 y 22,89 p.100 de lo consumido por el control. Por lo que este forraje tiene fuertes limitaciones para su uso.

Se compararon canales de cabritos Criollos e híbridos Cashmere de seis meses y 31 kg. Se determinó peso vivo vacío, rendimiento comercial, verdadero y de despojos rojos. Se realizó análisis de varianza en un diseño completamente al azar. El rendimiento comercial fue de 46,5 y 41,9 p.100, y el de la piel fue de 7,3 y 9,3 p.100, valores diferentes (p<0,01) para Criollos e híbridos respectivamente. El peso de la piel e hígado fue de 1,9 vs 2,3 y 0,5 vs 0,4 kg respectivamente en Criollos e híbridos (p<0,05). El rendimiento comercial fue influenciado por el contenido digestivo. Estos valores demuestran que no existen diferencias importantes en las características de canales de los cabritos Criollos e híbridos Cashmere.

Eucalyptus cladocalyx fue ofrecido a 5 cabras adultas, utilizando heno de alfalfa como control. La evaluación fue individual por 14 días, más 5 días experimentales. Se calculó el consumo de nutrientes y se realizó análisis de varianza. El eucalipto presentó 80,7 p.100 de hojas, 95,5 p.100 de MS, 4,2 p.100 PC, 1,4 Mcal kg-1, 38,5 p.100 de DMS, 49,5 p.100 FDN y 37,5 p.100 FDA. El consumo de todos los nutrientes de eucalipto fue menor (p<0,05). El consumo de MS, PC, EM, DMS, fue de 446,1; 22,9 g día-1; 0,667 Mcal kg-1 y 190,8 g día-1 respectivamente. La ingesta de MS, PC y EM alcanzó 33,12; 11,55 y 22,89 p.100 de lo consumido por el control. Por lo que este forraje tiene fuertes limitaciones para su uso.

Se compararon canales de cabritos Criollos e híbridos Cashmere de seis meses y 31 kg. Se determinó peso vivo vacío, rendimiento comercial, verdadero y de despojos rojos. Se realizó análisis de varianza en un diseño completamente al azar. El rendimiento comercial fue de 46,5 y 41,9 p.100, y el de la piel fue de 7,3 y 9,3 p.100, valores diferentes (p<0,01) para Criollos e híbridos respectivamente. El peso de la piel e hígado fue de 1,9 vs 2,3 y 0,5 vs 0,4 kg respectivamente en Criollos e híbridos (p<0,05). El rendimiento comercial fue influenciado por el contenido digestivo. Estos valores demuestran que no existen diferencias importantes en las características de canales de los cabritos Criollos e híbridos Cashmere.