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Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na problematiku strachu z úmrtí pacienta u všeobecných sester, což je téma v dnešní době trochu opomíjené. Teoretická část je mimo jiné zaměřena na umírání a smrt, strach, stres a duševní hygienu. Praktická část se zabývá dotazníkovým šetřením a analýzou výsledků získaných dat., Bachelor thesis is focused on problematics of fear of patient death among general nurses which is neglected topic nowdays. Theoretical part is apart from other topics focused on dying and death, fear, stress and mental hygiene. Practical part is dealing with questionnaire survey., Fakulta zdravotnických studií, Student/ka úspěšně obhájil/a bakalářskou práci, odpověděl/a na doplňující otázky oponenta., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is a fundamental component of a healthy lifestyle. Currently this notion has become universal and has permeated the public consciousness, society and the political agenda of public health programs. In Spain, as a result of the pandemic due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), this health issue has been revived and has also been the subject of parliamentary debates. This idea is not new because within the Greco-Roman medical tradition continued by the Arabs, all the great authors included in their texts chapters on general hygienic-dietary norms to lead a healthy life, their own medical genre called “health regimen”. In Al-Andalus, the Jewish doctor Maimonides (1138-1204) was nine centuries ahead of the concept of mental health or hygiene of the soul and its disorders, topics now included in the field of psychology, psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. Maimonides drew up a body of doctrine on mental disorders and systematized a complete management of them from a comprehensive view of the patient as a person, based on four preventive and therapeutic measures to achieve mental balance: a) a general health regime; b) mental and emotional re-education; c) measures to reduce anxiety; and d) specific antidepressant medication. These recommendations are the most original made up to then, even many of them are still valid today due to their modernity. In this historical context, Maimonides constitutes a scientific bridge between the Middle Ages and our era., Según la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS) la salud mental es un componente fundamental del estilo de vida saludable. Actualmente, esta noción se ha hecho universal y ha calado en la conciencia ciudadana, en la sociedad y en la agenda política de los programas de Salud Pública. En España, a consecuencia de la pandemia debida a la Enfermedad por Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), este asunto sanitario se ha reavivado y ha sido motivo también de debates parlamentarios. Esta idea no es nueva pues dentro de la tradición médica grecolatina, continuada por los árabes, todos los grandes autores incluyeron en sus textos capítulos acerca de normas higiénico-dietéticas generales para llevar una vida sana, género médico propio denominado “régimen de salud”. En Al-Andalus, el médico judío Maimónides (1138-1204) se adelantó en nueve siglos al concepto de salud mental o higiene del alma y sus trastornos, temas incluidos ahora en el campo de la psicología, la psiquiatría y la medicina psicosomática. Maimónides confeccionó un cuerpo de doctrina sobre las afecciones psíquicas y sistematizó un manejo completo de las mismas desde una visión integral del paciente como persona, basado en cuatro medidas preventivas y terapéuticas para alcanzar el equilibrio psíquico: a) un régimen general de salud; b) reeducación mental y emocional; c) medidas para disminuir la ansiedad; y d) medicación específica antidepresiva. Estas recomendaciones son las más originales hechas hasta entonces. Incluso muchas de ellas siguen vigentes actualmente por su modernidad. En este contexto histórico Maimónides constituye un puente científico entre el Medievo y nuestra era.

In this article, I approach mental hygiene and mental health programs as vehicles of psycholo-gization of Costa Rican society. I identify some of the strategies, discourses and fantasies adopted by psychologists associated with these paradigms through the study of documentary sources such as textbooks, curriculums, mental health laws and policies, and campaigns by the College of Professionals in Psychology of Costa Rica. I analyse the preventive and promotional projections at the communal, scholar, and familiar level as part of a generous vocation (Rose, 1998), with which the discipline has infiltrated socializing institutions. Subsequently, I address the problem of thepeutocratic cooptation of socialrights and its link to the rise of cognitive-behavioural approaches. Finally, I discuss the consensual aspirations of psychopolitics (de Vos, 2012) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and neoliberal reform., En este artículo me aproximo a la higiene mental y a la salud mental como vehículos de la psi-cologización de la sociedad costarricense. Identifico algunas de las estrategias, discursos y fantasías de los psicólogos asociados a estos paradigmas a través de fuentes documentales: libros de texto, programas de estudio, leyes y políticas en salud mental, y campañas del Colegio de Profesionales en Psicología de Costa Rica, adoptando una perspectiva histórica-crítica. Analizo las proyecciones preventivas y de promoción a nivel comunitario, escolar, y familiar como par-te de una vocación generosa (Rose, 1998), con que la disciplina ha infiltrado las instituciones socializadoras. Posteriormente, abordo el problema de la cooptación terapeutocrática de derechos socialesen relación con el auge de los enfoques cognitivo-conductuales. Finalmente, discuto las aspiraciones consensuales de la psicopolítica (de Vos, 2012), en el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19 y reforma psiquiátrica

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá aktuálními problémy v oblasti duševního zdraví u adolescentů. Zkoumá, jaké potíže především v době pandemie se u adolescentů objevují a jak se s nimi vypořádávají. V teoretické části práce je pozornost zaměřena např. na emoční poruchy, úzkosti, stres, deprese a zdravé sebevědomí. Dále pak na oblast duševního zdraví, zejména na otázky, jak o něj pečovat a posilovat jej. V poslední části práce je popsán vliv pandemie COVID-19 na duševní zdraví adolescentů a na jejich psychosociální vývoj. Kvalitativní výzkum je založen na expertních rozhovorech se školními i mimoškolními psychology a psychoterapeuty. Cílem je zjistit, z jakého důvodu adolescenti přicházejí do psychologických poraden, jaké potíže řeší a jak vypadá způsob jejich podpory., This thesis deals with the topic of acute problems concerning the mental health of adolescents. It describes the problems of adolescents during the coronavirus pandemic and the ways these people deal with them. The theoretical part focuses on emotional disorders, anxiety, stress, depression, healthy self-confidence and more. It also deals with questions regarding mental health, for example how to care for one's mental health and how to improve it. The last part of the thesis describes the effect that the COVID-19 pandemic had on mental health of adolescents and their psychosocial growth. The qualitative survey is based on expert interviews with psychologists and psychotherapists from both school and out-of-school environments. The goal is to find out what is the reason behind adolescents visiting psychological counselors, what problems they need help with and how are they being assisted., Fakulta filozofická, Studentka přistoupila k obhajobě dipl. práce připravená. Reagovala aktivně na otázky členů komise, odpověděla na otázky vedoucího práce i oponenta z posudků. Obhajoba proběhla řádně., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This paper focuses on the organized working class of Santiago de Chile’s reception of the postulates of the psychological disciplines, specifically of mental hygiene. Focused on a historical reconstruction that takes on the communist, socialist and anarchist working-class press of the mid-twentieth century, the paper brings to light a concern about the mental consequences of capitalism on the working class. In this way, an alternative route to the history of psychological knowledge opens up, showing the agency of the popular metropolitan class in Chile., Este trabalho enfoca a recepção que a classe trabalhadora organizada de Santiago do Chile fez dos postulados das disciplinas psicológicas, especificamente da higiene mental. Voltado a uma reconstrução histórica, na qual se toma a imprensa anarquista, comunista e socialista de meados do século XX, evidencia a preocupação com as consequências mentais do capitalismo para a classe trabalhadora. Assinala-se, com este percurso uma via alternativa para a história dos saberes psicológicos, mostrando-se a agência da classe trabalhadora metropolitana no Chile., El presente trabajo se enfoca en la recepción que la clase trabajadora organizada de Santiago de Chile hizo de los postulados de las disciplinas psicológicas, específicamente de la higiene mental. Enfocados en una reconstrucción histórica, en la que se toma a la prensa obrera anarquista comunista y socialista de mediados del siglo XX, se evidencia una preocupación sobre las consecuencias mentales del capitalismo en la clase obrera. Se señala con este recorrido una ruta alterna a la historia de los saberes psicológicos con lo que se muestra la agencia de la clase popular metropolitana en Chile.

Attachment theory, developed by child psychiatrist John Bowlby, is considered a major theory in developmental psychology. Attachment theory can be seen as resulting from Bowlby's personal experiences, his psychoanalytic education, his subsequent study of ethology, and societal developments during the 1930s and 1940s. One of those developments was the outbreak of World War II and its effects on children's psychological wellbeing. In 1950, Bowlby was appointed WHO consultant to study the needs of children who were orphaned or separated from their families for other reasons and needed care in foster homes or institutions. The resulting report is generally considered a landmark publication in psychology, although it subsequently met with methodological criticism. In this paper, by reconstructing Bowlby's visit to several European countries, on the basis of notebooks

En este artículo presento un análisis conceptual de los abordajes de la temática del suicido que pueden encontrarse en las publicaciones periódicas españolas de índole médica del periodo 1926-1936. Comienzo describiendo los cambios legislativos relevantes en España hasta 1936, atendiendo, con ello, a los debates doctrinales acerca de la eutanasia. En segundo lugar, analizo la relación de la temática del suicidio con el movimiento de higiene mental y con la noción de «peligrosidad». Finalmente reconstruyo los debates y posiciones teóricas principales acerca de las causas del suicidio presentes en los textos revisados.Palabras clave: suicidio, psiquiatría, psicología, higiene mental, peligrosidad, In this article I present a conceptual analysis of the approaches to the topic of suicide that are to be found in the Spanish medical periodical publications of the period 1926-1936. First, I describe relevant legal changes in Spain up to the year 1936, tackling, in this way, doctrinal debates about euthanasia. Secondly, I analyse the relationship between the topic of suicide with the mental hygiene movement, as well as with the notion of “dangerousness”. Finally, I reconstruct the main debates and theoretical standpoints about the causes of suicide that can be found in the revised texts.Keywords: suicide, psychiatry, psychology, mental hygiene, dangerousness

En este artículo presento un análisis conceptual de los abordajes de la temática del suicido que pueden encontrarse en las publicaciones periódicas españolas de índole médica del periodo 1926-1936. Comienzo describiendo los cambios legislativos relevantes en España hasta 1936, atendiendo, con ello, a los debates doctrinales acerca de la eutanasia. En segundo lugar, analizo la relación de la temática del suicidio con el movimiento de higiene mental y con la noción de «peligrosidad». Finalmente reconstruyo los debates y posiciones teóricas principales acerca de las causas del suicidio presentes en los textos revisados.Palabras clave: suicidio, psiquiatría, psicología, higiene mental, peligrosidad, In this article I present a conceptual analysis of the approaches to the topic of suicide that are to be found in the Spanish medical periodical publications of the period 1926-1936. First, I describe relevant legal changes in Spain up to the year 1936, tackling, in this way, doctrinal debates about euthanasia. Secondly, I analyse the relationship between the topic of suicide with the mental hygiene movement, as well as with the notion of “dangerousness”. Finally, I reconstruct the main debates and theoretical standpoints about the causes of suicide that can be found in the revised texts.Keywords: suicide, psychiatry, psychology, mental hygiene, dangerousness

Bakalářská práce se zabývá tématem "Význam duševní hygieny v prevenci syndromu vyhoření u všeobecných sester". Práce obsahuje teoretickou část a průzkumnou část. Teoretická část definuje pojem duševní hygiena a popisuje její metody a zásady. Dále je pak téma doplněno popisem problematiky syndromu vyhoření a jeho prevence. V průzkumné části bylo využito anonymního dotazníkového šetření. Tato část obsahuje čtyři průzkumné otázky zajímající se o to, zda dotazované všeobecné sestry využívají některou z metod duševní hygieny a jaká je nejčastější využívaná metoda, jaký vliv má duševní hygiena na vznik příznaků syndromu vyhoření, jaký má duševní hygiena význam pro všeobecné sestry a zdali sestry navštěvují odborné semináře a přednášky na téma prevence syndromu vyhoření. Pomocí těchto průzkumných otázek bylo zjištěno, že ze 101 dotazovaných respondentek více jak polovina (73; 72,3 %) všeobecných sester využívá duševní hygienu a pouhých 17 (16; 8 %) z nich i přesto pociťuje příznaky syndromu vyhoření. Všeobecné sestry využívající metody duševní hygieny pak zmiňovaly, jaký má pro ně význam duševní hygiena, kde nejčastější odpovědí bylo navození pocitu spokojenosti a klidu (60; 35,9 %), zlepšení zvládnutí stresových situací (47; 28,1 %) a zlepšení koncentrace (32; 19,2 %)., The bachelor's thesis dealt with the topic "The importance of mental hygiene in the prevention of burnout syndrome among general nurses." The thesis contains a theoretical part and an exploratory part. The theoretical part defines the concept of mental hygiene and describes its methods and principles. Furthermore, the topic is supplemented by a description of the issue of burnout syndrome and its prevention. An anonymous questionnaire survey was used in the exploratory part. This section contains five exploratory questions about whether general nurses use any of the methods of mental hygiene, what is the most commonly used method, what effect mental hygiene has on the symptoms of burnout, what is the importance of mental hygiene for general nurses and whether nurses visit professional seminars and lectures on the topic of burnout prevention. Using these survey questions, it was found that out of 101 respondents, more than half (73; 72,3%) of general nurses use mental hygiene and only 17 (16, 8 %) of them still experience symptoms of burnout. Subsequently general nurses using mental hygiene methods mentioned the importance of mental hygiene for them, the most common response was induction of a feeling of satisfaction and calmness (60; 35,9%), improvement of coping with stressful situations (47; 28,1%) and improvement in concentration (32; 19,2%)., Fakulta zdravotnických studií, Hodnocení vedoucího: výborně mínus Hodnocení oponenta: výborně mínus Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. Proč jste si vybrala dané téma? 2. Jaké metody duševní hygieny sama využíváte? Obhajoba bakalářské práce s prezentací velmi dobrá., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This paper argues the need for culturally-attuned mindfulness- and meditation-based programs designed to help Latinx immigrants facing acculturative stress in the United States. There are over 43.7 million immigrants living in the U.S (Pew Research Center, 2018); even though research does not show how many are suffering from acculturative stress, research does show that discrimination has been strongly linked to negative psychological consequences and acculturative stress (Torres, Driscoll, and Voell, 2012, p. 18). Research on discrimination from Perez, Fortuna, and Alegria and the Pew Hispanic Center (as cited in Torres, Driscoll, and Voell, 2012) share that on average 30 percent or more of Latinxs have been victims of racial or ethnic discrimination in the US (p. 17). Therefore, it is essential to serve the millions of Latinx immigrants, like me, who have experienced discrimination in the US. Mindfulness and meditation programs available target generalized stress reduction for white Americans; very few have added cultural adaptations, and none have been designed to target acculturative stress of Latinxs. My findings suggest that there is a need for a program that takes into consideration mental health stigmas, barriers, cultural values, traditions, and beliefs. I hope that this project can heal acculturative stress for readers and participants and that it inspires others to develop innovative, culturally-attuned, and adapted mental health tools for this population.

Attachment theory, developed by child psychiatrist John Bowlby, is considered a major theory in developmental psychology. Attachment theory can be seen as resulting from Bowlby's personal experiences, his psychoanalytic education, his subsequent study of ethology, and societal developments during the 1930s and 1940s. One of those developments was the outbreak of World War II and its effects on children's psychological wellbeing. In 1950, Bowlby was appointed WHO consultant to study the needs of children who were orphaned or separated from their families for other reasons and needed care in foster homes or institutions. The resulting report is generally considered a landmark publication in psychology, although it subsequently met with methodological criticism. In this paper, by reconstructing Bowlby's visit to several European countries, on the basis of notebooks and letters, the authors shed light on the background of this report and the way Bowlby used or neglected the findings he gathered.

The present article aims to understand the appropriations and scientific transpositions between mental hygiene as a technical solution and eugenics as ideology, in the emergence of the concept of mental health in the middle of the XX century in Colombia. Methodology: inscribed in the current of social history of science, a documentary research was carried out, by means of heuristics of archives and hermeneutics. Conclusions: the predominance of hereditary propensity as a determinant of degeneration, over environmental factors, had discursive and practical transpositions in eugenics, extended to three fields: hygiene (physical, mental and moral), puericulture or maternal-child care and homiculture to "work the body and reap the man". Mental hygiene was a technical solution to prevent and remedy the decline of the race that was attributed to the civilization backlog in which the country was plunged, a historical background that characterized the emergence of the incorporation of psychic care in the public health agenda in Colombia and Latin America., Cet article a pour objectif de comprendre les appropriations et les transpositions scientifiques entre hygiène mentale comme solution technique et eugénisme comme idéologie, dans la naissance du concept de santé mentale au milieu du XXème siècle en Colombie. Méthodologie: inscrite dans le courant d’histoire sociale de la science, on a réalisé une recherche documentaire, à travers l’heuristique des archives et de l’herméneutique. Conclusions : la prédominance de la propension héréditaire comme déterminant de la dégénérescence, au-dessus de facteurs environnementaux, a eu de transpositions discursives et pratiques dans l’eugénisme, répandue à trois domaines: l’hygiène (physique, mentale et morale), la puériculture ou le soin materne-infantile, et l’homiculture pour « tailler le corps et cultiver l’homme » L’hygiène mentale a constitué une solution technique pour prévenir et remédier la décadence de la race à laquelle on attribuait le retard civilisateur dans lequel le pays se trouvait plongé, arrière- plan historique qui a caractérisé la naissance de l’incorporation du soin psychique dans l’agenda de santé publique en Colombie et en Amérique Latine., No presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender as apropriações e transposições científicas entre higiene mental como solução técnica e eugenia como ideologia, no surgimento do conceito de saúde mental em meados do século XX na Colômbia. Metodologia: inscrita na corrente da história social da ciência, foi realizada uma pesquisa documental através de heurísticas de arquivamento e hermenêutica. Conclusões: o predomínio da propensão hereditária como determinante da degeneração, por cima dos fatores ambientais, Teve transposições discursivas e práticas na eugenesia, difundida em três campos: a higiene (física, mental e moral), a puericultura ou cuidado materno-infantil e a homicultura para “lavrar o corpo e colher ao homem”, a higiene mental representou uma solução técnica para evitar e resolver a decadência da raça à qual se atribuía o atraso civilizacional em que se encontrava mergulhado o país, cenário histórico que caracterizou o surgir da incorporação do cuidado psíquico no calendário da saúde pública na Colômbia e América Latina., El presente artículo tiene por objetivo comprender las apropiaciones y transposiciones científicas entre higiene mental como solución técnica y eugenesia como ideología, en el surgimiento del concepto de salud mental a mediados del siglo XX en Colombia. Metodología: inscrita en la corriente de historia social de la ciencia, se realizó una investigación documental, mediante heurística de archivo y hermenéutica. Conclusiones: el predominio de la propensión hereditaria como determinante de la degeneración, por sobre los factores ambientales, tuvo transposiciones discursivas y prácticas en la eugenesia, extendida a tres campos: la higiene (física, mental y moral), la puericultura o cuidado materno-infantil, y la homicultura para “labrar el cuerpo y cosechar al hombre”. La higiene mental constituyó una solución técnica para prevenir y remediar la decadencia de la raza a la que se atribuía el atraso civilizatorio en que se encontraba sumido el país, trasfondo histórico que caracterizó el surgimiento de la incorporación del cuidado psíquico en la agenda de la salud pública en Colombia y Latinoamérica.

The present article aims to understand the appropriations and scientific transpositions between mental hygiene as a technical solution and eugenics as ideology, in the emergence of the concept of mental health in the middle of the XX century in Colombia. Methodology: inscribed in the current of social history of science, a documentary research was carried out, by means of heuristics of archives and hermeneutics. Conclusions: the predominance of hereditary propensity as a determinant of degeneration, over environmental factors, had discursive and practical transpositions in eugenics, extended to three fields: hygiene (physical, mental and moral), puericulture or maternal-child care and homiculture to "work the body and reap the man". Mental hygiene was a technical solution to prevent and remedy the decline of the race that was attributed to the civilization backlog in which the country was plunged, a historical background that characterized the emergence of the incorporation of psychic care in the public health agenda in Colombia and Latin America., Cet article a pour objectif de comprendre les appropriations et les transpositions scientifiques entre hygiène mentale comme solution technique et eugénisme comme idéologie, dans la naissance du concept de santé mentale au milieu du XXème siècle en Colombie. Méthodologie: inscrite dans le courant d’histoire sociale de la science, on a réalisé une recherche documentaire, à travers l’heuristique des archives et de l’herméneutique. Conclusions : la prédominance de la propension héréditaire comme déterminant de la dégénérescence, au-dessus de facteurs environnementaux, a eu de transpositions discursives et pratiques dans l’eugénisme, répandue à trois domaines: l’hygiène (physique, mentale et morale), la puériculture ou le soin materne-infantile, et l’homiculture pour « tailler le corps et cultiver l’homme » L’hygiène mentale a constitué une solution technique pour prévenir et remédier la décadence de la race à laquelle on attribuait le retard civilisateur dans lequel le pays se trouvait plongé, arrière- plan historique qui a caractérisé la naissance de l’incorporation du soin psychique dans l’agenda de santé publique en Colombie et en Amérique Latine., No presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender as apropriações e transposições científicas entre higiene mental como solução técnica e eugenia como ideologia, no surgimento do conceito de saúde mental em meados do século XX na Colômbia. Metodologia: inscrita na corrente da história social da ciência, foi realizada uma pesquisa documental através de heurísticas de arquivamento e hermenêutica. Conclusões: o predomínio da propensão hereditária como determinante da degeneração, por cima dos fatores ambientais, Teve transposições discursivas e práticas na eugenesia, difundida em três campos: a higiene (física, mental e moral), a puericultura ou cuidado materno-infantil e a homicultura para “lavrar o corpo e colher ao homem”, a higiene mental representou uma solução técnica para evitar e resolver a decadência da raça à qual se atribuía o atraso civilizacional em que se encontrava mergulhado o país, cenário histórico que caracterizou o surgir da incorporação do cuidado psíquico no calendário da saúde pública na Colômbia e América Latina., El presente artículo tiene por objetivo comprender las apropiaciones y transposiciones científicas entre higiene mental como solución técnica y eugenesia como ideología, en el surgimiento del concepto de salud mental a mediados del siglo XX en Colombia. Metodología: inscrita en la corriente de historia social de la ciencia, se realizó una investigación documental, mediante heurística de archivo y hermenéutica. Conclusiones: el predominio de la propensión hereditaria como determinante de la degeneración, por sobre los factores ambientales, tuvo transposiciones discursivas y prácticas en la eugenesia, extendida a tres campos: la higiene (física, mental y moral), la puericultura o cuidado materno-infantil, y la homicultura para “labrar el cuerpo y cosechar al hombre”. La higiene mental constituyó una solución técnica para prevenir y remediar la decadencia de la raza a la que se atribuía el atraso civilizatorio en que se encontraba sumido el país, trasfondo histórico que caracterizó el surgimiento de la incorporación del cuidado psíquico en la agenda de la salud pública en Colombia y Latinoamérica.

[EN] The aim of this article its to reflect about the relationships between psychiatry, law and social danger in the 1920s and 1930s in three European countries, Spain, France and Belgium, in order to show the importance of social dangerousness within the framework of the mental hygiene and how they were implemented with social defense policies., [PT] Neste trabalho, pretendemos refletir sobre as relações entre psiquiatria, lei e perigo social nas décadas de 1920 e 1930 em três países europeus – Espanha, França e Bélgica – com o objetivo de demonstrar a importância do perigo social no âmbito da higiene mental e como foram realizadas e implementadas as políticas de proteção social., [FR] Dans cet article, nous souhaitons réfléchir aux relations entre la psychiatrie, la loi et le danger social dans les années 1920 et 1930 dans trois pays européens, l’Espagne, la France et la Belgique, afin de montrer l’importance du danger social dans le cadre de l’hygiène mentale et de quelle manière les politiques de protection sociale ont été réalisées et mises en œuvre

Bakalářská práce se zabývá tématem duševní hygieny u vysokoškolských studentů - přesněji studentů Fakulty filozofické Univerzity Pardubice. Teoretická část popisuje historický vývoj této vědní disciplíny, sděluje její současné pojetí a odkrývá její obsah. Dále se zabývá problematikou stresu nebo time managementu, který spadá do kapitoly o sebeřízení jedince. V teoretické části také najdeme zmínku o životním stylu, psychické zátěži a podobně. Praktická část této bakalářské práce pomocí dotazníku zkoumá, zda vysokoškolští studenti Fakulty filozofické Univerzity Pardubice znají a vědí, co znamená pojem psychohygiena., The bachelor thesis deals with the topic of mental hygiene among university students - more precisely students of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Pardubice. The theoretical part describes the historical development of this scientific discipline, communicates its current conception and reveals its contents. It also deals with the issue of stress or time management, which belongs into the chapter on individual self-esteem. In the theoretical part we also find mention of lifestyle, psychological stress and so on. The practical part of this bachelor's thesis examines if students of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Pardubice knows what the term psychohygiene means., Fakulta filozofická, Studentka přistoupila k obhajobě řádně připravena. Představila téma práce a zodpověděla všechny dotazy kladené komisí i v posudcích. Byla prokázána znalost odborné literatury.

Mental Hygiene was an international psychiatric movement initiated in the United States and followed by several Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, giving importance to the early detection and outpatient treatment of mental pathologies. Our research addresses the advances in Mental Hygiene in Buenos Aires between 1935 and 1945 according to discourses in Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. This publication linked that trend to the prevention of mental psychopathy in the general population, recovering statements of Social Medicine and Eugenics. In addition, mental pathology was considered to allow intermediate states so there was a necessity to have dispensaries and psychiatric annexes as a complement to the asylum system. A legal project also emerged to establish mandatory reporting and psychiatric treatment, as well as statistics, in order to make the statements of Mental Hygiene effective in Argentina., A Higiene Mental foi um movimento de natureza psiquiátrica de alcance internacional iniciada nos Estados Unidos e desenvolvida em vários países latino-americanos como Brasil, México e Argentina, no qual se deu importância na detecção precoce e o tratamento ambulatório da doença mental. Nossa pesquisa estuda avanços da Higiene Mental avança em Buenos Aires entre 1935 e 1945 a partir dos discursos da Revista de Psiquiatria e Criminologia. Nesta publicação a corrente foi relacionada com a prevenção da psicopatiamental na população em geral, retomando premissas da Medicina Social e Eugenesia. Além disso, considerou-se que a patologia mental admitia estados intermedis para o que era necessário contar com dispensários e anexos psiquiátricos como complemento do sistema de asilo. Também apareceu um projeto legal para estabelecer a obrigatoriedade da denúncia e tratamento psiquiátrico, assim como a realização de estatísticas, para voltar efetivas premissas da Higiene Mental na Argentina instalações eficazes de Higiene Mental na Argentina., La Higiene Mental fue un movimiento de carácter psiquiátrico de alcance internacional iniciado en Estados Unidos y desarrollado en diversos países latinoamericanos como Brasil, México y Argentina, en el que se dio importancia a la detección precoz y el tratamiento ambulatorio de la patología mental. Nuestra investigación estudia avances de la Higiene Mental en Buenos Aires entre 1935 y 1945 desde los discursos de Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. En esta publicación la corriente fue vinculada a la prevención de la psicopatía mental en la población en general, retomando premisas de la Medicina Social y la Eugenesia. Además, se consideró que la patología mental admitía estados intermedios para lo que era necesario contar con dispensarios y anexos psiquiátricos como complemento del sistema asilar. También apareció un proyecto legal para establecer la obligatoriedad de la denuncia y tratamiento psiquiátrico, así como la realización de estadísticas, para volver efectivas premisas de la Higiene Mental en Argentina.

In this article we propose to analyze the work of the Saúde do Espírito (1958) published by intellectual Arthur Ramos result of his experience in Orthophrenology Service and Mental Hygiene. Intellectual investigated the cause of the behavior of more than 2,000 children seen as abnormal. So: What are the contributions of Arthur Ramos to education? To what extent was this the hygienists proposed in the education project? Our methodology is based on bibliographical and documentary research. The thought of Arthur Ramos brought contributions to contemporary education because their thinking is present by treating the family role in the child's personality development, but the focus was on the prevention of behaviors regarded as undesirable, seeking to build the long awaited civilized society., Neste artigo nos propomos a analisar a obra Saúde do Espírito (1958) publicada pelo intelectual Arthur Ramos fruto de sua experiência no Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental. O intelectual investigou a causa do comportamento de mais de 2000 crianças tidas como anormais. Assim: Quais as contribuições de Arthur Ramos à educação? Até que ponto esteve presente as propostas higienistas no projeto de educação? A nossa metodologia é baseada em pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. O pensamento de Arthur Ramos trouxe contribuições para a educação contemporânea, pois seu pensamento é atual por tratar do papel da família na formação da personalidade da criança, no entanto o foco era a prevenção de condutas tidas como indesejáveis, buscando construir a tão sonhada sociedade civilizada.

Mental Hygiene was an international psychiatric movement initiated in the United States and followed by several Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, giving importance to the early detection and outpatient treatment of mental pathologies. Our research addresses the advances in Mental Hygiene in Buenos Aires between 1935 and 1945 according to discourses in Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. This publication linked that trend to the prevention of mental psychopathy in the general population, recovering statements of Social Medicine and Eugenics. In addition, mental pathology was considered to allow intermediate states so there was a necessity to have dispensaries and psychiatric annexes as a complement to the asylum system. A legal project also emerged to establish mandatory reporting and psychiatric treatment, as well as statistics, in order to make the statements of Mental Hygiene effective in Argentina., A Higiene Mental foi um movimento de natureza psiquiátrica de alcance internacional iniciada nos Estados Unidos e desenvolvida em vários países latino-americanos como Brasil, México e Argentina, no qual se deu importância na detecção precoce e o tratamento ambulatório da doença mental. Nossa pesquisa estuda avanços da Higiene Mental avança em Buenos Aires entre 1935 e 1945 a partir dos discursos da Revista de Psiquiatria e Criminologia. Nesta publicação a corrente foi relacionada com a prevenção da psicopatiamental na população em geral, retomando premissas da Medicina Social e Eugenesia. Além disso, considerou-se que a patologia mental admitia estados intermedis para o que era necessário contar com dispensários e anexos psiquiátricos como complemento do sistema de asilo. Também apareceu um projeto legal para estabelecer a obrigatoriedade da denúncia e tratamento psiquiátrico, assim como a realização de estatísticas, para voltar efetivas premissas da Higiene Mental na Argentina instalações eficazes de Higiene Mental na Argentina., La Higiene Mental fue un movimiento de carácter psiquiátrico de alcance internacional iniciado en Estados Unidos y desarrollado en diversos países latinoamericanos como Brasil, México y Argentina, en el que se dio importancia a la detección precoz y el tratamiento ambulatorio de la patología mental. Nuestra investigación estudia avances de la Higiene Mental en Buenos Aires entre 1935 y 1945 desde los discursos de Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. En esta publicación la corriente fue vinculada a la prevención de la psicopatía mental en la población en general, retomando premisas de la Medicina Social y la Eugenesia. Además, se consideró que la patología mental admitía estados intermedios para lo que era necesario contar con dispensarios y anexos psiquiátricos como complemento del sistema asilar. También apareció un proyecto legal para establecer la obligatoriedad de la denuncia y tratamiento psiquiátrico, así como la realización de estadísticas, para volver efectivas premisas de la Higiene Mental en Argentina.

Objectives: To analyze the insertion of the social visiting nursing as monitors of mental hygiene in the assistance to psychopaths in the Distrito Federal and discuss the performance of the social visiting nursing as monitors of mental hygiene in the assistance to psychopaths in the Distrito Federal. Methods: Historical-social study, approach with the documentary analysis. Results: The Social Visiting was specialists nurses in the area of psychiatry. They were inserted in the assistance to psychopaths when substituted the monitors of mental hygiene, who was nurses graduates without specialization. The visiting nursing acted as monitors of mental hygiene when performed the visitation, orientation to the patients, family and assisting to the doctors. Conclusion: Although the expectations about their work, the no recognition of title was strategic to maintain them in low position in comparison to their title.

In this article we propose to analyze the work of the Saúde do Espírito (1958) published by intellectual Arthur Ramos result of his experience in Orthophrenology Service and Mental Hygiene. Intellectual investigated the cause of the behavior of more than 2,000 children seen as abnormal. So: What are the contributions of Arthur Ramos to education? To what extent was this the hygienists proposed in the education project? Our methodology is based on bibliographical and documentary research. The thought of Arthur Ramos brought contributions to contemporary education because their thinking is present by treating the family role in the child's personality development, but the focus was on the prevention of behaviors regarded as undesirable, seeking to build the long awaited civilized society., Neste artigo nos propomos a analisar a obra Saúde do Espírito (1958) publicada pelo intelectual Arthur Ramos fruto de sua experiência no Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental. O intelectual investigou a causa do comportamento de mais de 2000 crianças tidas como anormais. Assim: Quais as contribuições de Arthur Ramos à educação? Até que ponto esteve presente as propostas higienistas no projeto de educação? A nossa metodologia é baseada em pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. O pensamento de Arthur Ramos trouxe contribuições para a educação contemporânea, pois seu pensamento é atual por tratar do papel da família na formação da personalidade da criança, no entanto o foco era a prevenção de condutas tidas como indesejáveis, buscando construir a tão sonhada sociedade civilizada.

Mental Hygiene was an international psychiatric movement initiated in the United States and followed by several Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, giving importance to the early detection and outpatient treatment of mental pathologies. Our research addresses the advances in Mental Hygiene in Buenos Aires between 1935 and 1945 according to discourses in Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. This publication linked that trend to the prevention of mental psychopathy in the general population, recovering statements of Social Medicine and Eugenics. In addition, mental pathology was considered to allow intermediate states so there was a necessity to have dispensaries and psychiatric annexes as a complement to the asylum system. A legal project also emerged to establish mandatory reporting and psychiatric treatment, as well as statistics, in order to make the statements of Mental Hygiene effective in Argentina., A Higiene Mental foi um movimento de natureza psiquiátrica de alcance internacional iniciada nos Estados Unidos e desenvolvida em vários países latino-americanos como Brasil, México e Argentina, no qual se deu importância na detecção precoce e o tratamento ambulatório da doença mental. Nossa pesquisa estuda avanços da Higiene Mental avança em Buenos Aires entre 1935 e 1945 a partir dos discursos da Revista de Psiquiatria e Criminologia. Nesta publicação a corrente foi relacionada com a prevenção da psicopatiamental na população em geral, retomando premissas da Medicina Social e Eugenesia. Além disso, considerou-se que a patologia mental admitia estados intermedis para o que era necessário contar com dispensários e anexos psiquiátricos como complemento do sistema de asilo. Também apareceu um projeto legal para estabelecer a obrigatoriedade da denúncia e tratamento psiquiátrico, assim como a realização de estatísticas, para voltar efetivas premissas da Higiene Mental na Argentina instalações eficazes de Higiene Mental na Argentina., La Higiene Mental fue un movimiento de carácter psiquiátrico de alcance internacional iniciado en Estados Unidos y desarrollado en diversos países latinoamericanos como Brasil, México y Argentina, en el que se dio importancia a la detección precoz y el tratamiento ambulatorio de la patología mental. Nuestra investigación estudia avances de la Higiene Mental en Buenos Aires entre 1935 y 1945 desde los discursos de Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. En esta publicación la corriente fue vinculada a la prevención de la psicopatía mental en la población en general, retomando premisas de la Medicina Social y la Eugenesia. Además, se consideró que la patología mental admitía estados intermedios para lo que era necesario contar con dispensarios y anexos psiquiátricos como complemento del sistema asilar. También apareció un proyecto legal para establecer la obligatoriedad de la denuncia y tratamiento psiquiátrico, así como la realización de estadísticas, para volver efectivas premisas de la Higiene Mental en Argentina.

Introduction: The struggles for the rights to safety and health at work were the cause of worker rallies and revolts in the early 20th century. The Constitution of 1917 recognized these rights under the name of occupational hazards. In 1937 the Mexican State encouraged measures and campaigns that would improve the health conditions of the working class through the joint effort of the most important sec, Introducción: Las luchas por los derechos a la salud en el trabajo fueron motivo de mítines y revueltas obreras a principios del siglo XX. Con la Constitución de 1917 estos derechos fueron reconocidos bajo el nombre de riesgos profesionales. En 1937 el Estado mexicano procuró medidas y campañas que mejorarían las condiciones de salud de la clase trabajadora por medio de la unión de los sectores más importantes de la nación médicos, obreros y empresarios.

Mental Hygiene was an international psychiatric movement initiated in the United States and followed by several Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico and Argentina, giving importance to the early detection and outpatient treatment of mental pathologies. Our research addresses the advances in Mental Hygiene in Buenos Aires between 1935 and 1945 according to discourses in Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. This publication linked that trend to the prevention of mental psychopathy in the general population, recovering statements of Social Medicine and Eugenics. In addition, mental pathology was considered to allow intermediate states so there was a necessity to have dispensaries and psychiatric annexes as a complement to the asylum system. A legal project also emerged to establish mandatory reporting and psychiatric treatment, as well as statistics, in order to make the statements of Mental Hygiene effective in Argentina., A Higiene Mental foi um movimento de natureza psiquiátrica de alcance internacional iniciada nos Estados Unidos e desenvolvida em vários países latino-americanos como Brasil, México e Argentina, no qual se deu importância na detecção precoce e o tratamento ambulatório da doença mental. Nossa pesquisa estuda avanços da Higiene Mental avança em Buenos Aires entre 1935 e 1945 a partir dos discursos da Revista de Psiquiatria e Criminologia. Nesta publicação a corrente foi relacionada com a prevenção da psicopatiamental na população em geral, retomando premissas da Medicina Social e Eugenesia. Além disso, considerou-se que a patologia mental admitia estados intermedis para o que era necessário contar com dispensários e anexos psiquiátricos como complemento do sistema de asilo. Também apareceu um projeto legal para estabelecer a obrigatoriedade da denúncia e tratamento psiquiátrico, assim como a realização de estatísticas, para voltar efetivas premissas da Higiene Mental na Argentina instalações eficazes de Higiene Mental na Argentina., La Higiene Mental fue un movimiento de carácter psiquiátrico de alcance internacional iniciado en Estados Unidos y desarrollado en diversos países latinoamericanos como Brasil, México y Argentina, en el que se dio importancia a la detección precoz y el tratamiento ambulatorio de la patología mental. Nuestra investigación estudia avances de la Higiene Mental en Buenos Aires entre 1935 y 1945 desde los discursos de Revista de Psiquiatría y Criminología. En esta publicación la corriente fue vinculada a la prevención de la psicopatía mental en la población en general, retomando premisas de la Medicina Social y la Eugenesia. Además, se consideró que la patología mental admitía estados intermedios para lo que era necesario contar con dispensarios y anexos psiquiátricos como complemento del sistema asilar. También apareció un proyecto legal para establecer la obligatoriedad de la denuncia y tratamiento psiquiátrico, así como la realización de estadísticas, para volver efectivas premisas de la Higiene Mental en Argentina.

Based on an analysis of the discourses, the ideological appropriation and the practical influence of mental hygiene in Spanish psychiatry during the early years of the Francoist regime, this article examines its decline and subsequent replacement by the new concept of mental health promoted by the World Health Organization and other international bodies from the mid-twentieth century. The old approach, essentially focused on the prophylaxis of insanity within the framework of a set of interventionist policies of social defence, was thus transformed from the beginning of the 1960s into a much more ambitious and comprehensive project which sought to promote the psychosocial balance and performance of individuals in the context of increasingly socialized health-related discourses and networks of care.

Se pretende estudiar las bases ideológicas de la higiene mental, entendida como higiene racial y moral, durante el primer franquismo, así como su evolución hasta 1960. En primer lugar, se analiza la conceptualización de la higiene mental en la década de 1940 y su papel como instrumento para legitimar la dictadura, mostrando las implicaciones del catolicismo ortodoxo, así como sus vinculaciones con la higiene racial y la moral. En segundo lugar, se estudia la transformación de la higiene mental durante la década de 1950 hacia una mayor tecnificación y vinculación con las corrientes más modernas de la psiquiatría coetánea, sin abandonar nunca el sustrato ideológico del catolicismo. Para ello nos centraremos en el análisis tanto de la Semana de Higiene Mental celebrada en Barcelona en 1954 como en la creación del Patronato Nacional de Asistencia Psiquiátrica, que asumió entre sus competencias las de la higiene mental. El trabajo muestra la estrecha vinculación de la higiene mental durante el primer franquismo con los principios políticos de la Dictadura. Durante la década de 1940 se erigió un discurso duro que consideró la higiene mental como un instrumento para educar moral y espiritualmente al pueblo español en los principios políticos del «Nuevo Estado», patologizar a la disidencia política y purificar ideológicamente el país. En la década de 1950, la higiene mental franquista vivió un proceso de aggiornamiento muy marcado por los acontecimientos políticos internacionales y la derrota del fascismo en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, iniciándose un proyecto autoritario de modernización en un contexto internacional ya dirigido hacia la salud mental

El trabajo que sigue se propone rastrear la inscripción de los saberes de la higiene mental en la agenda de salud pública del Estado santafesino a lo largo del período de entreguerras. En el marco de una serie de incorporaciones específicas y progresivas de este discurso científico en instituciones provinciales a lo largo de la década, sostenemos que este proceso trasluce la hegemonización del sentido de la disciplina psiquiátrica local y nacional operada por esta corriente, situación contrapuesta a su inicial cuestionamiento afines de los años 1920 en la Facultad de Medicina de la ciudad de Rosario. A lo largo del artículo intentaremos dar cuenta, entonces, del entrecruzamiento de lógicas entre un proceso de circulación de saberes y expertos en el área, y otro de progresiva transformación del Estado; cruce cuyo punto de infl exión será el pasaje de una política de infl uencias en la concreción de distintos proyectos institucionales hacia un enfoque de política pública., The present paper aims to track the inscription of mental hygiene knowledge in the public health agenda of the State of Santa Fe during the interwar period. In the context of specifi c and progressive incorporations of this scientifi c discourse in provincial institutions throughout the decade, we argue that this process showed the hegemony of the sense operated by this set of ideas in the local and national psychiatric discipline, a situation that stands in sharp contrast to its initial questioning at the end of the 1920s in the Faculty of Medicine of the city of Rosario. Throughout the article, we will try and demonstrate, then, the intertwining between the logics of a process of circulation and knowledge and experts in the fi eld, and another one of a progressive transformation of the State; a crossing whose turning point will be the shift from a policy of infl uence in the implementation of different institutional projects towards a public policy approach.

El trabajo que sigue se propone rastrear la inscripción de los saberes de la higiene mental en la agenda de salud pública del Estado santafesino a lo largo del período de entreguerras. En el marco de una serie de incorporaciones específicas y progresivas de este discurso científico en instituciones provinciales a lo largo de la década, sostenemos que este proceso trasluce la hegemonización del sentido de la disciplina psiquiátrica local y nacional operada por esta corriente, situación contrapuesta a su inicial cuestionamiento afines de los años 1920 en la Facultad de Medicina de la ciudad de Rosario. A lo largo del artículo intentaremos dar cuenta, entonces, del entrecruzamiento de lógicas entre un proceso de circulación de saberes y expertos en el área, y otro de progresiva transformación del Estado; cruce cuyo punto de infl exión será el pasaje de una política de infl uencias en la concreción de distintos proyectos institucionales hacia un enfoque de política pública., The present paper aims to track the inscription of mental hygiene knowledge in the public health agenda of the State of Santa Fe during the interwar period. In the context of specifi c and progressive incorporations of this scientifi c discourse in provincial institutions throughout the decade, we argue that this process showed the hegemony of the sense operated by this set of ideas in the local and national psychiatric discipline, a situation that stands in sharp contrast to its initial questioning at the end of the 1920s in the Faculty of Medicine of the city of Rosario. Throughout the article, we will try and demonstrate, then, the intertwining between the logics of a process of circulation and knowledge and experts in the fi eld, and another one of a progressive transformation of the State; a crossing whose turning point will be the shift from a policy of infl uence in the implementation of different institutional projects towards a public policy approach.

El trabajo que sigue se propone rastrear la inscripción de los saberes de la higiene mental en la agenda de salud pública del Estado santafesino a lo largo del período de entreguerras. En el marco de una serie de incorporaciones específicas y progresivas de este discurso científico en instituciones provinciales a lo largo de la década, sostenemos que este proceso trasluce la hegemonización del sentido de la disciplina psiquiátrica local y nacional operada por esta corriente, situación contrapuesta a su inicial cuestionamiento afines de los años 1920 en la Facultad de Medicina de la ciudad de Rosario. A lo largo del artículo intentaremos dar cuenta, entonces, del entrecruzamiento de lógicas entre un proceso de circulación de saberes y expertos en el área, y otro de progresiva transformación del Estado; cruce cuyo punto de infl exión será el pasaje de una política de infl uencias en la concreción de distintos proyectos institucionales hacia un enfoque de política pública., The present paper aims to track the inscription of mental hygiene knowledge in the public health agenda of the State of Santa Fe during the interwar period. In the context of specifi c and progressive incorporations of this scientifi c discourse in provincial institutions throughout the decade, we argue that this process showed the hegemony of the sense operated by this set of ideas in the local and national psychiatric discipline, a situation that stands in sharp contrast to its initial questioning at the end of the 1920s in the Faculty of Medicine of the city of Rosario. Throughout the article, we will try and demonstrate, then, the intertwining between the logics of a process of circulation and knowledge and experts in the fi eld, and another one of a progressive transformation of the State; a crossing whose turning point will be the shift from a policy of infl uence in the implementation of different institutional projects towards a public policy approach.

This paper is a bibliographical and historical analysis of the relationship between the movements of Mental Hygiene and the New School Brazilian. The study covers the performance of the intellectual and psychiatrist Arthur Ramos. We consider the social, cultural and economic dimensions of the Brazilian society of the twentieth century and we analyze the literature about hygienism and the New School in Brazil to define concepts that refer to the relationship between these movements. We also analyzed the production of Arthur Ramos and his performance in service Orthophrenology and Mental Hygiene to define their place in the relationship between the concepts of Mental Hygiene and the New School., O presente artigo é um estudo bibliográfico e de análise histórica das relações entre os movimentos de Higiene Mental e da Escola Nova brasileira a partir da atuação do intelectual e médico psiquiatra Arthur Ramos. Consideramos nesse trabalho a dimensão social, cultural e econômica da sociedade para então analisar a literatura sobre o higienismo e o escolanovismo no Brasil com vistas à definição de conceitos pertinentes às relações entre tais movimentos. Para tanto, procuramos analisar criticamente a produção de Arthur Ramos e sua atuação no Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental para situar seu lugar na relação entre os conceitos de Higiene Mental e Escola Nova.

The goal of this paper is to show the transformation of the relationship between psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis, in Argentina, in the passage from mental hygiene to mental health, in a four-decade period. The trajec- tory of Enrique Pichon-Rivière, a famous psychiatrist, is highlighted, considering that it illustrates this transformation in an exemplary way. After his beginnings, close to the societies and publications of the mental hygiene movement, he would end up promoting an articulation of the different “psy disciplines” with the social sciences, in a manner that was related to the new ideas stemming from the mental health movement., O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar como foi mudando, na Argentina, a relação entre psiquiatria, psicologia e psicanálise na passagem da higiene mental à saúde mental, ao longo de quatro décadas. Com este fim, é dado ênfase ao percurso de um célebre psiquiatra: Enrique Pichon-Rivière, quem ilustrou estas transformações de uma maneira exemplar. Logo de um início ligado a sociedades e publicações afins à higiene mental, acabaria promovendo uma articulação das diferentes “disciplinas psi” com as ciências sociais, próxima das novas concepções que acompanharam o surgimento do movimento da saúde mental., El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cómo se fue modificando, en la Argentina, la relación entre psiquiatría, psicología y psicoanálisis en el pasaje de la higiene mental a la salud mental, a lo largo de cuatro décadas. Con este fin, se pone el énfasis en el recorrido de un célebre psiquiatra, Enrique Pichon-Rivière, en la medida en que ilustra estas transformaciones de manera ejemplar. Luego de un inicio ligado a sociedades y publicaciones afines a la higiene mental, terminaría promoviendo una articulación de las distintas “disciplinas psi” con las ciencias sociales, cercana a las nuevas concepciones que acompañaron el surgimiento del movimiento de la salud mental.

This paper is a bibliographical and historical analysis of the relationship between the movements of Mental Hygiene and the New School Brazilian. The study covers the performance of the intellectual and psychiatrist Arthur Ramos. We consider the social, cultural and economic dimensions of the Brazilian society of the twentieth century and we analyze the literature about hygienism and the New School in Brazil to define concepts that refer to the relationship between these movements. We also analyzed the production of Arthur Ramos and his performance in service Orthophrenology and Mental Hygiene to define their place in the relationship between the concepts of Mental Hygiene and the New School., O presente artigo é um estudo bibliográfico e de análise histórica das relações entre os movimentos de Higiene Mental e da Escola Nova brasileira a partir da atuação do intelectual e médico psiquiatra Arthur Ramos. Consideramos nesse trabalho a dimensão social, cultural e econômica da sociedade para então analisar a literatura sobre o higienismo e o escolanovismo no Brasil com vistas à definição de conceitos pertinentes às relações entre tais movimentos. Para tanto, procuramos analisar criticamente a produção de Arthur Ramos e sua atuação no Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental para situar seu lugar na relação entre os conceitos de Higiene Mental e Escola Nova.

The goal of this paper is to show the transformation of the relationship between psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis, in Argentina, in the passage from mental hygiene to mental health, in a four-decade period. The trajec- tory of Enrique Pichon-Rivière, a famous psychiatrist, is highlighted, considering that it illustrates this transformation in an exemplary way. After his beginnings, close to the societies and publications of the mental hygiene movement, he would end up promoting an articulation of the different “psy disciplines” with the social sciences, in a manner that was related to the new ideas stemming from the mental health movement., O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar como foi mudando, na Argentina, a relação entre psiquiatria, psicologia e psicanálise na passagem da higiene mental à saúde mental, ao longo de quatro décadas. Com este fim, é dado ênfase ao percurso de um célebre psiquiatra: Enrique Pichon-Rivière, quem ilustrou estas transformações de uma maneira exemplar. Logo de um início ligado a sociedades e publicações afins à higiene mental, acabaria promovendo uma articulação das diferentes “disciplinas psi” com as ciências sociais, próxima das novas concepções que acompanharam o surgimento do movimento da saúde mental., El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar cómo se fue modificando, en la Argentina, la relación entre psiquiatría, psicología y psicoanálisis en el pasaje de la higiene mental a la salud mental, a lo largo de cuatro décadas. Con este fin, se pone el énfasis en el recorrido de un célebre psiquiatra, Enrique Pichon-Rivière, en la medida en que ilustra estas transformaciones de manera ejemplar. Luego de un inicio ligado a sociedades y publicaciones afines a la higiene mental, terminaría promoviendo una articulación de las distintas “disciplinas psi” con las ciencias sociales, cercana a las nuevas concepciones que acompañaron el surgimiento del movimiento de la salud mental.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá tématem "Psychická zátěž pečujících o klienty v zařízeních následné péče", která se skládá z teoreticko-výzkumné části. Teoretická část se věnuje hlavně problematice stresu, jak zvládat stresové situace, dále psychickou zátěží a rizikovými faktory v pracovním prostředí, syndromu vyhoření, duševní hygieně a pomáhajícím profesím. Výzkumná část je zkomponována ze dvou částí dotazníku. První část se skládá z vlastních položených otázek a druhá část je tvořena standardizovaným Meisterovým dotazníkem. Na základě těchto dotazníků je zkoumán hlavní cíl práce, kde zjišťuji psychickou zátěž zdravotnických a sociálních pracovníků pracujících v zařízeních následné péče., My bachelor thesis deals with the topic of psychological stress in staff providing aftercare. The work has a theoretical and research part. The theoretical part is dedicated mainly to the issue of stress, coping with stress, risk factors in the working environment, burn-out syndrome, mental hygiene, and helping professions. The research part is based on two questionnaires. The first one consists of a list of the author's own questions; the second one is a standardized Meister questionnaire. The questionnaires then provide data to assess the level of psychological stress of health and social workers providing aftercare., Katedra porodní asistence a zdravotně sociální práce, Hodnocení vedoucího: výborně Hodnocení oponenta: výborně Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. S kolika respondenty jste Vy sama vyplňovala dotazník? Obhajoba bakalářské práce s prezentací velmi dobrá.

Bakalářská práce se zabývá tématem duševní hygieny se zaměřením na terénní sociální pracovníky. Teoretická část popisuje tuto profesi v kontextu sociální práce, její historický vývoj až po současné pojetí, dále problematiku stresu a syndromu vyhoření. Závěrečná kapitola teoretické části práce pojednává o problematice duševní hygieny, jakožto možné obrany a ochrany před negativy plynoucí z této profese. Praktická část bakalářské práce za použití případové studie kvalitativně zkoumá, jakou roli hraje duševní hygiena v životě terénních sociálních pracovníků., The thesis deals with the issue of mental health and is focused on streetworkers. The theoretical part describes the profession of social work in the context of its historical development to present concept, as well as the issues of stress and burnout. The final chapter of theoretical part deals with the issue of mental health as a possible defense and protection against negatives resulting from this profession. The practical part using qualitative case study examines the role of mental hygiene in the life of a Streetworker., Katedra věd o výchově, \par{Student prezentoval svou z{á}věrečnou pr{á}ci, představil jej{í} c{í}le a z{á}měry a zodpověděl ot{á}zky komise a dotazy v posudc{í}ch.\par}

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na spiritualitu a motivaci zdravotních sester. Cílem je zjistit zda spiritualita ovlivňuje zdravotní sestry při výběru svého povolání a následně při jeho výkonu. Spiritualita je složité téma na pochopení, ale zároveň důležité, aby každým byla pochopena. Je podstatné umět pracovat se svým duchovním životem, starat se o své duševní zdraví a předcházet tak vznikajícím psychickým onemocněním. Výzkum je kvantitativní, formou dotazníku a jeho záměrem je, aby se setry zamyslely nad tímto tématem., The bachalor thesis is focused on spirituality and motivation of nurses. The intention is to find out if spirituality influences nurses in choosing their occupation and subsequently during the work. Spirituality is a complex topic to understand but also important to be understood by everone. It is essential to be able to work with one's spiritul life, take care of one's mental health and prevent oneself from psychological desease. The research is quantitative, the form of a questionnaire and the intention for nurses is to think about this topic., Katedra ošetřovatelství, Hodnocení vedoucího: velmi dobře Hodnocení oponenta: velmi dobře Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. Proč byla zvolena daná oddělení k porovnání? 2. Jak jste zjistila anonymitu výzkumu? 3. Proč by lidé docházejí k psychologovi, psychiatrovi nebo lidé užívající psychofarmaka nemohli pracovat ve zdravotnictví? Obhajoba bakalářské práce s prezentací velmi dobrá, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na kvalitu spánku a spánkové návyky vysokoškolských studentů nelékařských medicínských oborů v prezenční formě studia. V teoretické části práce je popsána fyziologie spánku, jeho význam, spánkové standardy, poruchy spánku a okrajově stres a duševní hygiena. Ve výzkumné části práce jsou diskutovány výsledky šetření, jež probíhalo kvantitativní formou., Bachelor thesis is focused on the quality of sleep and sleep habits of college students in full- time study of paramedical fields of medicine. In the theoretical part ares described sleep physiology, importance of sleep, sleep standards, sleep disorders, marginally stress and mental hygiene. In the research part of the thesis are discussed survey results, which was conducted in quantitative form., Katedra ošetřovatelství, Hodnocení vedoucího: výborně minus Hodnocení oponenta: velmi dobře minus Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. Co podle Vás nejvíce ovlivňuje kvalitu spánku studentů FZS? (uveďte alespoň 3 nejvýznamnější faktorys krátkým zdůvodněním) 2. Jaké znáte nefarmakologické postupy léčby (prevence) spánkových poruch? Obhajoba bakalářské práce s prezentací dobrá, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na problematiku syndromu vyhoření v oblasti zdravotní a sociální péče v Pardubickém kraji. Hlavním cílem diplomové práce bylo zmapovat názory a informovanost respondentů o problematice syndromu vyhoření v oblasti zdravotní a sociální péče. Dalším cílem bylo odkrýt možné příčiny a projevy syndromu vyhoření u respondentů a tím je upozornit na prevenci vzniku syndromu vyhoření a zvládání zátěžových situací pomocí duševní hygieny. Práce je teoreticko výzkumná. Teoretická část se věnuje problematice syndromu vyhoření, duševní hygieny a supervize. Výzkumná část se zabývá výsledky dotazníkového šetření, které znázorňuje, jak jsou profese v oblasti zdravotní a sociální péče náročné na psychiku jedince., This thesis focuses on the issue of burnout in health and social care in the Pardubice region. The main objective of this thesis was to explore the views and information about respondents problem of burnout in health and social care. Another aim was to reveal possible causes and symptoms of burnout among respondents and thus draw attention to the prevention of burnout and coping with stress ful situations by mental hygiene. This is a theoretical - research. The theoretical part deals with the problem of burnout, mental hygiene and supervision. The research deals with the results of the survey, which shows how the profession in the field of health and social care demanding on the psyche of the individual., Katedra věd o výchově

Cílem práce je zmapovat situaci problematiky syndromu vyhoření u pracovníků v pomáhajících profesích se zaměřením na sociální pracovníky, speciální pedagogy a sociální pedagogy. Práce popisuje termín "syndrom vyhoření", rizika jeho vzniku v zaměstnání i osobnostní rovině. Dále charakterizuje příznaky a jednotlivé fáze syndromu. Důraz je kladen na prevenci a pomoc při vzniku vyhoření. Autor popisuje techniky duševní hygieny, supervize, relaxace a jiné. Práce se věnuje možnostem resocializace u pracovníků, kteří prodělali syndrom vyhoření. Pro obohacení práce jsou uvedeny kasuistiky pracovníků a jejich zkušeností se syndromem vyhoření, řešením situace a následnou resocializací., The aim of the diploma thesis is to monitor the situation, the issue of burnout among workers in the helping professions with a focus on social workers, special educators and social pedagogues. This work describes the term burnout risk its origin in employment and personal level. It further describes the symptoms and phases syndrome. The emphasis is placed on prevention and assistance in the development of burnout. The author describes the techniques of mental hygiene, supervision, and other relaxation. The work deals with the possibilities of rehabilitation for workers who have experienced burnout. To enrich the work are given case studies of workers and their experience burnout, resolve the situation and subsequent rehabilitation., Katedra věd o výchově, Studentka seznámila komisi s cíli a závěry své práce a reagovala na dotazy členů komise.

The concept of mental hygiene is historically intertwined with eugenics and what it meant both ideologically and for the care of the mentally ill. A closer investigation of the concept and of the historical context shows that different interpretations existed simultaneously. The aim of this essay is to highlight the literary and scientific works of a Swedish psychiatrist, Josef Lundahl, an advocate of the mental hygiene concept. A close reading of his texts is used to provide an example of how the concept of mental hygiene was understood by a psychiatrist and practitioner of mental hygiene. The practice of child-care and out-patient care that Lundahl founded in Visby is far from what we now associate with mental hygiene in the past.

Tématem mé bakalářské práce je Analýza duševní hygieny poradců firmy Wüstenrot stavební spořitelna, a.s. ve zlínském kraji. Teoretická část obsahuje nejdůležitější poznatky z oblasti duševní hygieny a je rozčleněna na jednotlivé okruhy se zaměřením na pracovní prostředí, životosprávu, stres a time management. Součástí praktické části je stručné přestavení firmy, poté následuje analýza současného stavu duševní hygieny zaměstnanců pomocí dotazníkového šetření a Holmes-Rahovi stupnice. Na základě zjištěných informací byla společnosti navržena doporučení pro zlepšení duševní hygieny svých zaměstnanců., The topic of the bachelor's thesis is the analysis of mental hygiene of the Wüstenrot stavební spořitelna, a.s. (savings bank) company's consultants operating in Zlin region. The theoretical part of the thesis contains the most important findings from the area of mental hygiene and is divided into individual sections focusing on working environment, healthy lifestyle and stress and time management. The practical part includes a brief introduction of the company followed by the analysis of the current state of mental hygiene on the part of the employees using a questionnaire-based survey and the Holmes-Rahe stress scale. On the basis of the discovered findings, the company was recommended some improvements concerning mental hygiene of its employees., Ústav anglistiky a amerikanistiky, obhájeno

[EN] The objective of this work is to examine how psychiatry and criminology contributed to the pathologisation of criminals and the criminalisation of madness, thus increasing the stigmatisation and marginalisation of mental patients and deviant individuals. Based on Michel Foucault’s ideas on the dangerous and abnormal individual, I intend to describe the construction of the dangerous subject in Spain between 1880 and 1936 taking into account three main issues: 1) the inuence of degenerationism on psychiatric court reports and the reception of criminal anthropology in Spain during the decades of the 1880s and 1890s; 2) the conict between psychiatrists and law concerning the concepts of responsibility, free will and potential risk, showing how around the mid 1890s a sector of the psychiatric profession introduced a notion, that of diminished responsibility, that fostered a new perception of the dangerous individual and a redenition of social defence; 3) the treatment of the social dangerousness of the mentally ill by the mental hygiene movement from 1920 to 1936., [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar cómo la psiquiatría y la criminología contribuyeron a patologizar al criminal y a criminalizar la locura, ahondando en la estigmatización y marginación del enfermo mental y los individuos con comportamientos desviados. Partiendo de las reflexiones de Michel Foucault sobre la noción de individuo peligroso y anormal, pretendo enmarcar la construcción del sujeto peligroso en España durante el periodo 1880-1936 tomando en cuenta tres cuestiones: 1) el impacto del degeneracionismo en los peritajes psiquiátricos y la recepción de la antropología criminal en España durante las décadas de 1880 y 1890; 2) la pugna entre psiquiatras y juristas en torno a los conceptos de responsabilidad, libre albedrío y peligrosidad potencial, que condujo a un sector de la psiquiatría a introducir a mediados de la década de 1890 una noción, la de responsabilidad atenuada, que permitía una nueva definición del individuo peligroso y la defensa social; y 3) el tratamiento de la peligrosidad social del enfermo mental por parte del movimiento de higiene mental entre 1920 y 1936.

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na nelékařský zdravotnický personál a na přítomnost fyzické, psychické a duševní zátěže. V teoretické části jsem se zaměřila na stručné definování pojmů pomáhající profese, zátěž neboli stres a na syndrom vyhoření., My bachelor´s work focuses on non-doctor medical staff and on the occurance of physical, psychological and mental pressure. In the theoretical part I concentrate on brief definitions of the terms: assisting profession (helping profession), pressure or stress and burn - out syndrome., Katedra ošetřovatelství, Hodnocení vedoucího: výborně Hodnocení oponenta: výborně Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. V závěru píšete doporučení, co by se mělo změnit, aby zátěž byla snesitelnější. Co z toho byste Vy osobně chtěla uvést do praxe nejdříve, jak a z jakých zdrojů byste čerpala?

Bakalářská práce se věnuje problematice syndromu vyhoření a jeho prevence se zaměřením na pracovníky pomáhajících profesí. V teoretické části předkládám poznatky o vzniku, projevech a příčinách vyhoření. Rovněž se věnuji tématu duševní hygieny. V praktické části je kvantitativní metodou zkoumáno povědomí pomáhajících pracovníků o tématu burnout a předcházení jeho vzniku. Dále také zjišťuji jaká je u nich četnost výskytu příznaků vyhoření., The batchelor thesis deals with a burnout syndrome and its prevention especially with focus on helping professions. The theoretical part deals with concept of burnout, as well as description of symptoms and causes of burnout. I also focus on mental hygiene. In the practical part are described results of quantitative research focused on finding out what is knowledge of burnout and its prevention of workers in helping professions. I also detect the amount of burnout symptoms occurring to them., Katedra věd o výchově, Autorka srozumitelně prezentovala strukturu práce, její výsledky a náměty pro další bádání. Z hlediska odborného fundovaně odpovídala na otázky členů zkušební komise.

Začátek bakalářské práce je věnován pojmu stres, co k němu vede či jaké jsou průvodní jevy. Následně je zde vysvětlena problematika syndromu vyhoření, jak vzniká či jeho příznaky. Část je věnovaná psychohygieně jako možnost prevence před hromadícím se stresem a vyvarováním se případnému vzniku syndromu vyhoření. V poslední kapitole teoretické části jsou uvedeny profese, kde jsou lidé náchylnější na vznik syndromu burnout. V praktické části jsou uvedeny výsledky z výzkumného šetření, kde jsem zjišťoval, zda profese zdravotní sestry je opravdu náročná na stresové situace a zda patří k rizikovějším profesím s možností vzniku syndromu vyhoření, jak uvádí většina autorů v odborných publikacích. Zvolila jsem metodu interview, která byla anonymní., The opening of the thesis is dedicated to the concept of stress, what causes it, and what are its signs and symptoms. Subsequently, burnout syndrome is defined there, as well as its origin and indicators. Another part of the thesis explains principles of mental hygiene as a way of preventing accumulated stress and the method for avoiding possible occurrence of the burnout syndrome. The last chapter of the theoretical part names professions, which are likely to cause the burnout syndrome. The practical part demonstrates results of the survey, in which I examined whether the nursing profession is actually susceptible to stressful situations and whether it belongs among the professions, which are prone to the burnout syndrome, as the majority of authors report in scientific publications. I chose the method of interview, which was anonymous., Katedra věd o výchově, Studentka se pokusila shrnout cíle a výsledky své závěrečné práce. Souhlasila s námitkami uvedenými v posudcích a zodpověděla dotazy členů komise.

Název bakalářské práce je Syndrom vyhoření u pracovníků v dlouhodobé péči (prevence, možnosti ze strany zaměstnavatele). Práce má teoretickou a praktickou část. Teoretická část se převážně věnuje problematice syndromu vyhoření a to rizikovým faktorům, příznakům, fázím vývoje, diagnostice, léčbě a prevenci. Okrajově je zde popsán systém dlouhodobé péče, pojem supervize a metody duševní hygieny. Pro výzkumnou část byla data shromážděna pomocí standardizovaného dotazníku MBI a dotazníku vlastní tvorby v Domovech pro seniory a Nemocnici následné péče. Jedna z výzkumných otázek byla ověřována pomocí rozhovoru s řediteli institucí. Nasbíraná data jsou vyhodnocena a prezentována v praktické části práce., Title of bachelor thesis is Burnout among workers in long-term care (prevention, the possibility of the employer). It has theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is mainly devoted to the issue of burnout and risk factors, symptoms, stage of development, diagnosis, the treatment and the prevention. Marginally there is described the long-term care system, the concept of supervision and methods of mental hygiene. For the research part of the data was collected by using a standardized questionnaire and survey MBI own work in Retirement homes and hospitals aftercare. One of the research questions was assessed through an interview with directors of the institution. The collected data are evaluated and presented in the practical part of work., Katedra ošetřovatelství, Hodnocení vedoucího: výborně minus Hodnocení oponenta: výborně Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. Jak si vysvětlujete úbytek výskytu syndromu vyhoření s přibývajícími léty praxe? 2. Jak často byste doporučila supervizi a z jakých finančních zdrojů byste ji platila? 3. Máte zpětnou vazbu, jak ředitelé naložili s Vašimi výsledky? Jak byste s nimi naložila Vy, kdybyste zařízení vedla?

Bakalářská práce se zabývá problematikou duševního zdraví a jeho podporou. Úkolem je zmapovat problematiku duševního zdraví z hlediska jeho determinant, které může člověk ovlivnit a rozvíjet, zjistit, jak zdravotní sestry podporují duševní zdraví nemocného a jak hodnotí sami sebe v oblasti duševního zdraví. Bakalářská práce je prací teoreticko-výzkumnou. V teoretické části se zabývám vysvětlením pojmu duševní zdraví, duševně zdravou a adaptabilní osobností, duševní hygienou, nastíněním oboru pozitivní psychologie, týmem zajišťující duševní zdraví a zmapováním problematiky podpory duševního zdraví. Ve výzkumné části se zabývám výsledky výzkumného šetření, pro jehož realizaci jsem použila nestandardizovaný mnou vytvořený dotazník. Ve výzkumné části předkládám grafické a písemné zhodnocení výsledků výzkumného šetření a analýzu povědomostí zdravotních sester o problematice duševního zdraví., The bachelor´s thesis deals with the problematics mental health and its support. The objective is to map mental health in terms of determinants, one can influence and develop, to find out how nurses promote mental health patients and how they evaluate themselves in mental health. The bachelor´s thesis is a theoretical and research work. In the theoretical part I deal with explaining the concept of mental health, mental health and adaptable personality, mental hygiene, outlining the field of positive psychology, team providing mental health issues and mapping of mental health. In the research part I deal with the results of an investigation for the realization of which I have used unstandardized questionnaire created by me. In the research part I bring graphic and written evaluation of the results of an investigation and analysis of nurses' awareness about mental health problematics., Katedra ošetřovatelství, Hodnocení vedoucího: výborně minus Hodnocení oponenta: výborně Doplňující otázky k obhajobě: 1. V závěru se zmiňujete, že by bylo vhodné sestry vzdělávat, aby věděly jak podporovat duševní zdraví nemocného. Jakou metodu byste jim doporučila nebo jak byste je edukovala Vy. 2. Jak budete podporovat duševní zdraví u nemocného? Obhajoba bakalářské práce s prezentací výborná.

Focusing on Sweden between 1950 and 1980, this doctoral dissertation analyzes and problematizes the process in which a discourse about neurosis and nervous troubles gradually evolved into a discourse about stress. The thesis aims to show how the medical and general discussion about diffuse or vague symptoms transformed and rearticulated ideas and views on society and man, citizenship, gender roles, and medicine. It shows how the discourse on neuroses tended to locate sickness and deviance in the individual, whereas its subsequent transformation into a discourse on stress located the pathological in an external, societal sphere. A particularly prominent issue in the study concerns the role that gender, and in particular female gender, has played in these discourses, and how the place of the feminine can be understood in relation to stress and neuroses. The dissertation shows that female gender was not central to the discourse on neuroses and stress during the studied period. On the contrary, gender was subordinated to ideas about man and citizenship within the greater context of society and culture. The dissertation takes its starting point in the Swedish 1950’s, often characterized as the era of ”The Strong Society” or ”The People’s Home”. During this period, the neurosis discourse was fixed and remained unchanged. In practice, neurosis was a diagnosis that provided such symptoms that were otherwise difficult to measure and assess with a theory of origin. Neuroses were believed to principally affect a certain category of individuals, who, due to their constitution or disposition, were held to be particularly susceptible to neurotic sufferings. During the 1960s the belief in The Strong Society and its notion of ideal citizenship began to crumble. It was against this background that the Swedish medical profession started discussing ”stress”. Stress, in contrast, could afflict anyone and everyone, according to “the father of stress” Hans Selye and Swedish stress resea

Focusing on Sweden between 1950 and 1980, this doctoral dissertation analyzes and problematizes the process in which a discourse about neurosis and nervous troubles gradually evolved into a discourse about stress. The thesis aims to show how the medical and general discussion about diffuse or vague symptoms transformed and rearticulated ideas and views on society and man, citizenship, gender roles, and medicine. It shows how the discourse on neuroses tended to locate sickness and deviance in the individual, whereas its subsequent transformation into a discourse on stress located the pathological in an external, societal sphere. A particularly prominent issue in the study concerns the role that gender, and in particular female gender, has played in these discourses, and how the place of the feminine can be understood in relation to stress and neuroses. The dissertation shows that female gender was not central to the discourse on neuroses and stress during the studied period. On the contrary, gender was subordinated to ideas about man and citizenship within the greater context of society and culture. The dissertation takes its starting point in the Swedish 1950’s, often characterized as the era of ”The Strong Society” or ”The People’s Home”. During this period, the neurosis discourse was fixed and remained unchanged. In practice, neurosis was a diagnosis that provided such symptoms that were otherwise difficult to measure and assess with a theory of origin. Neuroses were believed to principally affect a certain category of individuals, who, due to their constitution or disposition, were held to be particularly susceptible to neurotic sufferings. During the 1960s the belief in The Strong Society and its notion of ideal citizenship began to crumble. It was against this background that the Swedish medical profession started discussing ”stress”. Stress, in contrast, could afflict anyone and everyone, according to “the father of stress” Hans Selye and Swedish stress resea