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Since the concept of nanogenerators is coined, they have been considered as a promising technology for the self-powered sensor, blue/green energy harvester or other innovative applications due to their robust performance and compact size which could be deployed in different circumstances. Recently, numerous studies have introduced practical and judicious strategies to improve the electrical performance of nanogenerator by introducing or utilization of biomaterials. In this work, ferroelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) P(VDF-TrFE) or gelatin based piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) were fabricated. These devices exhibit excellent electrical performance and durability. P(VDF-TrFE)-based polymer composites exhibit promising piezoelectric and mechanical properties in response to variation in external load engagement, which are highly desired for high-sensitivity sensor or energy harvester. In this thesis, we first demonstrated that 1 mol% Mn-doped 0.94(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (BNBTMn) acts as reinforce agent, showing the highest peak-to-peak short-circuit current (Isc) and open-circuit votlage (Voc) of ~12.8 µA and 52 V, respectively, under 175 N cyclic impact loaded at 5 Hz in BNBTMn/P(VDF-TrFE). This PENG exhibits the power density of 25.85 µW cm-2 under optimized condition and demonstrates a voice record with noise filter function. An alternative lead-free piezoelectric particles namely 0.6Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3–0.4(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BCZT40) were also employed to developed PENGs given their superior peizoresponse and absence of volatile elements compared to BNBTMn. In addition, the introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enhances the electrical outputs of PENG by improving its conductivity. The PENG based on CNT–BCZT40/P(VDF-TrFE) renders the maximum peak-to-peak Isc and Voc of ~13 µA and 50V, respectively, under cyclic 175 N impact loaded at 5 Hz, and a power density of ~23 µW cm-2 under 100 N cyclic impac

Recently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been widely used for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing due to their significant and unique advantages. However, the intrinsic mechanisms that contribute to tribo-electricification (TE) between two materials remain as a subject of rigorous debate. In addition to predicting the qualitative charge transfer in solid-solid contacts based on the difference in the work functions of the two moieties constituting the interface, we argue that it is essential to obtain atomic-level, first principles, insights into the bonding properties, quantitative charge transfer, and the possible presence of a electrostatic potential barrier at the interface to fully understand the TE mechanism of a system. We have utilized dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations in this study to systematically investigate the TE potential of bare surface Ti3C2 and Ti3N2 2D MXene monolayers and their surface functionalized modifications Ti3C2R2 and Ti3N2R2 (where R = -O, -OH, or -F) in contact with Al(111). For these heterostructures, we have analyzed the adhesive energy of the interfaces, the nature of interaction through the electron localization function (ELF), and the charge distribution, which have revealed distinct characteristics of MXene/Al contacts for these monolayer/metal interfaces at their equilibrium distance and the changes in their properties under uniaxial pressure. Among all the metallic 2D MXene variants investigated in this study, we have determined that Ti3C2F2/Al and Ti3N2F2/Al interfaces show exceptional potential for TE., Validerad;2024;Nivå 2;2024-09-11 (joosat);Funder: Kempestiftelserna (JCK-2007); Swedish Research Council (2019-04941, 2023-04962 and 2023-03894); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation;Full text license: CC BY 4.0;A correction is available for this publication, please see: Abbas, G., Alay-e-Abbas, S. M., Larsson, J. A., et al. Corrigendum to “First principles insights into triboelectrification during solid-solid contact: The curious case of 2D MXenes and aluminum”. Nano Energy 130 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110137

Freshwater is an essential resource in today's world, and how to produce freshwater with low or even zero power consumption is a major challenge. Here, a desalination system powered by a triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid nanogenerator (TEHG) is presented, which can utilize the water's own energy to remove the salt ions from itself, demonstrating a new concept of "self -desalination". At a relatively low rotation speed of 150 rpm, the system can dilute NaCl brine from 4000 ppm to 145 ppm with a high salt removal rate of 147.1 mu g cm -2 min -1 and a freshwater productivity of up to 31.1 L m- 2 h-1. The actual seawater can also be treated with a total ion removal efficiency of 99.6 % and a freshwater productivity of 2.7 L m- 2 h-1, which is superior to other renewable -energy -powered desalination systems. More importantly, fully self -powered desalination process can be realized by manual cranking and hydrokinetic energy impact, both of which are capable of treating 1000 ppm salt feed to the drinking water level. The TEHG-powered desalination system not only provides excellent desalination performance but also addresses the challenges of power consumption and limited capacity, which offers a completely new paradigm of "self -desalination".

In the data-driven world, textile is a valuable resource for improving the quality of life through continuous monitoring of daily activities and physiological signals of humans. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are an attractive option for self-powered sensor development by coupling energy harvesting and sensing ability. In this study, to the best of the knowledge, scalable fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene-embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite fiber using a thermal drawing process is presented for the first time. The output open circuit voltage and short circuit current show 53% and 58% improvement, respectively, compared to pristine PVDF fiber. The synergistic interaction between the surface termination groups of MXene and polar PVDF polymer enhances the performance of the fiber. The flexibility of the fiber enables the weaving of fabric TENG devices for large-area applications. The fabric TENG (3 x 2 cm(2)) demonstrates a power density of 40.8 mW m(-2) at the matching load of 8 M omega by maintaining a stable performance over 12 000 cycles. Moreover, the fabric TENG has shown the capability of energy harvesting by operating a digital clock and a calculator. A distributed self-powered sensor for human activities and walking pattern monitoring are demonstrated with the fabric., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [20AG001], This work was partially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 1004 program (Project #20AG001). The authors would like to thank Dr. A. Erbas for his useful comments and Mr. C. Guven for his assistance with hot-pressing.

In the data-driven world, textile is a valuable resource for improving the quality of life through continuous monitoring of daily activities and physiological signals of humans. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are an attractive option for self-powered sensor development by coupling energy harvesting and sensing ability. In this study, to the best of the knowledge, scalable fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene-embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposite fiber using a thermal drawing process is presented for the first time. The output open circuit voltage and short circuit current show 53% and 58% improvement, respectively, compared to pristine PVDF fiber. The synergistic interaction between the surface termination groups of MXene and polar PVDF polymer enhances the performance of the fiber. The flexibility of the fiber enables the weaving of fabric TENG devices for large-area applications. The fabric TENG (3 x 2 cm(2)) demonstrates a power density of 40.8 mW m(-2) at the matching load of 8 M omega by maintaining a stable performance over 12 000 cycles. Moreover, the fabric TENG has shown the capability of energy harvesting by operating a digital clock and a calculator. A distributed self-powered sensor for human activities and walking pattern monitoring are demonstrated with the fabric., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [20AG001], This work was partially supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) 1004 program (Project #20AG001). The authors would like to thank Dr. A. Erbas for his useful comments and Mr. C. Guven for his assistance with hot-pressing.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can convert random mechanical vibrations around the environment into electricity and have huge potential in artificial intelligence, blue energy, carbon neutrality, human-machine interface, e-skin, etc. Although many efforts have been made on the working mechanism and performance enhancement in the past decade, characterizing and evaluating the performance of TENGs remains challenging due to the lack of benchmarking guidelines. Previous works based on different measurement methods and metrics as well as the lack of details result in difficulties in performance comparison. In this review, we discuss fundamental works on electrical measurement and performance evaluation of TENGs. Issues in measurement are elucidated and corresponding solutions are presented. Then, the origin and development of the figure-of-merits (FOMs) of TENGs are reviewed. The standardization not only broadens our understanding but also facilitates the commercialization and industrialization of TENGs. We believe that the correct measurement and fair evaluation can promote the performance assessment of TENGs and the continuous development of this field.

Natural polymers such as cellulose have interesting tribo- and piezoelectric properties for paper-based energy harvesters, but their low performance in providing sufficient output power is still an impediment to a wider deployment for IoT and other low-power applications. In this study, different types of celluloses were combined with nanosized carbon fillers to investigate their effect on the enhancement of the electrical properties in the final nanogenerator devices. Cellulose pulp (CP), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were blended with carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The microstructure of the nanocomposite films was characterized by scanning electron and probe microscopies, and the electrical properties were measured macroscopically and at the local scale by piezoresponse force microscopy. The highest generated output voltage in triboelectric mode was obtained from MCC films with CNTs and CB, while the highest piezoelectric voltage was produced in CNF-CNT films. The obtained electrical responses were discussed in relation to the material properties. Analysis of the microscopic response shows that pulp has a higher local piezoelectric d33 coefficient (145 pC/N) than CNF (14 pC/N), while the macroscopic response is greatly influenced by the excitation mode and the effective orientation of the crystals relative to the mechanical stress. The increased electricity produced from cellulose nanocomposites may lead to more efficient and biodegradable nanogenerators.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

This review summarizes the current trends and developments in the field of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for use mainly as a nanogenerator. The text covers PVDF from the first steps of solution mixing, through production, to material utilization, demonstration of results, and future perspective. Specific solvents and ratios must be selected when choosing and mixing the solution. It is necessary to set exact parameters during the fabrication and define whether the material will be flexible nanofibers or a solid layer. Based on these selections, the subsequent use of PVDF and its piezoelectric properties are determined. The most common degradation phenomena and how PVDF behaves are described in the paper. This review is therefore intended to provide a basic overview not only for those who plan to start producing PVDF as energy nanogenerators, active filters, or sensors but also for those who are already knowledgeable in the production of this material and want to expand their existing expertise and current overview of the subject.

A novel magnetic force-driven noncontact triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for scavenging biomechanical energy to sustainably power-portable electronics is presented. PVDF fiber membrane with Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles embedded, based on the electrospun, is employed as a triboelectric layer. A magnet is utilized as the trigger to drive contact-separation mode TENG in a noncontact way due to the magnetic responsiveness of triboelectric materials. TENG with a small dimension has a peak output power of 0.23 mW under a load resistance of 25 MΩ. It exhibits a good stability for the output and charging performance, so it can be utilized to charge energy storage devices and sustainably power some portable electronics.

The present work stands in the context of the rapid growth of portable electronics and wireless sensors. This growth drives the request for advances in materials science and technology to harvest energy from ambient sources. Piezoelectric nanogenerators, which convert vibrations into electrical energy, are considered as one of the promising building blocks for the design of low-cost and performant energy harvesting devices. Several demonstrations of PENGs have been reported throughout the last decade, many of them based on Zinc Oxide –ZnO– nanowires. Despite interesting performances, literature also suggests that the classical bottom-up approach of optimized ZnO-based PENGs performance approaches its limits and that top-down approaches merit further attention. This has motivated the present work, with the aim to conceptualize by models, to fabricate and to investigate a new type of piezoelectric nanogenerator based on ZnO nanostructures to overcome current limitations. To achieve this goal, we have used a top-down approach that allows an accurate control of the aspect ratio and density of tailored ZnO nanowires by using Nano-Imprint Lithography and Atomic Layer Deposition. In our work, we demonstrate that this approach enables the fabrication of large flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators with interesting properties. In the first part of this work, we have optimized the synthesis of crystalline N-doped ZnO films by ALD at a deposition temperature as low as T = 80 °C. We have particularly investigated the role of the time of purge with nitrogen as purge gas in each cycle of a ZnO monolayer of the ALD process. A thorough chemical and structural analysis illustrates that the time of purge allows tuning the N-doping-level which, despite being low, affects both the long-range and short-range structure. Raman and luminescence spectroscopy suggest a complex defect structure, characterized by nitrogen ions which substitute oxygen ions and by Zn cations on interstitial sites

In this work, we design and fabricate a wireless system with the main operating device based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires. The main operating device is based on piezoelectric nanogenerator (NG) achieved using ZnO nanowires grown hydrothermally on paper substrate. The fabricated NG is capable of harvesting ambient mechanical energy from various kinds of human motion, e.g., footsteps. The harvested electric output has been used to serve as a self-powered pressure sensor. Without any storage device, the signal from a single footstep has successfully triggered a wireless sensor node circuit. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using ZnO nanowire piezoelectric NG as a low-frequency self-powered sensor, with potential applications in wireless sensor networks.

Considerable interest has been devoted to converting mechanical energy into electricity using polymer nanofibres. In particular, piezoelectric nanofibres produced by electrospinning have shown remarkable mechanical energy-to-electricity conversion ability. However, there is little data for the acoustic-to-electric conversion of electrospun nanofibres. Here we show that electrospun piezoelectric nanofibre webs have a strong acoustic-to-electric conversion ability. Using poly(vinylidene fluoride) as a model polymer and a sensor device that transfers sound directly to the nanofibre layer, we show that the sensor devices can detect low-frequency sound with a sensitivity as high as 266 mV Pa(-1). They can precisely distinguish sound waves in low to middle frequency region. These features make them especially suitable for noise detection. Our nanofibre device has more than five times higher sensitivity than a commercial piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) film device. Electrospun piezoelectric nanofibres may be useful for developing high-performance acoustic sensors.

This paper is a summary and comparison of different types of energy harvesting devices known as nanogenerators which are suitable for wireless sensor network and IoT applications. There is brief introduction of common types of energy harvesting devices in chapter two, than there are actual types of selected nanogenerators described in third chapter. There is a table with comparison of key features of selected nanogenerators in conclusion.

This paper is a summary and comparison of different types of energy harvesting devices known as nanogenerators which are suitable for wireless sensor network and IoT applications. There is brief introduction of common types of energy harvesting devices in chapter two, than there are actual types of selected nanogenerators described in third chapter. There is a table with comparison of key features of selected nanogenerators in conclusion.

This paper is a summary and comparison of different types of energy harvesting devices known as nanogenerators which are suitable for wireless sensor network and IoT applications. There is brief introduction of common types of energy harvesting devices in chapter two, than there are actual types of selected nanogenerators described in third chapter. There is a table with comparison of key features of selected nanogenerators in conclusion.

This paper is a summary and comparison of different types of energy harvesting devices known as nanogenerators which are suitable for wireless sensor network and IoT applications. There is brief introduction of common types of energy harvesting devices in chapter two, than there are actual types of selected nanogenerators described in third chapter. There is a table with comparison of key features of selected nanogenerators in conclusion.

This paper introduces human energy harvesting medium access control (MAC) protocol (HEH-BMAC), a hybrid polling MAC suitable for wireless body area networks powered by human energy harvesting. The proposed protocol combines two different medium access methods, namely polling (ID-polling) and probabilistic contention access, to adapt its operation to the different energy and state (active/inactive) changes that the network nodes may experience due to their random nature and the time variation of the energy harvesting sources. HEH-BMAC exploits the packet inter-arrival time and the energy harvesting rate information of each node to implement an efficient access scheme with different priority levels. In addition, our protocol can be applied dynamically in realistic networks, since it is adaptive to the topology changes, allowing the insertion/removal of wireless sensor nodes. Extensive simulations have been conducted in order to evaluate the protocol performance and study the throughput and energy tradeoffs., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Currently available low-dimensional piezoelectric materials show a low piezoelectric coefficient d(33) of merely 100pm V-1 with Pb(Zr, Ti)O-3-based materials at the high end. Here, we report very large piezoelectricity in Ba(Ti0.80Zr0.20)O-3-0.5(Ba0.70Ca0.30)TiO3 (BTZ-0.5BCT) lead-free nanostructures sintered as thin films (d(33) = 140pm V-1) and nanofibers (d(33) = 180pm V-1). The influences of lateral size, geometry, and the clamping effect on the piezoelectric performance were investigated for both thin films and nanofibers. Combining a high piezoelectric coefficient with environmental benefits, the BTZ-0.5BCT nanostructures provide the superior functions sought for highly efficient piezoelectric devices and electromechanical systems., QC 20140428

We have investigated the effects of different p-type polymer layers on the piezoelectric potential from ZnO nanowire (NWs) grown on silver (Ag) coated silicon (Si) substrate by the low temperature chemical synthesis method. Piezoelectric measurement was performed by a conductive atomic force microscope (AFM). In the case of the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-Tosylate (PEDOT-Tos), the output voltage is enhanced by about 95 mV, compared to 18 mV with the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) oxidized with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS) layer. The enhancement in the output piezopotential was attributed to the reduction of the screening effect due to free charge carriers. It is suggested that the present method may be one of the best possible alternative ways to improve the piezo-potential output from ZnO NWs nanogenerators.

In this paper, a flexible nanogenerator based on direct piezoelectric effect using a spin-coated poly(vinytidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) thin film as functional layer has been fabricated on polyimide substrate. The as-prepared nanogenerator exhibits the open-circuit voltage up to 7 V and short-circuit current of 58 nA with current density of 0.56 mu A/Cm-2. The impact of the variation of strain rate on the electrical outputs of the nanogenerator has been characterized experimentally and analyzed theoretically. An analytical model that explains well the experimental results has been established. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nanotechnology, the science of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale is one of the fastest growing areas of research and technology. Nanotechnology has a vast range of applications in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and energy production. New developments in nanotechnology are growing all the time. In the near future, nanotechnology is expected to be a mature industry, with countless mainstream products. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is an important and optimal material in electronic and photonic applications due to its important properties like direct band gap (3.3 eV) semiconductor with large exciton binding energy (60 meV) which can provide more efficient excitonic emission even at room temperature. Beside that noncentrosymmetric property of ZnO makes it an ideal piezoelectric material. Various onedimensional ZnO nanostructures appear as an interesting material for a variety of mechanical, piezoelectric, optical, and electrical applications. ZnO nanostructures used in study were grown by the lower temperature aqueous chemical growth (ACG) on a variety of substrates. The main objective of this research studies is to investigate the piezoelectric, mechanical and electrical phenomenon of ZnO nanostructured based nanodevices on cheap, disposable and flexible substrate like paper, plastic. As low cost fabrication of nanodevices is very crucial and best choice for the upcoming years. We have successfully demonstrated that paper substrates can be used for the growth of ZnO nanostructures. In the first part, piezoelectric power nanogenerators based on ZnO NRs / NWs on flexible paper substrates were demonstrated and output piezopotential was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Different p-type polymers like poly (3-hexylthiophene) P3HT, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-Tosylate (PEDOT-Tos) were coated around the ZnO NRs / NWs in order to minimize the screening effect and increase the output piezopotential and it was found that by introducing a layer o