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This work aimed to quantify and relate goat milk production and the Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index of the semiarid Chaco forest and the monthly average precipitation along the 2016-2018 period. The work was carried out in El Polear, in Santiago del Estero, Argentina. Even though the NDVI of the forest and its lower strata biomass productivity were affected by drought, its milk production curve remained unaffected. This may be due to the forest stability resulting from the deep rooted trees that includes, to the strategic displacement of the phenophase in its lower strata (broadleaves, herbaceous) in drought seasons and the adaptation to the changes in the goat diet selectivity before forage fluctuations. Winter NDVI peaks should be considered for new lines of research on their contribution to the energetic reserves of the goat component at the beginning of winter. Significant straight relationships (p<0.05) were found between the average goat milk production and the average monthly precipitation (r=0.64) as well as the NDVI and the semiarid Chaco forest (r=0.59). The resulting linear models involving goat milk production with both precipitation and NDVI had moderate and significant (p<0.05) explaining power (R2=0.41) and (R2=0.35), respectively. These models make the seasonal goat milk production predictable and the planning and the making decision process of both producers and the agroindustry easier., El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar y relacionar la producción de leche caprina con el Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada del Bosque Chaqueño semiárido y la precipitación media mensual en el periodo 2016-2018. El estudio fue realizado en El Polear, Santiago del Estero, Argentina. El NDVI del bosque y la productividad de biomasa de sus estratos inferiores fueron afectados por sequía. La curva de producción de leche no fue afectada por la sequía, y se debe a la estabilidad del bosque con leñosas de raíces profundas, a los estratégicos desplazamiento de fenofases de los estratos inferiores del bosque (latifoliadas y herbáceas) en épocas de sequía y a la adaptación a cambios en la selectividad de la dieta de los caprinos ante fluctuaciones de forraje. Los picos de NDVI de invierno deberían ser considerados para nuevas líneas de investigación sobre el aporte de los mismos a las reservas energéticas del componente caprino ante la entrada del invierno. Significativas relaciones directas (p<0.05) fueron encontradas entre la producción media de leche caprina y la precipitación media mensual (r=0.64) y entre el NDVI del Bosque Chaqueño semiárido (r=0.59). Los modelos lineales resultantes, entre la producción de Leche caprina con la Precipitación y el NDVI tuvieron, respectivamente, moderado y significativo (p<0.05) poder explicativo (R2=0.41) y (R2=0.35). Los modelos lineales obtenidos posibilitan predecir la producción de leche estacional facilitando la planificación y toma de decisión tanto a productores como a la agroindustria.

Tree-related microhabitats (TreM) and deadwood are two forest attributes providing essential resources for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. Old-growth forests are generally defined by a high abundance and diversity of TreM and deadwood, but little is known about TreM and deadwood dynamics once the old-growth stage is reached, in particular in the boreal biome. In this context, knowledge on TreM and deadwood dynamics in old-growth forest stands is necessary to better understand how these forests contribute to biodiversity and ecosystem services. The aim of this study is thus to determine how TreM, and deadwood abundance and diversity vary within boreal old-growth forests. To reach this objective, we surveyed TreM and deadwood attributes, as well as structural and abiotic attributes, in 71 boreal old-growth forests situated in Quebec, Canada. We used hierarchical clustering analysis to identify TreM and deadwood abundance and diversity patterns in the studied stands. We identified five clusters of TreM and deadwood characteristics, which corresponded to three stages of old-growth forest succession: canopy break-up (beginning of the old-growth stage), transition old-growth stage (replacement of the first cohort by old-growth cohorts) and true old-growth stage (first cohort all or almost all gone). The peak in TreM richness and diversity was reached at the transition old-growth stage, whereas the peak for deadwood richness and diversity was reached at the true old-growth stage. Overall, true old-growth forests were defined by a combination of moderate to high TreM density and high deadwood volume, but these values significantly varied among stands depending on past secondary disturbances, stand structure and its composition (black spruce [Picea mariana Mill.] dominated vs mixed black spruce – balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.]). These results therefore underscore the importance of considering old-growth forests as dynamic rather than static ecosyste

Almost all forests in Sweden are managed and only a small fraction are considered natural. One exception is low productive forests where, due to their limited economical value, natural dynamics still dominate. One example is the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests occurring on rocky and nutrient-poor hilltops. Although these forests represent a regionally common forest type with a high degree of naturalness, their dynamics, structure and history are poorly known. We investigated the structure, human impact and fire history in eight rocky pine forests in the High Coast Area in eastern Sweden, initially identified as good representatives of this forest type. This was done by sampling and measuring tree sizes, -ages, fire-scarred trees, as well as dead wood volumes and quality along three transects at each site. The structure was diverse with a sparse layer of trees (basal area 9 m(2) and 640 trees larger than 10 cm ha(-1)) in various sizes and ages; 13 trees ha(-1) were more than 300 years old. Dead wood (DW), snags and logs in all stages of decay, was present and although the actual DW (pine) volume (4.4 m(3) ha(-1)) and number of units (53 ha(-1)) was low, the DW share of total wood volume was 18% on average. Dead wood can be present for several centuries after death; we found examples of both snags and logs that had been dead more than 300 years. Frequent fires have occurred, with an average cycle of 40 years between fires. Most fires occurred between 1500-1900 and many of them (13) during the 1600s. However, fires were probably small since most fire years were only represented at one site and often only in one or a few samples. The rocky pine forests in the High Coast Area are representative of undisturbed forests with low human impact, exhibiting old-growth characteristics and are valuable habitats for organisms connected to sun-exposed DW. Management of protected rocky pine forests may well include small-scale restoration fires and the limited DW volumes sh

Aim: We analyse how functional diversity (FD) varies across European natural forests to understand the effects of environmental and competitive filtering on plant trait distribution. Location: Forest ecosystems in Europe from 11°W to 36°E and 29.5°N to 62°N. Taxon: Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae, Oleaceae, Tiliaceae, Aceraceae, Leguminosae (unspecific). Methods. We adopted the existing Dynamic Global Vegetation Model Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land of flexible individual traits (LPJmL-FIT) for Europe by eliminating both bioclimatic limits of plant functional types (PFTs) and replacing prescribed values of functional traits for PFTs with emergent values under influence of environmental filtering and competition. We quantified functional richness (FR), functional divergence (FDv) and functional evenness (FE) in representative selected sites and at Pan-European scale resulting from simulated functional and structural trait combinations of individual trees. While FR quantifies the amount of occupied trait space, FDv and FE describe the distribution and abundance of trait combinations, respectively, in a multidimensional trait space. Results: Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land of flexible individual traits reproduces spatial PFTs and local trait distributions and agrees well with observed productivity, biomass and tree height of European natural forests. The observed site-specific trait distributions and spatial gradients of traits of the leaf- and stem-resource economics spectra coincide with environmental filtering and the competition for light and water in environments with strong abiotic stress. Where deciduous and needle-leaved trees co-occur, for example, in boreal and mountainous forests, the potential niche space is wide (high FR), and extreme ends in the niche space are occupied (high FDv). We find high FDv in Mediterranean forests where drought increasingly limits tree growth, thus niche differentiation becomes more important. FDv decreases in temperate forests w

Soil organisms are an integral part of agricultural ecosystems and are essential for the maintenance of healthy productive soils. Little is known about soil arthropods assemblages in shifting cultivation system. Therefore, we compared the diversity of soil macroarthropods in shifting cultivation (EXPTL) system and its adjacent natural forest (CTRL) ecosystem in Mizoram, northeast India and assessed the impact of shifting cultivation on the diversity. The study was conducted from 2013 to 2015, and the period was divided as pre-cultivation, cultivation and post-cultivation phases. Traditional shifting cultivation was practised in EXPTL site in the year 2014. Sampling was done by handpicking and digging from a quadrat (25×25×30 cm) located at least 10 m apart at monthly intervals. Specimens were preserved in 4% formalin and were identified up to the lowest possible taxa. A total of 97 taxa of arthropods belonging to five classes were recorded. 88 taxa and 48 taxa were recorded in CTRL and EXPTL respectively. Order-wise Shannon diversity index was significantly higher (p < .001) in CTRL as compared to EXPTL site. There were significant differences in both cultivation (p <.001) and post-cultivation (p <.001) phases between CTRL and EXPTL sites. There was a significant effect of shifting cultivation on the diversity of soil macroarthropods at the p <.05 level for the three cultivation phases in EXPTL site. Therefore, it was concluded that shifting cultivation system negatively affected soil macroarthropod diversity at least for a short duration. This study provided the first baseline data of soil macroarthropod diversity and its interaction with land-use system from Mizoram, northeast India.

The quantification of vegetal biomass is the key to know the carbon that forest ecosystems store, and therefore, its capacity to mitigate climatic change. There is a variety of methods to estimate biomass, many with small variations, such as size and shape of sampling units, inclusion or not of any reservoir component (leaves, branches, roots, necromasses), minimum diameter inventoried, among others. The objective of the paper is to explain the most important aspects to be considered in the inventory of removals, based on the inventory design (statistical design, size and shape of the sampling units, components of the biomass to be evaluated). A second point deals with the determination of aerial biomass and roots, referring to the direct or destructive method, and indirect methods, especially to the use of mathematical models for their easy application and low cost; besides, some models for natural forest and plantations are noted. Reference is also made to the study of carbon in soils, biomass expansion factors, and how to determine carbon in biomass. We hope that these notes will facilitate the understanding of the topic and be a reference for the establishment of monitoring, reporting and verification schemes., La cuantificación de la biomasa vegetal es clave para conocer el carbono almacenado por los ecosistemas forestales y, por ende, la capacidad de mitigación del cambio climático. Existen variedad de métodos para estimar la biomasa, muchos de ellos con pequeñas variaciones, por ejemplo, el tamaño y forma de las unidades de muestreo, la inclusión o no de algún componente del reservorio (hojas, ramas, raíces, necromasa), diámetro mínimo inventariado, entre otras. El objetivo del manuscrito es explicar los aspectos más importantes a considerar en el inventario de remociones, a partir del diseño de inventario (diseño estadístico, tamaño y forma de las unidades de muestreo, componentes de la biomasa a evaluar). En un segundo punto se trata el tema de la determinación de la biomasa aérea y de raíces, haciendo referencia al método directo o destructivo y a los métodos indirectos, en especial al uso de modelos matemáticos por su fácil aplicación y bajo costo; además se anotan algunos modelos para bosque natural y plantaciones. También se hace referencia al estudio de carbono en suelos, a los factores de expansión de biomasa y a cómo determinar el carbono en la biomasa. Se espera que estas notas faciliten la comprensión del tema y que sean de referencia para el establecimiento de esquemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación.

One of the two large categories of economic valuation within the environmental services field associated to natural resources is the market valuation. As its name implies, this type of valuation uses information generated in the process of exchange of goods or services valued. This document contains a financial valuation effort of Spanish red cedar (Cedrela odorata L.) species in Mexico. In this exercise the market price method was applied in order to estimate the monetary value of its main use (timber), considering the standing wood volume of the species in natural forests, based on information generated from the national forest inventory database. The effect of wood volume, price and transportation cost on total value was evaluated through a sensitivity analysis. The estimated value for total standing timber was MXN$ 5 282 183 404 (USD$288 328 788 at May 2016 prices). The Gulf of Mexico region has the highest value representation among the three regions considered in this paper. According to the sensitivity analysis, the price of wood is the main factor affecting total timber value of the species., Uno de los dos grandes rubros de la valoración económica en el ámbito de los servicios ambientales asociados con recursos naturales es la valoración con mercado. Como su nombre lo indica, esta valoración utiliza información que se genera en el proceso de intercambio del bien o servicio valorado. El presente documento contiene un esfuerzo de este tipo de valoración, desde el punto de vista financiero, del cedro rojo (Cedrela odorata L.) en México. En este ejercicio se aplicó el método de precios de mercado para determinar el valor monetario de su principal uso (maderable), considerando el volumen de madera de la especie existente en los bosques naturales, con base en información generada a partir de las bases de datos del inventario nacional forestal. El efecto del volumen de madera, el precio y el costo del transporte sobre el valor total se evaluó mediante un análisis de sensibilidad. El valor maderable estimado de los árboles en pie asciende a la cantidad de MXN$5 282 183 404 (USD $288 328 788, a precios de mayo de 2016). De las tres regiones consideradas en esta valoración, la región Golfo de México es la de mayor aportación. De acuerdo con el análisis de sensibilidad realizado, el precio de la madera es el principal factor que afecta el valor maderable de la especie.

The quantification of vegetal biomass is the key to know the carbon that forest ecosystems store, and therefore, its capacity to mitigate climatic change. There is a variety of methods to estimate biomass, many with small variations, such as size and shape of sampling units, inclusion or not of any reservoir component (leaves, branches, roots, necromasses), minimum diameter inventoried, among others. The objective of the paper is to explain the most important aspects to be considered in the inventory of removals, based on the inventory design (statistical design, size and shape of the sampling units, components of the biomass to be evaluated). A second point deals with the determination of aerial biomass and roots, referring to the direct or destructive method, and indirect methods, especially to the use of mathematical models for their easy application and low cost; besides, some models for natural forest and plantations are noted. Reference is also made to the study of carbon in soils, biomass expansion factors, and how to determine carbon in biomass. We hope that these notes will facilitate the understanding of the topic and be a reference for the establishment of monitoring, reporting and verification schemes., La cuantificación de la biomasa vegetal es clave para conocer el carbono almacenado por los ecosistemas forestales y, por ende, la capacidad de mitigación del cambio climático. Existen variedad de métodos para estimar la biomasa, muchos de ellos con pequeñas variaciones, por ejemplo, el tamaño y forma de las unidades de muestreo, la inclusión o no de algún componente del reservorio (hojas, ramas, raíces, necromasa), diámetro mínimo inventariado, entre otras. El objetivo del manuscrito es explicar los aspectos más importantes a considerar en el inventario de remociones, a partir del diseño de inventario (diseño estadístico, tamaño y forma de las unidades de muestreo, componentes de la biomasa a evaluar). En un segundo punto se trata el tema de la determinación de la biomasa aérea y de raíces, haciendo referencia al método directo o destructivo y a los métodos indirectos, en especial al uso de modelos matemáticos por su fácil aplicación y bajo costo; además se anotan algunos modelos para bosque natural y plantaciones. También se hace referencia al estudio de carbono en suelos, a los factores de expansión de biomasa y a cómo determinar el carbono en la biomasa. Se espera que estas notas faciliten la comprensión del tema y que sean de referencia para el establecimiento de esquemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación.

The species diversity of termites was investigated in three different types of forest: isolated acacia plantations, acacia plantations wholly surrounded by natural forests and acacia plantations partly adjacent to natural forests. The 100 m belt transect protocol was used to assess the species richness and abundance of termites. The results showed that the presence of adjacent natural forests contributes to an increase of biodiversity in acacia plantations. It was also found that the presence of acacia plantations caused a decrease of biodiversity in adjacent natural forests. The proportion of common species among the three types of forest arrangement was also compared.

Retrieving aboveground forest carbon stocks (AFCS) accurately in tropical region remains challenging due to forest structure complexity and species diversity. In order to improve AFCS estimates, the present study evaluates the potential of high-resolution ALOS/PALSAR mosaics data in the tropical forests in central Sumatra. The study region with AFCS range of 1 to 334 Mg ha(exp -1) consists of natural and plantation forests. Field measurements of AFCS were carried out in 87 plots. Various textures of dual polarized mosaics data for the year 2009 and 2010 were computed and assessed their potential for estimating AFCS applying regression modelling. R(exp 2), p-value, variable inflation factor, and root mean square errors (RMSE) were examined. Potential models were cross validated by leave- one-out (LOO) method. The result indicates that simple textures analysis in PALSAR mosaics increases potential of AFCS estimation and reduces errors to 30.5 Mg ha(exp -1). The method and models presented in this study can be a low cost wall-to-wall forest carbon mapping with high level of accuracy in tropical forests in Southeast Asia where other methods are still rare., Meeting Information: 2015 IEEE 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR) (September 1-4, 2015. Marina Bay Sands) Singapore, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, 形態: カラー図版あり

Розглянуто роль відмерлої деревини в лісових екосистемах. На основі матеріалів польових досліджень здійснено облік стоячої відмерлої деревини у букових лісах південно-західного мегасхилу Українських Карпат, оцінено її розмірні характеристики та диференціацію за класами деструкції. Встановлено, що експлуатаційні букові ліси території досліджень характеризуються значно нижчими запасами відмерлої деревини, ніж природні ліси, які не підлягали впливу катастрофічних природних явищ., Рассмотрена роль отмершей древесины в лесных экосистемах. На основании материалов полевых исследований произведен учет стоячей отмершей древесины в буковых насаждениях южно-западного мегасклона Украинских Карпат, оценены ее размерные характеристики и дифференцирование по классам деструкции. Установлено, что эксплуатационные буковые леса территории исследований характеризируются значительно более низкими запасами отмершей древесины по сравнению с природными лесами, которые не подвергались влиянию катастрофических природных явлений., The importance that dead wood has in a forest ecosystem was analyzed. The timber volume of standing dead wood was estimated in managed and natural beech forests on the southwestern side of the Ukrainian Carpathians. This was done using terrestrial sample plots. Further, the size distribution and decay classes of standing dead trees were assessed. The result of the study demonstrates that standing dead wood volumes in the managed beech forests are much lower than in the natural forests assuming that there were no catastrophic disturbance factors.

It is presented an overview of silviculture as a critical element for the sustainability and management of the forest, considering the definition of silviculture that supports the sustainable management of natural forest, the role of silviculture within the new paradigms for the sustainable use of natural forest, the limitations in research and silvicultural practice in tropical forests and the priority themes for achieving the sustainable management of natural forest. It was stablished that for the maintenance of the adaptive capacity of forests to various and unexpected disturbances without losing their ecological integrity, the forester needs biological and ecological knowledge that enables him to comprehend the forest as a whole. It is concluded that in order to obtain greater benefits from the ecosystem goods and services it is required to overcome the traditional silviculture approach. It is necessary to develop research leading to maximize the benefits of local communities from the combined use of timber and non-timber products, without neglecting their role to ensure the ecological integrity of the ecosystem intervening., Se presenta un panorama de la silvicultura como elemento crítico para la sostenibilidad y manejo del bosque, considerando la definición de la silvicultura que soporta el manejo sostenible del bosque natural, el papel de la silvicultura dentro de los nuevos paradigmas de uso sostenible del bosque natural, las limitaciones en investigación y práctica silvicultural en bosques tropicales y los temas prioritarios para lograr el manejo sostenible del bosque natural. Se plantea que para el mantenimiento de la capacidad de adaptación de los bosques a diversos e inesperados disturbios sin perder su integridad ecológica el silvicultor necesita conocimientos biológicos y ecológicos que le permitan comprender el bosque como un todo. Se concluye que para obtener mayores beneficios de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos se requiere superar el enfoque de la silvicultura tradicional. Es necesario desarrollar investigaciones conducentes a maximizar los beneficios de las comunidades locales a partir del uso combinado de productos maderables y no maderables, sin descuidar su rol de garantizar la integridad ecológica del ecosistema que intervenga., Uma visão geral da silvicultura parece ser crítica para a sustentabilidade como um elemento de manejo florestal, considerando a definição de silvicultura que suporta o gerenciamento sustentável de florestas naturais, o papel da silvicultura nos novos paradigmas de uso sustentável da floresta natural, limitações na investigação e prática silvicultural em florestas tropicais e as temáticas prioritárias para conseguir o manejo sustentável das florestas naturais. Foi estabelecida que para manter a resiliência das florestas em diversas e inesperadas alterações sem perder sua integridade ecológica o silvicultor precisa conhecimentos biológicos e ecológicas que ajudam a entender a floresta como um todo. Conclui-se que, para obter maiores benefícios de bens e serviços do ecossistema é necessário superar a abordagem florestal tradicional. Precisamos desenvolver investigações encaminhadas em maximizar os benefícios para as comunidades locais a partir da utilização combinada de productos madeireiros e não-madeireiros, sem descuidar o seu papel de assegurar a integridade ecológica do ecossistema que seja intervindo.

It is presented an overview of silviculture as a critical element for the sustainability and management of the forest, considering the definition of silviculture that supports the sustainable management of natural forest, the role of silviculture within the new paradigms for the sustainable use of natural forest, the limitations in research and silvicultural practice in tropical forests and the priority themes for achieving the sustainable management of natural forest. It was stablished that for the maintenance of the adaptive capacity of forests to various and unexpected disturbances without losing their ecological integrity, the forester needs biological and ecological knowledge that enables him to comprehend the forest as a whole. It is concluded that in order to obtain greater benefits from the ecosystem goods and services it is required to overcome the traditional silviculture approach. It is necessary to develop research leading to maximize the benefits of local communities from the combined use of timber and non-timber products, without neglecting their role to ensure the ecological integrity of the ecosystem intervening., Uma visão geral da silvicultura parece ser crítica para a sustentabilidade como um elemento de manejo florestal, considerando a definição de silvicultura que suporta o gerenciamento sustentável de florestas naturais, o papel da silvicultura nos novos paradigmas de uso sustentável da floresta natural, limitações na investigação e prática silvicultural em florestas tropicais e as temáticas prioritárias para conseguir o manejo sustentável das florestas naturais. Foi estabelecida que para manter a resiliência das florestas em diversas e inesperadas alterações sem perder sua integridade ecológica o silvicultor precisa conhecimentos biológicos e ecológicas que ajudam a entender a floresta como um todo. Conclui-se que, para obter maiores benefícios de bens e serviços do ecossistema é necessário superar a abordagem florestal tradicional. Precisamos desenvolver investigações encaminhadas em maximizar os benefícios para as comunidades locais a partir da utilização combinada de productos madeireiros e não-madeireiros, sem descuidar o seu papel de assegurar a integridade ecológica do ecossistema que seja intervindo., Se presenta un panorama de la silvicultura como elemento crítico para la sostenibilidad y manejo del bosque, considerando la definición de la silvicultura que soporta el manejo sostenible del bosque natural, el papel de la silvicultura dentro de los nuevos paradigmas de uso sostenible del bosque natural, las limitaciones en investigación y práctica silvicultural en bosques tropicales y los temas prioritarios para lograr el manejo sostenible del bosque natural. Se plantea que para el mantenimiento de la capacidad de adaptación de los bosques a diversos e inesperados disturbios sin perder su integridad ecológica el silvicultor necesita conocimientos biológicos y ecológicos que le permitan comprender el bosque como un todo. Se concluye que para obtener mayores beneficios de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos se requiere superar el enfoque de la silvicultura tradicional. Es necesario desarrollar investigaciones conducentes a maximizar los beneficios de las comunidades locales a partir del uso combinado de productos maderables y no maderables, sin descuidar su rol de garantizar la integridad ecológica del ecosistema que intervenga.

天然林の成長動態の解析は、天然林資源を管理する上で不可欠である。 北海道有林北見経営区内に天然林を対象に設定した固定標準地を40年ぶりに調査を実行し、針広混交天然林の成長動態を解析した。解析の結果、樹木本数が大幅に減少している反面で蓄積が大幅に増加していることがわかった。本数が減少したのは主として広葉樹である。一方、林分の材積成長にはエゾマツ、トドマツが大きな影響を与えるため、本数が減少したにも係わらず、林分材積成長量は40年間で大きくなったことが分かった。材積の40年間の粗成長量は326.1m3/ha、純成長量は243.8m3/haである。, The analysis of growth dynamics in natural forest is indispensable for managing natural forest resources. Growth dynamics was analyzed for the permanent plot of natural forest for forty years in the Hokkaido Prefectural Forest of Kitami district. The result of analysis showed that stand volume was increasing sharply, while the total number of trees were decreasing for forty years. Main decreasing species were broadleaf trees. Volume of spruce and fir was shown a accounts for the big rate of total stand volume increments. Therefore, stand volume increments was increasing for forty years. Gross volume growths was 326.1m^3/ha for forty years and net volume growth was 243.8m^3/ha for forty years.

To use forest incentives for the favorable conservation of forest that are in private properties is a difficult process, that has encountered obstacles since the creation itself of the incentives and their conception through their application on part of fanners. In the actuality, exist tax and economic incentives that principally favor landowners and big companies and that in other cases propitiate deforestation of the natural zones. The certificate of forest incentive for conservation (CIF) is the incentive that is nearest to biodiversidad protection but in Colombia hasn’t been applied. The economic valuation of the benefits provided by the forest (positives externalities), may solve this conflict, if it compensates proprietors as well as the tropical countries. But the absence of volunteer, to pay people and the countries benefits is a link of a chain that it is missing. Since this panorama, the small proprietors of natural zones should organize and work to get tax and economic exemptions. This process should accompany research, technical assistance and financing on part of the national government., El uso de incentivos para propiciar la conservación de áreas boscosas ubicadas en propiedades privadas, es un proceso difícil, que ha encontrado tropiezos desde la creación misma de los incentivos y su concepción, hasta la aplicación por parte de los propietarios de las zonas. En la actualidad existen Incentivos tributarios y económicos, los cuales en su mayoría favorecen a terratenientes y grandes empresarios y que en otros casos propician la deforestación de las áreas naturales. El Certificado de Incentivo Forestal CIF de Conservación es el incentivo que más se acerca a una verdadera protección de la Biodiversidad en estas áreas, pero en Colombia no se ha logrado su aplicación. La valoración económica de los beneficios generados por las zonas boscosas (extemalidades Positivas), es una tarea que podría solucionar este conflicto, sí se le reconoce al propietario, al igual que a los países tropicales, el valor de las zonas que están protegiendo; pero la falta de voluntad para pagar por parte de las personas y países beneficiados, es un eslabón más que se suma a la cadena. Desde este panorama los pequeños propietarios de áreas boscosas deben organizarse y trabajar para lograr exenciones que reconozcan en parte el valor de la labor que están realizando, este proceso debe estar acompañado por investigación, asistencia técnica y financiación por parte del Gobierno Nacional o de los países beneficiados, si hablamos del entorno Internacional.

The processes of natural regeneration after windthrow were investigated in two permanent study areas located in the southern and middle taiga of the Central Urals. The forest types were dominated by Pinus silvestris and Larix sibirica in the north (Pinetum vacciniosum) and by Abies sibirica and Picea obovata in the south (Piceetum oxalidosum).The number of trees in the two study areas sharply increased over the seven years following the windthrow, mainly due to an increase in the number of broadleaved trees, with Betula pendula and Populus tremula predominating. Regeneration was most abundant on sites where the windfall debris was cleared, and was least on those that remained uncleared. The regeneration established after the windthrow was dominated by broadleaved species, while advance regeneration before the storm was dominated by conifers. Advance regeneration of conifers mostly survived in areas where the windfall debris was not cleared, but the rate of coniferous regeneration was higher in the cleared part of the windfall. The reasons for the sudden increase in regeneration by broadleaved species, as well as the difficulties associated with coniferous regeneration, are analysed. The type of silvicultural management greatly affects the number of young trees that survive following windthrow. The preliminary conclusions are that natural processes should be integrated more often into the management of forests in the Urals as well as in other mountainous regions.

本研究は, 亜熱帯沖縄における天然林の資源植物学的研究の一環として, 宮古島を対象に森林植物を中心とした資源植物の分布および用途別の分類を行い, 今後の資源植物の収集・保存・増殖および開発・利用を進めていく上での基礎的な資料を得るために行ったものである。調査の結果は次のとおりである。1. 森林資源調査における出現樹種は28種, 樹種別の分布率はCasuarina equisetifoliaモクマオウ38%, Cinnamomum pseudo-pedunculatumヤブニッケイ17%, Pinus luchuensisリュウキュウマツ11%, Acacia confusaソウシジュ6%, Eurya emarginataハマヒサカキ5%, Pongamia Pinnataクロヨナ4%, Diospyros maritimaリュウキュウガキ3%, Hibiscus tiliaceusオオハマボウ3%, Melanolepis multiglandulosaヤンバルアカメガシワ3%の順であった。樹種構成は, 主要島嶼の沖縄島, 石垣島, 西表島に比べて少なく, 単調であった。2. 森林資源調査の推定誤差率は, 平均胸高直径16.4%, 平均樹高11.7%, ha当たり本数26.1%, ha当たり胸高断面積19.1%, ha当たり材積25.3%であった。平均胸高直径および平均樹高は, それぞれ11.0cm, 6.4mであった。ha当たりの本数, 胸高断面積および材積は, それぞれ2,077本, 19.4m^2,76.7m^3であった。3. 宮古島の分布植物は, 在来植物が131科, 405属, 603種で, 外来植物が25科, 64属, 81種であった。そのうち在来植物は広く海外の熱帯地域に分布する植物が120科, 360属, 518種, 国内に限定されて分布する植物が50科, 80属, 85種であった。4. 宮古島と周辺近隣地との在来植物の共通種は, 石垣島563種(93.4%), 西表島559種(92.7%), 沖縄島555種(92.0%)で, 宮古島の約93%の植物が近隣地域に分布している。5. すでに開発・利用されている経済植物は121種で, 全体20%, 未利用・未開発の未経済植物は482種で全体の約80%を占め, 未経済植物は経済植物の約4倍も豊富に自生している。, 6. 経済植物は, I類, II類, III類の3グループに分類され, それぞれI類32科, 56属, 60種, II類22科, 25属26種, III類24科, 30属, 35種を構成した。7. 用途の民族植物学的分類は, I類とII類で, それぞれ17,7のカテゴリーに分類された。そのうち, I類の主なカテゴリーは用材26種, 薬用14種, 飼料9種, 食用9種, 肥料3種であった。8. 最近, 森林資源の新しい利用法として, 森林バイオマスの活用, 低利用・未利用広葉樹および林床植生の利用について検討が始められている。未利用植物の多い宮古島においても新しい活用・利用法の開発が望まれる。, Within the frame work of a series of plant resource studies on the natural forests in the subtropical Okinawa Islands, the present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of resource plants (focusing primarily on the forest plants in Miyako Island), and to classify the plants by their application and use, with the goal of collecting basic data to be used in collection, preservation, cultivation, development and utilization of plant resources for the future. The following results were obtained. Twenty-eight plant species were confirmed in the forest inventory survey. The most frequent species found in the total forest area were distributed as follows : Casuarina equisetifolia 38%, Cinnamomum pseudo-pedunculatum 17%, Pinus luchuensis 11%, Acacia confusa 6%, Eurya emargionata 5%, Pongamia pinnata 4%, Diospyros maritima 3%, Hibiscus tiliaceus 3%, and Melanolepis multiglandulosa 3%. The number of tree species in Miyako Island was smaller than that on other majors islands constituting the Okinawa Islands (Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island). Thus, the tree species were relatively mono tonous on Miyako Island. In this forest inventory survey, the sampling error is estimated to be 16.4% for the mean diameter at breast height, 11.7% for the mean tree height, 26.1% for the number of trees per hectare, 19.1% for the basal area per hectare, and 25.3% for the volume per hectare. The mean diameter at breast height was 11.0cm. The mean tree height was 6.4m. The number of trees per hectare was 2,077. The basal area per hectare was 19.4m^2 and the volume per hectare was 76.6m^3. In Miyako Island, 603 indigenous plant species, belonging to 405 genuses of 131 families, and 81 introduced plant species, belonging to 64 genuses of 25 families, were confirmed. Of the indigenous plants, 518 species (360 genuses of 120 families) are known to be dis tributed widely in foreign tropical areas, and 85 species (80 genuses of families) occur only in Japan. The indigenou

この研究は, 亜熱帯沖縄における森林植物の希少植物等の探索・保存・増殖に関する研究の一環として, 石垣島平久保のヤエヤマシタン(Pterocarpus indicus)林を対象に生育木の現状および生育地の植生調査を行ったものである。調査の結果は, 次のとおりである。1. 平久保のヤエヤマシタンは, 1972年5月15日に国の天然記念物に指定された。2. 現在, ヤエヤマシタンは石垣島で自生木, 栽培木を合わせて78本の生育が確認された。3. 平久保では, 現在の天然記念物の2個体の他に, 1991年7月に胸高直径20cm, 樹高11.5mの1本, 今回新たに胸高直径13cm, 樹高8mの幼齢樹が確認された。4. これまで, 1莢当たりの種子数は1個とされているが, 1&acd;4個の種子が含まれていることことが明らかとなった。5. 376莢のうち1莢当たりの種子数の出現頻度は, 1粒莢が43%, 2粒莢が39%, 3粒莢が17%, 4粒莢が1%で, 1粒莢が最も多かった。6. 種子の発芽は, 1粒莢の種子では播種後2日目から7日目に発芽がみられ播種後4日目と6日目に3粒ずつの最大発芽がみられた。7. 天然記念物2個体のうち1個体は幹および根が, 他の個体は根がそれぞれ削り取られており, 傷跡は深く, いずれの切り口も腐朽しており, 早急に損傷部の回復をはかる必要がある。8. 林分は自然林に人為干渉を受けて変質しているが,低地帯森林植生のリュウキュウガキーナガミボチョウジ群団に属するヤエヤマシタン群落と考えられる。, As a part of studies on the research for preservation, reproduction of rare forest plants in subtropical Okinawa, we examined the present status of growth trees and vegetation in the habitat in a Yaeyamashitan (Pterocarpus indicus) forest in Hirakubo on Ishigaki Island. The following results were obtaind. 1. Yaeyamashitan in Hirakubo was designated as a national treasure in May 15,1972. 2. Growth of 78 spontaneous trees and cultivars was confirmed on Ishigaki Island. 3. In Hirakubo, in addition to 2 trees as a national treasure, 1 tree (diameter at breast height, 20cm; tree height, 11.5m) and 1 young growth (diameter at breast height, 13cm; tree height, 8m) were confirmed in July, 1991 and December 1994,respectively. 4. Though the number of seeds per legume had been considered to be 1,1&acd;4 seeds per legume were observed. 5. One seed/legume was observed in 43% of 365 legumes, 2 seeds/legume in 39%, 3 in 17%, and 4 in 1% the incidence of 1 seed/legume was the highest. 6. Germination of seeds occurred 2&acd;7 days after seedling in 1 seed legumes, and maximum germination of 3 seeds each was observed 4 days and 6 days after seedling. 7. Of the trees as a national treasure, 1 showed cuts in the trunk and root, and the other showed cuts in the root. This damage was deep, and each cut surface was decayed. Restoration of the damage parts is urgently necessary. 8. The forest stand is considered a Pterocarpus indicus community of Diospyros maritima-Psychouia manilensis alliance in the lowland vegetation. Though the vegetation has been changed by the human disturbance.

本研究は, 西表島における天然林の樹種の分布, 資源量および資源植物学的分類を明らかにしたものである。その結果を要約すると次のとおりである。1 森林資源調査における出現樹種は90種であった。樹種別の本数分布率はイタジイ13%, タブノキ6%, リュウキュウマツ6%, エゴノキ5%, シャリンバイ3%, モクタチバナ 3%, リュウキュウモチノキ3%, エゴノキ3%, ハゼノキ3%, リュウキュウガキ3%, オキナワウラジロガシ3%の順であった。ha当たり100本以上のこれら8種で全本数の約28%を占め, 残りの約72%は82種で占められている。2 このように, 構成樹種の多様性が西表島における天然林の特徴である。3 森林資源調査の推定誤差率は, ha当たり本数9.8%, ha当たり材積9.1%であった。ha当たりの本数および材積は, それぞれ約3,730本, 約114m^3であった。4 資源植物学的分類は, 経済植物88種, 未経済植物2種であった。5 用途の民族植物学的分類は, I類では用材88種, 燃料47種, 食用19種, 薬用11種, 肥料11種, 染料11種, 飼料8種, 油脂6種, 繊維5種で, II類では観賞45種, 防風32種, 防風18種, 街路18種であった。III類の構成樹種は35種であった。6 林木の遺伝子資源はすべてB_2タイプの潜在的遺伝子資源であった。Cタイプの特定植物群落は15件であった。, The present study clarified the distribution, productivity and classification of economically important forest trees of natural forest in the lriomote Island. The results of the study are summarized as follows : 1. The number of species found out from the forest resources inventory was 90. The percentages of the number of trees by species were 13% of Castanopsis siebldii, 6% of Persea thunbergii, 6% of Pinus luchuensis, 5% of Styrax japonicus, 3% of Raphiolepis indica, 3% of Ardisia sieboldii, 3% of Ilea likuiuensis and 3% of Quercus miyagi. These 8 species which counted over 100 trees per hectare were about 28% of the whole of number of trees, and the remaining 72% was the other 82 species. 2. Therefore, the important charactristrics of the natural forest in the lriomote Island are the diversity of tree species. 3. The estimated rates of error in the forest resources inventory were 9.4% of number tree per hectare and 9.1% of volume per hectare. The number of tree and volume per hectare were 3,727 and 114m^3,respectively. 4. The classification of economically important forest trees were 88 species of exploited plant and 2 species of underexploited plant. 5. The ethnobotanical classification of forest trees by use were 88 species of lumber, 47 species of fuel, 19 species of food, 11 species of dye, 11 species of fertilizer, 11 species of drug, 8 species of forage, 6 species of oil and 5 species of fiber in the first group, and 45 species of yard, 32 species of wind, 18 species of street and 18 species tide in the second group. 6. The classification of genetic resources of forest trees were all the unutilized genetic resources of B_2 type. The number of special plant community of C type was 15.