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This paper shall discuss the importance of protocol application in modern dentistry. Literature data that include recommendations and consensuses in dental practice point out to their presence in available literature, printed papers, reviewed journals and supplements in the form of expert group conclusions. It should be noted that the protocols most commonly rely on valid postulates of different branches of medicine, supported by specific conditions of the environment in which they are implemented. Additionally, in our settings, applicable dentistry protocols are the result of requirements that institutions and practices should fulfill according to renewable accreditation, as well as following recommendations given in the good clinical practice guidelines with different binding obligations levels. Certain protocols offer therapeutic modalities categorized into classes intended to help users to select appropriate treatments. The second part of this paper shall address one such protocol which classifies partially edentulous patients. The emphasis is on the partial edentulism classification recommended by The American College of Prosthodontists (ACP), which relies on four diagnostic criteria essential for therapeutic decision. Edentulous areas location and extent, abutment teeth health, occlusion model, and residual ridge characteristics represent the parameters which have defined the four classes of partial edentulism of different complexity. In this way, comprehensive approach to the clinical status of the patients has, for the first time been offered to the dental practitioners assuring, among others, higher uniformity of professional attitudes in selection of therapeutic modalities., U radu se diskutuje o značaju primene protokola u savremenoj stomatologiji. Literaturni podaci koji obuhvataju preporuke i konsenzuse u stomatološkoj praksi govore o njihovoj prisutnosti u dostupnim knjigama, štampanim radovima u recenziranim časopisima, i dodacima časopisa kao zaključci ekspertskih grupa. Treba primetiti da su protokoli najčešće oslonjeni na validne postulate različitih medicinskih grana, pomognuti specifičnim uslovima sredine u koju se implementiraju. Dodatno, u našim uslovima, protokoli u stomatologiji su rezultat zahteva koje institucije i prakse moraju da ispunjavaju shodno obnovljivoj akreditaciji, kao i poštovanja preporuka koje su date u vodičima dobre kliničke prakse različitog nivoa obaveznosti. Pojedini protokoli nude terapijske modalitete koji se kategorizuju u klase, pomažući korisnicima u izboru pravog tretmana. O jednom od takvih protokola koji klasifikuje krezube pacijente govori drugi deo rada. Akcenat je na primeni klasifikacije krezubosti koju je preporučio Američki koledž protetičara, a koja se oslanja na četiri dijagnostička kriterijuma, bitna za terapijsku odluku. Lokalizacija i veličina bezubih polja, stanje zdravlja zuba nosača, model okluzije i karakteristike rezidualnog grebena su parametri koji su definisali četiri klase krezubosti različite složenosti. Tako je, prvi put, stomatološkoj praksi ponuđen ozbiljan, sveobuhvatni pristup kliničkom statusu bolesnika, koji obezbeđuje, između ostalog, i uniformnije stručne stavove u izboru terapijskih modaliteta.

This paper shall discuss the importance of protocol application in modern dentistry. Literature data that include recommendations and consensuses in dental practice point out to their presence in available literature, printed papers, reviewed journals and supplements in the form of expert group conclusions. It should be noted that the protocols most commonly rely on valid postulates of different branches of medicine, supported by specific conditions of the environment in which they are implemented. Additionally, in our settings, applicable dentistry protocols are the result of requirements that institutions and practices should fulfill according to renewable accreditation, as well as following recommendations given in the good clinical practice guidelines with different binding obligations levels. Certain protocols offer therapeutic modalities categorized into classes intended to help users to select appropriate treatments. The second part of this paper shall address one such protocol which classifies partially edentulous patients. The emphasis is on the partial edentulism classification recommended by The American College of Prosthodontists (ACP), which relies on four diagnostic criteria essential for therapeutic decision. Edentulous areas location and extent, abutment teeth health, occlusion model, and residual ridge characteristics represent the parameters which have defined the four classes of partial edentulism of different complexity. In this way, comprehensive approach to the clinical status of the patients has, for the first time been offered to the dental practitioners assuring, among others, higher uniformity of professional attitudes in selection of therapeutic modalities., U radu se diskutuje o značaju primene protokola u savremenoj stomatologiji. Literaturni podaci koji obuhvataju preporuke i konsenzuse u stomatološkoj praksi govore o njihovoj prisutnosti u dostupnim knjigama, štampanim radovima u recenziranim časopisima, i dodacima časopisa kao zaključci ekspertskih grupa. Treba primetiti da su protokoli najčešće oslonjeni na validne postulate različitih medicinskih grana, pomognuti specifičnim uslovima sredine u koju se implementiraju. Dodatno, u našim uslovima, protokoli u stomatologiji su rezultat zahteva koje institucije i prakse moraju da ispunjavaju shodno obnovljivoj akreditaciji, kao i poštovanja preporuka koje su date u vodičima dobre kliničke prakse različitog nivoa obaveznosti. Pojedini protokoli nude terapijske modalitete koji se kategorizuju u klase, pomažući korisnicima u izboru pravog tretmana. O jednom od takvih protokola koji klasifikuje krezube pacijente govori drugi deo rada. Akcenat je na primeni klasifikacije krezubosti koju je preporučio Američki koledž protetičara, a koja se oslanja na četiri dijagnostička kriterijuma, bitna za terapijsku odluku. Lokalizacija i veličina bezubih polja, stanje zdravlja zuba nosača, model okluzije i karakteristike rezidualnog grebena su parametri koji su definisali četiri klase krezubosti različite složenosti. Tako je, prvi put, stomatološkoj praksi ponuđen ozbiljan, sveobuhvatni pristup kliničkom statusu bolesnika, koji obezbeđuje, između ostalog, i uniformnije stručne stavove u izboru terapijskih modaliteta.

Uvod I najveći vizionari nisu mogli da pretpostave kojom brzinom će stomatološka struka i nauka prihvatiti koncept četvrte industrijske revolucije. Po obimu i složenosti ova transformacija je veća od svih do sada poznatih i u literaturi je opisana kao Dentistry 4.0. Digitalna revolucija je stomatologiji omogućila da gotovo sve kliničke i laboratorijske procedure mogu biti podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Cilj ovog rada je razumevanje uloge četvrte industrijske revolucije u stomatologiji. Metode Pretraživanje baze Medline izvršeno je putem baza podataka PubMed i Google Scholar za termine "četvrta industrijska revolucija", "digitalna stomatologija", "stomatologija 4.0", "CAD-CAM". Takođe su korišćene opcije "srodnih članaka" uz dodatno ručno pretraživanje preglednih članaka i relevantnih tekstova. Rezultati U radu su opisane najčešće dijagnostičke i terapijske procedure koje su podržane digitalnim tehnologijama. Zaključak Sofisticirane tehnologije četvrte industrijske revolucije dovele su do brže i preciznije dijagnoze oralnih oboljenja. Kliničke procedure postaju jednostavnije, preciznije i predvidljivije za lekara, a komfornije za pacijenta. Dugoročno, tu su i ekonomske uštede i očuvanje životne sredine., Introduction Even the greatest visionaries could not have guessed at what speed the profession and science of dentistry would accept the concept of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In terms of its scale and complexity, this transformation has been greater than any known before and it has been described in the literature as Dentistry 4.0. The digital revolution in dentistry has allowed for nearly all clinical and laboratory procedures to be supported by digital technologies. The aim of this paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the profession of dentistry and identify its research status today and in the future. Methods An electronic search of Medline literature was performed via PubMed and Google Scholar databases with the terms "fourth industrial revolution," "digital dentistry," "dentistry 4.0," "CAD-CAM." The option "related articles" was also utilized as well as an additional manual search of review articles and the most relevant papers. Results The paper describes the most frequently used diagnostic and therapeutic procedures supported by digital technologies. Conclusion The sophisticated technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have led to more rapid and precise diagnoses of oral diseases. Clinical procedures have become easier, more precise and predictable to the dentist, and more comfortable to the patient. The long-term benefits also include financial savings and environmental protection.

Keramičke krunice danas u stomatološkoj praksi zastupljene su sve više zbog svojih estetskih i bioloških karakteristika. Tokom proteklih 20 godina, napredak u razvoju materijala i proizvodnih procesa rezultirali su proizvodnjom keramike poboljšanih mehaničkih svojstava što im je proširilo indikaciono polje i na bočnu regiju. Neke od najčešćih indikacija su: defekti zubnih tkiva, promenjena boja zuba, malponirani zubi itd. Situacije u kojima nije indikovana izrada keramičkih krunica su više relativne nego potpuno isključujuće. Svakako da za izradu keramičkih krunica treba uzeti u obzir motivaciju pacijenta, stepen održavanja oralne higijene i zdravlje parodontalnih tkiva. Što se tiče načina izrada keramičkih nadoknada u ovom momentu struci stoje na raspolaganju tehnološki postupci: sinterovanja, livenja, presovanja, infiltriranja, kao i kompjuterske tehnologije u izradi keramičkih nadoknada. Smatra se da na ovaj način prepoznati keramički materijali, uz pravilno postavljenu indikaciju, obezbedjuju optimalnu finalizaciju kliničkih radova.

Savremene digitalne metode razvijene su kako bi ubrzale i pojednostavile postupak izrade protetskih nadoknada, omogućavajući njegovu standardizaciju i ponovljivost. Otisak se nalazi na početku "proizvodnog lanca", eventualne greške odraziće se na sve naredne korake u izradi protetskog rada i na njegovu konačnu preciznost. Zbog toga se nastavlja potraga za boljim materijalima i tehnologijama koji će greške svesti na najmanju moguću meru. Kao prednosti digitalnog otiska, imeđu ostalog, se navode brzina, efikasnost, ugodniji postupak za pacijenta, veća preciznost zbog smanjenja uticaja ljudskog faktora, mogućnost čuvanja prikupljenih podataka na neodređeno vreme bez potrebe za fizičkim prostorom kao i jednostavniji prenos digitalne slike između ordinacije i laboratorije. Kvalitet otiska zavisi od tehničke opreme koja se koristi, ali i stručnosti terapeuta. Svaka generacija uređaja za digitalizaciju nudi nove mogućnosti sa novim senzorima, eletronikom i programskom podrškom tako da postupci bivaju jednostavniji, brži i precizniji.

Endodontski sanirani zubi imaju oslabljena fizička svojstva u odnosu na zdrav zub. Stoga je neophodno uzeti anamnezu pacijenta, uraditi klinički pregled i dopunske dijagnostičke procedure, kako bi se izradio plan terapije i odredio metod koji se primenjuje za sanaciju depulpiranih zuba. Protetska restauracija dovodi endodontski saniran zub u stanje u kom može da podnese funkcionalna opterećenja. Za protetsku rehabilitaciju može se koristiti livena nadogradnja, ili industrijski izrađeni kočići od različitih materijala, uz dopunu kruničnog dela zuba kompozitnim materijalom. Endodontska terapija i protetska rehabilitacija zuba zajedno daju dobre kliničke rezultate, te je potrebno pažljivo i savesno odraditi sve korake terapije, kako bi se uspešno ispunio zadatak očuvanja prirodnog zuba u ustima na duže vreme.

Endodontski sanirani zubi imaju oslabljena fizička svojstva u odnosu na zdrav zub. Stoga je neophodno uzeti anamnezu pacijenta, uraditi klinički pregled i dopunske dijagnostičke procedure, kako bi se izradio plan terapije i odredio metod koji se primenjuje za sanaciju depulpiranih zuba. Protetska restauracija dovodi endodontski saniran zub u stanje u kom može da podnese funkcionalna opterećenja. Za protetsku rehabilitaciju može se koristiti livena nadogradnja, ili industrijski izrađeni kočići od različitih materijala, uz dopunu kruničnog dela zuba kompozitnim materijalom. Endodontska terapija i protetska rehabilitacija zuba zajedno daju dobre kliničke rezultate, te je potrebno pažljivo i savesno odraditi sve korake terapije, kako bi se uspešno ispunio zadatak očuvanja prirodnog zuba u ustima na duže vreme.

Savremene digitalne metode razvijene su kako bi ubrzale i pojednostavile postupak izrade protetskih nadoknada, omogućavajući njegovu standardizaciju i ponovljivost. Otisak se nalazi na početku "proizvodnog lanca", eventualne greške odraziće se na sve naredne korake u izradi protetskog rada i na njegovu konačnu preciznost. Zbog toga se nastavlja potraga za boljim materijalima i tehnologijama koji će greške svesti na najmanju moguću meru. Kao prednosti digitalnog otiska, imeđu ostalog, se navode brzina, efikasnost, ugodniji postupak za pacijenta, veća preciznost zbog smanjenja uticaja ljudskog faktora, mogućnost čuvanja prikupljenih podataka na neodređeno vreme bez potrebe za fizičkim prostorom kao i jednostavniji prenos digitalne slike između ordinacije i laboratorije. Kvalitet otiska zavisi od tehničke opreme koja se koristi, ali i stručnosti terapeuta. Svaka generacija uređaja za digitalizaciju nudi nove mogućnosti sa novim senzorima, eletronikom i programskom podrškom tako da postupci bivaju jednostavniji, brži i precizniji.

Keramičke krunice danas u stomatološkoj praksi zastupljene su sve više zbog svojih estetskih i bioloških karakteristika. Tokom proteklih 20 godina, napredak u razvoju materijala i proizvodnih procesa rezultirali su proizvodnjom keramike poboljšanih mehaničkih svojstava što im je proširilo indikaciono polje i na bočnu regiju. Neke od najčešćih indikacija su: defekti zubnih tkiva, promenjena boja zuba, malponirani zubi itd. Situacije u kojima nije indikovana izrada keramičkih krunica su više relativne nego potpuno isključujuće. Svakako da za izradu keramičkih krunica treba uzeti u obzir motivaciju pacijenta, stepen održavanja oralne higijene i zdravlje parodontalnih tkiva. Što se tiče načina izrada keramičkih nadoknada u ovom momentu struci stoje na raspolaganju tehnološki postupci: sinterovanja, livenja, presovanja, infiltriranja, kao i kompjuterske tehnologije u izradi keramičkih nadoknada. Smatra se da na ovaj način prepoznati keramički materijali, uz pravilno postavljenu indikaciju, obezbedjuju optimalnu finalizaciju kliničkih radova.

Contemporary dentistry is, first of all, characterized by diverse accelerated development, owing to improvements of information and other technologies, as well as the development of dental materials (shape-memory biomaterials, nanomaterials, biomaterials for application in tissue engineering, etc.). Expert doctrinaire attitudes move from the direction of operative interventions, whereby disease and acute symptoms are primarily treated, towards the strengthening of oral health by minimally invasive procedures. A particular place in patients’ total rehabilitation belongs to numerous esthetic procedures which, to a large extent, make up a wants-based service, led by the patients’ needs and affinities. This paper deals with differences between cosmetic and esthetic dentistry. The complexity of esthetic dentistry, which favors therapy with the change of function parameters in care for the patient, is emphasized. On the other hand, more attention is paid to the need to know and respect ethical and marketing principles that follow any activity of dentists, starting from the first contact with the patient, the selection of certified materials, to the implementation of the appropriate treatment plan. Well-directed communication and comprehensive awareness of the patient, the use of the visual analog scale, consideration of realistic resources in therapy, and the acceptance of de Bono model of adopted parallel thinking are determinants which help dentists define a problem adequately, find quality solutions, open alternative solutions, and reduce the potential risks in patients’ therapy., Današnju stomatologiju karakteriše ubrzani razvoj zahvaljujući unapređenju informacionih i drugih tehnologija, kao i razvoju dentalnih materijala (biomaterijali sa memorisanim oblikom, nanomaterijali, biomaterijali za primenu u tkivnom inženjeringu i dr.). Stručni doktrinarni stavovi kreću se iz pravca operativnih intervencija, kojima se primarno saniraju bolest i akutni simptomi, ka jačanju oralnog zdravlja malo invazivnim postupcima. Posebno mesto u sveukupnoj rehabilitaciji bolesnika pripada brojnim estetskim procedurama, koje u velikoj meri čine praksu vođenu potrebama i afi- nitetima bolesnika. U radu se diskutuje o razlikama u poimanju kozmetske i estetske stomatologije. Naglašena je složenost estetske stomatologije, koja daje prednost terapiji sa promenom funkcijskih parametara u zbrinjavanju bolesnika. S druge strane, akcenat se stavlja na potrebu poznavanja i poštovanja etičkih i marketinških načela koja prate svaku aktivnost lekara, počev od prvog kontakta sa bolesnikom, odabira sertifikovanog materijala do realizacije odgovarajućeg terapijskog plana. Dobro usmerena komunikacija i sveobuhvatna informisanost bolesnika, upotreba VAS skale, kao i sagledavanje realnih resursa u terapiji odrednice su koje pomažu stomatologu da definiše problem na pravi način, iznađe kvalitetna rešenja, otvori alternativne solucije i smanji moguće rizike u terapiji bolesnika.

Contemporary dentistry is, first of all, characterized by diverse accelerated development, owing to improvements of information and other technologies, as well as the development of dental materials (shape-memory biomaterials, nanomaterials, biomaterials for application in tissue engineering, etc.). Expert doctrinaire attitudes move from the direction of operative interventions, whereby disease and acute symptoms are primarily treated, towards the strengthening of oral health by minimally invasive procedures. A particular place in patients’ total rehabilitation belongs to numerous esthetic procedures which, to a large extent, make up a wants-based service, led by the patients’ needs and affinities. This paper deals with differences between cosmetic and esthetic dentistry. The complexity of esthetic dentistry, which favors therapy with the change of function parameters in care for the patient, is emphasized. On the other hand, more attention is paid to the need to know and respect ethical and marketing principles that follow any activity of dentists, starting from the first contact with the patient, the selection of certified materials, to the implementation of the appropriate treatment plan. Well-directed communication and comprehensive awareness of the patient, the use of the visual analog scale, consideration of realistic resources in therapy, and the acceptance of de Bono model of adopted parallel thinking are determinants which help dentists define a problem adequately, find quality solutions, open alternative solutions, and reduce the potential risks in patients’ therapy., Današnju stomatologiju karakteriše ubrzani razvoj zahvaljujući unapređenju informacionih i drugih tehnologija, kao i razvoju dentalnih materijala (biomaterijali sa memorisanim oblikom, nanomaterijali, biomaterijali za primenu u tkivnom inženjeringu i dr.). Stručni doktrinarni stavovi kreću se iz pravca operativnih intervencija, kojima se primarno saniraju bolest i akutni simptomi, ka jačanju oralnog zdravlja malo invazivnim postupcima. Posebno mesto u sveukupnoj rehabilitaciji bolesnika pripada brojnim estetskim procedurama, koje u velikoj meri čine praksu vođenu potrebama i afi- nitetima bolesnika. U radu se diskutuje o razlikama u poimanju kozmetske i estetske stomatologije. Naglašena je složenost estetske stomatologije, koja daje prednost terapiji sa promenom funkcijskih parametara u zbrinjavanju bolesnika. S druge strane, akcenat se stavlja na potrebu poznavanja i poštovanja etičkih i marketinških načela koja prate svaku aktivnost lekara, počev od prvog kontakta sa bolesnikom, odabira sertifikovanog materijala do realizacije odgovarajućeg terapijskog plana. Dobro usmerena komunikacija i sveobuhvatna informisanost bolesnika, upotreba VAS skale, kao i sagledavanje realnih resursa u terapiji odrednice su koje pomažu stomatologu da definiše problem na pravi način, iznađe kvalitetna rešenja, otvori alternativne solucije i smanji moguće rizike u terapiji bolesnika.

Introduction/Objective the quality of life of elderly individuals has an active function in oral health; it is of great importance to learn that elders over the age of 65 years demonstrate an increase in seeking dental services. Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) is especially suitable for use in the elderly. The aim of this study is to examine the reliability and validity of OHIP-14 in the Montenegrin population aged 65 and over and to determine the influence of oral health on the quality of their life. Methods the research was conducted from September to December 2016 in the central region of Montenegro, at the Medical University in Podgorica and in the nursing homes of the elderly. The study covered 170 individuals, both sexes, with an average age of 72.32 ± 6.85. The research instrument is OHIP-14 index. Standard statistical tests were used. The statistical significance level is 0.05. Results the OHIP-14is linguistically and culturally adapted for the Montenegrin population. The value of the Cronbach Alpha Index is 0.892. The relationship between correlations for individual issues and total correlations ranges from 0.21 to 0.69. The value of OHIP-14 is 19.24 ± 7.49. Listed by domains: functional constraints 3.31 ± 1.75; physical pain 4.19 ± 1.31; psychological discomfort 2.52 ± 1.46; physical fitness 4.38 ± 1.40; mental incompetence 1.42 ± 1.23; social incapacity 1.18 ± 1.27 and handicap 2.21 ± 1.32. Conclusion the OHIP-14 index is reliable and valid and is recommended for use in the Montenegrinspeaking area, for the elderly. There is a significant impact of oral health on the quality of life of the elderly in the central part of Montenegro., Uvod/Cilj Kvalitet života starih osoba u funkciji oralnog zdravlja ima veliki značaj s obzirom na povećanje broja korisnika stomatoloških usluga starijih od 65 godina. Oral Healt Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) naročito je pogodan za primenu kod starih osoba. Cilj istraživanja je da se ispita pouzdanost i validnost OHIP-14 kod crnogorskog stanovništva starosti 65 i više godina i da utvrdi uticaj oralnog zdravlja na kvalitet njihovog života. Metode Istraživanje je rađeno od septembra do decembra 2016. u središnjem regionu Crne Gore, na Medicinskom fakultetu u Podgorici i u domovima za stara lica. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 170 osoba, oba pola, prosečne starosti 72,32 ± 6,85 godina. Instrument istraživanja je indeks OHIP-14. Korišćeni su standardni statistički testovi. Nivo statističke značajnosti je 0,05. Rezultati Indeks OHIP-14 je jezički i kulturološki prilagođen za crnogorsko stanovništvo. Vrednost indeksa Kronbahove alfe iznosi 0,892. Odnos između korelacija za pojedina pitanja i ukupne korelacije kreće se od 0,21 do 0,69. Vrednost OHIP-14 iznosi 19,24 ± 7,49. Iskazano po domenima: funkcionalna ograničenja 3,31 ± 1,75; fizički bol 4,19 ± 1,31; psihološka nelagodnost 2,52 ± 1,46; fizička nesposobnost 4,38 ± 1,40; psihička nesposobnost 1,42 ± 1,23; socijalna nesposobnost 1,18 ± 1,27 i hendikep 2,21 ± 1,32. Zaključak Indeks OHIP-14 je pouzdan i validan i preporučuje se za upotrebu na crnogorskom govornom području, kod starih osoba. Postoji značajan uticaj oralnog zdravlja na kvalitet života starih osoba u središnjem delu Crne Gore.

Introduction/Objective The pain that originates from musculoskeletal structures of the mastication system is one of the symptoms belonging to the category of temporomandibular disorders or temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of therapy with stabilizing occlusal splint in the control of painful symptoms of TMD in comparison with the effect of drug therapy. Methods Using standard Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders diagnostic protocol proposed by Dworkin and LeResche, a group of 44 patients with painful TMD was included. The patients were divided into three treatment groups by random selection. The first group was treated with stabilization occlusal splint for a period of one month. In the two control groups, therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (Brufen, Mylan, Canonsburg, PA, USA) or a combination therapy of ibuprofen and diazepam, a medication from the benzodiazepine family (Diazepam, Hemofarm, Vršac, Serbia) was carried out over a period of three weeks. In order to assess the effects of the therapy with stabilizing occlusal splint and the drug therapy, before and after the therapy, pain intensity measurements were performed with visual analogue scale and digital pressure algometer. Results A significant reduction in the intensity of painful symptoms was achieved in all three therapeutic groups. No significant differences in the effectiveness of pain reduction between the proposed therapeutic modalities were noted. Conclusion The obtained results confirm that the therapy with stabilization occlusal splint is a valid procedure in the reduction of pain in patients with TMD., Uvod/Cilj Bol porekla mišićno-skeletnih struktura mastikatornog sistema predstavlja jedan od simptoma koji pripadaju kategoriji temporomandibularnih poremećaja ili temporomandibularnih disfunkcija (TMD). Cilj istraživanja je bio da se proceni efekat terapije stabilizacionim okluzalnim splintom u kontroli bolnih simptoma TMD u poređenju sa efektom terapije lekovima. Metode Korišćenjem standardnog dijagnostičkog protokola (RDC/TMD) predloženog od strane Dvorkina i Lerešea, izdvojena je grupa od 44 bolesnika sa bolnim temporomandibularnim disfunkcijama. Bolesnici su podeljeni u tri terapijske grupe slučajnim izborom. Prva grupa je podvrgnuta terapiji stabilizacionim okluzalnim splintom u periodu od mesec dana. U dve kontrolne grupe je sprovedena terapija nesteroidnim antiinflamatornim lekom ibuprofenom (brufen, Mylan) ili kombinacijom ibuprofena i leka iz grupe benzodiazepina - diazepama (diazepam, Hemofarm) u periodu od tri nedelje. U cilju procene efekata terapije stabilizacionim okluzalnim splintom i terapije lekovima, pre i posle sprovedene terapije izvedena su merenja intenziteta bola vizuelnom analognom skalom i digitalnim pritisnim algometrom. Rezultati U sve tri terapijske grupe postignuto je značajno smanjenje intenziteta bolnih simptoma. Nisu zabeležene značajne razlike u uspešnosti smanjenja bola između predloženih terapijskih modaliteta. Zaključak Dobijeni rezultati potvrđuju da je terapija stabilizacionim okluzalnim splintom validna procedura u smanjenju bola kod bolesnika sa TMD.

Cilj rada je da približi i objektivno objasni na koji način se pristupa planiranju okluzalnog kompleksa pri izradi fiksne zubne nadoknade. Sa kratkim upoznavamjem funkcionalne anatomije samo onih struktura koje direktno učestvuju u artikulaciji i mehanizmima žvakanja dalje preko modela i tipova mastikacije možemo uspešno izraditi i trajno cementirati fiksni protetski rad. Na taj način postoje uslovi da se izbegne oštećenja okolnih tkiva, potpornog zubnog aparata i da se povrati funkcija mastikatornog sistema.

Biocompatibility of dental materials (DM) can be evaluated by gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) oxidative stress (OS) status. The goal of the study was to ascertain influence of dental caries degree, teeth position, and type and amount of applied DM on GCF OS profile. For this purpose, we tested six DMs that were sealed in one session: amalgam (Amg), composites: Tetric EvoCeram and Beautifil (BF), phosphate cement-zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements zinc polycarboxylate cements, and glass ionomer cement (GIC). The study included 88 dental outpatients. Follow-up was scheduled at 7th and 30th day. Oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and total superoxide dismutase (tSOD) activity) were measured before (0th day) and after the treatment (7th and 30th day) in GCF. Control teeth were mirror-positioned healthy teeth. The DM accomplished the following effects (listed in descending order): increase of GSH in GCF was realized by ZPoC > BF > GIC > Amg; tSOD activity increase by ZPoC > BF > Amg; and MDA decrease by ZPoC > ZPhC > Amg > TEC. Dental caries provokes insignificant rise of OS in GCF. ZPoC and ZPhC showed the highest antioxidant effect, contrary to GIC. Restorations with antioxidant properties may reduce gum diseases initiated by caries lesion, what is of great clinical relevance in dentistry.

The objective of this study is to investigate quantitative assessment of the adhesion behavior of composite films onto a metallic surface. The composite films had UV cured Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate)/TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as matrix and ferrous oxide doped alumina (Al2O3 Fe) particles with two surface modifications, (3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (MEMO) and the vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (VTMOEO), as reinforcement. Composites were made with 0.5, 1.5 and 3 wt% of alumina particles. Adhesion was evaluated using the micro hardness testing method. The contact angle was measured and compared to the adhesive parameter from micro hardness measurements. The form of the indent on the surface of the composite film was analyzed in order to correlate the indent morphology to the adhesion quality.

Dental adhesives have an important role in the field of restorative dentistry providing innovative solutions and comfort for the patient. The importance of the quality of the material as well as the adhesion to the substrate are of main importance now days. This thesis deals with composite materials having improved mechanical properties and providing better adhesion to the substrate. The adhesion of the classical composition of photo-polymerizing methacrylate can be improved using the alumina based fillers. It is shown that the substantial improvement is obtained using the chemical modification of fillers composition, and additional improvements are achieved by introduction of the surface modifications on the filler particles. The adhesion is tested using the modified method that uses the hardness measurements to measure adhesion and those results are compared to the wetting angle measurements and to cavitation properties of the composite films. Obtained results suggest that adhesion as well as composite mechanical properties are improved using the selected method., Dentalni adhezivi imaju značajnu ulogu u restorativnoj stomatologiji dajući inovativna rešewa I omogućavajući bolji komfor za pacijenta. Značaj kvaliteta materijala, kao I kvliitet adhetije za substrat su posebno značajni u naše vreme. Ova doktorsa disertacija bavi se kompozitnim materijalima koji imaju poboljšana mehanička svojstva I istovremeno boboljšana adhezivna svojstva. Adhezivna svojstva polimera koji se koriste kao adheziv u stomatologiji koji su u stvari fotopolimerizujući metaakrilati mogu se boboljšati dodavawem punilaca na bazi aluminijum-oksida. Pokazano je da se značajna poboljšanja mogu postići hemijskim modifikacijama punilaca, a dodatno se mehanička svojstva I adhezivnost ogu poboljšati površinskom modifikacijom čestica. Adhezija je ispitivana modifikovanom metodom koja je zasnovana na merenju mikrotvrdoće I ovi rezultati upoređeni su sa ostvarenim uglovima kvašewa I svojstvima otpornosti na kavitaciju. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da se adhezija kao I mehanička svojstva mogu poboljšati korišćenjem odabranih metoda.

Doktorska disertacija se bavi sintezom novog kompozita polimetil-metakrilata (PMMA) obogaćenog sferičnim nanočesticama cink-oksida (ZnO Nč), tehnikama karakterizacije i analizom dobijenih rezultata. Postavljena je hipoteza da totalne zubne proteze (TZP) izrađene od PMMA obogaćenog ZnO Nč mogu imati bolje fizičke i mehaničke karakterisatike u odnosu na TZP izrađene od konvencionalnog PMMA. U cilju potvrde postavljene hipoteze ove doktorske disertacije u prvom delu istraživanja je sintetisan novi kompozit PMMA/ZnO Nč, sa različitim zapreminskim delovima ZnO nanočestica (2 i 3 vol.%) u matriksu PMMA. Metodom dinamičkog rasejavanja svetlosti (DLS) izmerena je distribucija ZnO Nč u matrixu PMMA. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na pločicama dimenzija 42 mm x 7 mm x 3 mm, kojima je prvo određena gustina piknometrom. Na uzorcima je odrađena mikrostrukturna karakterizacija uz pomoć metoda: skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije (SEM), energijski disperzivne rendgenske spektroskopije (EDX), Zeta Potencijala, termogravimetrijske analize (TGA), dinamičke mehaničke analize (DMA), flash diferencijalne skenirajuće kalorimetrije (Flash DSC), a kao kontrola su korišćeni uzorci čistog PMMA. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata i njihove analize iz prvog dela istraživanja urađeni su konkretni modeli zuba (oblika prvog gornjeg stalnog kutnjaka) i TZP kako bi se identifikovala mehanička svojstva koja su potrebna u kliničkoj praksi. Dobijeni uzorci su bili testirani na otpornost na habanje korišćenjem simulatora žvakanja i otpornost na lom sa klasičnim mehaničkim testom opterećenja. Prvom analizom je dobijen uvid u mikrostrukturu novog kompozita PMMA/ZnO Nč prateći distribuciju ZnO Nč u matriksu PMMA. U suspenziji metil-metakrilata (MMA) sa ZnO Nč prosečna vrednost veličine nanočestica bila je 2.21± 0.10 μm, ali 42.1% nanočestica je bilo u opsegu 21,04 nm..., The Doctoral Dissertation presents the development and synthesis of a new composite material, polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), enriched with spherical zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), characterization techniques, and analyses of the results. The work hypothesis was that acrylic dentures made by PMMA enriched with ZnO NPs could have better physical and mechanical properties than dentures made by pure PMMA. To confirm this thesis in the first part of the investigation, a new composite, PMMA/ZnO NPs, was synthesised and tested with a different volume fraction (2 and 3 vol.%) of these nanoparticles into a matrix of PMMA. The DLS technique was used for chaking ZnO NPs' distribution into a PMMA matrix. Investigation was done on samples, in the shape of laminae with dimensions 42 mm x 7 mm x 3 mm, on which density had first measured with a picnometer. Microstructural characterization was made - SEM, EDX, Zeta Potential, TGA, DMA, Flash DSC) and, as a control, samples were made from pure PMMA. According to the results from the first part of the investigation, in the second step a concrete samples of a real model of teeth (in the shape of the first upper molar) and complete dentures had made, to identify which mechanical properties are required in clinical practice. These samples were tested for a wear resistance in a chewing simulator and for a fracture resistance in a classical mechanical tensile strength test. With the first analysis an insight was got into the microstructure of the new composite material PMMA/ZnO NPs, and followed the distribution of these nanoparticles in the PMMA matrix. In suspension with MMA, the average value of ZnO NPs was 2.21± 0.10 μm, but 42.1% of the nanoparticles were around 21,04 nm. The problem with irregular distribution was solved with a different kind of mixture dry phase (PMMA powder and powder of ZnO NPs) for a 2h in contolled vacuum conditions for a precise synthesis of the new material. Density measurement in a new composite confirm

The objective of this study is to investigate quantitative assessment of the adhesion behavior of composite films onto a metallic surface. The composite films had UV cured Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate)/TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as matrix and ferrous oxide doped alumina (Al2O3 Fe) particles with two surface modifications, (3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (MEMO) and the vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (VTMOEO), as reinforcement. Composites were made with 0.5, 1.5 and 3 wt% of alumina particles. Adhesion was evaluated using the micro hardness testing method. The contact angle was measured and compared to the adhesive parameter from micro hardness measurements. The form of the indent on the surface of the composite film was analyzed in order to correlate the indent morphology to the adhesion quality.

The subject of this study is the quantitative adhesion of a UV-curing composite film based on Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate) / TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as a matrix and particles doped with ferrous oxide on a metal substrate. Two different metal substrates: silver and gold-spattered brass with nickel intermediate coating were used in adhesion evaluating. Adhesion was measured using micro-identation and it was compared with the measured wetting angle of composites to the substrate. It has been shown that the substrates, although with similar mechanical properties that are reflected in very close hardness values, differ by achieved adhesive bonding with the polymer UV-cured polymer film. The addition of ceramic particles in the polymer matrix increased the adhesion of the composite film to both substrates, but the adhesion trend was dependent on the substrate type., Predmet ovog istraživanja je kvantitativna procena adhezije između fotopolimerizujućeg kompozitnog filma na bazi Bis-GMA (Bisfenol A glicidilmetakrilata)/TEGDMA (trietilen glikol dimetakrilata) kao matrice i čestica na bazi aluminijum oksida dopiranih gvožđem na metalnoj podlozi. Korišćene su dve različite metalne podloge, jedna od srebra (u daljem tekstu 'srebro') i jedna pozlaćena mesingana pločica sa međuprevlakom od nikla (u daljem tekstu 'zlato'). Adhezija je merena korišćenjem mikroindentacije i upoređena je sa izmerenim uglom kvašenja kompozita na datim podlogama. Pokazalo se da se podloge, iako sličnih mehaničkih svojstava koje se ogledaju u veoma bliskim vrednostima tvrdoće, razlikuju po ostvarenoj adhezivnoj vezi sa polimernim fotopolimerizujućim filmom. Dodatak keramičkih čestica u polimernu matricu dodatno je povećao adheziju kompozitnog filma na obe podloge, dok je trend adhezije u zavisnosti od tipa podloge održan.

Biocompatibility of dental materials (DM) can be evaluated by gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) oxidative stress (OS) status. The goal of the study was to ascertain influence of dental caries degree, teeth position, and type and amount of applied DM on GCF OS profile. For this purpose, we tested six DMs that were sealed in one session: amalgam (Amg), composites: Tetric EvoCeram and Beautifil (BF), phosphate cement-zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements zinc polycarboxylate cements, and glass ionomer cement (GIC). The study included 88 dental outpatients. Follow-up was scheduled at 7th and 30th day. Oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and total superoxide dismutase (tSOD) activity) were measured before (0th day) and after the treatment (7th and 30th day) in GCF. Control teeth were mirror-positioned healthy teeth. The DM accomplished the following effects (listed in descending order): increase of GSH in GCF was realized by ZPoC > BF > GIC > Amg; tSOD activity increase by ZPoC > BF > Amg; and MDA decrease by ZPoC > ZPhC > Amg > TEC. Dental caries provokes insignificant rise of OS in GCF. ZPoC and ZPhC showed the highest antioxidant effect, contrary to GIC. Restorations with antioxidant properties may reduce gum diseases initiated by caries lesion, what is of great clinical relevance in dentistry.

The objective of this study is to investigate quantitative assessment of the adhesion behavior of composite films onto a metallic surface. The composite films had UV cured Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate)/TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as matrix and ferrous oxide doped alumina (Al2O3 Fe) particles with two surface modifications, (3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (MEMO) and the vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (VTMOEO), as reinforcement. Composites were made with 0.5, 1.5 and 3 wt% of alumina particles. Adhesion was evaluated using the micro hardness testing method. The contact angle was measured and compared to the adhesive parameter from micro hardness measurements. The form of the indent on the surface of the composite film was analyzed in order to correlate the indent morphology to the adhesion quality.

The subject of this study is the quantitative adhesion of a UV-curing composite film based on Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate) / TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as a matrix and particles doped with ferrous oxide on a metal substrate. Two different metal substrates: silver and gold-spattered brass with nickel intermediate coating were used in adhesion evaluating. Adhesion was measured using micro-identation and it was compared with the measured wetting angle of composites to the substrate. It has been shown that the substrates, although with similar mechanical properties that are reflected in very close hardness values, differ by achieved adhesive bonding with the polymer UV-cured polymer film. The addition of ceramic particles in the polymer matrix increased the adhesion of the composite film to both substrates, but the adhesion trend was dependent on the substrate type., Predmet ovog istraživanja je kvantitativna procena adhezije između fotopolimerizujućeg kompozitnog filma na bazi Bis-GMA (Bisfenol A glicidilmetakrilata)/TEGDMA (trietilen glikol dimetakrilata) kao matrice i čestica na bazi aluminijum oksida dopiranih gvožđem na metalnoj podlozi. Korišćene su dve različite metalne podloge, jedna od srebra (u daljem tekstu 'srebro') i jedna pozlaćena mesingana pločica sa međuprevlakom od nikla (u daljem tekstu 'zlato'). Adhezija je merena korišćenjem mikroindentacije i upoređena je sa izmerenim uglom kvašenja kompozita na datim podlogama. Pokazalo se da se podloge, iako sličnih mehaničkih svojstava koje se ogledaju u veoma bliskim vrednostima tvrdoće, razlikuju po ostvarenoj adhezivnoj vezi sa polimernim fotopolimerizujućim filmom. Dodatak keramičkih čestica u polimernu matricu dodatno je povećao adheziju kompozitnog filma na obe podloge, dok je trend adhezije u zavisnosti od tipa podloge održan.

The subject of this study is the quantitative adhesion of a UV-curing composite film based on Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate) / TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as a matrix and particles doped with ferrous oxide on a metal substrate. Two different metal substrates: silver and gold-spattered brass with nickel intermediate coating were used in adhesion evaluating. Adhesion was measured using micro-identation and it was compared with the measured wetting angle of composites to the substrate. It has been shown that the substrates, although with similar mechanical properties that are reflected in very close hardness values, differ by achieved adhesive bonding with the polymer UV-cured polymer film. The addition of ceramic particles in the polymer matrix increased the adhesion of the composite film to both substrates, but the adhesion trend was dependent on the substrate type., Predmet ovog istraživanja je kvantitativna procena adhezije između fotopolimerizujućeg kompozitnog filma na bazi Bis-GMA (Bisfenol A glicidilmetakrilata)/TEGDMA (trietilen glikol dimetakrilata) kao matrice i čestica na bazi aluminijum oksida dopiranih gvožđem na metalnoj podlozi. Korišćene su dve različite metalne podloge, jedna od srebra (u daljem tekstu 'srebro') i jedna pozlaćena mesingana pločica sa međuprevlakom od nikla (u daljem tekstu 'zlato'). Adhezija je merena korišćenjem mikroindentacije i upoređena je sa izmerenim uglom kvašenja kompozita na datim podlogama. Pokazalo se da se podloge, iako sličnih mehaničkih svojstava koje se ogledaju u veoma bliskim vrednostima tvrdoće, razlikuju po ostvarenoj adhezivnoj vezi sa polimernim fotopolimerizujućim filmom. Dodatak keramičkih čestica u polimernu matricu dodatno je povećao adheziju kompozitnog filma na obe podloge, dok je trend adhezije u zavisnosti od tipa podloge održan.

Biocompatibility of dental materials (DM) can be evaluated by gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) oxidative stress (OS) status. The goal of the study was to ascertain influence of dental caries degree, teeth position, and type and amount of applied DM on GCF OS profile. For this purpose, we tested six DMs that were sealed in one session: amalgam (Amg), composites: Tetric EvoCeram and Beautifil (BF), phosphate cement-zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements zinc polycarboxylate cements, and glass ionomer cement (GIC). The study included 88 dental outpatients. Follow-up was scheduled at 7th and 30th day. Oxidative stress parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and total superoxide dismutase (tSOD) activity) were measured before (0th day) and after the treatment (7th and 30th day) in GCF. Control teeth were mirror-positioned healthy teeth. The DM accomplished the following effects (listed in descending order): increase of GSH in GCF was realized by ZPoC > BF > GIC > Amg; tSOD activity increase by ZPoC > BF > Amg; and MDA decrease by ZPoC > ZPhC > Amg > TEC. Dental caries provokes insignificant rise of OS in GCF. ZPoC and ZPhC showed the highest antioxidant effect, contrary to GIC. Restorations with antioxidant properties may reduce gum diseases initiated by caries lesion, what is of great clinical relevance in dentistry.

The objective of this study is to investigate quantitative assessment of the adhesion behavior of composite films onto a metallic surface. The composite films had UV cured Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate)/TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as matrix and ferrous oxide doped alumina (Al2O3 Fe) particles with two surface modifications, (3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (MEMO) and the vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (VTMOEO), as reinforcement. Composites were made with 0.5, 1.5 and 3 wt% of alumina particles. Adhesion was evaluated using the micro hardness testing method. The contact angle was measured and compared to the adhesive parameter from micro hardness measurements. The form of the indent on the surface of the composite film was analyzed in order to correlate the indent morphology to the adhesion quality.

The objective of this study is to investigate quantitative assessment of the adhesion behavior of composite films onto a metallic surface. The composite films had UV cured Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate)/TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as matrix and ferrous oxide doped alumina (Al2O3 Fe) particles with two surface modifications, (3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) (MEMO) and the vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (VTMOEO), as reinforcement. Composites were made with 0.5, 1.5 and 3 wt% of alumina particles. Adhesion was evaluated using the micro hardness testing method. The contact angle was measured and compared to the adhesive parameter from micro hardness measurements. The form of the indent on the surface of the composite film was analyzed in order to correlate the indent morphology to the adhesion quality.

The subject of this study is the quantitative adhesion of a UV-curing composite film based on Bis-GMA (Bisphenol A glycidylmethacrylate) / TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as a matrix and particles doped with ferrous oxide on a metal substrate. Two different metal substrates: silver and gold-spattered brass with nickel intermediate coating were used in adhesion evaluating. Adhesion was measured using micro-identation and it was compared with the measured wetting angle of composites to the substrate. It has been shown that the substrates, although with similar mechanical properties that are reflected in very close hardness values, differ by achieved adhesive bonding with the polymer UV-cured polymer film. The addition of ceramic particles in the polymer matrix increased the adhesion of the composite film to both substrates, but the adhesion trend was dependent on the substrate type., Predmet ovog istraživanja je kvantitativna procena adhezije između fotopolimerizujućeg kompozitnog filma na bazi Bis-GMA (Bisfenol A glicidilmetakrilata)/TEGDMA (trietilen glikol dimetakrilata) kao matrice i čestica na bazi aluminijum oksida dopiranih gvožđem na metalnoj podlozi. Korišćene su dve različite metalne podloge, jedna od srebra (u daljem tekstu 'srebro') i jedna pozlaćena mesingana pločica sa međuprevlakom od nikla (u daljem tekstu 'zlato'). Adhezija je merena korišćenjem mikroindentacije i upoređena je sa izmerenim uglom kvašenja kompozita na datim podlogama. Pokazalo se da se podloge, iako sličnih mehaničkih svojstava koje se ogledaju u veoma bliskim vrednostima tvrdoće, razlikuju po ostvarenoj adhezivnoj vezi sa polimernim fotopolimerizujućim filmom. Dodatak keramičkih čestica u polimernu matricu dodatno je povećao adheziju kompozitnog filma na obe podloge, dok je trend adhezije u zavisnosti od tipa podloge održan.

This paper discusses the preparation of tooth design for porcelain veneers. It follows the literature more than three past decades. From the very beginning, the porcelain veneers were placed to no/minimally prepared tooth substance, showing different problems in clinical use. Later, the technique of etching the porcelain and controlling the reduction of tooth structure presented the great steps forward in porcelain veneers accepting. The special accent concerning the preparative design was placed on variations of incisal edge preparation - the problem, which is still present in current practice. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the extremely demanding protocols in making the porcelain veneers, as well as their expanded clinical indications., Rad diskutuje preparativni dizajn zuba u izradi porcelanskih faseta kroz literaturni revijalni osvrt duži od tri decenije. Upoznajući se sa porcelanskim fasetama, dentalna profesija nije prepoznavala na pravi način značaj preparacije zuba koji će nositi fasete, pa su fasete aplikovane na nepreparine površine zuba. Veliki korak napred u kliničkoj prihvatljivosti porcelanskih faseta donela je tehnika nagrizanja površine gleđi i kontrolisana redukcija ovog tkiva. Poseban akcenat u uspešnoj ekspolataciji faseta predstavlja iznalaženje odgovarajućeg dizajna incizalne ivice, kao i rešavanje problema fraktura tankih porcelanskih faseta. U vezi sa tim, rad diskutuje jedan od modaliteta u preparaciji incizalne ivice koji uključuje samo njeno skraćivanje do 2mm, but joint dizajn. Istraživanja pokazuju niz prednosti ovog dizajna u odnosu na palatinalni žleb: optimalan odnos keramike i cementa na palatinalnoj strani, smanjen rizik od postcemetirajućeg loma nastalog polimerizacionom kontrakcijom i prirodnim temperaturnim varijacijama u ustima i dr. Uz to, ovaj dizajn omogućava prezervaciju perifernog sloja gleđi, koji je kritičan u eliminaciji mikropukotine na palatinalnom spoju fasete i zuba, jasno se suprostavljajući silama smicanja. Skraćivanje incizalne ivice je jednostavnije, brže, a laboratorijski model je jasniji. Ravna površina ostavlja bolji oslonac keramičkoj faseti, pa su i rizici loma tankih palatinalnih ivica keramike kontrolisani ovim dizajnom. U novije vreme, prošireno indikativno polje u izradi faseta, koje je donelo brojne specifičnosti u preparativnoj tehnici i dizajnu zuba, biva kritikovano od 'back to future' promotera u struci, koji se zalažu za upotrebu tankih non-prep porcelanskih faseta. Uz to, revijalni pregled apostrofira značaj poštovanja veoma zahtevnih, različitih kliničkih faza u preparaciji zuba za prihvatanje soficticiranog konzervativnog modaliteta u struci, kakve su porcelanske fasete.

This article presents a literature review on the resin bond to zirconia ceramic. Modern esthetic dentistry has highly recognized zirconia, among other ceramic materials. Biocompatibility of zirconia, chemical and dimensional stability, excellent mechanical properties, all together could guarantee optimal therapeutical results in complex prosthodontic reconstruction. On the other hand, low thermal degradation, aging of zirconia as well as problematic bonding of zirconia framework to dental luting cements and tooth structures, opened the room for discussion concerning their clinical durability. The well known methods of mechanical and chemical bonding used on glass-ceramics are not applicable for use with zirconia. Therefore, under critical clinical situations, selection of the bonding mechanism should be focused on two important points: high initial bond strength value and long term bond strength between zirconia-resin interface. Also, this paper emphases the use of phosphate monomer luting cements on freshly air-abraded zirconia as the simplest and most effective way for zirconia cementation procedure today., Rad daje osvrt na problem vezivanja nadoknada od cirkonijum-dioksida za zubna tkiva. Cirkonijum-dioksid (cirkonija) je oksidni keramički materijal koji u stomatologiji - posebno u savremenoj estetskoj praksi-nalazi važno mesto. Dobrih mehaničkih karakteristika, visoke biokompatibilnosti i zadovoljavajućih optičkih osobina, on predstavlja materijal izbora u velikom broju protetičkih indikacija. Ono što može ugroziti krajnje terapijske rezultate kada je u pitanju klinička eksploatacija nadoknada od cirkonijum-dioksida jeste nemogućnost jednoobrazne pripreme njene površine za vezivanje s različitim cementima i zubnim strukturama. U radu se opisuju i diskutuju različiti načini pripreme povr- šine cirkonije. Naglašava se da u odabiru optimalne metode prednost treba dati jednostavnijim kliničkim opcijama, poput peskiranja površine cirkonije i upotrebe kompozitnog cementa sa specijalnim fosfatnim monomerima.

This study examined the possible correlation between the degree of conversion (DC) and the amount of substances eluted from three commercial cured resin-based cements. The DC of the various resin-based cements was measured by Raman spectroscopy, while the quantity of unreacted monomers released from the cement matrix (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, TEGDMA, urethane dimethacrylate, UDMA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, HEMA and bisphenol A) was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained results, after multiple statistical evaluation (one way ANOVA, LSD post hoc test), showed no significant differences in the DC values between the resin cements. On the contrary, the results of the HPLC analysis depicted statistically significant differences between the three materials with respect to the amount of leached monomers. In addition, no correlation between the DC and the amount of eluted substances from the tested cured composite cements was found., Rad istražuje moguću korelaciju stepena konverzije (DC) i količine oslobođenih monomernih supstanci iz tri komercijalna preparata kompozitnih dentalnih cemenata. Stepen konverzije kompozitnih cemenata određen je metodom Raman spektroskopije, dok je količina neizreagovalih i oslobođenih monomera iz cementnog matriksa detektovana pomoću HPLC metode. Rezultati dobijeni nakon višestruke statističke evaluacije (one way ANOVA, LSD past hoc test) ne pokazuju značajne razlike u stepenu konverzije različitih preparata kompozitnih cemenata. Nasuprot tome, rezultati HPLC analize beleže značajne razlike u količini i vrsti monomernih supstanci otpuštenih iz kompozitnih cemenata. Takođe, statistička analiza u okviru ove studije nije pokazala korelaciju stepena konverzije ispitivanih kompozitnih dentalnih cemenata i količine oslobođenih supstanci iz ovih materijala.

Background: Free radicals (FR) occur in oral cavity where lot of food was transferred to through entire life under specific saliva conditions. Many enzymes, microorganism, alcohol beverages, nicotine and other harmful or indifferent substances when in contact to oral tissues might provoke oxidation process under specific condition creating FR's. The similar role might have various dental materials. Aim of the study was to record the level of antioxidant (AO) activity of several permanent (P) luting cements alone or combined with quercetin AO substance. Materials/Methods: P cements were Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate, GIC and composite resin cement. They were prepared as original prescription and their variant by 1% weight addition of quercetin. AO activity of cements was measured by HPMC test evaluated by Student t test. Results: There were statistically significant differences among Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate and resin dental cements (p > 0,05). GIC displayed significantly higher AO values (p lt 0,01) versus other three cements. There were no difference in AO capacity between sample of original P cements and their corresponding quercetin variants (p > 0,05). Conclusions: Conventional GIC displayed the most powerful AO activity among P luting cements. Addition of 1% antioxidant quercetin did not improve AO capacity of investigated cements.

Dental impression materials are used to reproduce the form and relations of teeth and surrounding oral tissues, and the impressions are used for fabricating diagnostic and master casts. Dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials under various conditions, is pivotal factor for the accuracy and durability of the final prosthetic restorations. It is defined as the ability of a material to retain its size and form over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate different possibilities of the original photometric methods in assessment of dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials and to determine their efficiency and precision in comparison with the reference method recommended by the valid standards for dental elastomeric impression materials (ISO 4823:2000, ANSI/ADA Specification No.19). Five elastomeric impression materials were used in this study: two condensation silicones (Oranwash L - Zhermack and Xantopren L blue - Heraeus Kulzer), two addition silicones (Elite HD + light body - Zhermack and Variotime Light Flow - Heraeus Kulzer) and one polyether (ImpregumTM Soft 3M ESPE). A specific stainless steel test block, made according to the recommendations of ISO standard, was used for the fabrication of the samples of tested impression materials. Dimensional stability of the impression materials was examined as a function of time (5min, 30min, 1h and 24h after removal from the test block) at the temperatures of 23ºC, 35ºC and 40ºC. The effect of each applied disinfectant (5.25% NaOCl, glutaraldehyde, benzalkonium chloride – Sterigum and aerosol with ethanol and isopropanol - Zeta 7) was tested as well.., U stomatologiji se otisni materijali upotrebljavaju za reprodukciju oblika i odnosa zuba i okolnih oralnih tkiva, a dobijeni otisci se koriste za izradu dijagnostičkih i master modela. Dimenzionalna stabilnost elastomernih otisnih materijala u različitim uslovima, važan je faktor koji direktno utiče na preciznost i trajnost indirektno izrađenih definitivnih zubnih nadoknada. Definiše se kao sposobnost materijala da zadrži svoju veličinu i oblik tokom vremena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitivanje različitih mogućnosti originalnih fotometrijskih metoda u proceni dimenzionalne stabilnosti elastomernih otisnih materijala i utvrđivanje njihove efikasnosti i preciznosti u poređenju sa referentnom metodom koju preporučuju važeći standardi za elastomerne otisne materijale u stomatologiji (ISO 4823:2000, ANSI/ADA Specifikacija br.19). Za potrebe ovog istraživanja korišćeno je pet elastomernih otisnih materijala: dva kondenzaciona silikona (Oranwash L–Zhermack i Xantopren L blue–Heraeus Kulzer), dva adiciona silikona (Elite HD+ light body–Zhermack i Variotime Light Flow–Heraeus Kulzer) i jedan polietar (ImpregumTM Soft 3M ESPE). Uzorci ispitivanih otisnih materijala dobijeni su iz specijalne modle od nerđajućeg čelika koja je izrađena prema preporukama važećih standarda. Dimenzionalna stabilnost otisnih materijala ispitana je u zavisnosti od vremena (5min, 30min, 60min i 24h od momenta odvajanja otiska od modle), pri temperaturama od 23ºC, 35ºC i 40ºC, kao i pod uticajem različitih dezinficijenasa (5,25% NaOCl, glutaraldehid, benzalkonijum hlorid –Sterigum i sprej na bazi etanola i izopropanola – Zeta 7)...

U stomatologiji se otisni materijali upotrebljavaju za reprodukciju oblika i odnosa zuba i okolnih oralnih tkiva, a dobijeni otisci se koriste za izradu dijagnostičkih i master modela. Dimenzionalna stabilnost elastomernih otisnih materijala u različitim uslovima, važan je faktor koji direktno utiče na preciznost i trajnost indirektno izrađenih definitivnih zubnih nadoknada. Definiše se kao sposobnost materijala da zadrži svoju veličinu i oblik tokom vremena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitivanje različitih mogućnosti originalnih fotometrijskih metoda u proceni dimenzionalne stabilnosti elastomernih otisnih materijala i utvrđivanje njihove efikasnosti i preciznosti u poređenju sa referentnom metodom koju preporučuju važeći standardi za elastomerne otisne materijale u stomatologiji (ISO 4823:2000, ANSI/ADA Specifikacija br.19). Za potrebe ovog istraživanja korišćeno je pet elastomernih otisnih materijala: dva kondenzaciona silikona (Oranwash L–Zhermack i Xantopren L blue–Heraeus Kulzer), dva adiciona silikona (Elite HD+ light body–Zhermack i Variotime Light Flow–Heraeus Kulzer) i jedan polietar (ImpregumTM Soft 3M ESPE). Uzorci ispitivanih otisnih materijala dobijeni su iz specijalne modle od nerđajućeg čelika koja je izrađena prema preporukama važećih standarda. Dimenzionalna stabilnost otisnih materijala ispitana je u zavisnosti od vremena (5min, 30min, 60min i 24h od momenta odvajanja otiska od modle), pri temperaturama od 23ºC, 35ºC i 40ºC, kao i pod uticajem različitih dezinficijenasa (5,25% NaOCl, glutaraldehid, benzalkonijum hlorid –Sterigum i sprej na bazi etanola i izopropanola – Zeta 7)..., Dental impression materials are used to reproduce the form and relations of teeth and surrounding oral tissues, and the impressions are used for fabricating diagnostic and master casts. Dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials under various conditions, is pivotal factor for the accuracy and durability of the final prosthetic restorations. It is defined as the ability of a material to retain its size and form over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate different possibilities of the original photometric methods in assessment of dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials and to determine their efficiency and precision in comparison with the reference method recommended by the valid standards for dental elastomeric impression materials (ISO 4823:2000, ANSI/ADA Specification No.19). Five elastomeric impression materials were used in this study: two condensation silicones (Oranwash L - Zhermack and Xantopren L blue - Heraeus Kulzer), two addition silicones (Elite HD + light body - Zhermack and Variotime Light Flow - Heraeus Kulzer) and one polyether (ImpregumTM Soft 3M ESPE). A specific stainless steel test block, made according to the recommendations of ISO standard, was used for the fabrication of the samples of tested impression materials. Dimensional stability of the impression materials was examined as a function of time (5min, 30min, 1h and 24h after removal from the test block) at the temperatures of 23ºC, 35ºC and 40ºC. The effect of each applied disinfectant (5.25% NaOCl, glutaraldehyde, benzalkonium chloride – Sterigum and aerosol with ethanol and isopropanol - Zeta 7) was tested as well..

Background: Free radicals (FR) occur in oral cavity where lot of food was transferred to through entire life under specific saliva conditions. Many enzymes, microorganism, alcohol beverages, nicotine and other harmful or indifferent substances when in contact to oral tissues might provoke oxidation process under specific condition creating FR's. The similar role might have various dental materials. Aim of the study was to record the level of antioxidant (AO) activity of several permanent (P) luting cements alone or combined with quercetin AO substance. Materials/Methods: P cements were Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate, GIC and composite resin cement. They were prepared as original prescription and their variant by 1% weight addition of quercetin. AO activity of cements was measured by HPMC test evaluated by Student t test. Results: There were statistically significant differences among Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate and resin dental cements (p gt 0,05). GIC displayed significantly higher AO values (p lt 0,01) versus other three cements. There were no difference in AO capacity between sample of original P cements and their corresponding quercetin variants (p gt 0,05). Conclusions: Conventional GIC displayed the most powerful AO activity among P luting cements. Addition of 1% antioxidant quercetin did not improve AO capacity of investigated cements.

Background: Free radicals (FR) occur in oral cavity where lot of food was transferred to through entire life under specific saliva conditions. Many enzymes, microorganism, alcohol beverages, nicotine and other harmful or indifferent substances when in contact to oral tissues might provoke oxidation process under specific condition creating FR's. The similar role might have various dental materials. Aim of the study was to record the level of antioxidant (AO) activity of several permanent (P) luting cements alone or combined with quercetin AO substance. Materials/Methods: P cements were Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate, GIC and composite resin cement. They were prepared as original prescription and their variant by 1% weight addition of quercetin. AO activity of cements was measured by HPMC test evaluated by Student t test. Results: There were statistically significant differences among Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate and resin dental cements (p gt 0,05). GIC displayed significantly higher AO values (p lt 0,01) versus other three cements. There were no difference in AO capacity between sample of original P cements and their corresponding quercetin variants (p gt 0,05). Conclusions: Conventional GIC displayed the most powerful AO activity among P luting cements. Addition of 1% antioxidant quercetin did not improve AO capacity of investigated cements.

Introduction Good and well balanced diet provided by adequate mastication is part of therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The critical period presents the time immediately after teeth extractions; hence, immediate denture is a rational therapeutical choice for diabetic patients. The presence of immediate denture and its compression might compromise wound healing process, affect chewing ability, food intake and consequently blood glucose level in type 2 DM patients. Objective The objective of this study was to compare socket opening diameters (SOD), chewing ability, changes in blood glucose level and food intake in type 2 DM patients with and without maxillary immediate complete denture (MICD) during a three-week wound healing period. Methods The study comprised 78 type 2 DM partially removable denture wearers (42 candidates for teeth extractions and 36 candidates for teeth extractions and insertion of MICDs). During the three-week period participants were followed for SOD, chewing ability and changes in blood glucose level and food intake. Results Patients with MICD showed significantly lower reduction of SOD (seventh, 14th, 21st day) and higher chewing ability (seventh, 14th, 21st day) in comparison to patients without an MICD. Significantly lower number of patients with an MICD had changes in blood glucose level and food intake. Conclusion Maxillary immediate complete denture presents a good therapeutic choice for type 2 DM patients, as it provides possibility of adequate mastication after teeth extractions and maintenance of nutritional status and blood glucose level., Uvod Redovna i balansirana ishrana obezbeđena adekvatnom mastikacijom je značajan deo terapije pacijenata sa dijabetesom melitusom tipa 2 (DM tip 2). Kritičan period za ove bolesnike jeste vreme neposredno nakon ekstrakcije zuba, pa za njih imedijatna proteza predstavlja terapijski izbor. Prisustvo imedijatne proteze i kompresija koju izaziva mogu kompromitovati proces zarastanja, uticati na sposobnost žvakanja, količinu unete hrane, a time i nivo glikemije kod pacijenata obolelih od ovog tipa dijabetesa. Cilj rada Cilj istraživanja je poređenje dijametra ekstrakcionih alveola (DEA), sposobnosti žvakanja, promene količine unete hrane i glikemije kod DM tipa 2 pacijenata sa gornjom totalnom imedijatnom protezom (GTIP) i bez nje. Metode rada Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 78 DM tipa 2 pacijenata, nosilaca parcijalnih pločastih proteza (42 pacijenta indikovana za ekstrakcije zuba i 36 pacijenata indikovanih za ekstrakcije zuba i dobijanje GTIP). Tokom postekstrakcionog perioda od tri nedelje kod pacijenata su praćeni DEA, sposobnost žvakanja, promena količine unete hrane i glikemije. Rezultati Pacijenti sa GTIP pokazali su značajno manju redukciju DEA (7, 14, 21. dana), veću sposobnost žvakanja (7, 14, 21. dana) u odnosu na pacijente bez GTIP. Značajno manji broj pacijenata sa GTIP imao je promene u glikemiji i unošenju hrane u odnosu na grupu bez GTIP. Zaključak Imedijatna proteza predstavlja terapijski izbor kod pacijenata sa DM tipa 2, budući da omogućava dobru mastikaciju nakon ekstrakcija, uz održanje nutricionog statusa i glikemije.

Dentalni CAD/CAM sistemi su moderna tehnologija koja omogućava brzu I kvalitetnu izradu protetskog rada sa minimalnom potrebom ili bez potrebe za tehničarom. Sistemi se sastoje od kamere, računara i glodalice. Kamerom se uzima optički otisak, računarom se obradi snimljeni otisak dok glodalica izrađuje konačni rad. Za potrebe takvih sistema razvijene su posebne vrste različitih materijala koje se odlikuju poboljšanim karakteristikama. Otiskivanje u protetici moguće je sprovesti konvencionalnim i digitalnim otisnim postupcima. Kod konvencionalnih metoda najčešće se primjenjuje otisak silikonima dvofaznom metodom otiskivanja. I jedan i drugi postupak ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke te se u zavisnosti od situacije i mogućnosti odlučujemo za prihvatljiviju metodu. Digitalno otiskivanje sprovodi se kamerama. Njihove su prednosti brzina, preciznost, sposobnost čuvanja snimljenih podataka na neodređeno vreme i prenos digitalne slike između ordinacije i laboratorije. Samo otiskivanje ugodnije je za pacijenta i smanjuje se mogućnost nastanka greške zbog manjeg broja varijabli. Izvođenje konvencionalnih otisaka više problema stvara studentima i neiskusnim kliničarima, dok se iskusni stomatolozi podjednako opredeljuju za obe tehnike otiskivanja.

U savremenoj stomatološkoj teoriji i praksi pod okluzijom se podrazumeva kontaktni odnos zuba gornje i donje vilice pod kontrolom centralnog i perifernog nervnog sistema. Problem sa kojim se suočava savremena stomatologija evidentan je kada u ordinaciju dođe pacijent sa znacima i simptomima patoloske okluzije. Stomatologu se imperativno nameće pitanje: koje su granice normalnog kada je u pitanju okluzija, s obzirom na to da granica izmedu fizioloske i patološke okluzije nijc uvek jasna. Fiziološki optimalna i stabilna okluzija definiše se kao okluzija koja obezbeđuje normalno i efikasno odvijanje vitalnih funkcija stomatognarnog sistema (žvakanje, gutanje, govor i disanje), bez simptoma bola, nelagodnosti i oštećenja stomatognatnih struktura. Pravilno i korektno određivanje međuviličnih odnosa je dobar put ka postizanju harmoničnih okluzalnih odnosa i očuvanju dugotrajnosti nadoknada koje se implantiraju u ustima pacijenta.

Background: Free radicals (FR) occur in oral cavity where lot of food was transferred to through entire life under specific saliva conditions. Many enzymes, microorganism, alcohol beverages, nicotine and other harmful or indifferent substances when in contact to oral tissues might provoke oxidation process under specific condition creating FR's. The similar role might have various dental materials. Aim of the study was to record the level of antioxidant (AO) activity of several permanent (P) luting cements alone or combined with quercetin AO substance. Materials/Methods: P cements were Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate, GIC and composite resin cement. They were prepared as original prescription and their variant by 1% weight addition of quercetin. AO activity of cements was measured by HPMC test evaluated by Student t test. Results: There were statistically significant differences among Zn-phosphate, Zn-polycarboxilate and resin dental cements (p > 0,05). GIC displayed significantly higher AO values (p lt 0,01) versus other three cements. There were no difference in AO capacity between sample of original P cements and their corresponding quercetin variants (p > 0,05). Conclusions: Conventional GIC displayed the most powerful AO activity among P luting cements. Addition of 1% antioxidant quercetin did not improve AO capacity of investigated cements.

Dental impression materials are used to reproduce the form and relations of teeth and surrounding oral tissues, and the impressions are used for fabricating diagnostic and master casts. Dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials under various conditions, is pivotal factor for the accuracy and durability of the final prosthetic restorations. It is defined as the ability of a material to retain its size and form over time. The aim of this study was to evaluate different possibilities of the original photometric methods in assessment of dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials and to determine their efficiency and precision in comparison with the reference method recommended by the valid standards for dental elastomeric impression materials (ISO 4823:2000, ANSI/ADA Specification No.19). Five elastomeric impression materials were used in this study: two condensation silicones (Oranwash L - Zhermack and Xantopren L blue - Heraeus Kulzer), two addition silicones (Elite HD + light body - Zhermack and Variotime Light Flow - Heraeus Kulzer) and one polyether (ImpregumTM Soft 3M ESPE). A specific stainless steel test block, made according to the recommendations of ISO standard, was used for the fabrication of the samples of tested impression materials. Dimensional stability of the impression materials was examined as a function of time (5min, 30min, 1h and 24h after removal from the test block) at the temperatures of 23ºC, 35ºC and 40ºC. The effect of each applied disinfectant (5.25% NaOCl, glutaraldehyde, benzalkonium chloride – Sterigum and aerosol with ethanol and isopropanol - Zeta 7) was tested as well.., U stomatologiji se otisni materijali upotrebljavaju za reprodukciju oblika i odnosa zuba i okolnih oralnih tkiva, a dobijeni otisci se koriste za izradu dijagnostičkih i master modela. Dimenzionalna stabilnost elastomernih otisnih materijala u različitim uslovima, važan je faktor koji direktno utiče na preciznost i trajnost indirektno izrađenih definitivnih zubnih nadoknada. Definiše se kao sposobnost materijala da zadrži svoju veličinu i oblik tokom vremena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitivanje različitih mogućnosti originalnih fotometrijskih metoda u proceni dimenzionalne stabilnosti elastomernih otisnih materijala i utvrđivanje njihove efikasnosti i preciznosti u poređenju sa referentnom metodom koju preporučuju važeći standardi za elastomerne otisne materijale u stomatologiji (ISO 4823:2000, ANSI/ADA Specifikacija br.19). Za potrebe ovog istraživanja korišćeno je pet elastomernih otisnih materijala: dva kondenzaciona silikona (Oranwash L–Zhermack i Xantopren L blue–Heraeus Kulzer), dva adiciona silikona (Elite HD+ light body–Zhermack i Variotime Light Flow–Heraeus Kulzer) i jedan polietar (ImpregumTM Soft 3M ESPE). Uzorci ispitivanih otisnih materijala dobijeni su iz specijalne modle od nerđajućeg čelika koja je izrađena prema preporukama važećih standarda. Dimenzionalna stabilnost otisnih materijala ispitana je u zavisnosti od vremena (5min, 30min, 60min i 24h od momenta odvajanja otiska od modle), pri temperaturama od 23ºC, 35ºC i 40ºC, kao i pod uticajem različitih dezinficijenasa (5,25% NaOCl, glutaraldehid, benzalkonijum hlorid –Sterigum i sprej na bazi etanola i izopropanola – Zeta 7)...

This paper is a continuing evaluation of dental and facial parameters in the estimation of aesthetic characteristic of fixed restorations. First of all, attention is paid to the phenomenon describing the tooth tissue's characteristics (transiucency, opalescence, and transparency). The paper also discusses tooth color as a special occurrence, the position of the lower lip line as well as the symmetry of the smile. In addition to these fundamental objective criteria, the paper also deals with subjective criteria (tooth arrangement and position, variation in tooth form, and relative crown length), which play a part in the successful aesthetic integration of fixed restorations., U drugom delu rada se nastavlja pričao dentalnim i facijalnim parametrima koji imaju značaj u proceni estetskih obeležja fiksnih nadoknada. Pažnja je usmerena na fenomene koji odlikuju zubna tkiva (translucencija, opalescencija, transparencija), razmatraju se boja zuba kao složena psihofizička pojava, pozicija i balans donje usne i govori se o pojedinim determinantama osmeha. Pored objektivnih estetskih kriterijuma, rad opisuje i subjektivne parametre (uređenost zuba, varijacije u obliku zuba, relativnu dužinu zuba, vidljivost zuba) koji definišu validnost rekonstruisane dentalne kompozicije.

This paper argues on importance of gingival and dental parameters in evaluation of esthetic characteristics of fixed restorations. Human beauty is a specific category which is not easy to define by means of any known criteria or with mathematic formula. But, it is also important for practitioners to take into consideration some objective rules determining what is really nice and appealing. In reconstructing the personal identity, it is essential to harmonize the esthetic features. In dental practice, this approach means to establish a close correlation among the facial, dental, gingival and physical components of orofacia! system. For the purpose of this study, the authors have divided the overview of esthetic principles into two parts. The first one deals with some objective parameters such as: gingival health, the zenith of gingival contour, the balance of gingival levels, relative tooth dimensions, the golden proportion of the teeth, the design of dental arch, interdental contact areas, interdental closure, the contour of incisal edge and the shape of interincisal angles. The esthetic integration of these parameters into a frame of smile and the whole face, as well as some subjective criteria are discussed in the second part of the paper., Dentalni i gingivni parametri imaju veliki značaj u proceni estetskih obeležja fiksnih nadoknada. Činjenica da je ljudska lepota kategorija koja se ne može apsolutno definisati ni brižljivo odabranim kriterijuma, ni matematičkim formulama ipak ne zatvara vrata razmišljanju da postoji nešto što se zove objektivno važenje, saglasnost o tome šta jeste, a šta nije lepo. U želji da se sačuva ili rekonstruiše identitet jedinke, usklađivanje estetskih obeležja je od ogromne važnosti. U stomatološkom radu ovo podrazumeva uspostavljanje bliske komunikacije između facijalnih, dentalnih, gingivnih i fizičkih komponenti orofacijalnog sistema. s obzirom na složenost aktuelne problematike, autori su podelili naznačenu temu na dva dela. Ovi komplementarni delovi se bave sveobuhvatnim razmatranjima velikog broja objektivnih i subjektivnih faktora koji determinišu validnost dentalne kompozicije rekonstruisane fiksnim nadoknadama.