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Rotation curves of spiral galaxies are known with reasonable precision for a large number of galaxies with similar morphologies. The data implies that non-Keplerian fall--off is seen. This implies that (i) large amounts of dark matter must exist at galactic scales or (ii) that Newtonian gravity must somehow be corrected. We present a method for inverting the integral relation between an elemental law of gravity (such as Newton's) and the gravitational field generated by a thin disk distribution with exponential density. This allows us to identify, directly from observations, {\it extensions} of Newtonian gravity with the property of fitting a large class of rotation curves. The modification is inferred from the observed rotation curve and is finally written in terms of Newton's constant or the effective potential of a test mass moving in the field generated by a point-like particle., Comment: 8 pages with 4 encapsulated PostScript figures included. Uses Astronomy & Astrophysics LaTeX macros. Submitted to A&A

The Universe that we know is populated by structures made up of aggregated matter that organizes into a variety of objects; these range from stars to larger objects, such as galaxies or star clusters, composed by stars, gas and dust in gravitational interaction. We show that observations support the existence of a composite (two--exponent) power law relating mass and size for these objects. We briefly discuss these power laws and, in view of the similarity in the values of the exponents, ponder the analogy with power laws in other fields of science such as the Gutenberg--Richter law for earthquakes and the Hutchinson--MacArthur or Damuth laws of ecology. We argue for a potential connection with avalanches, complex systems and punctuated equilibrium, and show that this interpretation of large scale--structure as a self--organized critical system leads to two $predictions$: (a) the large scale structures are fractally distributed and, (b), the fractal dimension is $1.65 \pm 0.25$. Both are borne out by observations., Comment: Total 15 pages: 10 text plus 2 figures and 3 tables

The Universe that we know is populated by structures made up of aggregated matter that organizes into a variety of objects; these range from stars to larger objects, such as galaxies or star clusters, composed by stars, gas and dust in gravitational interaction. We show that observations support the existence of a composite (two--exponent) power law relating mass and size for these objects. We briefly discuss these power laws and, in view of the similarity in the values of the exponents, ponder the analogy with power laws in other fields of science such as the Gutenberg--Richter law for earthquakes and the Hutchinson--MacArthur or Damuth laws of ecology. We argue for a potential connection with avalanches, complex systems and punctuated equilibrium, and show that this interpretation of large scale--structure as a self--organized critical system leads to two $predictions$: (a) the large scale structures are fractally distributed and, (b), the fractal dimension is $1.65 \pm 0.25$. Both are borne out by observations., Comment: Total 15 pages: 10 text plus 2 figures and 3 tables

Rotation curves of spiral galaxies are known with reasonable precision for a large number of galaxies with similar morphologies. The data implies that non-Keplerian fall--off is seen. This implies that (i) large amounts of dark matter must exist at galactic scales or (ii) that Newtonian gravity must somehow be corrected. We present a method for inverting the integral relation between an elemental law of gravity (such as Newton's) and the gravitational field generated by a thin disk distribution with exponential density. This allows us to identify, directly from observations, {\it extensions} of Newtonian gravity with the property of fitting a large class of rotation curves. The modification is inferred from the observed rotation curve and is finally written in terms of Newton's constant or the effective potential of a test mass moving in the field generated by a point-like particle., Comment: 8 pages with 4 encapsulated PostScript figures included. Uses Astronomy & Astrophysics LaTeX macros. Submitted to A&A

We know that the generally accepted theories of gravity and quantum mechanics are fundamentally incompatible. Thus, when we try to combine these theories, we must beware of physical pitfalls. Modern theories of quantum gravity are trying to overcome these problems. Any ideas must confront the present agreement with general relativity, but yet be free to wonder about not understood phenomena, such as the dark matter problem and the anomalous spacecraft data which we announce here. This all has led some ``intrepid" theorists to consider a new gravitational regime, that of antimatter. Even more ``daring" experimentalists are attempting, or considering attempting, the measurement of the gravitational force on antimatter, including low-energy antiprotons and, perhaps most enticing, antihydrogen., Comment: Written version of invited contribution to LEAP'94: Third Biennial Conference on Low-Energy Antiproton Physics. LaTeX, 9 pages

We know that the generally accepted theories of gravity and quantum mechanics are fundamentally incompatible. Thus, when we try to combine these theories, we must beware of physical pitfalls. Modern theories of quantum gravity are trying to overcome these problems. Any ideas must confront the present agreement with general relativity, but yet be free to wonder about not understood phenomena, such as the dark matter problem and the anomalous spacecraft data which we announce here. This all has led some ``intrepid" theorists to consider a new gravitational regime, that of antimatter. Even more ``daring" experimentalists are attempting, or considering attempting, the measurement of the gravitational force on antimatter, including low-energy antiprotons and, perhaps most enticing, antihydrogen., Comment: Written version of invited contribution to LEAP'94: Third Biennial Conference on Low-Energy Antiproton Physics. LaTeX, 9 pages

We know that the generally accepted theories of gravity and quantum mechanics are fundamentally incompatible. Thus, when we try to combine these theories, we must beware of physical pitfalls. Modern theories of quantum gravity are trying to overcome these problems. Any ideas must confront the present agreement with general relativity, but yet be free to wonder about not understood phenomena, such as the dark matter problem and the anomalous spacecraft data which we announce here. This all has led some ``intrepid" theorists to consider a new gravitational regime, that of antimatter. Even more ``daring" experimentalists are attempting, or considering attempting, the measurement of the gravitational force on antimatter, including low-energy antiprotons and, perhaps most enticing, antihydrogen., Comment: Written version of invited contribution to LEAP'94: Third Biennial Conference on Low-Energy Antiproton Physics. LaTeX, 9 pages

We know that the generally accepted theories of gravity and quantum mechanics are fundamentally incompatible. Thus, when we try to combine these theories, we must beware of physical pitfalls. Modern theories of quantum gravity are trying to overcome these problems. Any ideas must confront the present agreement with general relativity, but yet be free to wonder about not understood phenomena, such as the dark matter problem and the anomalous spacecraft data which we announce here. This all has led some ``intrepid" theorists to consider a new gravitational regime, that of antimatter. Even more ``daring" experimentalists are attempting, or considering attempting, the measurement of the gravitational force on antimatter, including low-energy antiprotons and, perhaps most enticing, antihydrogen., Comment: Written version of invited contribution to LEAP'94: Third Biennial Conference on Low-Energy Antiproton Physics. LaTeX, 9 pages

We discuss the effect of the renormalization procedure in the computation of the unification point for running coupling constants. We explore the effects of threshold--crossing on the $\beta$--functions. We compute the running of the coupling constants of the Standard Model, between $m_Z$ and $M_P$, using a mass dependent subtraction procedure, and then compare the results with $\bar{MS}$, and with the $\theta$-- function approximation. We also do this for the Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model. In the latter, the bounds on susy masses that one obtains by requiring perturbative unification are dependent, to some extent, on the procedure., Comment: 22 pages, REVTEX-2.1, 6 Post-Script figures are included

We discuss the effect of the renormalization procedure in the computation of the unification point for running coupling constants. We explore the effects of threshold--crossing on the $\beta$--functions. We compute the running of the coupling constants of the Standard Model, between $m_Z$ and $M_P$, using a mass dependent subtraction procedure, and then compare the results with $\bar{MS}$, and with the $\theta$-- function approximation. We also do this for the Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model. In the latter, the bounds on susy masses that one obtains by requiring perturbative unification are dependent, to some extent, on the procedure., Comment: 22 pages, REVTEX-2.1, 6 Post-Script figures are included

We show how, by considering the cumulative effect of tiny quantum gravitational fluctuations over very large distances, it may be possible to: ($a$) reconcile nucleosynthesis bounds on the density parameter of the Universe with the predictions of inflationary cosmology, and ($b$) reproduce the inferred variation of the density parameter with distance. Our calculation can be interpreted as a computation of the contribution of quantum gravitational degrees of freedom to the (local) energy density of the Universe., Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX, (3 figues, not included)

We show how, by considering the cumulative effect of tiny quantum gravitational fluctuations over very large distances, it may be possible to: ($a$) reconcile nucleosynthesis bounds on the density parameter of the Universe with the predictions of inflationary cosmology, and ($b$) reproduce the inferred variation of the density parameter with distance. Our calculation can be interpreted as a computation of the contribution of quantum gravitational degrees of freedom to the (local) energy density of the Universe., Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX, (3 figues, not included)

We show how, by considering the cumulative effect of tiny quantum gravitational fluctuations over very large distances, it may be possible to: ($a$) reconcile nucleosynthesis bounds on the density parameter of the Universe with the predictions of inflationary cosmology, and ($b$) reproduce the inferred variation of the density parameter with distance. Our calculation can be interpreted as a computation of the contribution of quantum gravitational degrees of freedom to the (local) energy density of the Universe., Comment: 13 pages, LaTeX, (3 figues, not included)