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The largest genus within the Phyllanthaceae family is a group called Phyllanthus L. Recent studies have shown, that Phyllanthus is paraphyletic with the genera Glochidion, Breynia and Synostemon nested within it. In this thesis, I study the evolution and systematics of Phyllanthus and how to solve the apparent paraphyly. First we explore past morphological subgroups to come to a subdivision, which was tested using molecular phylogenetics. Several species of Phyllanthus are also used in traditional medicine and by utilizing the living collections of the Hortus botanicus Leiden, we tested for antibacterial and antifungal bioactivity. The phylogeny resulting from this study is used to study the historical biogeography and diversification of the tribe and to propose a new classification where Phyllanthus is separated into several smaller genera.

Within the morphologically diverse pantropical genus Phyllanthus, many subgenera, sections and subsections are recognized. While most taxonomic revisions often focus on local floras, closely related and often resembling species are not always treated in full. Subgenus Macraea is here revised for the first time over its whole distribution, including an identification key and descriptions of its species with distributions, ecology, uses and vernacular names. The currently acknowledged varieties of Phyllanthus distichus are rejected due to inadequate morphological differences. Phyllanthus panayensis is synonymized with P. lancifolius. Phyllanthus alpestris has now become a variety of P. glaucophyllus because of the resemblance in morphology and distribution. The species complex around Phyllanthus virgatus remains taxonomically difficult, but Phyllanthus virgatus var. gardnerianus and Phyllanthus virgatus var. hirtellus are here recognized on the species level as P. gardnerianus, stat nov. and P. tararae, stat & nom. nov. A new species from the Philippines, Phyllanthus ridsdalei, is described

Within the morphologically diverse pantropical genus Phyllanthus, many subgenera, sections and subsections are recognized. While most taxonomic revisions often focus on local floras, closely related and often resembling species are not always treated in full. Subgenus Macraea is here revised for the first time over its whole distribution, including an identification key and descriptions of its species with distributions, ecology, uses and vernacular names. The currently acknowledged varieties of Phyllanthus distichus are rejected due to inadequate morphological differences. Phyllanthus panayensis is synonymized with P. lancifolius. Phyllanthus alpestris has now become a variety of P. glaucophyllus because of the resemblance in morphology and distribution. The species complex around Phyllanthus virgatus remains taxonomically difficult, but Phyllanthus virgatus var. gardnerianus and Phyllanthus virgatus var. hirtellus are here recognized on the species level as P. gardnerianus, stat nov. and P. tararae, stat & nom. nov. A new species from the Philippines, Phyllanthus ridsdalei, is described

Over two centuries of taxonomic studies on the species rich genus Phyllanthus have culminated in a broad and complicated classification with many subgenera and (sub)sections. Past taxonomic work has only focused on local revisions, mostly because of the size of the genus. In this study we aim to summarize most of the taxonomic work in a list containing the infrageneric delimitations of Phyllanthus. This work will serve as a reference, pl

Dukung Anak is a well-known herb due to its medicinal value. Realizing the potential, Malaysian government through National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) has extensively promoted the cultivation of this herb to boost the economy. Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus debilis are two of the commercially grown species in Malaysia. However, the availability of good quality seeds as planting material is limited resulting in poor quality (< 50% germination) and erratic germination. Current method of collecting dehisced seeds may be improved by harvesting matured seeds prior to dehiscence and subjecting them to desiccation. Therefore, three studies were carried out; plant branching habits in relation to fruit production, differences in seed quality at different maturity stages and drying effects on seed quality of P. amarus and P. debilis. In the first study, plants were grown using standard cultural practises, in which plant growth and development event was observed and studied and plant architecture model was developed. Both P. amarus and P. debilis had main stem with monopodial while branches being plagiotropic with sympodial growth. Fruits were formed on branchlets from main stem as well as primary branches. Substantial number of fruits were obtained from 56 to 98 days after sowing (DAS) for P. amarus and 63 to 105 DAS for P. debilis. In the second study, fruits and seeds were collected at different maturity stages (7, 9, 11, 13, 15 days after anthesis (DAA) and dehisced seeds for P. amarus and 7, 9, 11, 13 DAA and dehisced seeds for P. debilis) and from different branchlets on main stem and primary branches. Seed moisture content and seed germination test was carried out to know the viability and vigour of the seeds. Fruits and seeds collected from different position showed no effects on seed quality but it was significantly affected by the level of maturity stages. Maximum dry weight was observed 13 DAA for P. amarus (43.74 mg/100 seeds) and 11 DAA for P. debilis (73.56 mg

Dukung Anak is a well-known herb due to its medicinal value. Realizing the potential, Malaysian government through National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) has extensively promoted the cultivation of this herb to boost the economy. Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus debilis are two of the commercially grown species in Malaysia. However, the availability of good quality seeds as planting material is limited resulting in poor quality (< 50% germination) and erratic germination. Current method of collecting dehisced seeds may be improved by harvesting matured seeds prior to dehiscence and subjecting them to desiccation. Therefore, three studies were carried out; plant branching habits in relation to fruit production, differences in seed quality at different maturity stages and drying effects on seed quality of P. amarus and P. debilis. In the first study, plants were grown using standard cultural practises, in which plant growth and development event was observed and studied and plant architecture model was developed. Both P. amarus and P. debilis had main stem with monopodial while branches being plagiotropic with sympodial growth. Fruits were formed on branchlets from main stem as well as primary branches. Substantial number of fruits were obtained from 56 to 98 days after sowing (DAS) for P. amarus and 63 to 105 DAS for P. debilis. In the second study, fruits and seeds were collected at different maturity stages (7, 9, 11, 13, 15 days after anthesis (DAA) and dehisced seeds for P. amarus and 7, 9, 11, 13 DAA and dehisced seeds for P. debilis) and from different branchlets on main stem and primary branches. Seed moisture content and seed germination test was carried out to know the viability and vigour of the seeds. Fruits and seeds collected from different position showed no effects on seed quality but it was significantly affected by the level of maturity stages. Maximum dry weight was observed 13 DAA for P. amarus (43.74 mg/100 seeds) and 11 DAA for P. debilis (73.56 mg

Epicephala moths are involved in obligate mutualisms with their Phyllanthaceae hosts, in which the female moths assure pollination and, in return, their progeny develop by consuming the seeds. Ecological, molecular and geographical data suggest that the genus includes several hundred species, but the majority remains to be formally described. Here we revise the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick, 1880. In addition to two previously named species, seven species are newly described: E. anthophilia sp. n., E. lanceolatella sp. n., E. perplexa sp. n., E. obovatella sp. n., E. corruptrix sp. n., E. parasitica sp. n. and E. nudilingua sp. n. The first four are species involved in obligate pollination mutualism, while the fifth is a pollinating seed parasite and the last two are derived non-pollinating seed parasites of herbaceous Phyllanthus. Each of the nine Japanese Epicephela species is specialized to a single plant species in the genera Glochidion, Breynia or Phyllanthus, except for E. obovatella and E. corruptrix that each utilizes two closely related Glochidion species. Considerable variations are found in pollination and oviposition behaviors among species, which are reflected in their proboscis and ovipositor morphologies, respectively. Molecular phylogeny indicated that there have been repeated transitions in oviposition mode during the diversification of Epicephala, which were accompanied by changes in ovipositor morphology, as suggested by a correlation analysis. Keys to species are provided.

Phyllanthus is a plant genus that has been used in traditional medicine due to its phytomedicinal metabolites content. However, there is a lack of consistency and efficacy of plant of this genus as well as not enough scientific reports to support its traditional uses specifically in treating diabetes. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic properties of Phyllanthus in vitro and in vivo using metabolomics approach. The first part of the present study determined the variation between two Phyllanthus species (P. niruri and P. urinaria) at different growth stages (8, 10 and 12 weeks) using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) combined with multivariate data analysis (MVDA). The results revealed that the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square (PLS) showed ideal differentiation between these species, suggesting the contributed metabolites, which were responsible for the discrimination. Phyllanthus niruri extracted with 80% ethanol possessed high antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities compared to P. urinaria and 10 weeks was the valuable growth age that provides P. niruri extract with the highest content or/and number of bioactive metabolites. Thus, P. niruri harvested at 10 weeks was selected in the second part of the study to optimize the appropriate drying method and solvent for extracting these bioactive components. Three extracting solvents (methanol, ethanol and water) with different ratios were assessed for their effects on biological activities of P. niruri subjected to three drying treatments (air, oven and freeze). The freeze-dried P. niruri samples that were extracted with 80% ethanol exhibited higher biological activity values compared to the other extracts. The 80% ethanol extract had the quantities of epicatechin (172.0 μg/g), ellagic acid (46.67 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (44.33 μg/g), quercetin (1.73 μg/g), catechin (1.63 μg/g), phyllanthin (46.0 μg/g), and hypophyllanthin (23.17 μg/g) analyze usi

The genera of Mallotus and Phyllanthus contain several species that are commonly used as traditional medicines in oriental countries. Some species show interesting pharmaceutical activities, such as an antioxidant activity. To produce clinically useful medicines or food supplements (nutraceuticals) from these herbs, the species should be identified and a thorough quality control should be implemented. Nowadays, the integration of chromatographic and chemometric approaches allows a high-throughput identification and activity prediction of medicinal plants. In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were applied and compared to distinguish Mallotus and Phyllanthus species. Moreover, peaks from their chromatographic fingerprints, which were responsible for their antioxidant activity were assigned. For the latter purpose, the relevant information was extracted from the chromatographic fingerprints using linear multivariate calibration techniques, i.e., Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (O-PLS). Results reveal that exploratory analysis using PCA shows somewhat diverging clustering tendencies between Mallotus and Phyllanthus samples than HCA. However, both approaches mainly confirm each other. Concerning the multivariate calibration techniques, both PLS and O-PLS models demonstrate good predictive abilities. By comparing the regression coefficients of the models with the chromatographic fingerprints, the peaks that are potentially responsible for the antioxidant activity of the extracts could be confirmed.

The pollen morphology of 21 Philippine Phyllanthus species belonging to five subgenera and eleven sections was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Eleven pollen types were recognized, of which seven were previously reported and four are newly described, i.e., the Phyllanthus erythrotrichus type, the P. glochidioides type, the P. securinegoides type and the Pilate type. The pollen morphology of the Philippine Phyllanthus species included in this study provides insight into the taxonomy as well as the phylogeny of these species.

Immortalized normal hepatocytes AML-12 or primary hepatocytes were cultured in control, and the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) culture medium in the presence or absence of Phyllanthus urinaria for 24 hours. Hepatocyte triglyceride contents, release of alanine aminotransferase, lipoperoxides and reactive oxygen species production were determined in the cell culture study. Age-matched wild-type C57BL/6 and diabetes db/db mice were fed control or MCD diet for 10 days with or without Phyllanthus urinaria. The levels of Hepatic steatosis, necroinflammation, triglycerides and oxidative stress were investigated. Hepatic expression of inflammatory factors and lipid regulatory mediators were assayed. The results demonstrated that Phyllanthus urinaria reduced steatosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in culture of hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Phyllanthus urinaria protected the livers against MCD-induced hepatic fat accumulation and steatohepatitis in mice. This effect was associated with repressed levels of hepatic lipid peroxides, reduced expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2e1, pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), dampened activation of inflammatory C-jun N-teuninal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), increased expression of lipolytic Cyp4a10 and suppressed transcriptional activity of lipogenic CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta). Hepatic acyl co-enzyme A oxidase (ACO) that regulated hepatic beta-oxidation of fatty acid and other lipid regulators were not affected by Phyllanthus urinaria., Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) results from excessive accumulation of hepatic fat (steatosis) and oxidative stress. Therefore, inhibition of fatty acid cytotoxicity and liver inflammtary change is an important goal in the treatment of NASH. Phyllanthus urinaria, a herbal medicine, has been reported to have potential anti-oxidant property. We tested the effects of Phyllanthus urinaria on nutritional steatohepatitis both in vitro and in vivo, and determined the mechanism of its action., Our study indicated that Phyllanthus urinaria effectively prevented MCD-induced steatohepatitis. This effect were probably mediated through dampening oxidative stress, ameliorating inflammation and decreasing lipid accumulation. Phyllanthus urinaria deserves further evaluation for its potential therapeutic effect on NASH in humans., Shen, Bo., Adviser: Henry Ly Chan., Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-09, Section: B, page: ., Thesis submitted in: November 2008., Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-142)., Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., s in English and Chinese., School code: 1307., isbn: 9781109404982, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Immortalized normal hepatocytes AML-12 or primary hepatocytes were cultured in control, and the methionine and choline deficient (MCD) culture medium in the presence or absence of Phyllanthus urinaria for 24 hours. Hepatocyte triglyceride contents, release of alanine aminotransferase, lipoperoxides and reactive oxygen species production were determined in the cell culture study. Age-matched wild-type C57BL/6 and diabetes db/db mice were fed control or MCD diet for 10 days with or without Phyllanthus urinaria. The levels of Hepatic steatosis, necroinflammation, triglycerides and oxidative stress were investigated. Hepatic expression of inflammatory factors and lipid regulatory mediators were assayed. The results demonstrated that Phyllanthus urinaria reduced steatosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in culture of hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Phyllanthus urinaria protected the livers against MCD-induced hepatic fat accumulation and steatohepatitis in mice. This effect was associated with repressed levels of hepatic lipid peroxides, reduced expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2e1, pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), dampened activation of inflammatory C-jun N-teuninal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), increased expression of lipolytic Cyp4a10 and suppressed transcriptional activity of lipogenic CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta). Hepatic acyl co-enzyme A oxidase (ACO) that regulated hepatic beta-oxidation of fatty acid and other lipid regulators were not affected by Phyllanthus urinaria., Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) results from excessive accumulation of hepatic fat (steatosis) and oxidative stress. Therefore, inhibition of fatty acid cytotoxicity and liver inflammtary change is an important goal in the treatment of NASH. Phyllanthus urinaria, a herbal medicine, has been reported to have potential anti-oxidant property. We tested the effects of Phyllanthus urinaria on nutritional steatohepatitis both in vitro and in vivo, and determined the mechanism of its action., Our study indicated that Phyllanthus urinaria effectively prevented MCD-induced steatohepatitis. This effect were probably mediated through dampening oxidative stress, ameliorating inflammation and decreasing lipid accumulation. Phyllanthus urinaria deserves further evaluation for its potential therapeutic effect on NASH in humans., Shen, Bo., Adviser: Henry Ly Chan., Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-09, Section: B, page: ., Thesis submitted in: November 2008., Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-142)., Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., s in English and Chinese., School code: 1307., isbn: 9781109404982, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

The pollen morphology of 21 Philippine Phyllanthus species belonging to five subgenera and eleven sections was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Eleven pollen types were recognized, of which seven were previously reported and four are newly described, i.e., the Phyllanthus erythrotrichus type, the P. glochidioides type, the P. securinegoides type and the Pilate type. The pollen morphology of the Philippine Phyllanthus species included in this study provides insight into the taxonomy as well as the phylogeny of these species.

Two species of perennial Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) (Phyllanthus orbicularis and Phyllanthus discolor, both endemic to ultramafic areas of Cuba, and their natural hybrid, Phyllanthus xpallidus) were selected for metal localization microanalysis. Different plant tissues were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. All of the studied taxa are nickel (Ni) hyperaccumulators and significant concentrations of this element were found in different leaf and stem tissues. The highest Ni content was found in the laticifer tubes, whereas leaf epidermis Ni content resulted to be much more relevant in terms of total metal storage. Calcium and magnesium were found more evenly distributed in leaf and stem tissues.

A number of recent research studies have been done on different species of the plants of the genus Phyllanthus. The plants are widely distributed in most tropical and subtropical countries and have long been used for the treatment of liver diseases in China and India., Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major pathogen of human viral hepatitis. It has been estimated that 350 million people are chronic carriers of HBV throughout the world. Increasing evidence indicates that persistent viral infection of the liver is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus belongs to a family of DNA viruses called hepadnaviruses. The current treatments of HBV infection with interferon or lamivudine have several disadvantages, and there appears to be much room for improvement in terms of medical treatment., My project research focuses on two poorly characterized Indian Phyllanthus species called Phyllanthus nanus ("PN") and Phyllanthus niruri ("PI"). In my studies, random amplified polymorphic DNA ("RAPD") technique and high performance liquid chromatography ("HPLC") fingerprinting were used to authenticate different species of Phyllanthus. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of PN and PI were prepared to study their cytotoxicity in hepatoma cell lines. The effect of these extracts on hepatitis B virus was also examined in the HBV-genome integrated cell lines - PLC/PRF/5 (Alexander) and HepG2 2.2.15. Microparticle enzyme immunoassay ("MEIA") and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure the amount of hepatitis B surface antigen ("HBsAg") and hepatitis B e antigen ("HBeAg") secretion from the cell lines. RT-PCR was used to detect the change in HBsAg mRNA's expression level in the drug-treated cell lines. Real-time PCR was also employed to examine the effect of drug treatment on the level of HBV DNA replication and the amount of virions secreted into the medium. The experimental results showed that both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of PN and PI exerted suppressive effect on HBsAg secretion and HBsAg mRNA level. The PN and PI ethanolic extracts also showed mild suppression of viral replication in vitro. The ethanolic extract of PN seemed to be more potent in suppressing HBV than the other extracts tested. (Abstract shortened by UMI.), Lam Wai Yip., "June 2005.", Advisers: Mary Waye; Vincent Ooi., Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3594., Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005., Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-234)., Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., in English and Chinese., School code: 1307., isbn: 9780542763939, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

A number of recent research studies have been done on different species of the plants of the genus Phyllanthus. The plants are widely distributed in most tropical and subtropical countries and have long been used for the treatment of liver diseases in China and India., Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major pathogen of human viral hepatitis. It has been estimated that 350 million people are chronic carriers of HBV throughout the world. Increasing evidence indicates that persistent viral infection of the liver is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus belongs to a family of DNA viruses called hepadnaviruses. The current treatments of HBV infection with interferon or lamivudine have several disadvantages, and there appears to be much room for improvement in terms of medical treatment., My project research focuses on two poorly characterized Indian Phyllanthus species called Phyllanthus nanus ("PN") and Phyllanthus niruri ("PI"). In my studies, random amplified polymorphic DNA ("RAPD") technique and high performance liquid chromatography ("HPLC") fingerprinting were used to authenticate different species of Phyllanthus. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of PN and PI were prepared to study their cytotoxicity in hepatoma cell lines. The effect of these extracts on hepatitis B virus was also examined in the HBV-genome integrated cell lines - PLC/PRF/5 (Alexander) and HepG2 2.2.15. Microparticle enzyme immunoassay ("MEIA") and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure the amount of hepatitis B surface antigen ("HBsAg") and hepatitis B e antigen ("HBeAg") secretion from the cell lines. RT-PCR was used to detect the change in HBsAg mRNA's expression level in the drug-treated cell lines. Real-time PCR was also employed to examine the effect of drug treatment on the level of HBV DNA replication and the amount of virions secreted into the medium. The experimental results showed that both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of PN and PI exerted suppressive effect on HBsAg secretion and HBsAg mRNA level. The PN and PI ethanolic extracts also showed mild suppression of viral replication in vitro. The ethanolic extract of PN seemed to be more potent in suppressing HBV than the other extracts tested. (Abstract shortened by UMI.), Lam Wai Yip., "June 2005.", Advisers: Mary Waye; Vincent Ooi., Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: B, page: 3594., Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005., Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-234)., Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web., in English and Chinese., School code: 1307., isbn: 9780542763939, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499884%5DMICH-V-1499884, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499884/MICH-V-1499884/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499884%5DMICH-V-1499884, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499884/MICH-V-1499884/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499882%5DMICH-V-1499882, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499882/MICH-V-1499882/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499880%5DMICH-V-1499880, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499880/MICH-V-1499880/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499881%5DMICH-V-1499881, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499881/MICH-V-1499881/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499883%5DMICH-V-1499883, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499883/MICH-V-1499883/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499879%5DMICH-V-1499879, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499879/MICH-V-1499879/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499883%5DMICH-V-1499883, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499883/MICH-V-1499883/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499882%5DMICH-V-1499882, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499882/MICH-V-1499882/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499880%5DMICH-V-1499880, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499880/MICH-V-1499880/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499879%5DMICH-V-1499879, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499879/MICH-V-1499879/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1499881%5DMICH-V-1499881, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1499881/MICH-V-1499881/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Objective: Present study reports ethnomedicinal uses of Phyllanthus fraternus as collected from Aligarh, Badaun, Bulandshahar, Farrukhabad and Hatharas districts of Western Uttar Pradesh. Materials and methods: Data were gathered by interviewing local medicine men in rural areas of the districts surveyed. Results and discussion: A total of twenty five claims are recorded. A new term "Ethnophytomorphopharmacology" to describe the ethnomedicinal uses of different morphological plant parts is coined and introduced.

Global population has grown at such an alarming rate that it is critically straining the planet's resources. Thus regulating human fertility with an effective and inexpensive remedy, for example from plant sources is an attractive proposition. In this study, Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extract was given orally at 50, 100, 250 and 500mglkg body weight daily for 90 days to male rats to investigate its effect on the male reproductive function. Clomiphene citrate (a known male anti·fertility agent) was given orally at 5mgllOOg b. w. for comparison. The extract treatment lowered the fertility index (100, 250 and 500 mglkg b.w.) but litter size was not affected. Testicular (500mglkg b.w. group) and prostate (all extract treated groups) weights were significantly reduced. Epididymal sperm count and viability were significantly lowered (500mglkg b.w. group) without affecting motility and morphology. Testicular cholesterol showed a trend increase but was not significantly different compared to control whereas the mean volumetric proportion of testicular spermatozoa (500mglkg b.w. group) was significantly lower. Seminiferous tubules of rats given the highest dose showed interference in spermatogenesis at the spermatid level with the presence of degenerated spennatids in the lumen. In clomiphene treated rats, fertility was suppressed and the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate were severely affected. Epididymal sperm count dropped to less than 2% of control while motility and viability were also as severely affected. Meanwhile sperm morphology revealed abnormalities of the head, neck and tail. Testicular histology showed progressive regression of the seminiferous tubules with most tubules devoid of spermatozoa and spermatid while testicular cholesterol was much higher compared to control. These results suggest that Phyllanthus amarus had a mild inhibitory effect on the male reproductive function as compared to clomiphene. These effects were reversible upon cessati

Global population has grown at such an alarming rate that it is critically straining the planet's resources. Thus regulating human fertility with an effective and inexpensive remedy, for example from plant sources is an attractive proposition. In this study, Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extract was given orally at 50, 100, 250 and 500mglkg body weight daily for 90 days to male rats to investigate its effect on the male reproductive function. Clomiphene citrate (a known male anti·fertility agent) was given orally at 5mgllOOg b. w. for comparison. The extract treatment lowered the fertility index (100, 250 and 500 mglkg b.w.) but litter size was not affected. Testicular (500mglkg b.w. group) and prostate (all extract treated groups) weights were significantly reduced. Epididymal sperm count and viability were significantly lowered (500mglkg b.w. group) without affecting motility and morphology. Testicular cholesterol showed a trend increase but was not significantly different compared to control whereas the mean volumetric proportion of testicular spermatozoa (500mglkg b.w. group) was significantly lower. Seminiferous tubules of rats given the highest dose showed interference in spermatogenesis at the spermatid level with the presence of degenerated spennatids in the lumen. In clomiphene treated rats, fertility was suppressed and the testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate were severely affected. Epididymal sperm count dropped to less than 2% of control while motility and viability were also as severely affected. Meanwhile sperm morphology revealed abnormalities of the head, neck and tail. Testicular histology showed progressive regression of the seminiferous tubules with most tubules devoid of spermatozoa and spermatid while testicular cholesterol was much higher compared to control. These results suggest that Phyllanthus amarus had a mild inhibitory effect on the male reproductive function as compared to clomiphene. These effects were reversible upon cessati

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1259636%5DMICH-V-1259636, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1259636/MICH-V-1259636/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1259636%5DMICH-V-1259636, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1259636/MICH-V-1259636/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1104941%5DMICH-V-1104941, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1104941/MICH-V-1104941/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1259636%5DMICH-V-1259636, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1259636/MICH-V-1259636/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1104941%5DMICH-V-1104941, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1104941/MICH-V-1104941/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1192959%5DMICH-V-1192959, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1192959/MICH-V-1192959/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167782%5DMICH-V-1167782, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167782/MICH-V-1167782/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167759%5DMICH-V-1167759, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167759/MICH-V-1167759/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167783%5DMICH-V-1167783, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167783/MICH-V-1167783/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1169009%5DMICH-V-1169009, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1169009/MICH-V-1169009/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167791%5DMICH-V-1167791, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167791/MICH-V-1167791/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167758%5DMICH-V-1167758, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167758/MICH-V-1167758/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167960%5DMICH-V-1167960, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167960/MICH-V-1167960/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167802%5DMICH-V-1167802, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167802/MICH-V-1167802/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167951%5DMICH-V-1167951, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167951/MICH-V-1167951/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167761%5DMICH-V-1167761, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167761/MICH-V-1167761/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167981%5DMICH-V-1167981, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167981/MICH-V-1167981/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167942%5DMICH-V-1167942, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167942/MICH-V-1167942/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy

Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1167994%5DMICH-V-1167994, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1167994/MICH-V-1167994/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy