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Inadequate understanding of the meaning of cocoa seedlings fertilization during the nursery stage is a significant problem in the performance and profitability of cacao crops, as it negatively affects cacao yield. Therefore, it is crucial to make adequate fertilization plans and, on the other hand to replenish the nutrients extracted and preserve soil health. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of N, P, K, Ca and Mg fertilizers on the growth and development of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.,) seedlings (FEAR-5), under nursery conditions. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and three replications. Treatments were defined according to fertilization recommendations for cocoa seedlings (2 to 6 months old) (i.e., N 2.4g; P 0.6g; K 2.4g; Ca 2.3g; and Mg 1.1g) with this we came up with five treatments based on soil analysis: Treatments: T1= recommended fertilization, T2= based on a soil analysis and the addition of 7 g Ca and 3.2 g Mg; T3= 50% of recommended fertilization; T4= 150% of recommended fertilization; and T5= no fertilizer application. Our results indicate that the plants subjected to T2 showed better performance in the variables plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of the stem, fresh and dry weight and total fresh and dry weight of the seedlings. In economic terms, T4 had the highest costs. The highest profitability was recorded by T5, despite the low performance in the physiological variables. more...

Using contemporary theories and methods, this article interprets prehispanic developments on the southern Pacific coast of Colombia, especially the Tumaco-La Tolita pueblos whose limits extended to the current territory of Esmeraldas in Ecuador. Taking into account theory and recent archaeological data, we analyze the importance of culture, art and power from which the cultural, social and political character of these communities suggests that these groups were hierarchical societies dominating a wide territory, expanding it and exploiting it in such a way that its connections and exchange networks reached distant coastal and inter-Andean regions., A partir de teorías y métodos contemporáneos, este artículo interpreta los desarrollos prehispánicos en el sur de la costa Pacífica de Colombia, especialmente sobre los pueblos Tumaco-La Tolita, cuyos límites se extendieron hasta el territorio actual de Esmeraldas en el Ecuador. Teniendo en cuenta la teoría y datos arqueológicos recientes, se intenta analizar la importancia de la cultura, el arte y el poder desde donde se infiere el carácter cultural, social y político de estas comunidades, que se muestran como sociedades jerárquicas dominando un amplio territorio, que fue expandido y explotado de tal manera que sus conexiones y redes de intercambio alcanzaron regiones costeras e interandinas lejanas. more...

To assess the course and status of recovery of rocky intertidal zonation after massive subsidence caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, from 2011 to 2013 we censused the vertical distribution of 10 dominant macrobenthic species (six sessile and four mobile species) in the mid-shore zone of 23 sites along the Sanriku coastline, 150-160 km north-northwest of the earthquake epicentre, and compared the vertical distributions of each species with their vertical distributions in the pre-earthquake period. The dynamics of rocky intertidal zonation varied substantially among species. Among sessile species, one barnacle dramatically increased in abundance and expanded its vertical range in 2011, but then decreased and completely disappeared from all plots by 2013. Zonations of other sessile species shifted downward following the subsidence in 2011. With some species, there was no clear change in abundance immediately after the earthquake, but they then began to increase and move upward after a few years; with other species, abundance continuously decreased. There was no clear change in the vertical distribution of any of the mobile species immediately after the earthquake. Abundance of two mobile species was unchanged, but abundance of the others decreased from 2012 and had not recovered as of 2013. more...

To assess the course and status of recovery of rocky intertidal zonation after massive subsidence caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, from 2011 to 2013 we censused the vertical distribution of 10 dominant macrobenthic species (six sessile and four mobile species) in the mid-shore zone of 23 sites along the Sanriku coastline, 150-160 km north-northwest of the earthquake epicentre, and compared the vertical distributions of each species with their vertical distributions in the pre-earthquake period. The dynamics of rocky intertidal zonation varied substantially among species. Among sessile species, one barnacle dramatically increased in abundance and expanded its vertical range in 2011, but then decreased and completely disappeared from all plots by 2013. Zonations of other sessile species shifted downward following the subsidence in 2011. With some species, there was no clear change in abundance immediately after the earthquake, but they then began to increase and move upward after a few years; with other species, abundance continuously decreased. There was no clear change in the vertical distribution of any of the mobile species immediately after the earthquake. Abundance of two mobile species was unchanged, but abundance of the others decreased from 2012 and had not recovered as of 2013. more...

The article addresses the Fukushima - Daiichi nuclear plant disaster in 2011 from a risk perspective, its impact on both Japanese society and the Pacific Rim. He also points out how this disaster had a shy reaction in the main institutions of the region, being interpreted as a subtle and erroneous way of minimizing the media impact of the catastrophe, not only by the Japanese government but also by other regional mechanisms despite the seriousness of the matter After four years have elapsed since the accident, there are still doubts about the consequences of the accident. On the other hand, it is a reflection on how a disaster of this nature became a threat not only for Japan, but also for an important region that shares great economic interests and that seems not ready to take on this type of risk., El artículo aborda el desastre de la planta nuclear de Fukushima – Daiichi en el 2011 desde la perspectiva del riesgo, su impacto tanto en la sociedad japonesa, como en la Cuenca del Pacífico. Señala asimismo, cómo este desastre tuvo una tímida reacción en las principales instituciones de la región, interpretándose como una manera sutil y errónea de minimizar el impacto mediático de la catástrofe, no solamente por el gobierno japonés sino también por otros mecanismos regionales a pesar de la gravedad del asunto. Luego de haber transcurrido cuatro años desde el accidente, aún existen dudas acerca de las consecuencias del mismo. Por otro lado, es una reflexión sobre cómo un desastre de esta naturaleza se convirtió en una amenaza no únicamente para Japón, sino de igual forma para una importante región que comparte grandes intereses económicos y que parece no está lista para asumir este tipo de riesgos. more...

To understand the patterns and processes associated with the population dynamics of Balanus glandula during the early phase of invasion along the Pacific coast of eastern Hokkaido, population surveys were conducted from 2002 to 2011 at five shores, each consisting of five paired plots (scraped recruitment plot and unscraped establishment plot), along 49 km of coastline located 144 km east of the eastern front of the invasion of this species in 2000. Larval recruitment was first detected in 2004, but the establishment of a population was not observed until 2 years later at the westernmost shore of the study area. Occurrence increased from non-native barnacle present in 4 % of plots in 2006 to 100 % in 2011, but mean coverage remained low (<5 %) in 2011. Most local population coverage fluctuated without indicating clear temporal trends, but coverage in one plot showed a consistent pattern of rapid increase. Local extinctions occurred, but rates of local extinction decreased with time as larval recruitment increased. Lag times between recruitment and establishment occurred for 64 % of the paired plots and ranged from 1 to 4 years. Lag times decreased after 5 years, when larval recruitment increased. These findings suggest that the intensity of larval recruitment determined invasion dynamics during this early phase of the invasion, and the monitoring of recruitment is therefore essential for early detection of invasions by sessile marine organisms and prediction of their range expansion. more...

Despite being important components in coastal marine systems, sea anemones have been poorly studied on both coasts of Costa Rica. In this paper new records of sea anemones are mentioned for the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Costa Rica and the Isla del Coco National Park. Additionally, the presence of other species previously recorded in Costa Rica based on single observations or photos, is reconfirmed. An updated inventory of these cnidarians is provided, and with the corallimorpharians, comprises of 16 species (10 in the Caribbean and 6 in the Pacific and Coco Island). A comparison with the sea anemone fauna of Panama is added., A pesar de ser componentes importantes en los sistemas marino-costeros, las anémonas de mar han sido poco estudiadas en las costas de Costa Rica. En el presente trabajo se dan a conocer registros nuevos de anémonas de mar para las costas del Caribe y Pacífico de Costa Rica, incluyendo el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco. Se han confirmado también la presencia de otras especies que habían sido registradas para Costa Rica, pero sólo en base a observaciones visuales o fotografías. Se actualiza el inventario de este grupo de cnidarios que, junto a los corallimorpharios, está constituido por 16 especies (10 en el Caribe y 6 en el Pacífico e Isla del Coco). Asimismo, se realiza una comparación entre las faunas de anémonas de mar de Costa Rica y Panamá. more...

I would like thank Professor Jeff Paduan for his exceptional guidance and mentorship throughout this long journey. In addition, I would like to thank Mike Cook for his patience and assistance with helping me understand MATLAB code generation and insight into the CODAR system. To Professor Mary Batteen for being a second reader and helping me get settled into the graduate school grind. To Fred Bahr for taking his time to help me with various MATLAB programming issues and sharing his office space to do this research. I would also like to thank LT Dave Hudson, LT Sarah Height, LT Adam Thomas, and LT Jason Barrett for helping me through the NPS syllabus and for being lunch pals throughout the week. To my parents, Rachel and Richard, for giving me encouragement and support growing up in order for me to make it into my twenties and ready for the real world. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Arnheidur, and my two children Embla and Ellert for the support that they have given me during my Navy career and especially these last two years. I spent way too many weekends away from you than I would have liked and appreciate your patience., http://archive.org/details/validationofhigh109453918, US Navy (USN) author., Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. more...

The many Coast Salish groups distributed on both sides of the United States-Canada border on the Pacific coast today face significant obstacles to cross the international border, and in some cases are denied passage or intimidated into not attempting to cross. The current situation regarding travel by Aboriginal people reflects the "hardening" of the border by United States officials following the events of "9-11." A bureaucratic environment has become increasingly hostile to the interests of Aboriginal groups in favor of security. In addition, the problems encountered by individual Aboriginal travelers at the border reflect a transformed American impression of Canada, now commonly treated politically and administratively as a state from which enemies of America are positioned to harm American interests. These new perceptions create an environment that enables Homeland Security officers to regard Aboriginal peoples who seek to cross the border as suspect, although they do so under legal conventions that allow passage of Aboriginal peoples. Officers then act on their own received, stereotypical notions of what a "real Indian" looks like, and deny passage to those they consider to be fakes. These border issues reflect a larger pattern of the denial of Aboriginal rights and challenges to tribal sovereignty by the American state and its citizenry. Data for this work comes from interviews with Coast Salish people and the case of a Coast Salish man who was detained and prosecuted for attempting to cross the border. A justice summit held in 2003 provides direct insight into official American approaches to the border as they concern Aboriginal people, while reporting by the Seattle Times reveals local responses to 9-11. more...

Cyrtocarpa edulis var. glabra, an endemic taxon restricted to the southwestern portion of the Baja california Peninsula, is described and illustrated. this new variety only occurs along an arid coastal strip of the Pacific Ocean. The principal character by which it differs from the typical variety is the glabrous condition of the leaves, flowers, and fruits, Se describe e ilustra a Cyrtocarpa edulis var. glabra, un taxon endémico restringido al sector sud-occidental de la Península de Baja california. esta nueva variedad sólo ocupa una árida franja costera del Océano Pacífico. La principal característica que la hace diferir de la variedad típica es la condición glabra de las hojas, flores y frutos more...

This paper analyses the potential impact of sea level rise associated with global climate change along the Colombian Pacific coast, estimated in one meter by the year 2100. Based on the study of coastallandforms, related dynamic processes and their recent evolution, this study evaluates the threat of coastal flooding and associated erosional processes related to sea level rise. In the study, it was determinated that 617 Km2 of coastallowlands will suffer flooding, while 5 894 Km2 will be affected by ponding and localized flooding, whereas 8,9% of the coastline is highly susceptible to erosion, including important urban sectors as Buenaventura and Tumaco, as well as many towns and villages distributed along the coast., Se evaluó el potencial impacto del ascenso del nivel del mar asociado al cambio climático global sobre el litoral Pacífico colombiano, proyectado en un metro para el año 2100. Con base en el estudio de las geoformas litorales, los procesos dinámicos asociados y su evoluci6n reciente, se evaluó la amenaza por inundación y erosión asociada al actual ascenso del nivel del mar. En el estudio se identificó que 617 Km2 de costa baja serán anegados y 5 894 Km2 sufrirán desde encharcamiento fuerte hasta inundación permanente, en tanto que el 8,9% de la línea de costa es altamente susceptible a la erosi6n, incluyéndose en esto sectores de ciudades como Buenaventura y Tumaco, así como numerosos poblados y caseríos menores distribuidos a lo largo de la costa. more...

This paper analyses the potential impact of sea level rise associated with global climate change along the Colombian Pacific coast, estimated in one meter by the year 2100. Based on the study of coastallandforms, related dynamic processes and their recent evolution, this study evaluates the threat of coastal flooding and associated erosional processes related to sea level rise. In the study, it was determinated that 617 Km2 of coastallowlands will suffer flooding, while 5 894 Km2 will be affected by ponding and localized flooding, whereas 8,9% of the coastline is highly susceptible to erosion, including important urban sectors as Buenaventura and Tumaco, as well as many towns and villages distributed along the coast., Se evalu6 el potencial impacto del ascenso del nivel del mar asociado al cambio climático global sobre el litoral Pacífico colombiano, proyectado en un metro para el año 2100. Con base en el estudio de las geoformas litorales, los procesos dinámicos asociados y su evoluci6n reciente, se evalu61a amenaza por inundaci6n y erosi6n asociada al actual ascenso del nivel del mar. En el estudio se identific6 que 617 Km2 de costa baja serán anegados y 5 894 Km2 sufrirán desde encharcamiento fuerte hasta inundaci6n permanente, en tanto que el 8,9% de la línea de costa es altamente susceptible a la erosi6n, incluyéndose en esto sectores de ciudades como Buenaventura y Tumaco, así como numerosos poblados y caseríos menores distribuidos a lo largo de la costa. more...

Four new species of Cyclanthaceae, Asplundia trilobulata, A. gigantea, Dicranopygium arusisense and D. odoratum, from the Cabo Corrientes area on the Pacific Coast of Colombia, are described and illustrated. Their taxonomic status and probable relationships are dicussed., Se describen e ilustran cuatro especies nuevas de Cyclanthaceae, Asplundia trilobulata, A. gigantea, Dicranopygium arusisense y D. odoratum, de la región del Cabo Corrientes en la Costa Pacífica de Colombia. Se discute su posición y relaciones taxonómicas. more...

A further analysis of the 1967-74 Santa Barbara weather modification experiment data is in progress in the Department of Statistics, Florida State University. The present report provides a nonparametric covariance analysis, of limited scope, of the Phase I experimental data. The findings tend to confirm, qualitatively, the North American Weather Consultants conclusions of a demonstrable seeding effect under selected conditions of cloud instability and cloud temperature. Quantitively, however, the present findings are more restrained. The analysis tends to suggest the need for improved experimental designs. (Author) more...