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Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infections are common infections in children and are a frequent reason for dropping out of school, visiting a doctor and for unnecessary healthcare costs. The purpose of this research is to review, analyze and synthesize the existing literature on the measures for the treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infection.Methods: A descriptive method was used. The literature search was conducted in the period from December 2019 to January 2020 in the Medline and CINAHL databases. The process of searching and analyzing the literature is shown using a PRISMA diagram. The results were analyzed according to the characteristics of the studies and classified according to the level of evidence. The results were synthesized using content analysis.Results: Out of 1845 identified hits, 18 were included in the final analysis. We identified 10 categories: knowledge, identification of upper respiratory tract infection, prescribing and using antibiotics, using non-prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the hospital, social isolation, unproven drug success, activities of healthcare professionals to prevent or treat upper respiratory tract infections, child and parent-focused treatment. We identified three categories: health education, treatment, and measures to improve health care, nursing, and care.Discussion and conclusion: For quality healthcare treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infections, a child- and family-oriented, holistic and safe approach is needed. Measures in the interdisciplinary medical treatment of children should be based on scientific evidence. In addition to appropriate treatment and measures, it is important that training for children and parents is also provided., Uvod: Okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti so pri otrocih pogoste ter so tudi pogost razlog za opustitve šolanja, obisk zdravnika in nepotrebne stroške zdravstva. Namen raziskave je pregledati, analizirati in sintetizirati obstoječo literaturo s področja ukrepov pri zdravstveni obravnavi otrok z okužbo zgornjih dihalnih poti.Metode: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela. Iskanje literature je potekalo v obdobju od decembra 2019 do januarja 2020 v mednarodnih podatkovnih bazah Medline in CINAHL. Potek iskanja in analize literature je prikazan s pomočjo diagrama PRISMA. Zadetke smo analizirali glede na karakteristike raziskav in razvrstili glede na raven dokaza. Rezultate smo sintetizirali s pomočjo vsebinske analize.Rezultati: Izmed 1.845 identificiranih zadetkov smo v končno analizo vključili 18 zadetkov. Identificirali smo 10 kategorij: znanje, prepoznavanje okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti, predpisovanje in uporaba antibiotikov, uporaba nepredpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v bolnišnici, socialna izolacija, nedokazan uspeh zdravila, dejavnosti zdravstvenih delavcev za preprečevanje ali zdravljenje okužb zgornjih dihalnih poti, obravnava, osredotočena na otroka in starše. Identificirali smo tri kategorije: zdravstvena vzgoja, zdravljenje in ukrepi za izboljšanje zdravstvene obravnave, zdravstvena nega in oskrba.Diskusija in zaključek: Za kakovostno zdravstveno obravnavo otrok z okužbami zgornjih dihalnih poti je potreben pristop, ki je usmerjen k otroku in družini, je celosten ter varen. Ukrepi pri interdisciplinarni zdravstveni obravnavi otrok morajo temeljiti na znanstvenih dokazih. Poleg ustreznega zdravljenja in ukrepov je pomembno, da izvajamo tudi izobraževanje otrok in staršev.

Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infections are common infections in children and are a frequent reason for dropping out of school, visiting a doctor and for unnecessary healthcare costs. The purpose of this research is to review, analyze and synthesize the existing literature on the measures for the treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infection.Methods: A descriptive method was used. The literature search was conducted in the period from December 2019 to January 2020 in the Medline and CINAHL databases. The process of searching and analyzing the literature is shown using a PRISMA diagram. The results were analyzed according to the characteristics of the studies and classified according to the level of evidence. The results were synthesized using content analysis.Results: Out of 1845 identified hits, 18 were included in the final analysis. We identified 10 categories: knowledge, identification of upper respiratory tract infection, prescribing and using antibiotics, using non-prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the hospital, social isolation, unproven drug success, activities of healthcare professionals to prevent or treat upper respiratory tract infections, child and parent-focused treatment. We identified three categories: health education, treatment, and measures to improve health care, nursing, and care.Discussion and conclusion: For quality healthcare treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infections, a child- and family-oriented, holistic and safe approach is needed. Measures in the interdisciplinary medical treatment of children should be based on scientific evidence. In addition to appropriate treatment and measures, it is important that training for children and parents is also provided., Uvod: Okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti so pri otrocih pogoste ter so tudi pogost razlog za opustitve šolanja, obisk zdravnika in nepotrebne stroške zdravstva. Namen raziskave je pregledati, analizirati in sintetizirati obstoječo literaturo s področja ukrepov pri zdravstveni obravnavi otrok z okužbo zgornjih dihalnih poti.Metode: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela. Iskanje literature je potekalo v obdobju od decembra 2019 do januarja 2020 v mednarodnih podatkovnih bazah Medline in CINAHL. Potek iskanja in analize literature je prikazan s pomočjo diagrama PRISMA. Zadetke smo analizirali glede na karakteristike raziskav in razvrstili glede na raven dokaza. Rezultate smo sintetizirali s pomočjo vsebinske analize.Rezultati: Izmed 1.845 identificiranih zadetkov smo v končno analizo vključili 18 zadetkov. Identificirali smo 10 kategorij: znanje, prepoznavanje okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti, predpisovanje in uporaba antibiotikov, uporaba nepredpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v bolnišnici, socialna izolacija, nedokazan uspeh zdravila, dejavnosti zdravstvenih delavcev za preprečevanje ali zdravljenje okužb zgornjih dihalnih poti, obravnava, osredotočena na otroka in starše. Identificirali smo tri kategorije: zdravstvena vzgoja, zdravljenje in ukrepi za izboljšanje zdravstvene obravnave, zdravstvena nega in oskrba.Diskusija in zaključek: Za kakovostno zdravstveno obravnavo otrok z okužbami zgornjih dihalnih poti je potreben pristop, ki je usmerjen k otroku in družini, je celosten ter varen. Ukrepi pri interdisciplinarni zdravstveni obravnavi otrok morajo temeljiti na znanstvenih dokazih. Poleg ustreznega zdravljenja in ukrepov je pomembno, da izvajamo tudi izobraževanje otrok in staršev.

Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infections are common infections in children and are a frequent reason for dropping out of school, visiting a doctor and for unnecessary healthcare costs. The purpose of this research is to review, analyze and synthesize the existing literature on the measures for the treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infection.Methods: A descriptive method was used. The literature search was conducted in the period from December 2019 to January 2020 in the Medline and CINAHL databases. The process of searching and analyzing the literature is shown using a PRISMA diagram. The results were analyzed according to the characteristics of the studies and classified according to the level of evidence. The results were synthesized using content analysis.Results: Out of 1845 identified hits, 18 were included in the final analysis. We identified 10 categories: knowledge, identification of upper respiratory tract infection, prescribing and using antibiotics, using non-prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the hospital, social isolation, unproven drug success, activities of healthcare professionals to prevent or treat upper respiratory tract infections, child and parent-focused treatment. We identified three categories: health education, treatment, and measures to improve health care, nursing, and care.Discussion and conclusion: For quality healthcare treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infections, a child- and family-oriented, holistic and safe approach is needed. Measures in the interdisciplinary medical treatment of children should be based on scientific evidence. In addition to appropriate treatment and measures, it is important that training for children and parents is also provided., Uvod: Okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti so pri otrocih pogoste ter so tudi pogost razlog za opustitve šolanja, obisk zdravnika in nepotrebne stroške zdravstva. Namen raziskave je pregledati, analizirati in sintetizirati obstoječo literaturo s področja ukrepov pri zdravstveni obravnavi otrok z okužbo zgornjih dihalnih poti.Metode: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela. Iskanje literature je potekalo v obdobju od decembra 2019 do januarja 2020 v mednarodnih podatkovnih bazah Medline in CINAHL. Potek iskanja in analize literature je prikazan s pomočjo diagrama PRISMA. Zadetke smo analizirali glede na karakteristike raziskav in razvrstili glede na raven dokaza. Rezultate smo sintetizirali s pomočjo vsebinske analize.Rezultati: Izmed 1.845 identificiranih zadetkov smo v končno analizo vključili 18 zadetkov. Identificirali smo 10 kategorij: znanje, prepoznavanje okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti, predpisovanje in uporaba antibiotikov, uporaba nepredpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v bolnišnici, socialna izolacija, nedokazan uspeh zdravila, dejavnosti zdravstvenih delavcev za preprečevanje ali zdravljenje okužb zgornjih dihalnih poti, obravnava, osredotočena na otroka in starše. Identificirali smo tri kategorije: zdravstvena vzgoja, zdravljenje in ukrepi za izboljšanje zdravstvene obravnave, zdravstvena nega in oskrba.Diskusija in zaključek: Za kakovostno zdravstveno obravnavo otrok z okužbami zgornjih dihalnih poti je potreben pristop, ki je usmerjen k otroku in družini, je celosten ter varen. Ukrepi pri interdisciplinarni zdravstveni obravnavi otrok morajo temeljiti na znanstvenih dokazih. Poleg ustreznega zdravljenja in ukrepov je pomembno, da izvajamo tudi izobraževanje otrok in staršev.

Introduction: Upper respiratory tract infections are common infections in children and are a frequent reason for dropping out of school, visiting a doctor and for unnecessary healthcare costs. The purpose of this research is to review, analyze and synthesize the existing literature on the measures for the treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infection.Methods: A descriptive method was used. The literature search was conducted in the period from December 2019 to January 2020 in the Medline and CINAHL databases. The process of searching and analyzing the literature is shown using a PRISMA diagram. The results were analyzed according to the characteristics of the studies and classified according to the level of evidence. The results were synthesized using content analysis.Results: Out of 1845 identified hits, 18 were included in the final analysis. We identified 10 categories: knowledge, identification of upper respiratory tract infection, prescribing and using antibiotics, using non-prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the home environment, using prescribed drugs in the hospital, social isolation, unproven drug success, activities of healthcare professionals to prevent or treat upper respiratory tract infections, child and parent-focused treatment. We identified three categories: health education, treatment, and measures to improve health care, nursing, and care.Discussion and conclusion: For quality healthcare treatment of children with upper respiratory tract infections, a child- and family-oriented, holistic and safe approach is needed. Measures in the interdisciplinary medical treatment of children should be based on scientific evidence. In addition to appropriate treatment and measures, it is important that training for children and parents is also provided., Uvod: Okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti so pri otrocih pogoste ter so tudi pogost razlog za opustitve šolanja, obisk zdravnika in nepotrebne stroške zdravstva. Namen raziskave je pregledati, analizirati in sintetizirati obstoječo literaturo s področja ukrepov pri zdravstveni obravnavi otrok z okužbo zgornjih dihalnih poti.Metode: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela. Iskanje literature je potekalo v obdobju od decembra 2019 do januarja 2020 v mednarodnih podatkovnih bazah Medline in CINAHL. Potek iskanja in analize literature je prikazan s pomočjo diagrama PRISMA. Zadetke smo analizirali glede na karakteristike raziskav in razvrstili glede na raven dokaza. Rezultate smo sintetizirali s pomočjo vsebinske analize.Rezultati: Izmed 1.845 identificiranih zadetkov smo v končno analizo vključili 18 zadetkov. Identificirali smo 10 kategorij: znanje, prepoznavanje okužbe zgornjih dihalnih poti, predpisovanje in uporaba antibiotikov, uporaba nepredpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v domačem okolju, uporaba predpisanih zdravil v bolnišnici, socialna izolacija, nedokazan uspeh zdravila, dejavnosti zdravstvenih delavcev za preprečevanje ali zdravljenje okužb zgornjih dihalnih poti, obravnava, osredotočena na otroka in starše. Identificirali smo tri kategorije: zdravstvena vzgoja, zdravljenje in ukrepi za izboljšanje zdravstvene obravnave, zdravstvena nega in oskrba.Diskusija in zaključek: Za kakovostno zdravstveno obravnavo otrok z okužbami zgornjih dihalnih poti je potreben pristop, ki je usmerjen k otroku in družini, je celosten ter varen. Ukrepi pri interdisciplinarni zdravstveni obravnavi otrok morajo temeljiti na znanstvenih dokazih. Poleg ustreznega zdravljenja in ukrepov je pomembno, da izvajamo tudi izobraževanje otrok in staršev.

Introduction: The basic characteristics of pediatric nursing include the best possible care for the child, the maintenance of family integrity and the child's routine, as well as the special knowledge and skills needed for the care of a child. The theory of interpersonal relations emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relations between a nurse and a patient, which develops through phases of interpersonal relations. The aim of the description, analysis and evaluation of the theory is to determine the possibility of transferring and using thetheory in the practice of pediatric nursing.Methods: A review of the scientific and professional literature was used in the following databases: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect and CINAHL. PRISMA recommendations were considered. We ranked the identified search hits according to the hierarchy of evidence, and evaluated the quality of the study using the GRADE recommendations. The theory was described, analyzed and evaluated according to Pajnkihar's model.Results: Of the 321 identified hits, 21 were included in the final analysis. Through the analysis of the identified hits, we have found that most authors define the theory of interpersonal relations as medium–range theory. They also generally agree that the theory is simple as well as complex, and has clearly described concepts, propositions and assumptions. The phenomenon of interpersonal relations is clear to nurses in a clinical setting.Discussion and conclusion: The theory is useful for nursing practice, research, and education. Testing the theory in pediatric nursing is required before applying the theory in practice and education. The theory supports the development of interpersonal relations, as well as verbal and non–verbal communication and may be used in theory–based practice., Uvod: Temeljne značilnosti pediatrične zdravstvene nege so najboljša skrb za otroka, vzdrževanje integritete družine in otrokove rutine ter posebna znanja in spretnosti za negovanje otroka. Teorija medosebnih odnosov poudarja pomen medosebnega odnosa med medicinsko sestro in pacientom, ki se razvija skozi posamezne faze medsebojnega odnosa. Namen opisa, analize in vrednotenja teorije je ugotoviti možnost prenosa in uporabe teorije v praksi pediatrične zdravstvene nege.Metode: Uporabljen je bil pregled znanstvene in strokovne literature v naslednjih podatkovnih bazah: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect in CINAHL. Upoštevana so bila priporočila PRISMA. Identificirane zadetke smo uvrstili v nivo glede na hierarhijo dokazov in ocenili kakovost s pomočjo priporočil GRADE. Teorijo smo opisali, analizirali in evalvirali po modelu avtorice M. Pajnkihar.Rezultati: Izmed 321 identificiranih zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključeno 21 zadetkov. S pomočjo analize identificiranih zadetkov ugotavljamo, da večina avtorjev teorijo medosebnih odnosov opredeli kot teorijo srednjega obsega. V veliki meri se strinjajo, da je teorija enostavna in kompleksna ter ima jasno opisane koncepte, propozicije in predpostavke. Fenomen medosebnih odnosov je jasen medicinskim sestram v kliničnem okolju.Diskusija in zaključek: Teorija je uporabna za prakso zdravstvene nege, raziskovanje in izobraževanje. Pred aplikacijo teorije v prakso in izobraževanje na področju pediatrične zdravstvene nege je treba teorijo testirati. Teorija podpira razvoj medosebnih odnosov ter verbalne in neverbalne komunikacije in jo lahko uporabimo za prakso, podprto s teorijo.

Introduction: The basic characteristics of pediatric nursing include the best possible care for the child, the maintenance of family integrity and the child's routine, as well as the special knowledge and skills needed for the care of a child. The theory of interpersonal relations emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relations between a nurse and a patient, which develops through phases of interpersonal relations. The aim of the description, analysis and evaluation of the theory is to determine the possibility of transferring and using thetheory in the practice of pediatric nursing.Methods: A review of the scientific and professional literature was used in the following databases: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect and CINAHL. PRISMA recommendations were considered. We ranked the identified search hits according to the hierarchy of evidence, and evaluated the quality of the study using the GRADE recommendations. The theory was described, analyzed and evaluated according to Pajnkihar's model.Results: Of the 321 identified hits, 21 were included in the final analysis. Through the analysis of the identified hits, we have found that most authors define the theory of interpersonal relations as medium–range theory. They also generally agree that the theory is simple as well as complex, and has clearly described concepts, propositions and assumptions. The phenomenon of interpersonal relations is clear to nurses in a clinical setting.Discussion and conclusion: The theory is useful for nursing practice, research, and education. Testing the theory in pediatric nursing is required before applying the theory in practice and education. The theory supports the development of interpersonal relations, as well as verbal and non–verbal communication and may be used in theory–based practice., Uvod: Temeljne značilnosti pediatrične zdravstvene nege so najboljša skrb za otroka, vzdrževanje integritete družine in otrokove rutine ter posebna znanja in spretnosti za negovanje otroka. Teorija medosebnih odnosov poudarja pomen medosebnega odnosa med medicinsko sestro in pacientom, ki se razvija skozi posamezne faze medsebojnega odnosa. Namen opisa, analize in vrednotenja teorije je ugotoviti možnost prenosa in uporabe teorije v praksi pediatrične zdravstvene nege.Metode: Uporabljen je bil pregled znanstvene in strokovne literature v naslednjih podatkovnih bazah: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect in CINAHL. Upoštevana so bila priporočila PRISMA. Identificirane zadetke smo uvrstili v nivo glede na hierarhijo dokazov in ocenili kakovost s pomočjo priporočil GRADE. Teorijo smo opisali, analizirali in evalvirali po modelu avtorice M. Pajnkihar.Rezultati: Izmed 321 identificiranih zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključeno 21 zadetkov. S pomočjo analize identificiranih zadetkov ugotavljamo, da večina avtorjev teorijo medosebnih odnosov opredeli kot teorijo srednjega obsega. V veliki meri se strinjajo, da je teorija enostavna in kompleksna ter ima jasno opisane koncepte, propozicije in predpostavke. Fenomen medosebnih odnosov je jasen medicinskim sestram v kliničnem okolju.Diskusija in zaključek: Teorija je uporabna za prakso zdravstvene nege, raziskovanje in izobraževanje. Pred aplikacijo teorije v prakso in izobraževanje na področju pediatrične zdravstvene nege je treba teorijo testirati. Teorija podpira razvoj medosebnih odnosov ter verbalne in neverbalne komunikacije in jo lahko uporabimo za prakso, podprto s teorijo.

Introduction: The basic characteristics of pediatric nursing include the best possible care for the child, the maintenance of family integrity and the child's routine, as well as the special knowledge and skills needed for the care of a child. The theory of interpersonal relations emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relations between a nurse and a patient, which develops through phases of interpersonal relations. The aim of the description, analysis and evaluation of the theory is to determine the possibility of transferring and using thetheory in the practice of pediatric nursing.Methods: A review of the scientific and professional literature was used in the following databases: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect and CINAHL. PRISMA recommendations were considered. We ranked the identified search hits according to the hierarchy of evidence, and evaluated the quality of the study using the GRADE recommendations. The theory was described, analyzed and evaluated according to Pajnkihar's model.Results: Of the 321 identified hits, 21 were included in the final analysis. Through the analysis of the identified hits, we have found that most authors define the theory of interpersonal relations as medium–range theory. They also generally agree that the theory is simple as well as complex, and has clearly described concepts, propositions and assumptions. The phenomenon of interpersonal relations is clear to nurses in a clinical setting.Discussion and conclusion: The theory is useful for nursing practice, research, and education. Testing the theory in pediatric nursing is required before applying the theory in practice and education. The theory supports the development of interpersonal relations, as well as verbal and non–verbal communication and may be used in theory–based practice., Uvod: Temeljne značilnosti pediatrične zdravstvene nege so najboljša skrb za otroka, vzdrževanje integritete družine in otrokove rutine ter posebna znanja in spretnosti za negovanje otroka. Teorija medosebnih odnosov poudarja pomen medosebnega odnosa med medicinsko sestro in pacientom, ki se razvija skozi posamezne faze medsebojnega odnosa. Namen opisa, analize in vrednotenja teorije je ugotoviti možnost prenosa in uporabe teorije v praksi pediatrične zdravstvene nege.Metode: Uporabljen je bil pregled znanstvene in strokovne literature v naslednjih podatkovnih bazah: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect in CINAHL. Upoštevana so bila priporočila PRISMA. Identificirane zadetke smo uvrstili v nivo glede na hierarhijo dokazov in ocenili kakovost s pomočjo priporočil GRADE. Teorijo smo opisali, analizirali in evalvirali po modelu avtorice M. Pajnkihar.Rezultati: Izmed 321 identificiranih zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključeno 21 zadetkov. S pomočjo analize identificiranih zadetkov ugotavljamo, da večina avtorjev teorijo medosebnih odnosov opredeli kot teorijo srednjega obsega. V veliki meri se strinjajo, da je teorija enostavna in kompleksna ter ima jasno opisane koncepte, propozicije in predpostavke. Fenomen medosebnih odnosov je jasen medicinskim sestram v kliničnem okolju.Diskusija in zaključek: Teorija je uporabna za prakso zdravstvene nege, raziskovanje in izobraževanje. Pred aplikacijo teorije v prakso in izobraževanje na področju pediatrične zdravstvene nege je treba teorijo testirati. Teorija podpira razvoj medosebnih odnosov ter verbalne in neverbalne komunikacije in jo lahko uporabimo za prakso, podprto s teorijo.

Introduction: The basic characteristics of pediatric nursing include the best possible care for the child, the maintenance of family integrity and the child's routine, as well as the special knowledge and skills needed for the care of a child. The theory of interpersonal relations emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relations between a nurse and a patient, which develops through phases of interpersonal relations. The aim of the description, analysis and evaluation of the theory is to determine the possibility of transferring and using thetheory in the practice of pediatric nursing.Methods: A review of the scientific and professional literature was used in the following databases: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect and CINAHL. PRISMA recommendations were considered. We ranked the identified search hits according to the hierarchy of evidence, and evaluated the quality of the study using the GRADE recommendations. The theory was described, analyzed and evaluated according to Pajnkihar's model.Results: Of the 321 identified hits, 21 were included in the final analysis. Through the analysis of the identified hits, we have found that most authors define the theory of interpersonal relations as medium–range theory. They also generally agree that the theory is simple as well as complex, and has clearly described concepts, propositions and assumptions. The phenomenon of interpersonal relations is clear to nurses in a clinical setting.Discussion and conclusion: The theory is useful for nursing practice, research, and education. Testing the theory in pediatric nursing is required before applying the theory in practice and education. The theory supports the development of interpersonal relations, as well as verbal and non–verbal communication and may be used in theory–based practice., Uvod: Temeljne značilnosti pediatrične zdravstvene nege so najboljša skrb za otroka, vzdrževanje integritete družine in otrokove rutine ter posebna znanja in spretnosti za negovanje otroka. Teorija medosebnih odnosov poudarja pomen medosebnega odnosa med medicinsko sestro in pacientom, ki se razvija skozi posamezne faze medsebojnega odnosa. Namen opisa, analize in vrednotenja teorije je ugotoviti možnost prenosa in uporabe teorije v praksi pediatrične zdravstvene nege.Metode: Uporabljen je bil pregled znanstvene in strokovne literature v naslednjih podatkovnih bazah: Web of Science, ProQuest, Medline, PubMed, ScienceDirect in CINAHL. Upoštevana so bila priporočila PRISMA. Identificirane zadetke smo uvrstili v nivo glede na hierarhijo dokazov in ocenili kakovost s pomočjo priporočil GRADE. Teorijo smo opisali, analizirali in evalvirali po modelu avtorice M. Pajnkihar.Rezultati: Izmed 321 identificiranih zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključeno 21 zadetkov. S pomočjo analize identificiranih zadetkov ugotavljamo, da večina avtorjev teorijo medosebnih odnosov opredeli kot teorijo srednjega obsega. V veliki meri se strinjajo, da je teorija enostavna in kompleksna ter ima jasno opisane koncepte, propozicije in predpostavke. Fenomen medosebnih odnosov je jasen medicinskim sestram v kliničnem okolju.Diskusija in zaključek: Teorija je uporabna za prakso zdravstvene nege, raziskovanje in izobraževanje. Pred aplikacijo teorije v prakso in izobraževanje na področju pediatrične zdravstvene nege je treba teorijo testirati. Teorija podpira razvoj medosebnih odnosov ter verbalne in neverbalne komunikacije in jo lahko uporabimo za prakso, podprto s teorijo.

Introduction: Doll therapy is a non-pharmacological approach in managing patients who suffer from dementia that reduces spiritual and emotional distress and agitation, and improves communication. The purpose of the systematic literature review was to present psychological, social and spiritual effects of doll therapy on people with dementia.Methods: A systematic literature review was used. The search was conducted in databases CINAHL, Science Direct and PubMed. Original scientific articles published since 2001 were included. Scientific articles with inadequate content or population, review articles and articles in languages that were not in English were excluded. The following search keywords were used: 'doll therapy', 'doll', 'dementia', 'spiritual', 'psychological', 'social', 'aspect' and 'nursing'. From a total of 135 results, 10 articles were included in the final analysis. Data was analyzed using the content analysis method.Results: Three content categories were developed: (1) Connection; (2) Social contacts; (3) Well-being and comfort. The results show the importance of connection and social contact, and highlight the need for wellbeing. These are important psychosocial and spiritual aspects of people with dementia.Discussion and conclusion: We have found that doll therapy in nursing people with dementia is an effective and useful approach that has a beneficial effect on their spiritual and emotional well-being. The approach encourages interaction of people with dementia with staff and with others. Therefore, from the viewpoint of providing psychosocial and spiritual care of people with dementia, the approach is appropriate and recommended., Uvod: Terapija z lutkami sodi med nefarmakološke pristope v obravnavi oseb, obolelih za demenco, ki ugodno vplivajo na zmanjšanje duhovne in čustvene stiske, vznemirjenosti in izboljšajo komunikacijo. Namen sistematičnega pregleda literature je bil predstaviti psihološke, socialne in duhovne vplive terapije z lutko na osebe, obolele za demenco.Metode: Uporabljen je bil sistematični pregled znanstvene literature. Pregledane so bile podatkovne zbirke CINAHL, Science Direct in PubMed. Iskanje je potekalo s ključnimi besedami v angleščini: »doll therapy«, »doll«, »dementia«, »spiritual«, »psychological«, »social«, »aspect« in »nursing«. Vključeni so bili izvirni znanstveni članki, objavljeni po letu 2001. Izključeni so bili znanstveni članki z neustrezno vsebino, populacijo, pregledni članki, članki v jezikih, ki ni angleški. Izmed 135 zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključenih 10 člankov. Podatke smo analizirali z metodo vsebinske analize.Rezultati: Oblikovane so bile tri vsebinske kategorije: (1) povezanost, (2) družabni stiki, (3) dobro počutje in ugodje. Rezultati kažejo na pomembnost povezanosti in družabnih stikov ter izpostavljajo potrebo po dobrem počutju. Gre za pomembne psihosocialne in duhovne vidike oseb, obolelih za demenco.Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da je uporaba terapije z lutko v obravnavi oseb, obolelih za demenco, učinkovit in uporaben pristop, ki ugodno vpliva na njihovo dobro počutje. Pristop spodbuja interakcijo oseb, obolelih za demenco, z osebjem in drugimi. Zato je z vidika zagotavljanja psihosocialnih in duhovnih potreb oseb, obolelih za demenco, primeren in priporočljiv.

Introduction: Strategy of stimulation intended for patients with chronic pain is an active strategy of pain selfregulation where an individual learns to find the balance between the time used for an activity and the time for resting. The aim is to maintain the quality of life and reduce the symptoms of chronic pain. No unified definition for the concept has been developed yet nor has it been applied in practice.Methods: The descriptive method, the method of analysis, the synthesis of the literature and the PRISMA guidelines were used. Out of a total of 789 results, 19 were included in the final analysis. We performed an overview of the relevant scientific literature and an analysis of the concept stimulation, which has not yet been carried out in Slovenia and includes nine steps.Results: The strategy for chronic pain management can be divided into three groups: (1) forerunners: pain and ignorance, (2) attributes: activity, time, balance, learning and self-control and (3) consequences of the concept: pain treatment and increased effectiveness at activities.Discussion and conclusion: Before applying it in practice, the strategy should be tested in a clinical environment and a re-evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the concept should be performed. Views on applying the concept in practice differ; some think this would lead to negative consequences, while others think that it would contribute to the healing of chronic pain. The strategy would be useful in programs for patients with a diagnosed chronic pain (chronic pain after injury, degenerative changes, chronic back pains, chronic headaches, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain etc.) that is not a consequence of oncological illness., Uvod: Strategija stimulacije, namenjena pacientom s kronično bolečino, je aktivnost samoobvladovanja bolečine, pri čemer se posameznik nauči najti ravnotežje med časom za fizične aktivnosti in časom za počitek. Cilj strategije stimulacije je ohraniti kakovost življenja in zmanjšati simptome kronične bolečine. Za strategijo še ni razvite enotne definicije, prav tako še ni aplicirana v prakso.Metode: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela, metodo analize in sinteze literature ter smernice PRISMA. Izmed skupno identificiranih 789 zadetkov smo v končno analizo vključili 19 zadetkov. Tako smo izvedli pregled relevantne znanstvene literature ter analizo koncepta stimulacije, ki v slovenskem prostoru še ni bila izvedena in poteka v devetih korakih.Rezultati: Strategijo obvladovanja kronične bolečine je najbolj smiselno deliti v tri skupine: (1) predhodniki: bolečina in neznanje; (2) atributi: aktivnost, čas, ravnovesje, učenje in samonadzor in (3) posledice koncepta: zdravljenje bolečine in povečana učinkovitost pri aktivnostih.Diskusija in zaključek: Pred aplikacijo v prakso je treba opraviti testiranje strategije v kliničnem okolju ter ponovno oceniti prednosti in pomanjkljivosti uporabe koncepta. Mnenja o aplikaciji koncepta v prakso so različna: nekateri menijo, da koncept lahko privede do negativnih posledic, drugi, da uspešno prispeva k zdravljenju kronične bolečine. Strategija bi bila uporabna pri pacientih, ki imajo diagnosticirano kronično bolečino (kronične bolečine po poškodbah, degenerativnih spremembah, kronične bolečine v hrbtu, kronični glavobol, fibromialgija, nevropatska bolečina itd.), ki ni posledica onkološkega obolenja.

Introduction: Strategy of stimulation intended for patients with chronic pain is an active strategy of pain selfregulation where an individual learns to find the balance between the time used for an activity and the time for resting. The aim is to maintain the quality of life and reduce the symptoms of chronic pain. No unified definition for the concept has been developed yet nor has it been applied in practice.Methods: The descriptive method, the method of analysis, the synthesis of the literature and the PRISMA guidelines were used. Out of a total of 789 results, 19 were included in the final analysis. We performed an overview of the relevant scientific literature and an analysis of the concept stimulation, which has not yet been carried out in Slovenia and includes nine steps.Results: The strategy for chronic pain management can be divided into three groups: (1) forerunners: pain and ignorance, (2) attributes: activity, time, balance, learning and self-control and (3) consequences of the concept: pain treatment and increased effectiveness at activities.Discussion and conclusion: Before applying it in practice, the strategy should be tested in a clinical environment and a re-evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the concept should be performed. Views on applying the concept in practice differ; some think this would lead to negative consequences, while others think that it would contribute to the healing of chronic pain. The strategy would be useful in programs for patients with a diagnosed chronic pain (chronic pain after injury, degenerative changes, chronic back pains, chronic headaches, fibromyalgia, neuropathic pain etc.) that is not a consequence of oncological illness., Uvod: Strategija stimulacije, namenjena pacientom s kronično bolečino, je aktivnost samoobvladovanja bolečine, pri čemer se posameznik nauči najti ravnotežje med časom za fizične aktivnosti in časom za počitek. Cilj strategije stimulacije je ohraniti kakovost življenja in zmanjšati simptome kronične bolečine. Za strategijo še ni razvite enotne definicije, prav tako še ni aplicirana v prakso.Metode: Uporabili smo opisno metodo dela, metodo analize in sinteze literature ter smernice PRISMA. Izmed skupno identificiranih 789 zadetkov smo v končno analizo vključili 19 zadetkov. Tako smo izvedli pregled relevantne znanstvene literature ter analizo koncepta stimulacije, ki v slovenskem prostoru še ni bila izvedena in poteka v devetih korakih.Rezultati: Strategijo obvladovanja kronične bolečine je najbolj smiselno deliti v tri skupine: (1) predhodniki: bolečina in neznanje; (2) atributi: aktivnost, čas, ravnovesje, učenje in samonadzor in (3) posledice koncepta: zdravljenje bolečine in povečana učinkovitost pri aktivnostih.Diskusija in zaključek: Pred aplikacijo v prakso je treba opraviti testiranje strategije v kliničnem okolju ter ponovno oceniti prednosti in pomanjkljivosti uporabe koncepta. Mnenja o aplikaciji koncepta v prakso so različna: nekateri menijo, da koncept lahko privede do negativnih posledic, drugi, da uspešno prispeva k zdravljenju kronične bolečine. Strategija bi bila uporabna pri pacientih, ki imajo diagnosticirano kronično bolečino (kronične bolečine po poškodbah, degenerativnih spremembah, kronične bolečine v hrbtu, kronični glavobol, fibromialgija, nevropatska bolečina itd.), ki ni posledica onkološkega obolenja.

Aim: To test the psychometric properties of the Slovenian version of the Person-centred Climate Questionnaire - staff version. Background: Person-centredness can be a quality care indicator, but there are no valid and reliable instruments in the Slovene language aimed at exploring the person-centred care climate from a nursing staff perspective. Methods: Content validity based on expert agreement was evaluated by calculating content validity indices. A cross-sectional survey design using a convenience sample of 790 nurses and nursing assistants from medical and surgical wards in 11 hospitals was used to test the construct validity and internal consistency reliability. Results: The average content validity index for the scale was 0.97, all items had content validity indices higher than 0.78, showing satisfactory content validity. Three components, climate of safety, community and everydayness explained 71.22% of the variance in the data and thus confirmed scale dimensionality. Cronbach's was acceptable for whole scale (0.90) and for subscales (0.89, 0.89 and 0.86). Conclusion: The Slovene version of the Person-centred Climate Questionnaire - staff version is valid and reliable and can be further used in surgical and medical wards in hospital settings. Implication for nursing management: The instrument enables further exploration of the relationships between perceived person-centredness and organisational outcomes.

The Bologna Declaration and the subsequent processes is the single most important reform of higher education taking place in Europe in the last 30 years. Signed in 1999, it includes 46 European Union countries and aimed to create, a more coherent, compatible, comparable and competitive European Higher Education Area. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Bologna Declaration achievements in nursing education at 2010 within eight countries that first signed the Declaration on 1999. Researchers primarily identified national laws, policy statements, guidelines and grey literature; then, a literature review on Bologna Declaration implementation in nursing was conducted on the Medline and CINAHL databases. Critical analyses of these documents were performed by expert nurse educators. Structural, organizational, functional and cultural obstacles are hindering full Bologna Process implementation in nursing education within European Economic Area. A call for action is offered in order to achieve a functionally unified system within nursing

Introduction: Biomedical devices are tools used for locating invisible and impalpable peripheral veins. The purpose of this article is to give a systematic review and analysis of existing studies on the available biomedical devices used for locating peripheral veins and on their effectiveness in clinical practice. Methods: Databases CINAHL, Medline and ScienceDirect were used for the literature review and analysis. The search was performed with the following key words in English: devices, visualization, technology, cannulation, vein, nursing care, with Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR'. The analysis included randomized and experimental clinical studies published in the English language in the period from 2000 to August 2016. From a total of 1,020 retrieved studies, 17 were included in the detailed analysis. Results: The results of the analysis have shown that the success rate of the first attempt of intravenous cannulation using biomedical devices in more than half of the studies was not significantly higher than when the process was performed using the conventional method. The success of the first attempt of intravenous cannulation mostly depends on the experience and skills of nurses. Biomedical devices are more helpful for novice nurses who do not perform cannulation on a daily basis, for beginners and nursing students. Discussion and conclusions: Based on research, we cannot affirm that biomedical devices significantly contribute to easier peripheral venous cannulation. Further research is required to validate the advantages of such an approach. However, this is limited due to the affordability issues of such biomedical devices., Uvod: Biomedicinski pripomočki za vstavljanje intravenske kanile so danes pomemben del opreme, ki naj bi jo medicinske sestre uporabljale pri svojem delu. Namen članka je sistematičen pregled obstoječih raziskav o razpoložljivih biomedicinskih pripomočkih za iskanje perifernih ven, pogostnost in koristnost njihove uporabe v klinični praksi. Metode: Za pregled literature in analizo virov so bile uporabljene zbirke podatkov CINAHL, MEDLINE in ScienceDirect. Iskanje je bilo izvedeno z naslednjimi angleškimi ključnimi besedami in njihovimi sopomenkami, povezanimi z Boolovima operatorjema AND oz. OR: »devices«, »visualization«, »technology«, »cannulation«, »vein«, »nursing care«. V analizo so bile vključene ekperimentalne in neeksperimentalne klinične raziskave, objavljene od leta 2000 do avgusta 2016 v angleškem jeziku. Iz iskalnega nabora 1020 zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključenih 17 raziskav. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da uspešnost prvega poskusa vstavljanja intravenske kanile z biomedicinskimi pripomočki pri več kot polovici raziskav ni značilno višja od konvencionalne metode. Uspešnost prvega poskusa vstavljanja je odvisna predvsem od izkušenosti in spretnosti medicinske sestre. Biomedicinski pripomočki so dragocena pomoč neizkušenim medicinskim sestram, ki venepunkcije ne izvajajo vsakodnevno, začetnicam in študentom zdravstvene nege. Diskusija in zaključek: Na podlagi raziskave ne moremo z gotovostjo trditi, da biomedicinski pripomočki bistveno pripomorejo k lažji vzpostavitvi perifernega venskega kanala. Za potrjevanje prednosti takšnega pristopa bodo potrebna nadaljnja raziskovanja, vendar pa so le-ta omejena z majhno dostopnostjo biomedicinskih pripomočkov.

Introduction: Biomedical devices are tools used for locating invisible and impalpable peripheral veins. The purpose of this article is to give a systematic review and analysis of existing studies on the available biomedical devices used for locating peripheral veins and on their effectiveness in clinical practice. Methods: Databases CINAHL, Medline and ScienceDirect were used for the literature review and analysis. The search was performed with the following key words in English: devices, visualization, technology, cannulation, vein, nursing care, with Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR'. The analysis included randomized and experimental clinical studies published in the English language in the period from 2000 to August 2016. From a total of 1,020 retrieved studies, 17 were included in the detailed analysis. Results: The results of the analysis have shown that the success rate of the first attempt of intravenous cannulation using biomedical devices in more than half of the studies was not significantly higher than when the process was performed using the conventional method. The success of the first attempt of intravenous cannulation mostly depends on the experience and skills of nurses. Biomedical devices are more helpful for novice nurses who do not perform cannulation on a daily basis, for beginners and nursing students. Discussion and conclusions: Based on research, we cannot affirm that biomedical devices significantly contribute to easier peripheral venous cannulation. Further research is required to validate the advantages of such an approach. However, this is limited due to the affordability issues of such biomedical devices., Uvod: Biomedicinski pripomočki za vstavljanje intravenske kanile so danes pomemben del opreme, ki naj bi jo medicinske sestre uporabljale pri svojem delu. Namen članka je sistematičen pregled obstoječih raziskav o razpoložljivih biomedicinskih pripomočkih za iskanje perifernih ven, pogostnost in koristnost njihove uporabe v klinični praksi. Metode: Za pregled literature in analizo virov so bile uporabljene zbirke podatkov CINAHL, MEDLINE in ScienceDirect. Iskanje je bilo izvedeno z naslednjimi angleškimi ključnimi besedami in njihovimi sopomenkami, povezanimi z Boolovima operatorjema AND oz. OR: »devices«, »visualization«, »technology«, »cannulation«, »vein«, »nursing care«. V analizo so bile vključene ekperimentalne in neeksperimentalne klinične raziskave, objavljene od leta 2000 do avgusta 2016 v angleškem jeziku. Iz iskalnega nabora 1020 zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključenih 17 raziskav. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da uspešnost prvega poskusa vstavljanja intravenske kanile z biomedicinskimi pripomočki pri več kot polovici raziskav ni značilno višja od konvencionalne metode. Uspešnost prvega poskusa vstavljanja je odvisna predvsem od izkušenosti in spretnosti medicinske sestre. Biomedicinski pripomočki so dragocena pomoč neizkušenim medicinskim sestram, ki venepunkcije ne izvajajo vsakodnevno, začetnicam in študentom zdravstvene nege. Diskusija in zaključek: Na podlagi raziskave ne moremo z gotovostjo trditi, da biomedicinski pripomočki bistveno pripomorejo k lažji vzpostavitvi perifernega venskega kanala. Za potrjevanje prednosti takšnega pristopa bodo potrebna nadaljnja raziskovanja, vendar pa so le-ta omejena z majhno dostopnostjo biomedicinskih pripomočkov.

Introduction: Biomedical devices are tools used for locating invisible and impalpable peripheral veins. The purpose of this article is to give a systematic review and analysis of existing studies on the available biomedical devices used for locating peripheral veins and on their effectiveness in clinical practice. Methods: Databases CINAHL, Medline and ScienceDirect were used for the literature review and analysis. The search was performed with the following key words in English: devices, visualization, technology, cannulation, vein, nursing care, with Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR'. The analysis included randomized and experimental clinical studies published in the English language in the period from 2000 to August 2016. From a total of 1,020 retrieved studies, 17 were included in the detailed analysis. Results: The results of the analysis have shown that the success rate of the first attempt of intravenous cannulation using biomedical devices in more than half of the studies was not significantly higher than when the process was performed using the conventional method. The success of the first attempt of intravenous cannulation mostly depends on the experience and skills of nurses. Biomedical devices are more helpful for novice nurses who do not perform cannulation on a daily basis, for beginners and nursing students. Discussion and conclusions: Based on research, we cannot affirm that biomedical devices significantly contribute to easier peripheral venous cannulation. Further research is required to validate the advantages of such an approach. However, this is limited due to the affordability issues of such biomedical devices., Uvod: Biomedicinski pripomočki za vstavljanje intravenske kanile so danes pomemben del opreme, ki naj bi jo medicinske sestre uporabljale pri svojem delu. Namen članka je sistematičen pregled obstoječih raziskav o razpoložljivih biomedicinskih pripomočkih za iskanje perifernih ven, pogostnost in koristnost njihove uporabe v klinični praksi. Metode: Za pregled literature in analizo virov so bile uporabljene zbirke podatkov CINAHL, MEDLINE in ScienceDirect. Iskanje je bilo izvedeno z naslednjimi angleškimi ključnimi besedami in njihovimi sopomenkami, povezanimi z Boolovima operatorjema AND oz. OR: »devices«, »visualization«, »technology«, »cannulation«, »vein«, »nursing care«. V analizo so bile vključene ekperimentalne in neeksperimentalne klinične raziskave, objavljene od leta 2000 do avgusta 2016 v angleškem jeziku. Iz iskalnega nabora 1020 zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključenih 17 raziskav. Rezultati: Rezultati so pokazali, da uspešnost prvega poskusa vstavljanja intravenske kanile z biomedicinskimi pripomočki pri več kot polovici raziskav ni značilno višja od konvencionalne metode. Uspešnost prvega poskusa vstavljanja je odvisna predvsem od izkušenosti in spretnosti medicinske sestre. Biomedicinski pripomočki so dragocena pomoč neizkušenim medicinskim sestram, ki venepunkcije ne izvajajo vsakodnevno, začetnicam in študentom zdravstvene nege. Diskusija in zaključek: Na podlagi raziskave ne moremo z gotovostjo trditi, da biomedicinski pripomočki bistveno pripomorejo k lažji vzpostavitvi perifernega venskega kanala. Za potrjevanje prednosti takšnega pristopa bodo potrebna nadaljnja raziskovanja, vendar pa so le-ta omejena z majhno dostopnostjo biomedicinskih pripomočkov.

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to analyse the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on wound healing and to demonstrate their usefulness in the wound treatment. Methods: Databases PubMed, CINAHL, Medline and ScienceDirect were searched for the literature review and analysis. A search was performed with keywords in English: omega-3 fish oil, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), wound, wound healing, and Boolean operator AND. Experimental or randomized clinical studies published in English from 1993 to January 2014, which included the prevention or treatment of acute skin wounds or chronic wounds by using omega-3 fatty acids, were included in analysis. Exclusion criterion was the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of burn wounds. From a total of 1151 retrieved studies, 15 were included in a detailed analysis. Results: The results showed that omega-3 fatty acids are ineffective in the treatment of traumatic and surgical skin wounds, potentially effective in the treatment of diabetic wounds and effective in the treatment of pressure ulcers. Discussion and conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 interferes and slows down acute skin wound healing, but promotes the reepitalization of chronic wounds. Further research is required to establish exact wound care use guidelines., Uvod: Namen članka je prikazati analizo podatkov o učinkih maščobnih kislin omega-3 na celjenje ran ter njihovo uporabnost pri obravnavi ran na koži. Metode: Za pregled literature ter analizo dobljenih virov so bile uporabljene podatkovne baze: PubMed, CINAHL, Medline in ScienceDirect. Iskanje je bilo izvedeno s ključnimi besedami v angleščini: omega-3, fish oil, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), wound, wound healing, in Boolovim operatorjem AND. V analizo so bile vključene eksperimentalne ali randomizirane klinične raziskave, objavljene v angleškem jeziku in izdane od 1993 do januarja 2014, ki so vključevale preprečevanje ali zdravljenje akutnih ali kroničnih ran na koži z uporabo maščobnih kislin omega-3. Izključitveni kriterij je bil obravnava uporabe maščobnih kislin omega-3 pri opeklinah. Iz iskalnega nabora 1151 zadetkov je bilo v podrobno analizo vključenih 15 raziskav. Rezultati: Rezultati analize literature so pokazali, da so maščobne kisline omega-3 večinoma neučinkovite pri obravnavi travmatskih in kirurških ran na koži, potencialno učinkovite pri obravnavi diabetičnih ran in učinkovite pri obravnavi razjed zaradi pritiska. Diskusija in zaključek: Protivnetni učinek maščobnih kislin omega-3 upočasnjuje in moti celjenje akutnih ran na koži, vendar lahko z njimi obvladujemo lokalne vnetne odzive in pospešujemo reepitelizacijo pri kroničnih ranah. Za oblikovanje natančnih smernic uporabe bodo potrebna nadaljnja raziskovanja.

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to analyse the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on wound healing and to demonstrate their usefulness in the wound treatment. Methods: Databases PubMed, CINAHL, Medline and ScienceDirect were searched for the literature review and analysis. A search was performed with keywords in English: omega-3 fish oil, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), wound, wound healing, and Boolean operator AND. Experimental or randomized clinical studies published in English from 1993 to January 2014, which included the prevention or treatment of acute skin wounds or chronic wounds by using omega-3 fatty acids, were included in analysis. Exclusion criterion was the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of burn wounds. From a total of 1151 retrieved studies, 15 were included in a detailed analysis. Results: The results showed that omega-3 fatty acids are ineffective in the treatment of traumatic and surgical skin wounds, potentially effective in the treatment of diabetic wounds and effective in the treatment of pressure ulcers. Discussion and conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 interferes and slows down acute skin wound healing, but promotes the reepitalization of chronic wounds. Further research is required to establish exact wound care use guidelines., Uvod: Namen članka je prikazati analizo podatkov o učinkih maščobnih kislin omega-3 na celjenje ran ter njihovo uporabnost pri obravnavi ran na koži. Metode: Za pregled literature ter analizo dobljenih virov so bile uporabljene podatkovne baze: PubMed, CINAHL, Medline in ScienceDirect. Iskanje je bilo izvedeno s ključnimi besedami v angleščini: omega-3, fish oil, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), wound, wound healing, in Boolovim operatorjem AND. V analizo so bile vključene eksperimentalne ali randomizirane klinične raziskave, objavljene v angleškem jeziku in izdane od 1993 do januarja 2014, ki so vključevale preprečevanje ali zdravljenje akutnih ali kroničnih ran na koži z uporabo maščobnih kislin omega-3. Izključitveni kriterij je bil obravnava uporabe maščobnih kislin omega-3 pri opeklinah. Iz iskalnega nabora 1151 zadetkov je bilo v podrobno analizo vključenih 15 raziskav. Rezultati: Rezultati analize literature so pokazali, da so maščobne kisline omega-3 večinoma neučinkovite pri obravnavi travmatskih in kirurških ran na koži, potencialno učinkovite pri obravnavi diabetičnih ran in učinkovite pri obravnavi razjed zaradi pritiska. Diskusija in zaključek: Protivnetni učinek maščobnih kislin omega-3 upočasnjuje in moti celjenje akutnih ran na koži, vendar lahko z njimi obvladujemo lokalne vnetne odzive in pospešujemo reepitelizacijo pri kroničnih ranah. Za oblikovanje natančnih smernic uporabe bodo potrebna nadaljnja raziskovanja.

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to analyse the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on wound healing and to demonstrate their usefulness in the wound treatment. Methods: Databases PubMed, CINAHL, Medline and ScienceDirect were searched for the literature review and analysis. A search was performed with keywords in English: omega-3 fish oil, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), wound, wound healing, and Boolean operator AND. Experimental or randomized clinical studies published in English from 1993 to January 2014, which included the prevention or treatment of acute skin wounds or chronic wounds by using omega-3 fatty acids, were included in analysis. Exclusion criterion was the use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of burn wounds. From a total of 1151 retrieved studies, 15 were included in a detailed analysis. Results: The results showed that omega-3 fatty acids are ineffective in the treatment of traumatic and surgical skin wounds, potentially effective in the treatment of diabetic wounds and effective in the treatment of pressure ulcers. Discussion and conclusion: Anti-inflammatory effect of omega-3 interferes and slows down acute skin wound healing, but promotes the reepitalization of chronic wounds. Further research is required to establish exact wound care use guidelines., Uvod: Namen članka je prikazati analizo podatkov o učinkih maščobnih kislin omega-3 na celjenje ran ter njihovo uporabnost pri obravnavi ran na koži. Metode: Za pregled literature ter analizo dobljenih virov so bile uporabljene podatkovne baze: PubMed, CINAHL, Medline in ScienceDirect. Iskanje je bilo izvedeno s ključnimi besedami v angleščini: omega-3, fish oil, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), wound, wound healing, in Boolovim operatorjem AND. V analizo so bile vključene eksperimentalne ali randomizirane klinične raziskave, objavljene v angleškem jeziku in izdane od 1993 do januarja 2014, ki so vključevale preprečevanje ali zdravljenje akutnih ali kroničnih ran na koži z uporabo maščobnih kislin omega-3. Izključitveni kriterij je bil obravnava uporabe maščobnih kislin omega-3 pri opeklinah. Iz iskalnega nabora 1151 zadetkov je bilo v podrobno analizo vključenih 15 raziskav. Rezultati: Rezultati analize literature so pokazali, da so maščobne kisline omega-3 večinoma neučinkovite pri obravnavi travmatskih in kirurških ran na koži, potencialno učinkovite pri obravnavi diabetičnih ran in učinkovite pri obravnavi razjed zaradi pritiska. Diskusija in zaključek: Protivnetni učinek maščobnih kislin omega-3 upočasnjuje in moti celjenje akutnih ran na koži, vendar lahko z njimi obvladujemo lokalne vnetne odzive in pospešujemo reepitelizacijo pri kroničnih ranah. Za oblikovanje natančnih smernic uporabe bodo potrebna nadaljnja raziskovanja.

Introduction: Health care professionals are confronted with several difficult and unpleasant situations in palliative care where they are expected to relieve pain, provide various services to patients and offer support to family members. The aim of this study was to evaluate self-confidence of health care staff in the delivery of palliative care. Methods: A non-experimental quantitative research included registered nurses and physicians from the primary and secondary health care from Carinthia region in the northern Slovenia (n = 100). A purposive non-random sampling was applied. Data gathered by structured questionnaire was statistically analysed by SPSS ver. 20.0. The reliability of the instrument measuring two domains of palliative care was appropriate (Cronbach’s alpha 0.781 and 0.914). Results: Health care professionals gained experience in palliative care mainly during clinical practice (50.0 %) and evaluated their knowledge as only satisfactory (53.0 %). Their ability to adequately respond to health care problems, to advise and communicate with patients was assessed in mean values from 2.7 to 3.2., which leads to a conclusion that most of the care providers were able to solve palliative care problems autonomously. Primary health care professionals were more confident in discussing the choice of palliative care environment with patients and family members. Discussion and conclusion: The health care professionals did not feel particularly disturbed or embarrassed when confronted with the patients’ end-of-life questions. Future research should focus on specific distressing situations in palliative care and provide guidelines for management of advanced illness., Uvod: Zdravstveni delavci so v paliativni oskrbi soočeni s številnimi zapletenimi in neprijetnimi situacijami, ko je potrebno bolnikom lajšati bolečine, jim na različne načine pomagati in hkrati tolažiti družino. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako zdravstveni delavci ocenjujejo svoje znanje in stopnjo samozaupanja pri izvajanju paliativne oskrbe. Metode: Izvedena je bila neeksperimentalna kvantitativna raziskava, v katero so bili vključeni zdravstveni delavci primarnega in sekundarnega nivoja zdravstvene dejavnosti Koroške regije (n = 100). Vzorčenje je bilo namensko nenaključno. S strukturiranim vprašalnikom pridobljeni podatki so bili statistično analizirani s programom SPSS ver. 20.0. Sklopa vprašanj, ki sta se nanašala na izvajanje paliativne oskrbe, sta pokazala dobro mersko zanesljivost instrumenta (Cronbach alfa 0,781 in 0,914). Rezultati: Medicinske sestre in zdravniki so znanje in izkušnje v paliativni oskrbi v največji meri pridobivali v klinični praksi (50 %), svoje znanje so pretežno ocenili le kot zadovoljivo (53 %). Lasten odziv na zdravstvene težave oziroma na svetovanje in komunikacijo z bolnikom so medicinske sestre in zdravniki ocenili s povprečno oceno 2,7 do 3,2, kar pomeni, da pretežno zmorejo situacije pri praktičnem izvajanju paliativne oskrbe rešiti samostojno. Medicinske sestre in zdravniki na primarnem nivoju zdravstvene dejavnosti so navedli večjo stopnjo samozaupanja glede svetovanja o možnostih izbire kraja paliativne oskrbe. Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da medicinske sestre in zdravniki vprašanj bolnikov o procesu umiranja in njihovih želja niso ocenili kot posebej neprijetnih. Bodoče raziskave bi lahko nadaljevale v tej smeri in ugotavljale, katere situacije zdravstvenemu osebju predstavljajo največje breme in kako se z njimi soočiti.

Introduction: Health care professionals are confronted with several difficult and unpleasant situations in palliative care where they are expected to relieve pain, provide various services to patients and offer support to family members. The aim of this study was to evaluate self-confidence of health care staff in the delivery of palliative care. Methods: A non-experimental quantitative research included registered nurses and physicians from the primary and secondary health care from Carinthia region in the northern Slovenia (n = 100). A purposive non-random sampling was applied. Data gathered by structured questionnaire was statistically analysed by SPSS ver. 20.0. The reliability of the instrument measuring two domains of palliative care was appropriate (Cronbach’s alpha 0.781 and 0.914). Results: Health care professionals gained experience in palliative care mainly during clinical practice (50.0 %) and evaluated their knowledge as only satisfactory (53.0 %). Their ability to adequately respond to health care problems, to advise and communicate with patients was assessed in mean values from 2.7 to 3.2., which leads to a conclusion that most of the care providers were able to solve palliative care problems autonomously. Primary health care professionals were more confident in discussing the choice of palliative care environment with patients and family members. Discussion and conclusion: The health care professionals did not feel particularly disturbed or embarrassed when confronted with the patients’ end-of-life questions. Future research should focus on specific distressing situations in palliative care and provide guidelines for management of advanced illness., Uvod: Zdravstveni delavci so v paliativni oskrbi soočeni s številnimi zapletenimi in neprijetnimi situacijami, ko je potrebno bolnikom lajšati bolečine, jim na različne načine pomagati in hkrati tolažiti družino. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako zdravstveni delavci ocenjujejo svoje znanje in stopnjo samozaupanja pri izvajanju paliativne oskrbe. Metode: Izvedena je bila neeksperimentalna kvantitativna raziskava, v katero so bili vključeni zdravstveni delavci primarnega in sekundarnega nivoja zdravstvene dejavnosti Koroške regije (n = 100). Vzorčenje je bilo namensko nenaključno. S strukturiranim vprašalnikom pridobljeni podatki so bili statistično analizirani s programom SPSS ver. 20.0. Sklopa vprašanj, ki sta se nanašala na izvajanje paliativne oskrbe, sta pokazala dobro mersko zanesljivost instrumenta (Cronbach alfa 0,781 in 0,914). Rezultati: Medicinske sestre in zdravniki so znanje in izkušnje v paliativni oskrbi v največji meri pridobivali v klinični praksi (50 %), svoje znanje so pretežno ocenili le kot zadovoljivo (53 %). Lasten odziv na zdravstvene težave oziroma na svetovanje in komunikacijo z bolnikom so medicinske sestre in zdravniki ocenili s povprečno oceno 2,7 do 3,2, kar pomeni, da pretežno zmorejo situacije pri praktičnem izvajanju paliativne oskrbe rešiti samostojno. Medicinske sestre in zdravniki na primarnem nivoju zdravstvene dejavnosti so navedli večjo stopnjo samozaupanja glede svetovanja o možnostih izbire kraja paliativne oskrbe. Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da medicinske sestre in zdravniki vprašanj bolnikov o procesu umiranja in njihovih želja niso ocenili kot posebej neprijetnih. Bodoče raziskave bi lahko nadaljevale v tej smeri in ugotavljale, katere situacije zdravstvenemu osebju predstavljajo največje breme in kako se z njimi soočiti.

Introduction: Health care professionals are confronted with several difficult and unpleasant situations in palliative care where they are expected to relieve pain, provide various services to patients and offer support to family members. The aim of this study was to evaluate self-confidence of health care staff in the delivery of palliative care. Methods: A non-experimental quantitative research included registered nurses and physicians from the primary and secondary health care from Carinthia region in the northern Slovenia (n = 100). A purposive non-random sampling was applied. Data gathered by structured questionnaire was statistically analysed by SPSS ver. 20.0. The reliability of the instrument measuring two domains of palliative care was appropriate (Cronbach’s alpha 0.781 and 0.914). Results: Health care professionals gained experience in palliative care mainly during clinical practice (50.0 %) and evaluated their knowledge as only satisfactory (53.0 %). Their ability to adequately respond to health care problems, to advise and communicate with patients was assessed in mean values from 2.7 to 3.2., which leads to a conclusion that most of the care providers were able to solve palliative care problems autonomously. Primary health care professionals were more confident in discussing the choice of palliative care environment with patients and family members. Discussion and conclusion: The health care professionals did not feel particularly disturbed or embarrassed when confronted with the patients’ end-of-life questions. Future research should focus on specific distressing situations in palliative care and provide guidelines for management of advanced illness., Uvod: Zdravstveni delavci so v paliativni oskrbi soočeni s številnimi zapletenimi in neprijetnimi situacijami, ko je potrebno bolnikom lajšati bolečine, jim na različne načine pomagati in hkrati tolažiti družino. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako zdravstveni delavci ocenjujejo svoje znanje in stopnjo samozaupanja pri izvajanju paliativne oskrbe. Metode: Izvedena je bila neeksperimentalna kvantitativna raziskava, v katero so bili vključeni zdravstveni delavci primarnega in sekundarnega nivoja zdravstvene dejavnosti Koroške regije (n = 100). Vzorčenje je bilo namensko nenaključno. S strukturiranim vprašalnikom pridobljeni podatki so bili statistično analizirani s programom SPSS ver. 20.0. Sklopa vprašanj, ki sta se nanašala na izvajanje paliativne oskrbe, sta pokazala dobro mersko zanesljivost instrumenta (Cronbach alfa 0,781 in 0,914). Rezultati: Medicinske sestre in zdravniki so znanje in izkušnje v paliativni oskrbi v največji meri pridobivali v klinični praksi (50 %), svoje znanje so pretežno ocenili le kot zadovoljivo (53 %). Lasten odziv na zdravstvene težave oziroma na svetovanje in komunikacijo z bolnikom so medicinske sestre in zdravniki ocenili s povprečno oceno 2,7 do 3,2, kar pomeni, da pretežno zmorejo situacije pri praktičnem izvajanju paliativne oskrbe rešiti samostojno. Medicinske sestre in zdravniki na primarnem nivoju zdravstvene dejavnosti so navedli večjo stopnjo samozaupanja glede svetovanja o možnostih izbire kraja paliativne oskrbe. Diskusija in zaključek: Ugotovitve kažejo, da medicinske sestre in zdravniki vprašanj bolnikov o procesu umiranja in njihovih želja niso ocenili kot posebej neprijetnih. Bodoče raziskave bi lahko nadaljevale v tej smeri in ugotavljale, katere situacije zdravstvenemu osebju predstavljajo največje breme in kako se z njimi soočiti.

This chapter provides an overview of an aspect of a large research study conducted on the subject of learning transfer from an education institution to a mental health service in the English National Health Service (NHS). From a population of 64 trained staff, nurses and other workers, managers and supervisors were interviewed to gain a detailed understanding of how they sought to maintain and develop the new skills and knowledge they had acquired from an education programme delivered from an approved university provider. A total of 45 interviews were conducted using 1:1 or focus group approaches as part of a larger longitudinal study using a mixed methods design. This chapter provides an overview of the qualitative element of the study. Results indicated that whilst aspects of new learning and skill were maintained, many services were subject to pressure to change from the external political, economic and social environment that influenced the delivery of services such as that provided by the one within this study. This complex interaction between the ‘external’ and ‘internal’ healthcare environment is an issue that all educators should acknowledge when developing new and innovative education programmes for nurses and other professionals.

Palese A, Zabalegui A, Sigurdardottir AK, Bergin M, Dobrowolska B, Gasser C, Pajnkihar M, Jackson C. Abstract Abstract The Bologna Declaration and the subsequent processes is the single most important reform of higher education taking place in Europe in the last 30 years. Signed in 1999, it includes 46 European Union countries and aimed to create, a more coherent, compatible, comparable and competitive European Higher Education Area. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Bologna Declaration achievements in nursing education at 2010 within eight countries that first signed the Declaration on 1999. Researchers primarily identified national laws, policy statements, guidelines and grey literature; then, a literature review on Bologna Declaration implementation in nursing was conducted on the Medline and CINAHL databases. Critical analyses of these documents were performed by expert nurse educators. Structural, organizational, functional and cultural obstacles are hindering full Bologna Process implementation in nursing education within European Economic Area. A call for action is offered in order to achieve a functionally unified system within nursing.

Clinical supervision has become an established part of nursing. Implemented in various different ways it has attracted attention from the research, educator and practice communities. The literature reported and analysed in this paper describes work that may benefit professional practice but there continue to be questions about application and method. Two new messages arise from the literature. The first underscores the responsibility of health care organisations to sustain and develop clinical supervision and the second points to the potential benefit that clinical supervision may have on patient outcomes.

The Bologna Declaration and the subsequent processes is the single most important reform of higher education taking place in Europe in the last 30 years. Signed in 1999, it includes 46 European Union countries and aimed to create, a more coherent, compatible, comparable and competitive European Higher Education Area. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Bologna Declaration achievements in nursing education at 2010 within eight countries that first signed the Declaration on 1999. Researchers primarily identified national laws, policy statements, guidelines and grey literature; then, a literature review on Bologna Declaration implementation in nursing was conducted on the Medline and CINAHL databases. Critical analyses of these documents were performed by expert nurse educators. Structural, organizational, functional and cultural obstacles are hindering full Bologna Process implementation in nursing education within European Economic Area. A call for action is offered in order to achieve a functionally unified system within nursing