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This report presents tabulations for the 2012 Academic Libraries Survey (ALS) conducted by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), within the Institute of Education Sciences. The 2012 ALS population included postsecondary institutions with all of the following: total library expenditures that exceed $10,000; an organized collection of printed or other materials, or a combination thereof; a staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of the clientele; an established schedule in which services of the staff are available to the clientele; and the physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule. This definition includes libraries that are part of learning resource centers. Branch and independent libraries are defined as auxiliary library service outlets with quarters separate from the central library that houses the basic collection. The central library administers the branches. In ALS, libraries on branch campuses that have separate NCES identification numbers are reported as separate libraries. When academic libraries are referred to in this report, they will always be entities that are informational resources within degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the United States, including institutions that are eligible for Title IV aid and branch campuses of Title IV-eligible institutions. NCES has conducted the ALS since 1966 at various intervals. However, beginning with the 1988 survey, the ALS has been conducted on a 2-year cycle. The survey focuses on library services, collections, library staff, expenditures, electronic services, and information literacy. Because the purpose of this report is to introduce new NCES data through the presentation of tables containing descriptive information, only selected findings are presented. These findings have been chosen to demonstrate the range of information available from the study rather than to discuss all of the observed differences or focus on any particular issue. Three appendices present: (1) Technical Notes; (2) Glossary; and (3) Survey Questionnaire and Instructions. (Contains 16 tables.)

This report presents tabulations for the 2010 Academic Libraries Survey (ALS) conducted by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), within the Institute of Education Sciences. The 2010 ALS population included postsecondary institutions with all of the following: total library expenditures that exceed $10,000; an organized collection of printed or other materials, or a combination thereof; a staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of the clientele; an established schedule in which services of the staff are available to the clientele; and the physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule. Some of the findings include: (1) Academic libraries loaned some 11.2 million documents to other libraries in fiscal year 2010 (table 1). Academic libraries also borrowed approximately 10.2 million documents from other libraries and commercial services. Documents from commercial services accounted for about 176,000 of those documents borrowed; (2) The majority of academic libraries, 2,362, were open between 60-99 hours during a typical week in fall of 2010 (derived from table 2). Another 564 academic libraries were open 100 or more hours per typical week; (3) In fiscal year 2010, academic libraries conducted approximately 34.6 million information services to individuals, including computer searches (table 3); (4) At the end of fiscal year 2010, there were 227 academic libraries that held at least 1 million or more books, serial backfiles, and other paper materials including government documents (table 4); (5) Academic libraries held approximately 158.7 million e-books and about 1.8 million electronic reference sources and aggregation services; (6) Academic libraries reported 88,943 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff working in academic libraries during the fall of 2010 (table 7); (7) Just under half of academic libraries, 1,739, had total expenditures of $500,000 or more in fiscal year 2010 (derived from table 8). Another 581 academic libraries had total expenditures under $100,000 (derived from table 8); (8) During fiscal year 2010, academic libraries spent about $3.4 billion on salaries and wages, representing approximately 50 percent of total library expenditures (table 9); (9) Academic libraries spent approximately $152.4 million for electronic books, serial backfiles, and other materials in fiscal year 2010 (table 10). Expenditures for electronic current serial subscriptions totaled about $1.2 billion. During fiscal year 2010, academic libraries spent approximately $142.7 million for computer hardware and software (table 11); (10) In fall of 2010, about 41 percent of academic libraries reported providing documents digitized by staff (table 12); (11) Over half (54 percent) reported providing technology to assist patrons with disabilities in fall of 2010 (table 12); (12) During fiscal year 2010, some 72 percent of academic libraries reported that they supported virtual reference services (table 13); and (13) During fiscal year 2010, about 32 percent of academic libraries reported that they utilized instant messaging applications (table 13). Appended are: (1) Technical Notes; (2) Glossary; and (3) Survey Questionnaire and Instructions. (Contains 37 tables and 1 footnote.)

This report presents tabulations for the 2008 Academic Libraries Survey (ALS) conducted by the United States Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), within the Institute of Education Sciences. This First Look summarizes services, staff, collections, and expenditures of academic libraries in 2- and 4-year, degree-granting postsecondary institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Among the many findings: (1) During Fiscal year (FY) 2008, there were about 138.1 million circulation transactions from academic libraries' general collection; (2) At the end of FY 2008, there were 226 academic libraries that held 1 million or more books, serial backfiles, and other paper materials including government documents; (3) Academic libraries reported 93,438 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff working in academic libraries during the fall of 2008; (4) Academic libraries' expenditures totaled approximately $6.8 billion during FY 2008; (5) In Fall 2008, some 72 percent of academic libraries provided library reference service by e-mail or the Web; and (6) During FY 2008, some 46 percent of academic libraries reported that their postsecondary institution defined information literacy or the information literate student. (Contains 36 tables.)

The Common Core of Data (CCD) Nonfiscal surveys consist of data submitted annually by state education agencies (SEAs) to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). School, local education agency, and state data are sent to NCES by SEA personnel who are designated CCD Coordinators. The data are edited and maintained in machine-readable data sets by NCES, and are used to produce general purpose publications, specialized reports, and web-based applications. The 2005-06 NCES Common Core of Data Public Elementary/Secondary School Locale Code File (locale code file) contains 103,016 records, one for each public elementary/secondary school in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the Department of Defense Dependents Schools (domestic and overseas). Each record includes eleven data fields: NCES School ID; school name; local education agency ID; local education agency name; location city; location state; school latitude; school longitude; metro-centric locale code; urban-centric locale code; and the school operational status code. Definitions of terms, and a user's guide are included.

This work aims to screen the extraction of oil and bioactive compounds including carotenes and tocochromanols from oil palm fruit with subcritical propane and without using a cosolvent. The overall extraction curves of palm oil with subcritical propane were studied and compared to those extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Carotenes and tocochromanols were evaluated not only in the extracted oil. but also in the oil of residual fiber in order to calculate the efficiency to recover these valuable compounds. The experimental results showed that oil yield of up to 70 % could be obtained within 120 minutes with subcritical propane at 50 bar and a flow rate of 35 kg·h-1·kg-1-. It was also shown that compressed propane is an excellent solvent for the extraction of oil enriched in carotenes and tocochromanols. Subcritical propane extraction can be used as an alternative process for the simultaneous recovery of these valuable minor components from palm fruit.

We report results of our multi-spacecraft analysis of a solar wind reconnecting current sheet (RCS) and its solar wind magnetic hole (SWMH) observed on November 20, 2018. In the solar wind, the normal vector to the current sheet plane makes an angle of 32 degrees with the Sun-Earth line. A combination of tilted current sheet plane and foreshock effects cause an asymmetric interaction with the bow shock, in which the structure arrives at the quasi-perpendicular side of the bow shock before the quasi-parallel side. The magnetic field strength inside the magnetic hole decreases by similar to 69 percent in the solar wind, with a similar depression rate observed inside the magnetosheath due to this structure. The solar wind flow slowdown and deflection during the bow shock crossing significantly disrupt the reconnection exhausts within the RCS. The interaction of the RCS and SWMH with the bow shock creates enhanced fluxes of accelerated electrons and ions. Plasma flow deflection in the magnetosheath also increases with the passage of the RCS. The ion density and temperature both increase within the current sheet to form a roughly pressure balanced structure. Field rotation and change in the dynamic pressure during this event modify the reconnection zones at the magnetopause and cause asymmetric inward motions in portions of the bow shock and the magnetopause boundaries (i.e., deformation). Unlike localized magnetosheath jets, an RCS and its associated SWMH in the solar wind have a global impact on the bow shock and the magnetopause., QC 20220516

Magnetic reconnection drives multi-species particle acceleration broadly in space and astrophysics. We perform the first 3D hybrid simulations (fluid electrons, kinetic ions) that contain sufficient scale separation to produce nonthermal heavy-ion acceleration, with fragmented flux ropes critical for accelerating all species. We demonstrate the acceleration of all ion species (up to Fe) into power-law spectra with similar indices, by a common Fermi acceleration mechanism. The upstream ion velocities influence the first Fermi reflection for injection. The subsequent onsets of Fermi acceleration are delayed for ions with lower charge-mass ratios (Q/M), until growing flux ropes magnetize them. This leads to a species-dependent maximum energy/nucleon $\propto(Q/M)^\alpha$. These findings are consistent with in-situ observations in reconnection regions, suggesting Fermi acceleration as the dominant multi-species ion acceleration mechanism., Comment: version accepted by Physical Review Letters

Magnetopause diamagnetic currents arise from density and temperature driven pressure gradients across the boundary layer. While theoretically recognized, the temperature contributions to the magnetopause current system have not yet been systematically studied. To bridge this gap, we used a database of Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) magnetopause crossings to analyze diamagnetic current densities and their contributions across the dayside and flank magnetopause. Our results indicate that the ion temperature gradient component makes up to 37% of the ion diamagnetic current density along the magnetopause and typically opposes the classical Chapman-Ferraro current direction, interfering destructively with the density gradient component, thus lowering the total diamagnetic current density. This effect is most pronounced on the flank magnetopause. The electron diamagnetic current was found to be 5 to 14 times weaker than the ion diamagnetic current on average.

Parker Solar Probe (PSP) data recorded within a heliocentric radial distance of 0.3 AU have revealed a magnetic field dominated by Alfv\'enic structures that undergo large local variations or even reversals of the radial magnetic field. They are called magnetic switchbacks, they are consistent with folds in magnetic field lines within a same magnetic sector, and are associated with velocity spikes during an otherwise calmer background. They are thought to originate either in the low solar atmosphere through magnetic reconnection processes, or result from the evolution of turbulence or velocity shears in the expanding solar wind. In this work, we investigate the temporal and spatial characteristic scales of magnetic switchback patches. We define switchbacks as a deviation from the nominal Parker spiral direction and detect them automatically for PSP encounters 1, 2, 4 and 5. We focus in particular on a 5.1-day interval dominated by switchbacks during E5. We perform a wavelet transform of the solid angle between the magnetic field and the Parker spiral and find periodic spatial modulations with two distinct wavelengths, respectively consistent with solar granulation and supergranulation scales. In addition we find that switchback occurrence and spectral properties seem to depend on the source region of the solar wind rather than on the radial distance of PSP. These results suggest that switchbacks are formed in the low corona and modulated by the solar surface convection pattern., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

A major subset of solar-terrestrial relations, responsible, in particular, for the driver of space weather phenomena, is the interaction between the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind. As one of the most important modes of the solar-wind-magnetosphere interaction, magnetic reconnection regulates the energy transport and energy release in the solar-terrestrial relation. In situ measurements in the near-Earth space are crucial for understanding magnetic reconnection. Past and existing spacecraft constellation missions mainly focus on the measurement of reconnection on plasma kinetic-scales. Resolving the macro-scale and cross-scale aspects of magnetic reconnection is necessary for accurate assessment and predictions of its role in the context of space weather. Here, we propose the AME (self-Adaptive Magnetic reconnection Explorer) mission consisting of a cross-scale constellation of 12+ CubeSats and one mother satellite. Each CubeSat is equipped with instruments to measure magnetic fields and thermal plasma particles. With multiple CubeSats, the AME constellation is intended to make simultaneous measurements at multiple scales, capable of exploring cross-scale plasma processes ranging from kinetic scale to macro scale.

Global-scale energy flow throughout Earth's magnetosphere (MSP) is catalyzed by processes that occur at Earth's magnetopause (MP). Magnetic reconnection is one process responsible for solar wind entry into and global convection within the MSP, and the MP location, orientation, and motion have an impact on the dynamics. Statistical studies that focus on these and other MP phenomena and characteristics inherently require MP identification in their event search criteria, a task that can be automated using machine learning. We introduce a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) Recurrent Neural Network model to detect MP crossings and assist studies of energy transfer into the MSP. As its first application, the LSTM has been implemented into the operational data stream of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. MMS focuses on the electron diffusion region of reconnection, where electron dynamics break magnetic field lines and plasma is energized. MMS employs automated burst triggers onboard the spacecraft and a Scientist-in-the-Loop (SITL) on the ground to select intervals likely to contain diffusion regions. Only low-resolution data is available to the SITL, which is insufficient to resolve electron dynamics. A strategy for the SITL, then, is to select all MP crossings. Of all 219 SITL selections classified as MP crossings during the first five months of model operations, the model predicted 166 (76%) of them, and of all 360 model predictions, 257 (71%) were selected by the SITL. Most predictions that were not classified as MP crossings by the SITL were still MP-like; the intervals contained mixed magnetosheath and magnetospheric plasmas. The LSTM model and its predictions are public to ease the burden of arduous event searches involving the MP, including those for EDRs. For MMS, this helps free up mission operation costs by consolidating manual classification processes into automated routines., Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables, submitted to Frontiers: Space Science

The first self-consistent simulations of electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection in a macroscale system are presented. Consistent with solar flare observations the spectra of energetic electrons take the form of power-laws that extend more than two decades in energy. The drive mechanism for these nonthermal electrons is Fermi reflection in growing and merging magnetic flux ropes. A strong guide field is found to suppress the production of nonthermal electrons by weakening the Fermi drive mechanism. For a weak guide field the total energy content of nonthermal electrons dominates that of the hot thermal electrons even though their number density remains small. Our results are benchmarked with the hard x-ray, radio and extreme ultra-violet (EUV) observations of the X8.2-class solar flare on September 10, 2017.

A significant quantity of tocochromanols and carotenoids remains in the residual from palm oil production by traditional screw pressing. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was used as alternative method with the purpose to recover better these valuable minor compounds. Total oil yield and co-extracted water were investigated in the course of extraction. Tocochromanols and carotenoids were evaluated, not only in the extraction oil, but also in the oil of residual fibre. Modelling of extraction process was also performed for a further up-scaling. The results showed that oil yield up to 90% could be observed within 120 min. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) could extract tocochromanols and carotenoids with concentration in the same range of normal commercial processing palm oil, while co-extracted water remained rather low at a level of 2–4%. Moreover, recovery efficiencies of these minor compounds were much higher in case of extraction processed with supercritical carbon dioxide than those with screw pressing method.

Hot Flow Anomalies (HFAs) are transients observed at planetary bow shocks, formed by the shock interaction with a convected interplanetary current sheet. The primary interpretation relies on reflected ions channeled upstream along the current sheet. The short duration of HFAs has made direct observations of this process difficult. We employ high resolution measurements by NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission to probe the ion microphysics within a HFA. Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission data reveal a smoothly varying internal density and pressure, which increase toward the trailing edge of the HFA, sweeping up particles trapped within the current sheet. We find remnants of reflected or other backstreaming ions traveling along the current sheet, but most of these are not fast enough to out-run the incident current sheet convection. Despite the high level of internal turbulence, incident and backstreaming ions appear to couple gyro-kinetically in a coherent manner. Plain Language Summary Shock waves in space are responsible for energizing particles and diverting supersonic flows around planets and other obstacles. Explosive events known as Hot Flow Anomalies (HFAs) arise when a rapid change in the interplanetary magnetic field arrives at the bow shock formed by, for example, the supersonic solar wind plasma flow from the Sun impinging on the Earth's magnetic environment. HFAs are known to produce impacts all the way to ground level, but the physics responsible for their formation occur too rapidly to be resolved by previous satellite missions. This paper employs NASA's fleet of four Magnetospheric Multiscale satellites to reveal for the first time clear, discreet populations of ions that interact coherently to produce the extreme heating and deflection.

Measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission are reported to show distinct features of electron energization and mixing in the diffusion region of the terrestrial magnetopause reconnection. At the ion jet and magnetic field reversals, distribution functions exhibiting signatures of accelerated meandering electrons are observed at an electron out-of-plane flow peak. The meandering signatures manifested as triangular and crescent structures are established features of the electron diffusion region (EDR). Effects of meandering electrons on the electric field normal to the reconnection layer are detected. Parallel acceleration and mixing of the inflowing electrons with exhaust electrons shape the exhaust flow pattern. In the EDR vicinity, the measured distribution functions indicate that locally, the electron energization and mixing physics is captured by two-dimensional reconnection, yet to account for the simultaneous four-point measurements, translational invariant in the third dimension must be violated on the ion-skin-depth scale.

This paper proposes a new approach for monitoring brown planthoppers (BPH) swarms using a surveillance network at provincial scale. The topology of this network is identified to a wireless sensor network (WSN), where each node is a real light trap and each edge describes the influence between two nodes, allowing gathering BPH information. Different communication ranges are evaluated to choose a suitable network. The experiments are performed on the light traps surveillance network of Hau Giang province, a typical rice province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

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