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The feasibility of formulating the Singularity of Nature was enunciated by Einstein's mathematical formula, demonstrating the equivalency of energy and mass (E = mc2). Despite that statement of principle, it has proven impossible to achieve this goal scientifically by directly merging biology and physics into one continuum. More recently, it has been realized that biology can be traced to its origins by reducing evolutionary biology to cell-cell signaling, the unicellular state being seen as a continuum from genotype to phenotype. Mechanistically, Self-referential Self-organization founded on The First Principles of Physiology offers a mechanistic explanation for 'how and why' evolution has transpired, fueled by the ambiguity (Torday and Miller, 2017a) caused by the differential between internal and external cellular entropy. The reduction of biology to cellular networks uniquely gains purchase to the roles of Quantum Mechanics, such as The Pauli Exclusion Principle, The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Non-Localization and Coherence with their homologies in cellular-molecular biology. This opportunity to find the common denominator between physics and biology predicts that consciousness is the denoument of this continuum. As 'proof of principle', the classic dogmatic association of terminal addition with evolution is shown to be due to cell-cell signaling, both developmentally and phylogenetically, as a manifestation of the Singularity. These novel insights offer the opportunity to empirically formulate the basis for the Singularity of Nature for the first time.

Purpose. To determine the main components of the functional state of masters athletes and its dynamics in training and competitive activities.Materials and methods. The work is based on the results of a comprehensive functional examination of 19 athletes at mean age of 42.2 ± 7.8 years specializing in Ironman 70.3 triathlon for a period of 1 to 4 years. Functional diagnostics of the cardiovascular, respiratory and autonomous nervous system as well as biochemical studies were performed, the level of physical performance was determined.Results. The main factors limiting the functional state level of the masters athletes were revealed: “metabolic activity” (32.1 % of the total load) “enzymatic activity” (24.84 %), “autonomic” (16.2 %). The main correlations between the indicators of basic body systems functional state in masters athletes were established. The multiple regression equation was calculated, which allowed determining the influence of certain significant parameters on the functional state level in the masters athletes. Based on a comparative analysis of the functional state of the masters athletes, the dynamics of changes in the functional state indicators in training and competitive activities were determined.Conclusions. The main indicators that provide information on a comprehensive diagnosis presenting the level of functional status of masters athletes are: ALT; AST; CPK; LDH; spare capacity; total metabolic capacity; coefficient of blood circulation efficiency. The high reliability of the results obtained allows their use in both complex and rapid functional diagnostics of masters athletes.

The feasibility of formulating the Singularity of Nature was enunciated by Einstein's mathematical formula, demonstrating the equivalency of energy and mass (E = mc2). Despite that statement of principle, it has proven impossible to achieve this goal scientifically by directly merging biology and physics into one continuum. More recently, it has been realized that biology can be traced to its origins by reducing evolutionary biology to cell-cell signaling, the unicellular state being seen as a continuum from genotype to phenotype. Mechanistically, Self-referential Self-organization founded on The First Principles of Physiology offers a mechanistic explanation for 'how and why' evolution has transpired, fueled by the ambiguity (Torday and Miller, 2017a) caused by the differential between internal and external cellular entropy. The reduction of biology to cellular networks uniquely gains purchase to the roles of Quantum Mechanics, such as The Pauli Exclusion Principle, The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Non-Localization and Coherence with their homologies in cellular-molecular biology. This opportunity to find the common denominator between physics and biology predicts that consciousness is the denoument of this continuum. As 'proof of principle', the classic dogmatic association of terminal addition with evolution is shown to be due to cell-cell signaling, both developmentally and phylogenetically, as a manifestation of the Singularity. These novel insights offer the opportunity to empirically formulate the basis for the Singularity of Nature for the first time.

Introduction: The early appearance of musculoskeletal symptoms is an important occupational health problem for dental students that affects their quality of life.Objective: To determine the relationship between work postures and the early appearance of musculoskeletal symptoms in dental students of the National University of San Marcos.Material and methods: Descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 70 students of the Faculty of Dentistry of the National University of San Marcos. The Kuorinka Nordic questionnaire was used for the determination of the early onset of musculoskeletal symptoms, and a postural checklist was used for the type of clinical work posture.Results: It was found that 77,1 % (n=54) presented some type of incorrect posture. Also, 67,7 % (n=46) indicated that the dorsal lumbar region presented the highest perception of musculoskeletal symptoms, while the level of intensity of pain that prevailed most was the moderate level in the cervical region (52,6 %), shoulder (50 %) and wrist/hand (40,9 %); in the lumbar area (43,9 %) a strong level prevailed. The time of suffering from musculoskeletal symptoms was predominantly between 6 months and 1 year.Conclusions: In the population evaluated, there is no relationship between the type of posture and the early onset of musculoskeletal symptoms. Likewise, the dorsal lumbar region is the one that is frequently affected during clinical dental work., Introducción: La aparición temprana de síntomas musculoesqueléticos es un importante problema de salud ocupacional para los estudiantes de odontología y que repercute en su calidad de vida.Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las posturas de trabajo y la aparición temprana de síntomas musculoesqueléticos en los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformado por 70 estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Para la determinación de la aparición temprana de síntomas musculoesqueléticos se empleó el cuestionario nórdico de Kuorinka y para el tipo de postura de trabajo clínico se empleó una lista de verificación postural.Resultados: Se encontró que el 77,1% (n=54) presentaron algún tipo de postura incorrecta. El 67,7% (n=46) indicaron que la zona dorsal/lumbar fue la que presentó una mayor percepción de síntomas músculo esqueléticos, mientras el tipo de nivel de intensidad de dolor que más predominó fue el nivel moderado en la zona cervical (52,6%), hombro (50%) y muñeca/mano (40,9%); en la zona lumbar (43,9%) predominó un nivel fuerte. El tiempo de padecimiento de los síntomas musculoesqueléticos fue predominantemente entre 6 meses a 1 año.Conclusiones: En la población evaluada, no existe una relación entre el tipo de postura y la aparición temprana de síntomas musculoesqueléticos. Así mismo, la zona dorsal lumbar es la que frecuentemente es afectada durante el trabajo clínico odontológico.

There are quite a number of different metrics of network robustness. This paper addresses the rationality of four metrics of network robustness (the algebraic connectivity, the effective resistance, the average edge betweenness, and the efficiency) by investigating the robust growth of generalized meshes (GMs). First, a heuristic growth algorithm (the Proximity-Growth algorithm) is proposed. The resulting proximity-optimal GMs are intuitively robust and hence are adopted as the benchmark. Then, a generalized mesh (GM) is grown up by stepwise optimizing a given measure of network robustness. The following findings are presented: (1) The algebraic connectivity-optimal GMs deviate quickly from the proximity-optimal GMs, yielding a number of less robust GMs. This hints that the rationality of the algebraic connectivity as a measure of network robustness is still in doubt. (2) The effective resistace-optimal GMs and the average edge betweenness-optimal GMs are in line with the proximity-optimal GMs. This partly justifies the two quantities as metrics of network robustness. (3) The efficiency-optimal GMs deviate gradually from the proximity-optimal GMs, yielding some less robust GMs. This suggests the limited utility of the efficiency as a measure of network robustness.

Considering the marked changes in sleep and circadian rhythms across the lifespan, age may contribute to the heterogeneity in sleep-wake profiles linked to mood disorders. This study aimed to investigate the contributions of age and depression severity to sleep-wake disturbances. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) was administered to assess current symptoms severity in 238 persons with a history of a mood disorder between 12 and 90 years of age (y.o.). Actigraphy was recorded over five to 22 days. Regression analyses and analyses of variance [age (12-19 y.o., 20-39 y.o., 40-59 y.o., and ≥60 y.o.) by depression severity (HDRS< and ≥8)] were conducted. The 12-19 y.o. and 20-39 y.o. groups had a delayed sleep schedule and acrophase compared to all other groups. The ≥60 y.o. group had a lower rhythmicity and amplitude (p≤.006) than the 12-19 y.o. group (p≤.046). Participants with a HDRS≥8 spent longer time in bed, had later sleep offset times and had lower circadian rhythmicity than those with a HDRS<8 (p≤.036). Younger age and higher HDRS score correlated with later sleep onset and offset times, longer time in bed, higher WASO, lower sleep efficiency and later acrophase (p≤.023). Age was a significant predictor of delayed sleep and activity schedules (p≤.001). The profile of sleep-wake cycle disturbances associated with mood disorders changes with age, with prominent sleep phase delay during youth and reduced circadian strength in older persons. Conversely, disruptions in sleep consolidation seem more stable across age. © 2014 Robillard et al.

A sophisticated mechanistic understanding of physiology and disease requires knowledge of how sex-biasing factors cause sex differences in phenotype. In therian mammals, all sex differences are downstream of the unequal effects of XX vs. XY sex chromosomes. Three major categories of sex-biasing factors are activational and organizational effects of gonadal hormones, and sex chromosome effects operating outside of the gonads. These three types of effects can be discriminated from each other with established experimental designs and animal models. Two important mouse models, which allow conclusions regarding the sex-biasing effects of sex chromosome complement, interacting with gonadal hormone effects, are the Four Core Genotypes model and the XY* model. Chromosome Y consomic strains give information about the role of the Y chromosome. An important recent change in sexual differentiation theory is the increasing realization that sex-biasing factors can counteract the effects of each other, reducing rather than producing sex differences in phenotype. This change in viewpoint rationalizes a change in experimental strategies for dissecting sex chromosome effects. The overall goal is to understand the sexome, defined as the sum of effects of sex-biasing factors on gene systems and networks.