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Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, leptomeningeal meningitis, or, as referred here, leptomeningeal metastasis (LM), is a rare but frequently fatal complication seen in advanced stage of cancer either locally advanced or after a metastasis of a known primary cancer. We present a rare and uncommon case of leptomeningeal metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary. A 32-year-old female was diagnosed with LM; however, no known primary carcinoma was identified after 2 separate biopsies. The first biopsy of the right pre-tracheal lymph node showed poorly differentiated pan-keratin (AE1 and AE3) and placental alkaline phosphatase with the possibility of germ cell origin. Second cytology of cervical lymphadenopathy was remarkable for cytokeratin 7 and 20, placental alkaline phosphatase, and CDX2 suggestive of germ line tumor with both mucinous ovarian and gastrointestinal carcinomas. Unfortunately, the LM progressed rapidly despite multiple cycles of germ cell origin directed systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy, and the patient opted for hospice care without getting a chance to identify the primary source.

type:Original Article, identifier:http://igakkai.kms-igakkai.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/1985en/11(3)159-164.1985.pdf

 It has been observed that placental alkaline phosphatase (PAP) activity progressively rises as pregnancy advances, possibly, because of its increasing synthesis by placental tissue. The present investigation therefore, examines the relationship between placental alkaline phosphatase activity and the biochemical indices of foetal nutrition (cord blood glucose, albumin) and growth (neonatal birth weight). Placental and umbilical cord blood samples were collected from one hundred and five deliveries and prepared for both, placental alkaline phosphatase assay and glucose and albumin estimations using standard procedures. The birth weights of the neonates at term were taken and recorded. Correlation analyses of the data obtained show signifi- cant positive relationships between PAP and cord blood glucose (r2 = 0.86, p < 0.05), albumin (r2 = 0.71, p < 0.05) and birth weight (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.05), but no significant relationship with gestational age. PAP may be essential in nutrient mobilization to the foetus. However, further studies involving more subjects and an intrauterine growth retardation control group (IUGR) are required to fully document the present report.

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and radioimmunolocalisation (RIL) are developing and promising technologies to diagnose and treat tumours by use of radiolabelled antibodies targeting tumour specific antigens. The major reason why RIL and RIT not are efficient enough, is the comparatively low accumulation of radiolabelled antibodies in the tumours. Irrespective of the antigen - antibody system used, the maximal tumour uptake in humans is often limited to below 0.1 % of the total injected dose, with significant radionuclide remaining in the blood pool and extravascular fluid. In the present thesis, the following putative improvement techniques for radioimmunotargeting have been evaluated in an experimental model using HeLa cell-xenografted nude mice: 1) Repetitive, simultaneous targeting of different antigens, 2) Removal of non-targeting antibodies using secondary antiidiotypic antibodies, 3) Preinjection of unlabelled antibody to remove shedded antigen and 4) Use of fractionated antibody administration. By use of multiple injections of mixtures of two different 131I-labelled monoclonal antibodies targeting placental alkaline phosphatase (H7) and cytokeratin 8 (TS1), respectively, a significant tumour growth inhibition compared to controls, was obtained. In the treated group, a negligible increase in tumour volume was seen compared to the control group, in which a 20-fold increase was observed. Quantitative determinations of volume densities of viable tumour cells, necrotic cells and connective tissue demonstrated no significant differences in the relative proportions between the groups, indicating that the irradiation caused decelerated growth. Using hybridoma technology, monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies were generated against both TS1 and H7. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these antibodies, aH7 and aTSl, were investigated. Both these antiidiotypes were found to generate stable complexes with the radiolabelled idiotypic antibody, as revealed by gel-electrophoresis a, digitalisering@umu.se

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and radioimmunolocalisation (RIL) are developing and promising technologies to diagnose and treat tumours by use of radiolabelled antibodies targeting tumour specific antigens. The major reason why RIL and RIT not are efficient enough, is the comparatively low accumulation of radiolabelled antibodies in the tumours. Irrespective of the antigen - antibody system used, the maximal tumour uptake in humans is often limited to below 0.1 % of the total injected dose, with significant radionuclide remaining in the blood pool and extravascular fluid. In the present thesis, the following putative improvement techniques for radioimmunotargeting have been evaluated in an experimental model using HeLa cell-xenografted nude mice: 1) Repetitive, simultaneous targeting of different antigens, 2) Removal of non-targeting antibodies using secondary antiidiotypic antibodies, 3) Preinjection of unlabelled antibody to remove shedded antigen and 4) Use of fractionated antibody administration. By use of multiple injections of mixtures of two different 131I-labelled monoclonal antibodies targeting placental alkaline phosphatase (H7) and cytokeratin 8 (TS1), respectively, a significant tumour growth inhibition compared to controls, was obtained. In the treated group, a negligible increase in tumour volume was seen compared to the control group, in which a 20-fold increase was observed. Quantitative determinations of volume densities of viable tumour cells, necrotic cells and connective tissue demonstrated no significant differences in the relative proportions between the groups, indicating that the irradiation caused decelerated growth. Using hybridoma technology, monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies were generated against both TS1 and H7. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these antibodies, aH7 and aTSl, were investigated. Both these antiidiotypes were found to generate stable complexes with the radiolabelled idiotypic antibody, as revealed by gel-electrophoresis a, digitalisering@umu.se

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and radioimmunolocalisation (RIL) are developing and promising technologies to diagnose and treat tumours by use of radiolabelled antibodies targeting tumour specific antigens. The major reason why RIL and RIT not are efficient enough, is the comparatively low accumulation of radiolabelled antibodies in the tumours. Irrespective of the antigen - antibody system used, the maximal tumour uptake in humans is often limited to below 0.1 % of the total injected dose, with significant radionuclide remaining in the blood pool and extravascular fluid. In the present thesis, the following putative improvement techniques for radioimmunotargeting have been evaluated in an experimental model using HeLa cell-xenografted nude mice: 1) Repetitive, simultaneous targeting of different antigens, 2) Removal of non-targeting antibodies using secondary antiidiotypic antibodies, 3) Preinjection of unlabelled antibody to remove shedded antigen and 4) Use of fractionated antibody administration. By use of multiple injections of mixtures of two different 131I-labelled monoclonal antibodies targeting placental alkaline phosphatase (H7) and cytokeratin 8 (TS1), respectively, a significant tumour growth inhibition compared to controls, was obtained. In the treated group, a negligible increase in tumour volume was seen compared to the control group, in which a 20-fold increase was observed. Quantitative determinations of volume densities of viable tumour cells, necrotic cells and connective tissue demonstrated no significant differences in the relative proportions between the groups, indicating that the irradiation caused decelerated growth. Using hybridoma technology, monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies were generated against both TS1 and H7. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these antibodies, aH7 and aTSl, were investigated. Both these antiidiotypes were found to generate stable complexes with the radiolabelled idiotypic antibody, as revealed by gel-electrophoresis a, digitalisering@umu.se

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and radioimmunolocalisation (RIL) are developing and promising technologies to diagnose and treat tumours by use of radiolabelled antibodies targeting tumour specific antigens. The major reason why RIL and RIT not are efficient enough, is the comparatively low accumulation of radiolabelled antibodies in the tumours. Irrespective of the antigen - antibody system used, the maximal tumour uptake in humans is often limited to below 0.1 % of the total injected dose, with significant radionuclide remaining in the blood pool and extravascular fluid. In the present thesis, the following putative improvement techniques for radioimmunotargeting have been evaluated in an experimental model using HeLa cell-xenografted nude mice: 1) Repetitive, simultaneous targeting of different antigens, 2) Removal of non-targeting antibodies using secondary antiidiotypic antibodies, 3) Preinjection of unlabelled antibody to remove shedded antigen and 4) Use of fractionated antibody administration. By use of multiple injections of mixtures of two different 131I-labelled monoclonal antibodies targeting placental alkaline phosphatase (H7) and cytokeratin 8 (TS1), respectively, a significant tumour growth inhibition compared to controls, was obtained. In the treated group, a negligible increase in tumour volume was seen compared to the control group, in which a 20-fold increase was observed. Quantitative determinations of volume densities of viable tumour cells, necrotic cells and connective tissue demonstrated no significant differences in the relative proportions between the groups, indicating that the irradiation caused decelerated growth. Using hybridoma technology, monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies were generated against both TS1 and H7. The in vitro and in vivo effects of these antibodies, aH7 and aTSl, were investigated. Both these antiidiotypes were found to generate stable complexes with the radiolabelled idiotypic antibody, as revealed by gel-electrophoresis a, digitalisering@umu.se