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The activity of cuprous oxide was determined at 1603 and 1655 K by assuming it to be in equilibrium between the copper and the slag. The value for the activity of cuprous oxide was taken from the literature. It was shown that the activity coefficient of cuprous oxide in the slag was independent of the concentration of cuprous oxide and that the solution deviates from ideal behaviour in a positive manner., The activity of cuprous oxide was determined at 1603 and 1655 K by assuming it to be in equilibrium between the copper and the slag. The value for the activity of cuprous oxide was taken from the literature. It was shown that the activity coefficient of cuprous oxide in the slag was independent of the concentration of cuprous oxide and that the solution deviates from ideal behaviour in a positive manner.

The development of material and heat balances for the Imperial Smelting Process and the copper shaft furnace process is described. It is shown that the problem can be solved by a system of linear equations where the effects of such reaction parners as slag, gas, coke and matte have been taken into consideration. On the basis of the characteristic composition of Polnish copper concentrates a determinant was developed. Copper matte can in practice be produced if the furnace gases contain a minimum of 4 CO. Use of the equations enables this minimal CO content to be assured., The development of material and heat balances for the Imperial Smelting Process and the copper shaft furnace process is described. It is shown that the problem can be solved by a system of linear equations where the effects of such reaction parners as slag, gas, coke and matte have been taken into consideration. On the basis of the characteristic composition of Polnish copper concentrates a determinant was developed. Copper matte can in practice be produced if the furnace gases contain a minimum of 4 CO. Use of the equations enables this minimal CO content to be assured.